Định kiến, hệ quả và bài học rút ra trong việc tìm hiểu dư luận xã hội ở vùng dân số thiểu số

Tgp chi Ddn tpc hpc sol - 2020

D I N H KIEN, H E Q U A V A B A I H O C R U T R A T R O N G V I E C T I M H l f e u
D l / L U A N X A H O I Of V U N G D A N T O C T H I E U SO^

TS. Phan Tan
Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc xa hoi
TS. Le Thj Thuy Ly
Viin NghiSn cihi Van hoa
Tom tat. Hien nay, vdn ton tgi dinh kien dpi v&i cdc cpng ddng ddn tpc thieu sd rdng ludn cd
mgt dgng thiec "bdn sdc " cd tru&c, bdt bien vd khong ngieng chi phoi nhU-ng cpng ddng do. Bdi viet
ndy de cap den cdc dinh kien ve sinh ke truyen thdng, ve nhicng Ihuc hdnh tin nguong, ve khd ndng
thich ieng v&i hnh te thi trudng & nguoi ddn tpc thieu sd nhu Id nhieng vi du tieu bieu vd he qud cda
cdc dinh Men dy. Nd cUng de cap den bdi hpc rut ra cho viec tim Meu du ludn xd hpi & doi tuang
ndy, do Id khdng giir cdi nhin dinh kien, ngu&i nghien cieu se khdng tu tu&c di cua minh ca hpi de
thdu hieu nhieng hdnh vi ciia ngu&i ddn hen quan den du luan xd hpi tii- su ly gidi cita chinh chd the.
Tic khoa: Dinh kien tpc ngu&i, du lugn xd hpi, ddn tpc thieu sd, ddn tdc da sd.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 2/12/2019; ngdy giei phdn Men: 3/1/2020; ngdy duyet dang: 8/2/2020

Dat van d8
Cd nghien cmj da chi ra rang vung cao Viet Nam khdng phai la noi ngoai le, heo lanh va
khdng cd anh hudng gi tdi cac su kien chinh tri ciia dat nudc, ma ngugc lai ddng mot vai trd quan
trong ddi vdi toan quoe gia (Jaraieson va cdng su, 1998). Nhmig trong cai nhin gian don hda va nham
lan cua nhieu ngudi Kinh, vung eao thudng duge xem la dia ban cua nhirng con ngudi bi lich su bd
rcri - eu dan sinh sdng d dd cd trinh do van hda thap, me tin di doan, ed nen kinh te nang ve tir eung
tu cip va la tac nhan ehinh gay ra suy thoai mdi trudng (Jamieson va cdng su, 1998, tr. 19-22). Cai
nhin mang tinh dinh kien nhu vay tdn tai tii qua khu va bieu hien dai dang d hien tai trong truyen
thong, ca trong cac cdng frinh khoa hoc, chinh saeh... va khdng ngimg chi phdi radi quan he giira
ngudi Kinh vdi ngudi dan tdc thieu sd (DTTS). Nhu mdt hoc gia nhan dinh, qua trinh hinh thanli
dinh kien bao gom viec dan nhan, mac dinh nhdra bi dinh kien vdi mdt he gia fri gan cho, thiet lap
ranh gidi giira "ta" va "hg", phan biet ddi xu va tao can can quyen lire khdng cdng bang (Link va

Phelan, 2001). Qua frinh dd da gay ra nhieu he qua tieu cue doi vdi ngudi DTTS nudc ta. Tuy nhien,
dinh kiSn la eai mang tinh xa hdi va cd thS thay ddi (Pham Quynh Phuong va cpng sir, 2016).
Tren co sd tdng quan tai lieu, bai viet nay de cap tdi nhung dinh kien ehu yeu ddi vdi ngudi
DTTS d Viet Nam. Ddng thdi, qua nghien ciru cua d§ tai khoa hgc cSp Nha nudc "Nhirng van d^ ly

^ Bai viSt la kSt qua ciia Qh tai khoa hpc cdp Nha nudc: "Nhiing vdn de ly ludn vd thuc tiin ve du ludn xd hoi a
vitng ddn tpc thieu sd nu&c ta trong boi cdnh todn cdu hod", i^aso: CTDT.37.18/16-20.


