Thích ứng của các nhóm yếu thế qua thay đổi hoạt động sản xuất, kinh doanh và thay đổi việc làm, nghề nghiệp

THICH UNG CUA CAC NHOM YEU THE
QUA THAY DOI HOAT DONG SAN XUAT,
KINH DOANH VA THAY DOI
VIEC L A M , NGHE NGHIEP
GS.TS. Vu Dung

Vien trudng Viin Tim ly hoc.

TOM TAT
Nghiin cim thirc trqng thich img vi mtit hinh vi eiia cdc nhdm xd hdi ye'u the
the hiin qua thay ddi boat ding sdn xiii't kinh doanh, qua thay ddi Ihu nhip va mirc
sd'ng cho Ihd'y, mirc dd Ihich irng cita cic nhdm niy la kha tha'p. Hp khong thay d
nhien cic hoal dpng sdn xudt cita minh trong bdi cdnh nen kinh lethi tnrdng hien nay
d nude ta. Sd ngirdi chuyen sang cic hoqt dting kinh doanh de cd hiiu qua kinh le cao
chiem ry le thd'p trong sd ngirdi dupe khao sat. Hp cini ye'u vdn sdn xudt theo cich
thirc truyin thdng. Cic nhdm yen the it thay doi veviic lam vi nghi nghiip.
Tit khoa: Thay ddi eo cdu vat nudi; cdy trdng; chuyen doi nghe; kinh doanh;
viic lam.
Ngay nlitin bii: 28/4/2012; Ngiy duyet dang bii: 20/5/2011
1. Thich ling ciia cac nhom ye'u the qua thay doi hoat dong siin xuat,
kinh doanh
De nghien cthi thi'ch ling cila cac nhom yS'u the qua thay ddi hoal dong
san xua't, kinh doanh trong nfli dung nghien cUu thuc trang thi'ch Ung ve mat
hanh vi cac nhom yi'u the, dl tai da tifi'n hanh Ichao sat gSn 2.000 ngu6i yfi'u ihi
la nhttng ngu6i cao tuoi, ngu&i mSc benh hiem ngheo, ngu&i tan tat lai Ha Ndi
va Da Nang bang phuong phap dieu tra bang bang hoi, phong van sSu, nghien
ciiu tu lieu va thong k6 loan hoc.
Trong phan nay, chung ta se tim hilu su Ihich itng ciia ho qua thay ddi ve
hanh vi trong san xua't, kinh doanh, ly giai ve thuc trang thich Ung nay va so
sanh mUc do thich Ung ciia cac nhom yeu the qua cac bie'n so; nhom nghe,
nhom yeu th6', gicri tinh va hoc van cia khach the dieu tra.

TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6 - 2012


Bdng 1: Hdnh vi thich timg cua nhdm nguifi cao tud'i, ngudi tdn tdt,
ngucfi mtic hinh hiim nghio diphdt triin sdn xudt
(S6 lieu chung)
TT

C^c huat diinti phtit trie'n siin xuA't

ryi*(%)

