TRACH NHIEM HINH SlT CUA PHAP NHAN THl/ONG MAI
VA NHlTNG VAN DE CAN TIEP TUC HOAN THIEN
Hoang Minh Dure'
Tdm t3t: Bg ludt Hinh s^ ndm 20J 5 (sira doi, bo sung ndm 2017) lan ddu tien quy
dinh vdn de trdch nhi^m hinh su cua phdp nhdn thuang mai, day Id buac tien dgt phd
trong quan ni^m vd tu duy vi tgi phgm vd trdch nhiim hinh su, kip thai ddp img yeu cdu
ciia thuc tien cong tdc dau tranh phong ngira vd chong tgi phgm, ddm bdo h^ thong
phdp lugt hinh su dugc xdy dung phii hap v&i thong li quoc ti cung nhu phdp lugt ciia
cdc quoc gia trin the giai. Tuy nhien, quy dinh cua phdp ludt vi trdch nhi^m hinh su cua
phdp nhdn thucmg mgi con ton tgi mgt so hgn che, bdt cap- Bdi viet chi ra vd phdn tich
nhUng hgn che, bdt cap do, dong thai di xudt gidi phdp hodn thi^n.
Abstract: The 2015 Criminal Code provides for the first time criminal
responsibility of commercial legal entities, which is a breakthrough in the conception
and thinking about criminal and criminal responsibility, promptly meeting the
requirements of crime prevention and fight, ensuring the criminal legal system to be in
line with intemational practices as well as laws of the nations in the world. However,
there are still certain limitations and shortcomings of the legal provisions on criminal
responsibility of commercial legal entities. The article throws some light on such
limitations and thereby makes proposals for improvements.
T
rdch nhi?m hinh su ciia phap nhdn
thuang mai la che dinh lan dau tien
dugc quy djnh trong Bg lugt Hinh sy nam
2015 (siia ddi, bd sung nam 2017)'. Day Id
diem mdi ndi bat, dgt phd trong chinh sdch
hinh sy cua Ddng vd Nhd nudc, lam thay ddi
quan ni^m va tu duy ve tdi phgm, trdch
nhi^m hinh sy, gdp phan khac phuc nhirng
bdt cgp, hgn chl trong viec x\x ly cac hanh vi
vi phgm phap lugt ciia phdp nhdn thuang mgi,
nhdt la nhung vi pham trong ITnh vyc kinh te,
mdi tmdng, an toan va trdt tu cdng cdng.
Vdi su can nhac mdt each than trgng,
dya tren vi?c danh gia thau ddo, toan dien
cac yeu td tac dgng tich cyc vd tieu cue gan
liln vdi dieu kien cu the eua Viet Nam,
BLHS nam 2015 da bd sung quy dinh trdch
• TS., Truong D^i hpc canh sdt nhan dan.
' Sau day gpi tit la BLHS nfim 2015.
nhi?m hinh su ciia phap nhan thucmg mgi
vdi cac ndi dung cg the ve logi phdp nhan
thucmg mgi phdi chiu trdch nhi$m hinh sy;
nguyen tdc xii ly ddi vdi phdp nhan thuong
mgi phgm tdi; dieu kien dp dung trach
nhiem hinh su ddi vdi phdp nhan thucmg
mgi; loai tdi pham md phdp nhan thucmg
mgi phai chiu trdch nhiem hinh sy; hinh
phgt va bien phap tu phap dp dung ddi vdi
phap nhan thucmg mgi phgm tgi; can cii
quylt dinh hinh phat, cac tinh tilt giam nhe,
tang nang trach nhiem hinh sy dp dung ddi
vdi phap nhan thucmg mgi; quylt dinh hinh
phgt trong trudng hgp phap nhdn thucmg
mai phgm nhilu tgi, tdng hgp hinh phgt cua
nhilu bdn an, mien hinh phgt, xda dn tich
ddi vdi phdp nhan thuang mgi^. Ddng thdi.
^ Xem: Trin Van Dp, Trdch nhiem hinh sir ciia phdp
nhdn thuang mgi trong phdn chung Bp lugt Hinh su.