Phan

Tdn-LeThij3^

luan va thuc tien ve du luan xa hdi d vung dan tde thigu sd nudc ta frong bdi canh toan cau hoa' ,
mdt sd ket qua khao sat budc dku dugc dua vao mo ta nhSra giai dinh kiSn va nhSn manh rang bai
hgc kinh nghiem can thigt dugc rut ra cho viec tira higu vh du luan xa hdi d nhdm DTTS trong boi
canh hien nay la digu dang ban luan.
1. Dinh kifin doi vol ngu'di d§n toe thilu so va h^ qua
Mdt sd dang dinh kign ndi bat va ngudi DTTS ed thg kg dgn la dinh hen vg boat dong sinh ke, dinh
ben ve ddi sdng tam linh va dinh ben vg kha nang thich ung vdi bnh tg thi frudng.
1.1. Dinh kien ve hoat dpng sinh ki
Dang thiic dinh kign dku tien cd thg ndi dgn vg ngudi DTTS d nudc ta la vg hoat ddng sinh kg,
ciithe lave viee ddt rung lam nuong. Theo tign hda luan don tuygn eua Morgan (1818-1881), each
canh tae vii'a ngu duge xem la d bae thang thSp nhit, "nguygn thuy" nhat. Dudi anh hudng lau dai
eua Morgan, nhigu ngudi da phe phan rSng nd chi dua dgn nang suit rit han che, tir do dan tdi mgt
ddi sdng phieu dat diy bip benh cho ngudi dan, trong khi lai tan pha mdi tnrdng. Mdt sd ngudi eon
cho rang, viee loai bd nd se mang lai bude tign cd tinh each mang cho ngudi DTTS, vi nd la san
pham cua tinh trang thigu higu biet va kim ham su phat frign kinh tg - van hda - xa hdi ciia ddi tugng
dang dg cap (Dang Nghiera Van, 1975; Tran Manh Cat, 1975; Trin Nam va Trin Hiiu Son, 1989;
Nguygn Anh Nggc, 1989). Tuy nhign, thuc te cho thiy hinh thfrc canh tac trgn la kgt qua eua viec van