Thil b4c

1

Dciu tu cho sail xutl't

20,3

3

2

Hu6ng dSn con ciii Ikm fln

4,8

5

3

Phil trie'n chan nu*i

32,5

1

4

Thay ddi ky thuflt canh lac, chan nu6i

28,5

2

5

Chuydn sang kinh doanh

12,2

4

6

NghT Ciich liim them

1,8

6

Phan ti'ch sd lieu biing 1 cho tha'y: nhiing hoat dOng san xuJt, kinh
doanh cua ngu6i cao ludi thirc hiSn dd thi'ch nghi vtii cuOc sdng thi hoat d6ng
phat Iridn chan nu6i chidm ly 16 cao nha't (32,5%), tid'p ddn la thay ddi ky thuat
canh tac, chan nufli, ap dung lien b6 khoa hoc, c6ng nghfi vko san xua't chiem vi
tri thii hai (28,5%), vi Iri thii ba la diiu tu cho san xua't. Cac hinh thiic hoat d6ng
quan trong nhu chuyen sang kinh doanh, lam thdm chidm ly Id tha'p. Day cung
bieu hien su khd khan trong viSc thich ling vd kinh td ciia nhiing ngtiM yeu thd
duoc khao sal.
Chung la hay xem m6l sd y kidn cu thd cua nhung ngu&i ydu thd. M61
sd ngu&i phat trien san xuat bang each chuydn ddi cay trdng, vfil nuoi: "Cung
cdcdy trdng, vdt nudi" (Nam, 52 ludi, liUn ruong. Ha Not); "Ap dung trong sdn
xudt vd chdn nudi" (Nu, 53 ludi, hoc va'n 5/10, lam ru6ng , Ha Noi); "Tliay ddi
ca che sdn xudt cii dp dttng khoa hpc ky Ihudl vdo cdy trdng. de cd hieu qud
cao, chung tdi cdn kinh phi"' (NU, 57 ludi. lam ru6ng. Ha N6i); 'Tim gid'ng phu
hap, Idm diing ky ihiiiit" (Nu, 53 ludi, hoc va'n 2/10, lam rudng. Da Nang); "Td
trdng lua sang trdng hoa" (Nam, 60 tudi, hpc va'n 9, lam ruflng. Ha Ndi); "Thay
doi cdch chdm sdc vd thay dot gid'ng Ida de cd hieu qua hcfn" (Nii, 84 tudi,
khong biel chB, nong dan. Ha Noi); "Trdng cdy Idu ndm" (Nam, 85 ludi, kh6ng
biel chu, lam ruong. Ha Noi); "Thay diii gid'ng cdy trdng, sudiing loqi cdy con,
gid'ng cd ndng sudt cao" (Nam, 49 ludi, hpc va'n io, trdng trot. Ha Npi); "Thdc
khiiya day .idm, nudi lieo ldm kinh ti" (Nam, 45 tudi, hoc va'n 9, lam ruong Ha
Npi)...
Mpt sd ngu&i yeu the khac lai chuyen sang hinh thiic mij ciia hang kinh
doanh; "Chuyen td .vdn xudt sang kinh doanh" (Nam, 57 ludi, hpc van 7/12,
kinh doanh. Ha Npi); "Con hpc nghe, tinh lodn de md cda hdng phdt trien.
TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6 - 2012

nhung chua du 50 trieu" (Nfl, 54 tudi, hoc va'n 5/10, I^m mdng, D& Nang);
"Co« hoc nghe dien ru* nhung chua cd tien di md qudn" (N5, 55 tudi, hpc v^n
2/10, lam ruOng, DkNang).

Anh 1: Sutian trd, lo toan vi cudc sdng cua ngUdi cao tudi
Ngudn: Anh internet, thdng 312012
"Md hdng budn ban, dii vg di khong duac nhUng bdn hdng tqi quay"
(Nam, 40 tu6i, hoc va'n 12/12, lam ruong. Da Nang); "Gia dinh chuyen til: ldm
ndng sang budn bdn nhd" (NG, 48 tuoi, hoc va'n 9/12, lam ruong. Da Nang);
"Kie'm them vdn de kinh doanh vd chdn midi" (Ntf, 45 tudi, hoc va'n 9/12, buon
ban, Da Nang); "Ldm ndng nghiep thi khong giau ducfc, nen gia dinh toi da
phdt trien ve budn bdn vd sua chua xe mdy" (Nam, 60 tudi, hoc va'n 9, lam
ruong, Ha Noi)...

Anh 2: Suvd't vd ciia ngudi nong ddn de muu sinh
Nguon: Anh internet, thdng 3/2012
TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, So 6 (159), 6 - 2012

3


Qua cSc S kidn cita nhiing ngu6i yd'u thd', ta thSy dd thfch ting v6i co chd
thi Iru&ng, nhOng ngu&i yd'u thd da phii thay ddi hoat dOng sin xuJt cua minh
dd cd hidu qua kinh id cao hon nhu: thay ddi cfty trdng, thay ddi vat nuPi, ip
dung khoa hpc ky thuat vko trdng trot, chan nudi, md quSy hing budn bin, cho
con di hoc nghd dd lim viOc lim, chuydn sang nghd phu, chuydn sang kinh
doanh, cSn cil, cham chi hon...
Chting la se xem xel sir thay ddi hknh vi trong san xua't ciia cic nhdm
ydu thd theo cac l)ieii sd; nhtim nghd, nhdm ydu thd, gidi tfnh, hoc vin cua

ngu&i duoc phong va'n. Theo nhdm nghd ta cd sd lidu tai bang 2.
Bdng 2: Hdnh vi thich itng lita nhdm ngitdi cap ttiSi. ngUdi tdn tdt,
nguiri mdc benh hiem nghio diphdt Irien sdn .xudt
(Theo nhdm nghd)