17
NHA M^dC VA PHAPLlATSd 7/2020
de truy ciiu trdch nhiem hinh sy va thyc
hien trdch nhiem hinh sy, Bd luat Td tung
Hinh sy (BLTTHS) nam 2015 da cd nhihig
quy dinh ve trinh ty, thu tyc dieu tra, truy
td, xet xii vd cdc bien phap cudng che ddi
vdi phdp nhan thuang mgi; Lugt Thi hanh
an hinh sy nam 2019 quy dinh vl thi hanh
dn ddi vdi phdp nhdn thuang mgi hi ket dn^.
Cd the khang dinh, bang hf thdng quy
dinh ciia phdp luat hinh sy, phdp lugt td tyng
hinh sy, phdp ludt thi hdnh an hinh sy ve
trdch nhi^m hinh su ciia phdp nhdn thuang
mgi, phdp ludt cua Nhd nudc Vi^t Nam da
ddng hanh cimg phdp luat ciia khoang 120
qude gia tren the gidi. Quy dinh trdch nhi?m
hinh sy cua phap nhan thucmg mgi phu hgp
vdi nen kinh te thi trudng; khdng trdi vdi
cdc hgc thuyet trach nhi?m hinh sy ciia phap
nhan vd eac nguyen tdc ca ban cua Lugt
hinh sy hi^n dai; dap ling yeu cau thyc tien
phdng ngira vd dau tranh chdng tgi phgm
ciing nhu qua trinh hgi nhgp qude te^. Mac
dii vay, quy dinh ve trdch nhiem hinh sy cita
phdp nhan thuang mgi da bgc Id nhiing han
che, bat cgp nhat dinh. Tir viec khdo sat
thyc tiln, nghien cim ly lugn, tham khdo cdc
cdng trinh khoa hgc da cdng bd, tdc gia
phan tich, luan gidi dudi ddy mgt sd han
che, bat cap vd dh xudt kiln n ^ i hoan thi?n.
Cy thi la:
Thir nh4t, khoan 2 Dilu 2 BLHS nam
2015 quy djnh: "Chi phdp nhdn thirang mgi
ndo phgm mgt tgi dd dufK quy dinh tgi Dieu
76 cua Bg ludt ndy mai phdi chiu track
nhiem hinh su". Quy dinh nay chua phu
hgp vdi thyc tien vi thyc tl cd trudng hgp
phdp nhdn thuong mgi phgm mgt tpi, co
trudng hgp phdp nhan thucmg mgi phgm
nhieu tgi, mgt hay nhieu tgi deu phdi chiu
trdch nhi^m hinh sy.
BLHS nam 2015 quy djnh vl ca sd ciia
trdch nhi?m hinh sy, nhung khdng gidi thich
ro the ndo Id trdch nhi?m hinh sy, thdi diem
phdt sinh va kit thuc trdch nhi?m hinh sy;
thdm quyin xdc djnh trdch nhiem hinh su,
nen nhgn thiic ve quy djnh ndy chua thdng
nhdt khi xir ly mgt so vy dn hinh sy cu the.
Ngodi ra, BLHS nam 2015 cung chua cd
cdc khdi ni?m ve "nhieu tgi phgm", "pham
nhieu tgi", "phgm tdi nhieu lan" ddn den
nhdm lan trong dp dyng phap luat; cd
trudng hgp hai hdnh vi nguy hiem cho xa
hgi chi bi xet xu ve mgt tgi Uong khi dd mdt
hanh vi nguy hiem cho xa hpi bi xet xir vl
hai tgi.
Ngodi ra, trdch nhi^m hinh sy chi dat ra
vdi phdp nhan thuang mgi chii khdng phdi
ddi vdi mgi phdp nhan. Tuy nhien, BLTTHS
nam 2015 lai quy dinh thu tue td tung truy
Ky ySu Hpi thao khoa hpc do Bp Tu phap to chiic,
ciiu trdch nhiem hinh sy phap nhan md
Tp. H6 Chi Minh, nam 2019.
