LTE SELF-ORGANISING NETWORKS (SON): NETWORK MANAGEMENT AUTOMATION FOR OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY docx

LTE SELF-ORGANISING
NETWORKS (SON)
NETWORK MANAGEMENT
AUTOMATION FOR
OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY
Edited By

ă ă ă
Seppo Hamalainen, Henning Sanneck, Cinzia Sartori
Nokia Siemens Networks


This edition first published 2012
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
LTE self-organising networks (SON) : network management automation for operational efficiency / edited by
Seppo H€m€l€inen, Henning Sanneck, Cinzia Sartori.
a aa
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-119-97067-5 (cloth)
ă ăă
1. Self-organising networks. I. Hamalainen, Seppo, 1969– II. Sanneck, Henning, 1968– III. Sartori, Cinzia, 1960–
TK7872.D48L74 2012
6810 .2–dc23
2011032030
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Print ISBN: 9781119970675
Set in 10/12pt Times by Thomson Digital, Noida, India
Printed and Bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire.


To Leevi, Lina-Maria and Terja
In memory of Dr.-Ing. Hugo Sanneck (1932-2011)
To Nikos and Marika


Contents
Foreword

xiii

Preface

xv

List of Contributors

xix

Acknowledgements

xxi

List of Abbreviations

xxiii

1. Introduction
1.1 Self-Organising Networks (SON)
1.2 The Transition from Conventional Network Operation to SON
1.2.1 Automation of the Network Rollout
1.2.2 Automation of Network Optimisation and Troubleshooting
1.2.3 SON Characteristics and Challenges
References

1
3
6
9
10

11
12

2. LTE Overview
2.1 Introduction to LTE and SAE
2.1.1 3GPP Structure, Timeline and LTE Specifications
2.1.2 LTE Requirements
2.1.3 System Architecture Overview
2.1.4 Evolved UTRAN
2.1.5 E-UTRAN Functional Elements
2.1.6 Evolved Packet Core
2.1.7 Voice over LTE (VoLTE)
2.1.8 LTE-Advanced
2.1.9 Network Management
2.2 LTE Radio Access Network Scenarios and Their Evolution
2.2.1 LTE Radio Coverage Scenario
2.2.2 LTE for Capacity Enhancement in Existing GERAN/UTRAN
2.2.3 Enhancing LTE Capacity, the Multi-Layer LTE
2.2.4 Data Offloading, LIPA-SIPTO
2.2.5 Multi-Radio Access Network Scenarios or non-GPP
References

13
13
14
16
16
18
19
21

24
24
30
33
33
34
34
35
36
37

3. Self-Organising Networks (SON)
3.1 Vision
3.2 NGMN Operator Use Cases and 3GPP SON Use Cases

39
39
42


Contents

viii

3.2.1 Operational Use Cases
3.2.2 NGMN SON Use Cases and Requirements
3.2.3 SON Use Cases in 3GPP
3.3 Foundations for SON
3.3.1 Control Engineering: Feedback Loops
3.3.2 Autonomic Computing and Autonomic Management

3.3.3 SON Research Projects
3.4 Architecture
3.4.1 Use-Case Related Criteria
3.4.2 System-Level Criteria
3.5 Business Value
3.5.1 The Economics of eNB Sites
3.5.2 General Mode of Operation of SON
3.5.3 Installation and Planning
3.5.4 Network Optimisation
3.5.5 Fault Management
3.5.6 Conclusions
3.6 SON Operational and Technical Challenges
3.6.1 Transition of Operational Processes to SON
3.6.2 Technical (Engineering) Challenges
References

42
47
50
52
53
55
57
60
62
64
65
65
68
71

72
73
74
75
75
78
80

4. Self-Configuration (‘Plug-and-Play’)
4.1 Auto-Connectivity and -Commissioning
4.1.1 Preparation
4.1.2 Connectivity Setup, Site-Identification and
Auto-Commissioning
4.1.3 LTE-A Relay Auto-Connectivity
4.1.4 Conclusions
4.2 Dynamic Radio Configuration
4.2.1 Generation of Initial Transmission Parameters
4.2.2 Physical Cell-ID Allocation
4.2.3 Automatic Neighbour Relationship Setup (ANR)
4.2.4 DRC Architecture
4.2.5 Conclusions
References