IT

Sir thay dui

Lam
ruong

Nhom nghe (%)
Lam
Vc hini
nghe
khuc

Chung

1

D^u lu cho san xuai

16,3

4,0

2

Hucmg dan con cai lam an

2,8

,

2,0

20.3
4,8

3

Phat trien chan nuoi

26,0

5,8

0,7

32,5

4

Thay ddi ky thuat canh Idc,
chan nuoi

25,3

2,2

1,0

28,5

5

Chuyen sang kinh doanh

9,1

3,1

6

NghT each lam Ihem

1,2

0,6

12,2

-

1,8

Phan lich sd lieu bang 2 la tha'y: sir chuydn ddi hanh vi san xuSt chii yeu
0 nhdm ngu&i yeu thd lam ruong va sti chuyen ddi niiy 6 miic dp ra't tha'p ddi

vdi nhdm ngu&i vd huu. Chang han, su phat Iridn chan nuPi 6 nhdm lam rupng
cd ly le la 26%, Irong khi dd, 6 nhdm vd huu la 0,7%. 6 hoat dpng dau tu cho
san xua't, d nhdm lam rupng cd ty le la 16,3%, trong khi dd, d nhdm vd huu la
0%. O hoal dpng chuyen sang kinh doanh, d nhdm lam rupng cd ly le la 9,1%,
trong khi do, d nhdm vd huu la 0%. He sd luong ciiuui p = 0,000 (< 0,05), cho
tha'y su tuong quan giua cac nhdm la cd y nghTa \e mat thdng k6. Su khac bidt
nay xuat phat lit nhttng khd khan ciia cupc sdng. Nhdm vd huu da cd luong huu
- muc Ihu nhap kha dn dinh, trong khi dd, nhdm lam rupng cupc sdng gap
nhidu khd khan hon, ddi mai vdi nhttng rui ro cao hon do thiSn nhien, dich
benh, thi Iru&ng... Neu xet theo nhdm yeu thd la cd cac sd lieu dieu tra sau;

TAP CHI TAM Lt HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6-2012


Bdng 3: Hdnh vi thich ting cda nhdm ngudi cao tud'i, ngttdi tdn tdt,
nguifi mdc benh hiim nghio diphdt triin sdn xud't
(Theo nhdm yd'u thd')

TT

Su thay ddi

Nhdm yeu thd (%)
Ngutri cao
Ngutri m i c
tudi
benh, tin tat

Chung

1

Dau tu cho san xua't

19,2

1,1

2

Hudng din con cii lim an

1.2

3,6

4,8

3

Phat trien chan nuOi

21,0

11,5

32,5

4

Thay ddi ky thuSt canh tac,
chan nu6i

22,3

6,2

28,5

5

Chuye'n sans kinh doanh

7,2

5,0

12,2

6

NghT each linn Ihem

1,2

0,6

1,8

20,3

Phan ti'ch sd lieu bang 3 la tha'y; su thich ling qua thay ddi boat dpng san
xua't ciia nhdm ngu&i cao ludi lot hon so vdi nhdm ngu&i b| mdc benh hidm
ngheo, ngudi tan tat. Dieu nay la dd dang ly giiii, vi nhttng ngudi mac benh,
ngu&i tan lat gap nhidu khd khan trong hoat dpng lit sinh hoat de'n cac hoat
dpng san xua't. Do vay, hp ra't khd khan trong thi'ch iing v6i cupc sdng.
Bdng 4: Hdnh vi thich irng ctia nhdm ngudi cao tud'i, ngitdi tdn tdt,
ngucfi mdc benh hie'm ngheo dephdt trien sdn xudt
(Theo gidi ti'nh)
TT