^ Xem: Hoang Anh Tuyen, Cdc quy djnh ve trinh tif. khdng quy dinh trinh ty, thu tuc td hong ddi
thu tifc dieu tra. truy to, xet xir vd cdc bi^n phap
vdi phdp nhdn thucmg mai la khdng phu hgp
cuang che doi vai phdp nhdn thuang mai trong BQ
lugt To tung Hinh su ndm 2015 - Mpt so van de dgt vdi khodn 2 Dieu 2 BLHS nam 2015.
ra khi trien khai thi hanh, Ky yeu Hpi thao khoa hpc
Thiet nghT, nhd lam ludt can khdc phyc
do Bp Tu phdp to chiic, Tp. Ho Chi Minh, nam 2019.
nhung bat cap neu tren theo hudng quy dinh
Nguyen Van Thjnh, Gidi thieu cdc quy dinh vc thi
hdnh dn hinh stf dot vai phdp nhdn ihuong mgi bi kel tgi khoan 2 Dilu 2 BLHS nam 2015: "Chi
dn, Ky yeu Hpi thao khoa hpc do Bp Tu ph^ to
phdp nhdn thuang mgi ndo ph^m tgi da
chuc. Tp. H6 Chi Minh, nam 2019.
dugc quy dinh tgi Diiu 76 cua Eg lugt ndy
* Ban s o ^ thao Bp luat Hinh su (sira doi), Bdo cdo
ddnh gid tdc dpng Du dn Bp lugt Hinh sir (sua doi), mai phdi chiu trdch nhi$m hinh su". Ddng
thdi, bd sung tgi Dilu 4 BLTTHS nam 2015
HaNpi, nam2015, tr.13-21
18
TRACHNHI$M HiNH Si/...
vh giai thich tii ngii: "^p) Phdp nhdn theo
quy djnh cua Bp lugt nay id phdp nhdn
thtnmg mgi".
Thij hai, khodn I Dilu 8 BLHS nam
2015 quy dinh: "Tgi phgm la hdnh vi nguy
hiim cho xd hgi dugc quy dinh trong Bg
lugt Hinh s{c, do nguai co ndng luc trdch
nhi$m hinh su hogc phdp nhdn thuang mgi
thifC hien mgt cdch co y hodc v6 y, xdm
phgm dgc lap, ehd quyen, thong nhdt, todn
v^n lanh tho To quoc, xdm phgm che do
chinh tri, che dg kinh te. nin vdn hoa, quoc
phdng, an ninh, trdt tu, an todn xd hgi,
quyen, Igi ich hgp phdp cua to chuc, xdm
phgm quyen con nguai, quyen, lai ich hgp
phdp cda cong ddn, xdm phgm nhimg linh
vuc khdc cua trdt tu phdp ludt xd hgi ehd
nghia md theo quy dfnh cua Bg ludt ndy
phdi bf xic ly hinh su". Tuy nhien, khdc vdi
cd nhan phgm tgi, phdp nhdn thuang mgi
khdng phai Id thuc thi ed Iy tri va y chi.
Nhu vay, ldi ciia phdp nhan la ldi gi? Cd y
hay vd ;y?
Theo quy dinh tai diem c khoan 1 Dilu
75 BLHS nam 2015 thi: "Hdnh viphgm tgi
dugc thuc hien co su chi dgo, diiu hdnh
hogc chdp thudn cua phdp nhdn thuang
mgi" Id mdt trong cac dieu kien chiu trdch
nhi?m hinh sy ciia phap nhan thuang mai.
Ddng thdi, nghien ciiu mat chu quan ciia tdi
pham ddi vdi 33 tdi danh md phdp nhan
thuang mgi phai chiu trach nhiem hinh sy
quy dinh tgi Dilu 76 BLHS nam 2015 thi
deu Id ldi cd y. Nhu vgy, ldi cua phap nhan
thuang mgi pham tgi phdi la Idi cd y, khdng
the la loi vd y.
Ben canh dd, trong vu an hinh sy lien
quan den phdp nhdn thuang mai bi budc tdi,
CO quan cd thdm quyen tien hanh td tung
phdi chiing minh, xdc dinh ro cac tinh tiet
dgc tnmg gan liln vdi phap nhan tai Dieu
441 BLTTHS nam 2015, trong do cd viec
chiing minh "ldi cua phap nhdn, Idi cua cd
nhan id thanh vien ciia phap nhdn".