81
82
85
87
93
100
100

106
111
118
130
132
133

5. Self-Optimisation
5.1 Mobility Robustness Optimisation
5.1.1 Goals of MRO
5.1.2 Cell Changes and Interference Challenges
5.1.3 MRO Relevant Parameters
5.1.4 Causes for Mobility Problems
5.1.5 MRO Solutions
5.1.6 MRO Time Scales
5.1.7 MRO Performance

135
136
136
137
140
144
146
151
152


Contents

5.2 Mobility Load Balancing and Traffic Steering
5.2.1 Introduction to Traffic Steering
5.2.2 SON Policies for Mobility Load Balancing
5.2.3 A Theoretical View of Load Balancing
5.2.4 Standardised Features and Procedures to Direct UEs
to the Desired Layer
5.2.5 Exemplary Results of MLB
5.2.6 Uplink Load Balancing
5.2.7 Interactions Between TS/MLB and MRO
5.3 Energy Saving
5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.2 Requirements
5.3.3 Energy Saving Management
5.3.4 eNB Overlaid Scenario
5.3.5 Capacity-Limited Network
5.3.6 Equipment/Local ES
5.3.7 Example Scenarios and Expected Gains
5.3.8 Summary
5.4 Coverage and Capacity Optimisation
5.4.1 CCO with Adaptive Antennas
5.4.2 Performance Analysis for Antenna Parameter Optimisation
Based CCO
5.4.3 CCO with TX Power
5.5 RACH Optimisation
5.5.1 General
5.5.2 PRACH Configuration
5.5.3 RACH Configuration
5.5.4 RACH/PRACH Configuration Example
5.5.5 RA Performance
5.5.6 Self-Optimisation Framework

5.5.7 UE Reporting
5.5.8 Inter-eNB Communication
5.6 RRM and SON (Interference Coordination, P0 Optimisation)
5.6.1 Interference Coordination
5.6.2 P0 Optimisation
References
6. Self-Healing
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 3GPP Use Cases
6.1.2 3GPP Self-Healing Process and its Management
6.1.3 Cell Degradation Management
6.2 Cell Degradation Detection
6.3 Cell Degradation Diagnosis and Prediction
6.3.1 Rule Based Systems
6.3.2 Bayesian Networks

ix

157
157
159
160
166
182
189
190
193
193
195
195

196
198
200
201
204
204
205
208
216
217
217
218
219
221
222
223
223
225
226
226
230
232
235
236
236
237
238
242
248
250

251


Contents

x

6.3.3 Case Based Reasoning
6.3.4 Neural Networks
6.3.5 Active Measurements
6.3.6 Prediction
6.4 Cell Outage Compensation
6.4.1 Activation of Cell Outage Compensation
6.4.2 Means of Cell Outage Compensation
6.4.3 Interaction between Cell Outage Compensation
and Self-Configuration Functions
References

253
255
256
257
259
260
260

7. Supporting Function: Minimisation of Drive Tests (MDT)
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 General
7.1.2 History and Background

7.2 Relation to SON
7.3 Requirements
7.4 Use Cases
7.4.1 Operator Scenarios
7.4.2 Coverage Optimisation
7.4.3 Mobility Optimisation
7.4.4 Capacity Optimisation
7.4.5 Parameterisation for Common Channels
7.4.6 QoS Verification
7.5 Overall Architecture
7.6 Managing MDT
7.6.1 Subscriber and Equipment Trace
7.6.2 MDT Configuration Parameters
7.6.3 Subscription Based MDT
7.6.4 Area Based MDT
7.6.5 Supporting Functionality in the Management System
7.6.6 MDT Reporting
7.7 MDT Radio Interface Procedures
7.7.1 Immediate MDT
7.7.2 Logged MDT
7.7.3 RLF Reporting
7.7.4 Measurement Parameters
7.7.5 Location Information
7.8 Conclusion
References

267
267
267
269

272
273
275
276
277
281
281
282
282
283
285
285
285
287
292
293
293
295
296
298
303
305
308
309
310