Sir thay ddi

Gidi tfnh (%)
Niif
Nam

Chung
20.3

1

Dau tu cho san xuat

13.5

6.8

^

Hudng dan con cai liim an

3.6

1.2

4,8

3

Phat trien chan nuoi

16.0

16.5

32,5

4

Thay ddi ky Ihuat canh tac, chan
nuoi

20.1

8.4

28,5

5

Chuyen sang kinh doanh

7.8

4,4

12,2

6

N^hi each lam Ihem

1.3

0,5

1,8

TAPCHI'TAM LynOC, Sd6 (159), 6 - 2012


Ndu xdl theo gidi tfnh (bing 4) ta thSy; sir thay ddi hinh vi dd phit tridn
sin xua't ciia nhiing ngu&i yd'u thd li nam gidi cd ty Id ^ kidn cao hon nhdm nii
gidi. Didu niy cho thi'y, sit thfch ling ciia nhttng ngudi ydu thd nam t6l hon
nhung ngudi yd'u thd li nii. Didu ding cliii ^ li hoat ddng phit tridn chin nudi 6
nhdm nfi gidi cao hon nam gidi, song sir chdnh Idch giiia hai nhdm khdng ding
kd. Ndu xdl theo hpc va'n ta cd sd lidu sau;
Bdng 5: Hdnh vi thich img ciia nhdm ngudi cao tudi, nguifi tdn tdt,
ngucfi mac benh hiim nghio diphdt trien sdn xud't

(Theo nhdm hoc vin)
TT

Sir thay ddi

ca'pi

Nhdm hoc vin (%)
Cip 3 trd
Cip 2
Icn

Chung

1

Diu lu cho san xuit

4,8

6,2

9,3

2

Hucfnp din con cai ldm an

1,2

2,0

1.6

4,8

3

Phat trien chan nu6i

5,3

20,3

6,7

32,5

4

Thay ddi ky thuat canh lac,
chan nu6i

6,8

10,6

11,1

28,5

5

Chuye'n sang kinh doanh

1,2

3,2

7,8

12,2

6

Nghl each lam them

0,3

0,5

1,0

1,8

20,3

Ty le y kien d cac nhdm hpc vin cip 2, cip 3 trd len cao hon nhdm hoc
vin cua nhdm ci'p 1, trong dd, nhdm hpc vin ci'p 3 cd ty 16 y kidn cao nhit.
Nhu vay, cac nhdm cd hpc van cao hon thi kha ning thfch ling vdi cudc sdng

cung lot hon. Til nhien. d nhidu trudng hop su thfch ling cdn phu thupc vio
nhttng yd'u id khac nhu sue khoe (nhu da phan tfch d trSn), tfnh cich (nang
dpng, dam nghT, dim lam hay tri Ire), kha nang giao lidp ciia ci nhan... Khi ca
nhan cd hpc vin td't hon thi hp cd liie nhin thttc ciic vin dd lien quan dd'n phit
trien san xuit IP't hon, lidp thu cac lidn bd ciia khoa hpc cdng nghe cung td't hon.
Dieu nay se thuan loi cho su thich ttng ciia cac nhdm ydu thd. He sd luong quan
p = 0,000 (< 0,05) cho thiy, sir tuong quan gitta cac nhdm hpc vin li cd y
nghia vd thdng ke.
2. Thich ting ctia cac nhdm yeu the qua thay ddi viec lam va nghe
nghiep
Cung vdi viec thay ddi, phat trien cac hoal ddng ve san xuit, kinh doanh
Ihi viec Ihay dpi viee lam, nghe nghiep la mpl bieu hien khac vd hanh vi cia
cac nhdm ydu the trong viec thich ttng vdi cupc sd'ng. Trong mPi trudng sd'ng
TAP CHi TAM L? HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6 - 2012


. ludn thay ddt vi canh tranh cao nhu ndn kinh id thj trudng thi con ngudi phii
nang dpng. MCil trong nhttng su ning ddng dd li thay ddi viec lim, nghd nghidp
de dip ttng vdi yeu ciu ciia xa hdi. Mat khic, chfnh co chd thi trudng cung tao
ra nhidu co hdi dd cho cic ci nhin tim kidm cic viec lim phii hop vdi khi ning
cia minh. Trong nhihig nim gin diy, chiing ta phit tridn cic khu cdng nghiep
vi che xuit, phit tridn cac khu dd ihi mdi, phit tridn co sd ha ling... da lam
cho dil sin xuit ciia ndng dan bj thu hep rit nhidu. Nhidu noi ndng dan mil dit
san xuit phai thay ddi nghd truydn thdng la san xuit ndng nghifip, phai thay ddi
viec lam. Day la mpl yeu ciu ddi hdi ndng din, trong dd cd nhttng ndng dan
yd'u thd phii thich ttng vdi mdi irudng sdng mdi. Su thay ddi viec lim va nghd
nghiep la vin dd khdng don gian. Vi mdi viec lim hay nghd nghiSp ddi hdi
ngudi thuc hien phai cd tri thttc (hie'u bidt vd nghd, vd cdng viec) va cd nhttng
ky nang nhil dinh. Diy la thich thttc Idn ddi vdi nhung ngudi ydu the. Kdt qua
khao sat \'e vin dd nay phan anh qua cic bang sd lieu dudi day:

Bdng 6: Thay doi viec Idm, nghe nghiip cua nhdm
ngitdi cao tiiSi, ngircfi mdc benh hii'm ngheo
(Sd lieu chung)
TT

Sir thay ddi \ iec lam va nghe nghiep

Tylc(%)

1

Cd thay ddi

26,7

2

Khong thay ddi

73,2

Phan tfch s6' lieu bang 6 ta tha'y: chi co mot ty le kha tha'p (26,7%) s6
ngucfi ye'u the duoc hoi tra 16i hp co su thay ddi viec lam, nghe nghiep de thich
ling vdri cupc sO'ng. Ty le ngucfi ye'u th6' khong Ihay ddi viec lam, ngh^ nghiep
chiem dai da s6' ngirdi duoc hoi (73,2%). Nhu vay, cii 10 ngu6i duge hoi thi chi
CO khoang 3 ngudi c6 thay ddi viec lam, nghe nghiep. Day cung la mpt trong
cac chi so phan anh miic do thich ling thap ve hanh vi cua nhffng ngucfi yeu the
dupc khao sat.
Tai sao da s6' nhu'ng ngudi dupc hoi lai khang dinh la hp khong thay ddi
viec lam, nghe nghiep? Chiing ta se hieu ro them dieu nay qua y kien cu th^

cua nhfmg ngudi ye'u the. "Vi tudi cao nen chi ldm theo Id'i cu, neo ngudi lao
dpng, con cdi di ldm dn xa" (Nu, 70 ludi, Idp 1, lam rupng. Da NSng); "Vf gia
dinh ldm nong truyen thdng, nen khdng quen lam theo cdch mdi" (Nam, 70 tudi,
Idp 3/2, iam rupng. Da Nang); "Vi sdn xudt theo ccf che mdi cluing tdi khdng du
kie'n thdc vd kinh phi de dp diing khoa hpc vdo sdn xudt" (NCr, 60 tudi, lam
rupng. Ha Npi); "Vi khdng cd dieu kien mua gidng cdy, gid'ng Itta tdt" (Nit, 65
tudi, hpc va'n 4, lam rupng. Ha Npi); "Gid roi khdng linh todn ducfc nua" (Nii,

TAPCHI'TAM LtHOC, So 6 (159), 6 - 2012


72 tudi, hpc vin 3, Hi Ntii); "Khdng cd ruling ldm, di Idm thui phu thudc vdo
nhu cdu thue ciia xung quanh" (Nam, 52 tudi, hpc vin 0, lim rudng. Hi NOi)...
Qua cic •$ kidn cua d tren ta thiy: sd dl nhttng ngudi ydu thd khdng thay
ddi dupc viec lim, nghd nghiep li do sttc khod, do gii ydu, thid'u vdn...
Chung ta sc hidu diy du hem mttc dd thfch ting hinh vi cua cic nhdm
yd'u thd qua thay ddi viec lim, nghd nghidp khi xdt theo cic bidn sd: nhdm nghd,
nhdm yd'u thd, gidi tfnh vi hpc va'n.
Bdng 7: Thay ddi viec Idm, nghi nghiip cda nhdm
nguifi cao tudi, ngudi mdc hinh hiim nghio
(Theo nhdm nghd)
TT