Tdc gia cho rang, de dap ling ddy dii
yeu cdu thyc tien cdng tdc dilu tra, truy td,
xet xu vu an hinh su do phap nhan thuang
mgi thyc hien, can bd sung quy dinh vl "ldi
cua phdp nhdn thugng mgi" ngay sau Dilu
10 BLHS nam 2015 vl cd y pham tgi.
Thu- ba, khodn 2 Dilu 9 BLHS nam
2015 quy dinh ve phan loai tgi phgm do
phdp nhdn thuang mai thyc hien: "Tgi
phgm do phdp nhdn thuong mgi thuc hi^n
dugc phdn logi cdn di vdo tinh chdt vd mice
dg nguy hiim cho xd hgi cua hdnh vi phgm
tgi theo quy dinh tgi khodn 1 Diiu ndy vd
quy dinh tucmg img doi vai cdc tgi phgm
dugc quy dinh tgi Dieu 76 cua Bg ludt
ndy". Tuy nhien, vigc hiiu dimg tinh thdn
cua nhd ldm lugt ddi vdi quy dinh nay hipn
nay Id mgt vdn de hit siic khd khan, phirc
tgp. Bdi le, khdng gidng nhu tgi phgm do cd
nhan thyc hien (cd the phdn loai thanh tgi
pham it nghiem trgng, nghiem trgng, rat
nghiem trgng, dac bipt nghiem trgng dya
vao tinh chat va mirc do nguy hilm cho xa
hgi cua hdnh vi phgm tgi vd miic cao nhdt
ciia khung hinh phgt do BLHS quy dinh ddi
vdi tdi ay), hinh phgt chinh dp dung ddi vdi
phdp nhdn thucmg mai gom: Phgt tiln, dinh
chi hogt ddng cd thdi hgn, dinh chi hogt
ddng vTnh vien. Dieu dd cd nghia, tgi pham
do phap nhan thuong mai thyc hien chi la
tdi phgm it nghiem trgng. Neu hiiu may
mdc nhu the thi ro rang khdng phu hgp vdi
thuc tien vd tinh than ciia nhd lam ludt khi
xii ly ddi vdi hanh vi phgm tdi do phap nhdn
thucmg mai thuc hien.
Tir nhung bat cap trong quy dinh cua
phap luat ve viec phan logi tgi pham se ddn
den nhimg khd khan nhdt dinh trong viec xdc
dinh thdi hieu truy ciiu trach nhiem hinh sy,
thdi ban dieu tra ddi vdi phdp nhan thuang
19
\H.4 SCdC VA PHiPLlArsd
7/2020
mgi thyc hipn hdnh vi phgm tdi vi chi Idii
chi dao, dilu hanh, chdp thugn ciia phdp
phdn logi dugc tdi phgm thi mdi xdc dinh
nhan thuang mai. Ngugc Igi, neu da co sy
dugc chinh xdc thdi hipu truy ciiu trach
chi dgo, dilu hdnh hay chdp thugn ciia phap
nhiem hinh su (quy dinh tai Dieu 27, Dieu
nhan thuong mgi thi chinh la da nhdn danh
75 BLHS nam 2015) va thdi ban dieu tra
phap nhdn rdi^.
(quy dinh tai Dilu 172 BLTTHS nam 2015).
Khoan 2 Dilu 75 BLHS nam 2015 quy
dinh: "Vi^cphdp nhdn thuang mgi phgm tgi
De dam bdo chat che ve mat lap phdp.
chiu trdch nhi^m hinh su kiiong logi tru
phu hgp vdi cdch phdn logi tdi phgm do ca
trdch nhi^m hinh su cua cd nhdn ". Nhung,
nhdn thuc hipn, phuc ddp yeu cau thyc tien
phgm vi cd nhan ndo thugc phdp nhan
ddu tranh phdng ngira va chdng tgi phgm,
thucmg mgi phdi chju trdch nhipm hinh sy
tdc gid kien nghi siia ddi quy dinh tgi khodn
lai khdng dugc dl cgp cg the. dieu ndy cd
2 Dilu 9 BLHS nam 2015 theo hudng: "Toi
the dan den vipc dp dyng phdp luat mgt cdch
phgm do phdp nhdn thuang mgi thuc hi^n
dugc phdn logi cdn cu vdo tinh chdt vd muc hiy tipn, thilu thdng nhat trong thyc tien.