8. SON for Core Networks
8.1 Introduction
8.2 SON for Packet Core Networks
8.2.1 Packet Core Element Auto-Configuration

8.2.2 Automatic Neighbour Relation

311
311
311
311
313

263
264


Contents

xi

8.2.3
8.2.4
8.2.5
8.2.6

S1 Flex (MME Pooling)
Signalling Optimisation
Latency Optimisation
Fast Gateway Convergence with Bidirectional
Forward Detection
8.2.7 Dynamic IP Pool Allocation
8.2.8 Energy Saving
8.3 SON for Voice Core Networks
8.3.1 Voice Over IP Quality Monitoring

and Management
8.3.2 Resource Optimisation in Voice Core Network
References
9. SON Operation
9.1 SON Function Interactions
9.1.1 Spatial Characteristic
9.1.2 Temporal Characteristic
9.1.3 Categories of SON Conflicts
9.1.4 Network Parameters Related to SON Functions
9.1.5 Examples for Conflicts between SON Functions
9.2 Coordination of SON Functions
9.2.1 Basic Options for SON Coordination
9.2.2 Goals of SON Function Coordination
9.2.3 SON Coordination Function Concept
9.2.4 Coordination Schemes
9.2.5 Related Work
9.2.6 SON Function Coordination Example
9.3 Conclusions
References
10. SON for Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet)
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Standardisation and Network Architecture
10.2.1 Network Architecture for HetNet
10.3 Self-Configuration
10.3.1 Auto-Connectivity and -Commissioning
10.3.2 Automatic Site Identification and Hardware-to-Site Mapping
10.3.3 Automatic Neighbour Relations (ANR)
10.4 Self-Optimisation: Interference Management
10.4.1 Interference Characteristics in HetNet Scenarios
10.4.2 Basic Interference Management Techniques

10.4.3 Scenarios with Macro eNBs and Micro/Pico eNBs
10.4.4 Enhanced Time-Domain Interference
Management: eICIC
10.4.5 Outlook on Further Interference Management Innovations

314
315
317
318
318
319
319
319
320
321
322
323
324
324
326
329
330
334
334
338
340
346
352
352
355

356
357
357
359
361
362
363
364
365
365
365
366
369
370
374


Contents

xii

10.5 Self-Optimisation: Mobility Aspects; MRO and Traffic Steering
10.5.1 Mobility Robustness Optimisation
10.5.2 Multi-Layer Traffic Steering and Load Balancing
10.5.3 IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) Integration
References

375
375
377

378
378

11. Future Research Topics
11.1 Future Mobile Network Scenarios
11.1.1 Heterogeneous Networks
11.1.2 Cloud RAN
11.1.3 Requirements for Future OAM Systems
11.2 Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN)
11.2.1 From SON to CRN
11.2.2 Definitions
11.2.3 Framework
11.2.4 Artificial Intelligence
11.3 Applications
11.3.1 Self-Configuration
11.3.2 Self-Optimisation
11.3.3 Self-Healing
11.3.4 Operation
11.4 Conclusion
References

379
379
379
380
381
381
381
382
383

385
387
387
387
388
388
389
389

Index

391


Foreword
When we designed the first generation of digital mobile networks, the
concept of a self-organising network (SON) was not in focus. Now, with
hindsight we can say that a lot of self-organising features already exist
such as power control, handover between cells and efficient customer
management based on central administration of SIM cards.
Why has the vision of self-organising networks gained importance in
our industry? There are two obvious drivers: cost reduction and increasing complexity. Network operators urgently need much more automation
in order to efficiently manage large networks consisting of tens of
thousands of base stations with hundreds of settings each. Optimising
several network layers providing a multitude of customer services with high service quality
would be highly complex and labour intensive, and therefore would be very costly without the
mechanisms and intelligence in our networks to ‘organise themselves’.
While it was common practice in the early years with much smaller mobile networks to
execute many tasks manually on site, now network operators are able to handle all operational
activities remotely from one or few central locations. This trend was enabled to a large extent