Su thay dui

L i m ruling

Nhdm nghd (%)
Lam nghd
khic

Ve huu

Chung

1

O i llKiv ddi

22.7

3.1

0,9

26,7

2

Kluiim thay ddi

52,1

9,1

12,0

73,2

Ndu xel theo nhdm nghd ta thiy, nhdm ydu the lim rudng thay ddi viec

lam, nghd nghiSp cao nhil (22,7%), trong khi dd, nhdm nghd khic vi nhdm
huu trf thay ddi It nhit (3,1% va 0,9%). Didu nay dd dang ly giai dupc vi nhu da
dd cap 6 tren ndng dan d nhidu viing hien nay bj mil dit sin xuit ndng nghiSp,
dac biet li d hai thanh phd Idn li Hi Npi va Da NSng. Diy li hai thanh phd cd
tde dp dd thi hoa nhanh, phit trien nhidu khu cdng ngifip, chd xuit, nha't li Ha
Npi. Khi bi mil dil san xuit bupe nPng din phai lim viec lam mdi, phai thay
ddi cac nghd truydn thdng ciia minh. Diy cung li nguyen nhan ly giii cho hien
tuong d&ng ngu&i di cu ttt khu vuc nPng thdn ra ciic thinh ph6 Idn tim viec lam.
Hp lim nhidu viec khac nhau ttt xiy dung, bdc viic, thu gom phe thii, budn ban
cac mat hang lieu diing, lim dsin, phuc vu nhi hang... Tuy vay, trong sd nhttng
nPng dan thay ddi viec lam, nghd nghiep dd dd thfch ttng vdi cudc sd'ng thi
nhung ngttdi ydu thd chidm ty le tha'p. Qua tim hidu chung tdi duoc bidt, yd'u td
sire khoe, thie'u vdn vin li nhttng nguySn nhan chi'nh cua mttc dp thip vd thay
ddi cPng viec, nghd nghiep nay ciia nhung ngudi ydu thd. He sd luong quan p =
0,000 (< 0,05) cho thiy, su luong quan gitta cac nhdm la cd y nghTa vd mat
thdng ke. Chung la se xem xel thttc trang nay qua cic bidn sd.
Qua sd lieu didu tra lai bang 8 ta thiy: dpi vdi nhttng ngudi cd thay ddi
vi?c lim, nghd nghiep thi ty le y kidn gitta hai nhdm ngudi cao ludi vi ngudi
mac benh hidm ngheo, tan lit la gin tuong duong nhau, su chenh lech gitta hai
nhdm li khdng dang ke. Ngay ca sd ngudi khPng thay ddi viec lam, nghd

TAP CHfTAM L? HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6 - 2012


nghiep thi ty le y kidn cQng chdnh lech khdng nhidu. Didu niy cho thiy, mttc
dd thfch ttng gitta hai nhdm li tuong duong nhau.
Bdng S: Thay dd'i viec Idm, nghi nghiip cda nhdm
ngudi cao tudi, ngitdi mdc binh hiim nghio, ngudi tdn tdt
(Theo nhdm ydu the')
TT

Sir thay ddi

Nhdm ydu thd (%)
Ngudj mic binh,
tan tat

Ngudi cao tudi

Chung

1

Co thay ddi

13,0

13,7

26,7

2

Khang thay ddi

39,9

33,3

73,2

Ndu xdt theo gidi la thiy: dd'i vdi nhung ngudi cd thay ddi viec lam,
nghd nghiep thi ly le y kidn ciia nhdm ngudi ydu thd la ntt cd ly le cao hon
nhdm ngudi ydu thd li nam. Didu dd chttng td, ntt gidi thay ddi cPng viec nhidu
hon nam. Day li mpt thuc td d nhidu vung que d nudc ta hien nay. Nhidu gia
dinh phu ntt (vp, con gai) di ra thanh phd lim viec lam hay di xuat khau lao
ddng d nudc ngoii, con nhttng ngudi dan ong d nhi cham sdc con cai, cham lo
viec gia dinh. O cac dd thi, ngudi phu ntt cd nhidu co hpi kidm viec lam hon
nhu bin hang rong, thu mua phd thai, lam dsin, lam thue trong cic nha hang...
Trong khi dd, nam gidi chii yeu lam xay dung, xe dm, cuu van. Tuy vay, su
chenh lech y kidn gitta hai nhom la khdng nhieu. Didu dd chttng td mttc dp
thfch nghi xdt theo gidi tfnh cung khong khac biel nhieu.
Bdng 9: Thay doi viec Idm, nghe nghiip cua nhdm
ngitdi cao tudi, ngudi mdc benh hiem ngheo, ngirdi tdn tdt
(Theo gidi linh)
TT