dg nguy hiem cho xd hgi cua hdnh vi phgm
D I khdc phyc nhirng bdt cgp neu tren,
tgi theo quy dinh tgi khodn 1 Dieu ndy vd quy djnh tai khodn 1 Dilu 75 BLHS nam
quy dinh tuang img doi vai cdc tgi phgm
2015 can siia ddi nhu sau:
dugc quy djnh tgi Diiu 76 cua Bg lugt ndy
"1. Phdp nhdn thuang mgi chi phdi
md khong phu thugc vdo logi hinh phgt dp chju trdch nhi^m hinh su khi co du cdc diiu
dung doi v&i phdp nhdn thugng mgi".
ki?n sau ddy:
Thir tu, khodn 1 Dilu 75 BLHS nam
a) Hdnh vi phgm tgi dugc thuc hiin vi
2015 da dua ra cdc dieu kien de cd the truy
Igi ich cua phdp nhdn thuang mgi:
ciiu trdch nhipm hinh sy ddi vdi phap nhan
b) Hdnh vi phgm tgi dugc thuc hien co
thucmg mai gdm: (1) Hdnh vi phgm tgi dugc
su chi dgo, dieu hdnh hogc chap thudn cda
thyc hien nhdn danh phdp nhdn thuang mgi; phdp nhdn thuang mgi;
(2) Hdnh vi phgm tgi dugc thye hien vi Igi
c) Chua hit th&i hi^u truy ciru trdch
ich cua phap nhan thucmg mai; (3) Hdnh vi
nhi^m hinh su quy dfnh tgi khodn 2 vd
phgm tdi dugc thyc hien cd sy chi dgo, dieu
khodn 3 Dieu 27 cua Bg ludt ndy".
hdnh hogc chap thudn ciia phap nhan thuang
Thir nSm, de ddm bao su than trgng
mgi; (4) Chua het thdi hipu truy ciiu trdch
cdn thilt, BLHS nam 2015 chi quy dinh
nhiem hinh sy. Ddy Id 04 dieu kien ddc lap
trach nhiem hinh sy ciia phdp nhdn thucmg
vd phai cd dii cdc dieu kien ndy mdi truy
mgi doi vdi 33 tgi danh thugc nhdm cdc tgi
ciiu trdch nhiem hinh sy ddi vdi phdp nhan
xam phgm trat ty quan ly kinh tl, cdc tgi
thuang mai. Song, dieu kien thii nhdt (hanh
pham ve mdi trudng va cac tgi xdm phgm
vi phgm tdi dugc thyc hien nhdn danh phdp
an todn cdng cdng, trdt ty cdng cdng. BLHS
nhdn thuang mgi) vd dieu kien thii ba (hdnh
nam 2015 khdng quy dinh vl trach nhiem
vi phgm tgi dugc thyc hien cd sy chi dao,
hinh sy ciia phdp nhan thucmg mgi ddi vdi
dieu hdnh hoae chdp thudn cua phap nhan
Tgi mua bdn ngudi, Tgi mua bdn ngudi
thuang mgi) dudng nhu chua dgc lap vdi
nhau. Vi thuc te, neu hdnh vi pham tgi dugc
' Bach Ngpc Du, Truy ciru trdch nhi^m hinh su doi
thyc hipn nhan danh phdp nhan thucmg mai
v&i phdp nhan ihuang mgi phgm Ipi, http://tapchi
thi khdng the Igi cd trudng hgp khdng cd sy
toaan.vn, tmy cap ngay 28/5/2019.
20
TRACH
NHI$M
HiNH S^f...
nhdn thuvng mgi chudn bj phgm tpi quy
dudi 16 tudi, Tgi dua hdi Ig, Tgi nhdn hdi
Ig. Dieu ndy dan den sy xung dgt giiia quy
dinh tgi Bieu 300, Bieu 324 cua Bp lugt
djnh ciia BLHS ndm 2015 vdi mgt sd Cdng
ndy thi phdi chiu trdch nhi^m hinh stf".