by the significant progress in the IT industry.
In order to guide the industry in developing automation functionality that is relevant
for operators Deutsche Telekom together with their partner in the NGMN Alliance
(Next Generation Mobile Networks) have taken the initiative to drive ‘Self-Organising
Networks’ (SON).
Within the vision of SON the operators have defined the most relevant use cases for the
automation of operational tasks: typically, those tasks that require significant manual effort, or
tasks that are highly complex in nature, and are therefore prone to error. NGMN presented these
use cases to the vendor industry, and 3GPP standardisation bodies were requested to develop
and standardise respective self-organising solutions.
There are some prominent examples of SON solutions which are already implemented today.
For instance the ‘Plug-and-Play’ deployment of a base station requiring only the physical
installation on sites, where all complex and specific configuration settings as well as software
management are executed automatically. Similarly the ‘Automatic Neighbour Relationship
Configuration’ (ANR) reduces effort but improves also the perceived network quality.
With LTE we have a great opportunity to bring the value of SON into our networks. But the
potential and ambition clearly includes legacy networks such as UMTS and GSM also.
This book is an excellent introduction to the world of SON for technicians in research as well
as developers in the industry providing solid knowledge and motivation to push SON solutions
forward in the telecommunications sector.
ă
Dr. Klaus-Jurgen Krath
Deutsche Telekom AG


Preface
Mobile network operators will meet many challenges in the coming years. It is expected that the
number of people connected, wireline and wireless, will reach five billion by 2015. At the same
time, people use more wireless services and they expect similar user experience to what they
can now get from fixed networks. Because of that we will see a hundred-fold increase in

network traffic in the near future. At the same time markets are saturating and the revenue per
bit is dropping.
To meet the increase in demand for a wide range of content services with high bit rate
requirements, the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is standardising the next
generation of cellular networks called Long Term Evolution (LTE). When LTE is introduced
by the operators, it leads to parallel operation of LTE together with existing 2G and 3G
networks that are not phased out for a long time to come. LTE represents a major advance,
designed to meet needs for high-speed data and media transport as well as high-capacity
voice support for carriers. This includes support for new types of network elements, such
as relay and femto nodes, and different cell layers. Due to that fact, a significantly increased
number of base stations is required to assure coverage and capacity, all of which have
to be managed properly. Also many complex radio network parameters have to be maintained
and optimised.
Mobile Network Operators’ vital interest is to minimise operational effort and cost. The
concept of Self Organising Networks (SON), introduced by the Next Generation Mobile
Networks (NGMN) alliance on 2007, is a key enabler for simplifying operation and maintenance in next generation mobile networks. SON aims at:
.
.
.

Reducing operating cost by reducing the degree of human intervention in network design,
build and operate phases.
Reducing capital expenditure by optimising the usage of available resources.
Protecting revenue by reducing the amount of errors introduced by humans.

This is accomplished by simplifying operational tasks through automated mechanisms such as
self-configuration, self-optimisation and self-healing. SON can be seen as an approach in
which many functions which have earlier been done manually as a part of the (‘offline’)
network planning and optimisation tool chain are now moved to be executed (‘online’) in the
network elements and their OAM system.

While NGMN has set requirements for SON use cases, 3GPP has made technical specification and standardisation for them. However, not all SON functions require standardisation.
In this book, both 3GPP-standardised SON use cases and functions, but also functionality not
using standardised interfaces or signalling is discussed.
The book focuses on LTE as for this new technology SON features can be designed from the
start and thus take full effect. Where applicable, however, similar concepts are described for 3G
and 2G. As the main operational challenges are seen in the management of radio networks, the


xvi

Preface

focus of the book is on radio access. The end to end view is touched by covering some of the
core network and transport (backhaul) aspects. Core network aspects are treated in a separate
chapter and related transport aspects are treated where relevant, however, self-organisation of
the transport network as such is beyond the scope of the book.
The book is organised as follows. The network management challenges that demand
automation and thus SON are discussed in Chapter 1. In addition, the motivation behind
applying SON for LTE networks is discussed.
An overview of 3GPP as well as LTE requirements and specifications are given in Chapter 2.
Also LTE radio access network scenarios and their evolution are covered.
In Chapter 3, a vision for SON addressing the foreseen challenges is discussed and NGMN
and 3GPP SON use cases presented. Typically, when benefits of SON are discussed, the first
benefit is seen in saving in operational expenses. However, this is not the only benefit SON
offers; SON will also have impact on for example, capital expenses and network quality of
service. Such SON business benefits for selected use cases are discussed in Chapter 3. In
addition, Chapter 3 presents the foundations for SON, that is, technologies on which SON is
based as well as previous research projects, architectural considerations for SON-enabled
systems and the operational and technical challenges of SON.
The operational life-cycle of a mobile network consists of design, build and operation/