Su thay ddi

GiOi tinh (%)
Nam

Nur

Chung

1

Co thay ddi

11.2

15.5

26,7

2

Khong thay ddi

28,4

44.8

73,2

Neu theo bien sd nhom ye'u the va gidi tinh, sir khac biet v^ su thich iing
gitfa cac nhdm la khdng ro ret thi khi xet theo hpc van, su khac bipt nay tucfng
dd'i ro. Nhu'ng ngudi cd hpc va'n cao hon thi sir thay ddi viec lam, nghe nghiep
cflng nhieu hon nhdm cd hpc va'n tha'p hcfn. Nhu vay, hpc va'n cflng la mpt ye'u
TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6 - 2012


td cd anh hudng r5 rdt ddn thfch ling cita nhiing ngudi ydu thd dugrc khio sit.
Hd sd tuong quan p = 0,000 (< 0,05) phin inh su khic bidt gitta cic nhdm li cd
^ nghTa vd mat thdng kd.
Bdng 10: Thay ddi viic ldm, nghi nghiip cua nhdm
nguifi cao tudi, ngitdi mdc hinh hiim nghio, nguiri tdn tdt
(Theo nhdm hoc vin)

TT

Sir thay dui

Cipl

Nhdm hoc vin (%)
Cip 3 trd
Cip 2
l«n

Chung

1

C6 thay ddi

4,0

7,6

15,1

26,7

2

KhPng thay ddi

16,6

26,5

30,1

73,2

Tuy chi cd mpl ty le khi khiem tdn nhttng ngudi ydu thd dupc hdi cho
ring, hp da thay ddi viec lim, nghd nghidp. Mpl cau hdi dat ra li: Nhiing ngitdi
yeu tliedd thay ddi vice ldm, nghe nghiip nhu thi ndo? Qua xii IJ ciu hdi md
da cho ke'l qui nhu sau:
Ttt sd lieu lai bing 11 cho thiy: nhttng ngudi ydu the chuyen hin sang
nghd khic chid'm ly 16 cao nhi't trong sd nhttng ngudi dupc hdi (30,6%), xd'p d
vi tri thtt 2 li thay ddi sang nhttng cdng viec m i xa hdi cd nhu ciu (28,2%).
Mdt ty le khi Idn nhttng ngudi cd thay ddi viec lim li di lam thdm (28%). Sd
nhttng ngudi md mat hing kinh doanh chidm ly le thip nhil (13,2%). Didu nay
phii hop vdi nhirng khd khan mi chung la da phan tich d tren li nhimg ngttdi
ydu the dupc hdi khd khan vd vdn lam an.
Bdng 11: Siflhay ddi vice Idm, nghe nghiep cda nhdm
ngitdi cao tudi, ngitdi mdc benh hiem nghio, ngudi tdn tdt
(Sd lieu chung)
TT
1
2
3
4

Bicu hien cu the cita su thay ddi suy nghi, tinh toin Tyle(%)
13.2
Md them mat hang kinh doanh

Thay ddi c6ng viec theo yeu ciu xa h6i
28,2
Ddi sanji iijihc khiic
30,6
Di lam Ilicm
28,0

ThttlU
4
2
1
3

6 day, chung tdi mud'n phan tfch sau hon sd' nhiing ngudi ydu thd chuydn
sang nghd khac. Hp la ai? Tai sao phai chuydn sang nghd khac? Kdt qui didu

10

TAP CH(TAM LV HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6-2012


tra cua dd tii cho thiy, sd niy chu ydu thupc vd nhttng ngudi ydu thd d ndng
thdn. Sd lieu lai bing 12 dudi day da minh cliung cho didu niy.
Bdng 12: Su ihay viic Idm vd nghi nghiip cda nhdm
ngudi cao tudi. ngudi mdc binh hiim nghio, ngUdi Idn tdt
(Theo nhdm nghd)
Nhdm nghd (%)
Lim
ngh£
Vdhuu

khic

TT

Sir thay ddi

1

Md them mat hang kinh
doanh

10,1

3,1

2

Thay ddi cdng viec theo
ySu c£iu xa h6i

25,9

2,0

3

Ddi sang nghd khac

23,1

4,4

3,1

30,6

4

Di Iam them

22,5

3,0

2,5

28,0

Lim
ruong

Chung

13,2
0,3

28,2

Phan lich so lieu bang 12 la thiy: Dd'i vdi nhttng ngudi ddi sang nghd
khic Ihl chii ydu la nhttng ngu&i lam rupng (ndng dan). Nhiing ngu&i lam cac