dung tn thue dia phuang vdn duge tich luy qua nhigu thg he va phu hgp vdi dia hinh va thd nhudng
viing cao. Guilleminet la cdng sir tinh Kon Tum thdi Phap thude va la mdt nha dan tdc hgc, frmg
khang dinh trong mdt cdng trinh nghign cuu eua rainh ve ngudi Ba-na (1952) rang, chae chan cac
thanh vien ciia tde ngudi nay cd cudc sdng no du ban ndng dan d ddng bang Trung Bg. Hinh thuc
canh tae nuong ray ciing khdng khign ngudi dan phai du eu. Vdi viee luan khoanh khep kin, ngudi ta
canli tac mdt raanh ray trong vai nam roi bd hoa, lan lugt chuyen sang cac manh kg can va quay frd
lai raanh ray cii khi frang thai ban dau cua nd da duge phue hdi. Nhimg manh ray nay khdng qua xa
noi d nen khdng phai la ly do dg ngudi nong dan phai rdi bd budn lang eiia rainh.
Trong dieu kien dat dai va dan sd trude day, hoat ddng eanh tac nuong ray ciing khdng hiiy
hoai radi trudng. Doumes - mgt nha truygn giao sdng d Tay Nguygn nhieu nam sau Dai chien the
gidi 11, ciing la nha dan toe hge - da nhan xet rSng, hinh thuc canh tac nay khdng hg lang phi hay gay
tan pha ma dam bao dg con ngudi sinh tdn hai hda ben canh cac gidng loai khac, va dng cdn nhan
manh rang cac Id hdng ciia rimg se dugc lap lai "nhanh ehdng va manh me dgn ki la" sau khi nhiirig
ldp cay edi bi chiec riu eiia ngudi ndng dan ddn di (2003, fr. 75). Vdi viec luan khoanh khep kin nhu
trgn da ndi, rimg vin hoan toan duge bao tdn. BSng ehiing la ty le che phii cua rung d viing cao nudc
ta ludn la rit ldn sudt nhigu thg ky qua cho den it nhit la trudc Caeh mang (1945) - thdi digm rimg
^ Day la dg tai nghien cuu co ban vg du luan xa hoi noi chung thay vi du luan xa hoi doi vdi mot vin dg cu the
Khao sat cua chung toi d phia Bic dugc ti6n hanhfrgndia ban 04 tinh co dong dong bao dan toe thieu s6 sinh
s6ng la Lang San, Ha Giang, Lai Chau va Son La: m§i tinh chon 02 huygn_fren co sd c6 khoang each xa nhit
(nim d hai cue), mSi huyen chon mot xa va mot thi trin fren nguySn tac trung tam va ngoai vi. Tir cac
xa/phudng/thi frin do, chung toi chon ngiu nhien 75 mlu dl trign khai phdng van bang hdi._ So m^u nay phan
b6 dgufrgncac th6n^an, Digufravien se chon ngudi tnrdng thanh duac gap dau tien khi tiep can ho gia dinh
dg phong vin, T6ng cong co 300 mhx choraSitinh, 1.200 man cho 4 tinh. Sau qua tnnh lam sach. ,0 bang hoi
con lai dugc xu ly la l' 193 miu. Ben canh do, chiing tm datienhanh 200 cuoc phong van sau (50 cuoc/tinh).


i gp (.»/ L/dn ipc npc so i - zOlO
con chigm tdi 90% (Vu Dinh Lgi va cdng su, 2000), du dan cu bao thg he da khdng ngii'ng thue hien
nhirng hoat dgng san xuit ndng nghiep quen thugc ciia rainh. Ndi each khae, canh tac nuong rIy
khdng nhiing khdng phai la mot dang canh tac lam tdn hai tu nhien, ma ngugc lai cdn la rapt hinh