maintain phases. The two latter phases can be automated by SON. The build phase can be
automated and thus simplified through auto-connectivity, -commissioning, and dynamic radio
configuration (Chapter 4). In the operational phase, self-optimisation and self-healing functions automatically change the network configuration based on the network performance and
incidents in the network. Self-optimisation and self-healing are discussed in Chapters 5 and 6,
respectively.
Minimisation of Drive Tests (MDT) functionality is planned for 3GPP Release 10. MDT
supports autonomous collection of UE measurements and positioning of the UE. This
information, together with information available in the radio access network can be used to
visualise in detail the network performance and health. Thus MDT, described in Chapter 7, is an
enabler for both self-optimisation and -healing of the network. NGMN use cases exist also for
core networks. Here, SON concepts are also applicable and closely linked to SON in radio
access (Chapter 8).
When many different SON functions are active in a system, interactions between them may
occur. Therefore mechanisms to operate SON at a system level are needed. This includes
mechanisms for preventive coordination between different SON functions to avoid conflicts on
one hand but assure efficient operation (parallelisation) on the other hand. Additionally, it is
crucial that human operators can interact with the SON-enabled system and stay in control.
SON operation is discussed in Chapter 9.
Chapter 2 already introduced network scenarios relevant for SON. A particular scenario is a
‘Heterogeneous Networks’ scenario in which a network is made of several different cell types,
technologies or layers. Such a network will impose stronger requirements for SON with regards
to scalability, interoperability but also improved functionality. Therefore a separate chapter,
Chapter 10, is dedicated to SON for heterogeneous networks.
Finally, Chapter 11 gives an outlook to future SON related topics, such as cognitive radio
networks, and novel technological enablers for future SON.
Concepts to automate network operations have recently gained significant interest to
improve an operator’s cost position. The book addresses particularly the novel SON


Preface

xvii

components in the network elements and the OAM system. While a number of research
publications (in addition to NGMN requirements and 3GPP standards material) have appeared,
no comprehensive single source on the LTE self-configuration and -optimisation topic has been
available. While including the latest status in 3GPP, the book aims at providing a comprehensive picture of a SON-enabled system.
For more information, please visit the companion website, www.wiley.com/go/Hamalainen.


List of Contributors
Tobias Bandh
Gyula Bdog
o
Yves Bouwen
Christoph Frenzel
J€rgen Goerge
u
Seppo H€m€l€inen
a aa
Anssi Juppi
Risto Kauppinen
Raimund Kausl
Ilkka Keskitalo
Krzysztof Kordybach
Jaroslaw Lachowski
Daniela Laselva
Andreas Lobinger
Henrik Martikainen
Szabolcs Novczki

a
Klaus Pedersen
Johanna Pekonen
Miikka Poikselk€
a
Simone Redana
Dirk Rose
Henning Sanneck
Cinzia Sartori
Christoph Schmelz
Markus Stauffer
Paul Stephens
Clemens Suerbaum
Pter Szilgyi
e
a
Haitao Tang
Malgorzata Tomala
Eddy Troch
Ingo Viering
Achim Wacker
Richard Waldhauser
Bernhard Wegmann
Jeroen Wigard
Volker Wille
Osman Yilmaz


Acknowledgements
The editors would like to acknowledge all the colleagues who enthusiastically contributed to

the writing of the book (cf. ‘list of contributors’ above) not only as authors but also reviewers.
SON is a very diverse technical area requiring many different competences in the radio and
distributed systems fields. Hence, we are very grateful that it has been possible to bring together
such a great team of close to 40 contributors from Nokia Siemens Networks, partner companies
and universities.
We would like to thank the following colleagues for their help to set up the book project and
valuable comments during the book’s review process: Kari Aaltonen, Guillaume Decarreau,
Richard Fehlmann, Nadine Herold, G€nther Horn, Matthias Kaetzke, Patrick Marsch, Peter
u
Merz, Wolf-Dietrich Moeller, Olaf Pollakowski, Raphael Romeikat, Mikael Rutanen, Dariusz
Tomecko, Ville Tsusoff and Marcin Wiczanowski.
We appreciate the fast and smooth editing process and all help provided during the process of
writing the book by Wiley-Blackwell and in particular: Mariam Cheok, Richard Davies,
Lynette James, Abhishan Sharma, Sophia Travis and Mark Hammond.
We are grateful to our families and contributors’ families for their understanding and
patience during the long evenings spent when writing and editing the contents of the book.
Our employer made it possible to write this book by providing support and encouragement
during the process of writing and editing. Therefore special thanks are for Nokia Siemens
Networks.
Finally we are grateful for the interactions with the SON research and 3GPP SON
standardisation community comprising mobile network operators, vendors and academia.
The industry-wide effort to make SON happen has been clearly the basis for this book.
We welcome any proposals and suggestions for improvements of the contents of the book in
forthcoming editions as well as pointing us to any possible mistakes. The feedback is welcome
to the editors’ e-mail addresses: , and