nghe khic hoac huu tri chidm ly le rit thip (4,4% va 3,1% so vdi 23,1%).
Nhirng ngtt&i nPng dan phai chuydn sang mpl nghd khic vi hp mil dil sin xuit
nhu la da phan tfch d tren, hp mil nghd da gin bd lau ddi cira minh la lam nPng
nghiep. Trong khi dd, nhttng ngudi huu trf cd thu nhap dn dinh, nhttng ngudi
lam cac nghd khae chiu lac dpng ft hon ciia viec mil dal sin xuat hon la nhiing
ngudi ndng dan true lidp san xuat nong nghiep. Nhung ngudi nPng dan cung la
nhttng ngudi phii thay ddi cdng viec theo yen ciu cua xa hpi hay di lam them
nhieu nhil, cao hon nhidu so vdi cic nhdm con lai. He sd tuong quan p = 0,000
(< 0,05) cho thay, su tuong quan gitta cac nhdm niy la cd y nghTa vd mat thdng ke.
Qua sd lieu bang 13 la thiy: su chuydn ddi cong viec, ddi sang nghe khac
hay di lim them cua nhdm ngudi mac benh hiem ngheo hay ngu&i tan tat ddu
cd ly le y kidn cao hon nhdm ngudi cao ludi. Didu nay cho thiy, mac dii cd
nhidu khd khan ve sttc khoe, thd luc, song nhttng ngudi mic benh, tan tat phai
cd gang nhidu hon nhdm ngu&i cao ludi de thfch nghi vdi cupc sd'ng. Chung tdi
da chttng kidn mpl sd ngudi bi mic benh ung thu song vin cd ging lam viec dd
liy lien chtta benh va lo viec gia dinh. Trong nhttng nam qua, nhieu ngu&i lin
tat dupc cpng ddng xa hpi, Hpi ngu&i Khuydl tat Viet Nam giup dd dd lam viec,
kidm sdng. Nhidu ngu&i khuyet tat vdi nghi luc phi thttdng ciia minh da vupt

TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6 - 2012


Idn nhihig khidm khuydt cia co thd, su han chd vd site khod dd lim viftc, tit giai
quydt nhiing khd khin trong cudc sdng ciia minh vi gia dinh.
Bdng 13: Thay ddi viec ldm vd nghi nghidp cda nhdm
ngudi cao tudi, ngitdi mdc binh hiim nghio, ngudi tdn tdt
(Theo nhdm ydu thd)

TT

Su thay ddi

Nhdm ydu Ihc (%)
Nguiri mic
Nguiri cao
bcnh, tin tit
tudi

Chung

1

Md them mat hang kinh doanh

5,8

7,4

13,2

2

Thay ddi cPng viec theo ySu
ciu xa hPi

7,6

20,6

28,2

3

Ddi sang nghd khac

13,2

17,4

30,6

4

Di lim them

9,2

18,8

28,0

Ket luin
Ttt nhttng phan tfch d tren ta thiy;
Trong sd, nhttng hoat ddng sin xui't, kmh doanh ciia ngudi ydu thd thttc
hien de thfch nghi vdi cupc sd'ng thi hoal dpng phit tridn chan nuOi chid'm ty le
cao nha't, lidp de'n la thay ddi ky thuat canh tic, chan nudi, ap dung lidn bd
khoa hpc, cdng nghe vio sin xuit chid'm vj tri thtt hai, vi trf thtt ba li diu tu cho
sin xuit. Cac hinh thttc hoat dpng quan trpng nhtt chuydn sang kinh doanh, lim
them chiem ty le thip.
Chi cd mpt ty le khi thip sd ngudi ydu thd dupc hdi Ira Idi hp cd su thay

ddi viec lim, nghd nghiep de thich ttng vdi cupc song. Ty Ic ngudi ydu thd
khPng thay ddi viec lim, nghd nghipp chidm dai da sd ngudi dupc hdi.
Cd sir khac nhau gitta cac nhdm ydu thd ve mttc dp thfch ling. Nhdm ydu
thd la nhttng ngudi lam rupng cd sir thay dpi hoat ddng, kinh doanh vi cdng
viec nhidu hon nhdm huu tri. Hoc vin vi gidi tfnh cung cd anh hudng dd'n mttc
dp thfch ttng ciia cac nhdm ydu thd.
Tai lieu tham khao
Sd lieu dieu tra dd lai; "Thich img .xd hdi ciia cdc nhom xd hdi yen the a nude ta hiin
nay", do GS.TS Vu Dung iam chu nhicm (2011 - 2012).

12

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6 - 2012