thiic khai thac bSn virng vdi mdi trudng (Forsyth, 1999). Dd la chua ke, eac cdng cu lao ddng ciia
ngn nong nghiep nuong ray cung la nhirng cdng eu phii hgp vdi viec trdng frgt frgn dat d6c, giup han
chg su xdi radn cua dat dgn rauc tdi da. Khdng phai ngSu nhien ma ehinh sach eiia Nha nudc lien
quan dgn viee "dinh canh dinh cu" cac cdng ddng DTTS ttong nhirng thap nien qua da phai doi mat
vdi khong it van dg va ket qua chua dat nhu raong raudn - trong dd viec ap dung mo hinh nong
nghiep chua phu hgp, ehua kg thira tri thiic ciia ngudi dan tai cho la mgt ly do co ban.
Nhirng chii nhan lau ddi ciia mii rung la nhirng eon ngudi da tich liiy dugc mgt lugng dang kg
tri thiic lign quan den viee su dung tai nguygn radt each ben viing, nhung that khdng edng b^ng khi
digu do thudng bj phii nhan, diing nhu danh gia cua Briggs va Sharp (2004) rang cho den nay van ton
tai mot quan diem thdng fri la khoa hgc phuong Tay chae chan tign bd hon ban nhiing phuang thuc
khac, Rd rang, ngudi dan khdng thuc su cd Idi trong viec mat rimg nhung cudi cimg hg lai phai ganh
trach nhiem bdi cac dien ngdn lign quan, raa eu the la dien ngdn ve su "lac hau" ciia hinh thiic eanh
tac ddt nuang lam ray (McElwee, 2004). Vi muc dich ciia cac chuong trinh phat trien la thay doi tu
duy ciia ngudi dan, hg hay bi xera la nhiing ngudi khdng ed dii nhan tbiie (Jorgensen, 2006),
1.2. Binh kien ve d&i song tam linh
Dang thiic dinh kign thii hai ddi vdi ngudi DTTS nudc ta la quan diem cho rang hg la nhiing
ngudi dam chim trong cac thuc hanh van hda - xa hdi mang tinh mg tin di doan (Ciru Long Giang va
Toan Anh, 1974; Dang Nghiem Van, 1986; Truong Minh Due, 2005). Song, thanh vien ciia cac tpc
ngudi nay chi dan gian la cd nhu cau vg mot ddi sdng tam hnh nhu mgi tdc ngudi trgn the gidi, trong
do bao gdm ngudi Kinh. Dign dat each khae, tuong tu rat nhigu ngudi, hp cd nhuug niem tin va tap
tuc khong dua tren ea sd khoa hpc (Jamieson va cpng su, 1998). Ngoai ra, theo Pham Quynh Phuang
va cpng su, ed nhimg nigm tin va tap tuc da trd thanh dT vang raa den nay vin duge gan vao ngudi
DTTS duong dai nhu the ehiing dang dign ra va cd thg "quan sat" dugc (2016, tr, 39), die nhu thg
ban sac la cai khdng bao gid thay ddi. Bgn canh do, khdng it thuc hanh raa chiing ta cho la b
bi/cu6ng tin chi tdn tai trong nhirng Idi kg chii chua cd ai duge chiing kien (Pham Quynh Phuang va
cpng su, 2016, fr. 73). Mat khac, mgt sd luat tue lign quan den ddi sdng tam linh eiia hg thoat nghe ed
ve phan nhan van thirc ra lai ehi raang y nghTa ran de ban la mang tinh iing dung (Phan Dang Nhat,
2002, tr. 193-194).
Mac du vay, dudi con mat eiia ngudi Kinh, mg tin di doan van duge xem la ban chat "hang
dau" ciia cae DTTS. Quan trgng hon, nd cdn dugc xera la nguyen nhan khign cac dan tdc nay khdng

"tien bp" duge do lang phi tai san, thdi gian vao viee eiing bai va tin vao cae thg lire sigu nhien hon la
ban than. Nhan thiie ay da gdp phin din dgn nhiing chinh sach bit cap vg tin ngudng ndi rieng va
van hoa ndi chung ddi vdi ddng bao. Vdi chd truong xda bd "hii tue" - dugc xem la nhung tan du ciia
xa hgi cii - trong cudc each mang ve tu tudng va van hoa do chinli quygn thuc Men, nhieu thuc hanh
tin ngudng ciia ngudi DTTS lign quan tdi vdng ddi ngudi, tdi sinh boat edng ddng va tdi viec san
xuat da din bi loai trir. Theo tong kgt cua Be Vigt Ding tir nhigu thap nign trude: "Trong cdng tae