List of Abbreviations
3G

3GPP
AAA
AAS
ABS
AC
ACI
ACS
AF
AGP
AI
ANDSF
ANR
AP
APN
ARCF
ARPU
ARRM
AS
ATM
B3G
BB
BCCH
BH
BFD
BLER
BN
BP
BPM
BS
BW

CA
CA
CAC
CAPEX
CBL
CBR
CBRA
CC
CCO

3rd Generation (Cellular Systems)
3rd Generation Partnership Project
Authentication, Authorisation and Accounting function
Active Antenna System
Almost Black Subframe
Admission Control
Autonomic Computing Initiative
Auto-Connection Server
Amplify and Forward
Automatic Generation of Initial Parameters for eNodeB Insertion
Artificial Intelligence
Access Network Discovery and Selection Function
Automatic Neighbour(s) Relation/Relationship setup
Application Protocol
Access Point Name
Automatic Radio Configuration Function
Average Revenue Per User
Advanced RRM
Access Stratum
Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Beyond 3G
Basic Biasing
Broadcast Channel
Busy Hour
Bidirectional Forward Detection
Block error rate
Bayesian Network
Blocking Probability
Business Process Management
Base Station
Bandwidth
Carrier Aggregation
Certificate Authority
Composite Available Capacity
Capital Expenditure
Case Based Learning
Case Based Reasoning
Contention-Based RA
Component Carrier
Coverage and Capacity Optimisation


xxiv

CDF
CF
CIO
CM
CMDB
CMP

CN
COC
COM
CoMP
C-plane
CP
CPC
CPE
CPICH RSCP
CQI
CR
C-RAN
CRN
CRS
CSFB
CSG
CSI
CSL
CSP
CQI
CRS
DDDS
DF
DIR
DL
DM
DMP
DNS
DRC
Ec/No

ECGI
EDGE
eICIC
EIRP
EM
EMS
eNB or eNodeB
EPC
EPS
ES

List of Abbreviations

Cumulative Distribution Function
Cooling Factor
Cell Individual Offset
Configuration Management
Configuration Management Database
Certificate Management Protocol
Cognitive Networks
Cell Outage Compensation
Cell Outage Management
Coordinated Multipoint transmission and reception
Control Plane
Collision Probability
Cognitive Pilot Channel
Customer Premises Equipment
Common PIlot CHannel Received Signal Code Power
Channel Quality Indicator
Cognitive Radio

Cloud RAN
Cognitive Radio Networks
Common Reference Symbol
Circuit-Switched FallBack
Closed Subscriber Group
Channel State Information/Indicator
Cognitive Specification Language
Communication Service Provider
Channel Quality Indicator
Common Reference Symbols
Dynamic Delegation Discovery System
Decode and Forward
Dominant Interference Ratio
Downlink
Domain Manager
Detection Miss Probability
Domain Name System
Dynamic Radio Configuration
chip energy per noise
E-UTRAN Cell Global Identification
Enhanced Datarates for GSM Evolution
enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination
Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power
Element Manager
Element Management System
Evolved Node B
Evolved Packet Core
Evolved Packet System
Energy Savings

List of Abbreviations

ETSI
E-UTRA
E-UTRAN
FBS
FDD
FM
GA
GBR
GNSS
GPS
GSMA
GU
GUMMEI
GUTI
GW
HARQ
HeMS
HeNB
HetNet
HII
HMS
HNB
HNB GW
HO
HOF
HOO
HPO