udc qude tl ve phdng chdng tgi pham ma
Thu- sau, Dilu 78 BLHS nam 2015 quy
Vipt Nara Id thanh vien nhu: Cdng udc
dinh: "Dinh chi hogt dgng co thai hgn la
Chdng tgi pham cd td chiic xuyen qude gia,
tgm dimg hogt dgng oia phdp nhdn thuang
Cdng udc Chdng tham nhung... Thiet nghT,
mgi trong mgt hogc mgt so linh vuc md phdp
nhd ldm lugt can can nhac, ddnh gid mdt
nhdn thuang mgi phgm tgi gdy thiit hgi den
each thau ddo, todn dipn vd sira ddi Dieu 76
tinh mgng, sue khde con nguai, moi trudng
BLHS nam 2015 ve phgm vi chiu trdch
hogc an ninh, trdt tu, an todn xd hgi vd hgu
nhipm hinh sy cua phdp nhan thuang mai
qud gdy ra co khd ndng khdc phuc tren thfrc
theo hudng: "Phdp nhdn thuang mgi phdi
te ". Quy dinh nay chua chinh xdc vi neu gay
chfu trdch nhi^m hinh su vi tgi phgm quy
thipt hgi den tinh mgng thi ro rang hau qud
djnh tgi mgt trong cdc dieu ISO, 151, 188,
gay ra khdng thi khac phyc dugc tren thyc
189, 190, 191, 192. 193, 194. 195, 196, 200,
te, can siia ddi theo hudng: "Dinh chi hogt
203, 209, 210, 211, 213, 216, 217, 225, 226,dgng CO th&i hgn Id tgm dimg hogt dgng cua
227, 232, 234, 235, 237, 238, 239, 242, 243,phdp nhdn thucmg mgi trong mgt hogc mgt
244, 245, 246, 300, 324. 354 vd 364 cua Bgso linh vuc md phdp nhdn thuang mgi phgm
lugt ndy ".
tgi gdy thift hgi den sure khde con nguai,
moi tru&ng hogc an ninh, trgt ttf, an todn
Phdp nhan thuang mgi phdi chju trdch
nhipm hlnh sy ve tgi phgm nia tien vd tai trg xd hpi vd hgu qud gdy ra cd khd ndng khdc
phuc tren thuc te "
khiing bo. Tuy nhien, day Id 02 loai tgi
phgm dgc bipt nguy hiem, tac ddng xdu tdi
Dilu 82 BLHS nam 2015 quy djnh cdc
nhilu phuang dipn ciia xa hgi, nen cd nhan
bipn phdp tu phdp ap dung ddi vdi phdp
phdi chiu trdch nhi^m hinh sy ngay cd trong
nhan thucmg mgi phgm tgi chi de cgp den
giai dogn chudn bi phgm tgi, nhung phdp
thdm quyen dp dyng ciia tda dn. Tuy nhien,
nhdn thuang mai chi phdi chiu trach nhiem
qud trinh dieu tra tdi pham do phdp nhan
hinh sy khi tgi phgm da hoan thdnh. Rd
thuang mgi thyc hien thudng keo dai, trong
rdng, phdp nhan thuang mgi cd td chiic, cd
giai doan dieu tra neu khdng kjp thdi dp
tilm lyc vl kinh tl, nhdn lyc Idn mgnh hon
dyng cac bien phdp tu phdp ddi vdi phdp
cd nhdn nhilu lan, nen khi thyc hien hdnh vi
nhan thuang mgi nhu: Bugc khdi phyc Igi
phgm tgi, kl cd khi thyc hien hanh vi trong
tinh trang ban dau hay huge thyc hipn mgt
giai dogn chuan bi phgm tgi thi phdp nhan
sd bipn phdp nhdm khac phyc, ngan chgn
thuang mgi cd khd nang gdy thiet hgi Idn
hdu qua tiep tuc xdy ra, md phdi ehd den khi
hon so vdi hanh vi chudn hi phgm tgi cua cd
tda an xet xir vd quyet dinh thi khdng ddm
nhdn. Tuy nhien, phdp ludt mdi chi quy dinh
bdo dugc myc dich dp dung cua cdc bien
trudng hgp ca nhdn phdi chiu trach nhiem
phdp ndy. Bat cap neu tren edn dugc khdc
hinh sy trong giai dogn chudn bi phgm tgi,
phuc bang cdch bd sung vdo quy dinh tgi
chua quy dinh trach nhiem hinh sy ddi vdi
Dilu 82 BLHS nam 2015 theo hudng bd
phdp nhan thuang mai trong giai dogn
sung tham quyen dp dung cdc bien phdp tu
chuan bi phgm tgi Id chua phu hgp vdi thuc
phdp cho ca quan dieu tra, vien kiem sat tuy
tien. Do vay, can bd sung quy dinh: **Phdp thugc vdo giai dogn td tung ciia vu an.
21