Phan

Tdn^LiniTh}!yi^

van hoa, (...) bai trir me tin di doan, giai piiong cac dan tpc tlioat lihoi nhiing 16 thoi lac hau da dirge
dat ra bang nhiSu hinh thilc cu the, tich cue tit nhiing nam 1961-1962 dSn nay. Tai nhiSu noi mot so
hli hie nhu: o ri, thach cuoi to, lam ma Iceo dai, kieng ky nhieu ngay khong di san xuJt.. da bi bo
han. d nhieu viing, nhiing nguoi Ion tu8i khong con ai hoc lam nghS cung bai" (1975, tr. 10).
Viec bai ixii tap quan tin nguong nhu fren da din den mat mat mpt phan dang ke di san van hoa
cita dong bao DTTS thong qua sir phai nhat cua mpt loat cac phong Uic, tap quan lien quan khac. Du
Nha nuoc co chu fruong bao t6n nhung cac phong tue dy da mit di moi h^cnig mang tinh chinh the
de ton tai hoac nSu co xuat hien thi ciing chi la duoi dang san khiu hoa ma thoi BSng then, su bai trir
eac thuc hanh tin nguong nhu vay da dj lai khoang trang vo cung to Ion v6 mat tam linh trong doi
song cua dong bao. Day chinh la mpt trong nhiing tien dS cho sir biing n6 ciia niSm tin moi la dao Tin
Lanh trong cpng d6ng cac DTTS nhiing thap nien gin day. VS vSn dS nay, ta cung can luu y den
nhan dinh cua Salemink (2009) ring, viee chu dpng tham gia vao mpt ton giao co tinh quoc te va
Men dai con la each thirc dj nhiing nguoi DTTS thj Men minh nhu la nhung ngucri "van minh" hem
ca nguoi Kinh. Di Ju nay cho thiy phin nao tam ly eua hp nruoc viec lau nay van bi mpt so ngucri dan
nhiin la "me tin di doan".
i,i, Dinh kien ve khd ndng thich irng vdi kinh te thi trirdng
Mpt dang thirc dinh ki jn khac ve ngucri DTTS ci nuoc ta la hp vin chi song trong he thong
kinh tj nj cung tu cip va khong huong ung viec thi truong hoa. Vi du, CO the thay dieu do n-ong

nghien cira ciia Dang Nghiem Van (1986). Thuc ra, nguoi DTTS n-uoc day ciing nhu Men nay dju c6
y thiic vj viec san xuit hang hoa. Ching han, Doumes ning mo ta cu the su trao doi san pham det ciia
ngucii Ma voi ben ngoai nhu sau: "Cong viec trao dot dupe tien hanh hoac viii ngutri Viet 6 chp Di
Linh, Blap hay Da Lat, hoac v6i nguoi Tay Nguyen o cac tpc ngucn khac, dac biet vcii nhiing ngucri
san xuat lua gap. Khi nhiing ngucri diin ba dii hoan tat cong viee vat va ciia minh, dan ong mang vai
trong nhirng chiec giii, thucmg giau nhiing tam dep nhat xuong duoi, de chi gioi thieu trucrc nhiing
thir hang kem pham chat hon. D6i khi mpt vai nguiri dan ba di thep nhiing cupc buon ban do. Neu
mpt ngucri Ma can muoi vii ca, hp se di ban chiin cua minh eho ngucri Viet, nhirng ngutri Viet nay lai
dem ban lai cho nhiing ngucri Tiiy Nguyen khac den mua o cac cira hang cua hp. Chg Blao tap hpp
san pham ciia cac lang cr canh con duong Ion; chg Di Linh thi tin hang ctia cac lang tr Daa Dong; cho
Da Lat thu hut nguoi Ma-Ja o chiin nui Liang Biang" (Doumes, 2003, tr. 102).
Ben canh do, khong it nghien cira chi ra rang, vcri nhiing san pham dac trung cita viing cao,
ngucri DTTS tham chi da tham gia mgt each tich cue vao njn kinh te thi tmong nhieu the ky qua.
Chang han, dan cu Tay Nguyen c6 nhiing quan he thuong mai rat manh me voi vucmg trieu Champa
va sau nay la vuong triju Dang Trong (Tana, 1999; Salemink, 2008; Hardy, 2008). Trong boi canli
duong dai, nguoi DTTS lai cang khong tho o viji kmh tj thi trucmg. Co dieu, do su chi phai ciia yju
ta van hoa trong m6i vimg dia ly, o mpt sp tmcmg hgp hp se tham gia vao nen kinh te nay theo each
cua hg (Escobar, 2001). Vi du nhu ngucri nang dan Hmeng trong nghien ciru ciia Tunner, Bonnie va
Michaud (2015) vira co nhung tinh toan duy ly lai vita c6 nhirng can nhac duy tinh trong cac quyit
dinh lien quan djn sinh ke ciia minh - ho don nhan cac co hpi, nhung khong de bi p.Ki, thupc qua
nhi ju vao tM truang. Nhu vay, ho khong co tu nrimg tuyet d6i chong lai cai hien dai ma ch, chjng lai
nhihig gi khong phil hpp voi hg (Jamieson va cpng su, 1998). Tuy nhien, viec hp bi dan „t,.,„ „^„ ,j