HSDPA
HSPA
HSPA+
HSS
HSUPA
HW
HW-ID
ICIC
ICO
ID
IE
IMPEX
IMS
IP
IRP
Itf-N
IS
ISCP
JRRM

xxv

European Telecommunications Standards Institute
Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
Flexible Base Station
Frequency Division Duplex
Fault Management
Genetic Algorithm
Guaranteed Bit Rate

Global Navigation Satellite System
Global Positioning System
GSM Association
Globally Unique
Globally Unique MME Identifier
Globally Unique Temporary Identity
Gateway
Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest
Home eNodeB Management System (LTE)
Home eNodeB (LTE)
Heterogeneous Networks
High Interference Indicator
Home NodeB Management System (3G)
Home NodeB (3G)
Home NodeB Gateway
HandOver
HandOver Failure
HandOver Optimisation
Handover Parameter Optimisation
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
High Speed Packet Access
High Speed Packet Access evolution
Home Subscriber Server
High Speed Uplink Packet Access
Hardware
Hardware Identity
Inter-Cell Interference Coordination
Interference Coordination Optimisation
Identifier
Information Element

Implementational Expenditures
IP Multimedia Subsystem
Internet Protocol
Integration Reference Point
Interface-Northbound
Information Service
Interference Signal Code Power
Joint Radio Resource Management


List of Abbreviations

xxvi

k-NN
KPI
KQI
LAC
LBO
LIPA
LTE
LTE-A
LIPA
MAC
MAPE
MBMS
MCC
MCS
MDT
MGW

MLB
MIMO
MME
MNC
MNO
MPLS
MSC
MRO
MU-MIMO
NAS
NB
NCBRA
NCL
NE
NGMN
NLM
NM
NMS
NN
NNSF
NR
NRM
NRO
OAM
OFD
OFDM
OFDMA
OMC
OPEX
OSG

k-Nearest Neighbour
Key Performance Indicator
Key Quality Indicator
Location Area Code
Load Balancing Optimisation
Local IP Access
Long-Term Evolution
Long-Term Evolution-Advanced
Local IP Access
Medium Access Control
Monitoring – Analysis – Planning – Execution
Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service
Mobile Country Code
Modulation and Coding Scheme
Minimisation of Drive Tests
Media Gateway
Mobility Load Balancing
Multiple Input Multiple Output
Mobility Management Entity
Mobile Network Code
Mobile Network Operator
Multi-Protocol Label Switching
Mobile Switching Centre
Mobility Robustness Optimisation
Multi-User MIMO
Non-Access Stratum
Node B
Non-Contention-Based RA
Neighbour Cell List

Network Element
Next Generation Mobile Networks
Network Listening Mode
Network Management
Network Management System
Neural Network
NAS Node Selection Function
Neighbour Relation
Network Resource Model
Neighbour Relationship Optimisation
Operation, Administration and Management
Operational Fault Detection
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
Operation and Maintenance Centre
Operation Expenditure
Open Subscriber Group


List of Abbreviations

OSPF
OSS
OWL
PBCH
PBLA
P-CCPCH RSCP
PCEF
PCI
PCO

PCRF
P-CSCF
PDCP
PDSCH
P-GW
PHR
PHY
PKI
PM
PMI
PRACH
PRB
P-RNTI
PS
PSF
QCI
QoS
RA
RAB
RAC
RACH
RAN
RAS
RAT
RB
RBS
RE
RET
RF
RFID

RI
RIM
RLF
RLM
RNC
RRC
RRH

xxvii

Open Shortest Path First
Operations Support System
Web Ontology Language
Physical Broadcast Channel
Push-to-Best Layer Algorithm
Primary Common Control Physical Channel RSCP
Policy Control Enforcement Function
Physical Cell ID
Protocol Configuration Options
Policy and Charging Resource Function
Proxy-Call Session Control Function
Packet Data Control Protocol
Physical Downlink Shared Channel
Packet Data Network Gateway
Power Headroom Report
Physical Layer
Public Key Infrastructure
Performance Management
Precoding Matrix Indicator
Physical Random Access Channel

Physical Resource Block
Paging Radio Network Temporary Identity
Packet Scheduling
Power Supply Factor
Quality of Service Class Identifier
Quality of Service
Random Access
Radio Access Bearer
Routing Area Code
Random Access Channel
Radio Access Network
Remote Azimuth Steering
Radio Access Technology
Resource Block
Radio Base Station
Range Expansion/Extension
Remote Electrical Tilt
Radio Frequency
Radio Frequency Identification
Rank Indication
RAN Information Management
Radio Link Failure
Radio Link Monitoring
Radio Network Controller
Radio Resource Control
Radio Resource Head


List of Abbreviations

xxviii

RRM
RSRP
RSRQ
RSSI
SAE
SAN
SBN
ScM
S-CSCF
SDR
SEG
SGSN
S-GW
SI
SIB
SINR
SLA
SOAP
SOM
SON
SS
SU-MIMO
SW
SWG
TA
TAC
TAI
TAU

TCE
TCO
TDD
TDM
TPM
TrE
TRX
TS
TSG
TU
TX
TXP
UE
UL
UMA
UMTS
U-plane
USIM

Radio Resource Management
Reference Symbol Received Power
Reference Symbol Received Quality
Received Signal Strength Indication
System Architecture Evolution
Software Adaptable Network
Smooth Bayesian Network
Self-Configuration Management
Serving-Call Session Control Function
Software Defined Radio
Security Gateway

Serving GPRS Support Node
Serving Gateway
Study Item
System Information Block
Signal to Interference plus Noise ratio
Service Level Agreement
Simple Object Access Protocol
Self-Organising Maps
Self-Organising Networks
Solutions Set
Single User MIMO
Software
Sub-Working Group
Tracking Area or Timing Advance
Tracking Area Code
Tracking Area Identifier
Tracking Area Update
Trace Collection Entity
Total Cost of Ownership
Time Division Duplex
Time Domain
Trusted Platform Module
Trusted Environment
Transmission and Reception Unit
Technical Specification (3GPP)
Technical Specification Group
Typical Urban
Transmission
Transmission Power
User Equipment

Uplink
Unlicensed Mobile Access
Universal Mobile Terrestrial System
User Plane
Universal Subscriber Identity Module


List of Abbreviations

UTA
UTRA
UTRAN
VET
VLR
VoIP
VoLTE
WAN
WCDMA
WG
WI

xxix

User Throughput-Based Algorithm
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
Variable Electrical Tilt
Visitor Location Register
Voice over IP
Voice over LTE

Wireless Access Network
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
Working Group
Work Item


1
Introduction
Cinzia Sartori, Henning Sanneck, J€rgen Goerge, Seppo H€m€l€inen
u
a aa
and Achim Wacker

The number of mobile subscribers has impressively increased during the last decade; at the
same time wireless data usage continues to accelerate at an unprecedented pace even when (for
developed countries) subscriber numbers reach saturation.
With the adoption of the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), mobile phones
have become indispensable devices for voice communication and, nowadays, mobile networks
are available for 90% of the world population. However, GSM was mainly designed for
carrying voice traffic and some data capability was only added subsequently. The ‘mobile data
explosion’ is a quite recent phenomenon driven by the introduction of the ‘Third Generation’
(3G) mobile system with Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), High Speed
Packet Access (HSPA) and its enhancements called High Speed Packet Access Plus (HSPA ỵ ).
The introduction of HSPA has marked the beginning of the transformation from voicedominated to packet data-dominated mobile networks. These 3G evolution technologies are
crucial to allow upgrading the network at relatively low costs and hence those technologies will
be still important for a long period of time to come. However, it is clear that only a new Radio
Access Technology (RAT) comprising a new air interface together with a new network
architecture can cope with the described data explosion in the longer term. Long-Term
Evolution (LTE; Holma and Toskala, 2011) is this technology which at the time of writing
had been rolled out and put into commercial use in several countries already. Chapter 2

introduces the key technical concepts and radio access network scenarios of LTE.
The exponential growth of mobile broadband traffic is certainly caused by both, the
increasing demand for known and new data services, such as mobile Internet access, social
networking, location-based services/personal navigation, and so on, and the data processing
and storage capabilities of state-of-the-art terminals, such as smartphones and, most recently,
tablets (Figure 1.1). Such ‘always-on’ devices used by humans as well as network usage by
machines (Machine to Machine; M2M) also put strong requirements on the capabilities of the
network control plane.
LTE Self-Organising Networks (SON): Network Management Automation for Operational Efciency, First Edition.
ă ăă
Edited by Seppo Hamalainen, Henning Sanneck and Cinzia Sartori.
Ó 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.