Tgp chiDdn tpc hpc so' 1 - 2020
nhiing ngudi tu chdi ngn kinh tg thi trudng da gian tiep anh hudng den quyen dugc thong bao, thara
vin va quyet dinh cua hg ttong nhirng van dg lign quan.
2. Giai dinh kiln - gcri y nSm bSt dir luan xa hoi d ngirM dan toe thigu sd qua vai du lieu
tir thuc tien
Mac du Hign phap Viet Nam thira nhan vi the binh dang giiia cae dan tdc, nhung cai nhin

mang tinh dinh kign cua ngudi Kinh vg ngudi DTTS va eua mdt bd phan ngudi DTTS vdi bd phan
con lai vin ton tai va gay ra khdng it he qua. Dieu dd de higu, bdi hge thuygt vi tde ngudi
(etlmocentrism) van dang tdn tai d cac cdng ddng va ca nhan thudng cd vai ttd chu dao ttong viec ra
chinh sach va thuc thi chinh sach. Dinh kign ciia hp ddi vdi eac DTTS chinh la mdt trong nhirng
thach thuc dang ke cho viec gan kgt eac DTTS vao qua frinh phat trien chung ciia dat nudc ta, vi
ngudi DTTS se ludn bi danh gia bdi nhihig gi hp thigu hut theo quan digm ciia ngudi ben ngoai va
bdi nhiing khac biet ciia hp ttong su so sanh vdi van hda eiia nhdm da sd (Ranibo va Jamieson,
2003). Sir dinh kien ay cdn cd the gay ra tam ly tu ti khi cac dign ngdn duge ngudi DTTS nhap tam d
rapt miie dp nhat dinli va tii' dd it nhigu mat di nigm tin vao npi luc eiia tde ngudi. Tir viec xem lai he
qua ciia cai nhin dinh kign ddi vdi cac DTTS, chiing ta can nit ra bai hpc cho viec tira hieu du luan
xa hpi d ddi tugng dang de cap,
Xung quanh nhiiTig hanh vi tap the cua ngudi DTTS, bao gdra trong dd ca viec tao dung va lan
truyen du luan, da timg cd khdng it y kign cho rang hp la nhirng ngudi han che ve nhan thiic ngn de
frd thanh ddi tugng dg eac thg lire xiu kich ddng, lgi dung va tir dd cd nhiing hanh ddng tigu cue.
Mpt su tigp can ham chiia quan diem tien hda (evolutionism) nliu vay se loai trir het eac kha nang vdn
rat da dang ciia thue te. Ket qua khao sat ve du luan xa hdi vimg DTTS d cac tinh phia Bac frong
khu6n khd de tai "Nhimg van dg ly luan va thuc tien vg du luan xa hdi d vung dan tpc thieu so nudc
ta ttong bdi eanh toan cau hda" (mot dg tai nghien eiiu co ban ve du luan xa hdi ndi chung) da cho
thay nhiing dieu ngugc lai.
Trudc het, nhii'ng ngudi dan ma chiing tdi phdng van rat quan tam dgn viec tigp can thdng tin.
Cac kgnh thdng tin chu yeu cua hp la: cac cudc hgp thdn ban (75,5%); truygn hinh (60,1%); can bd
chinh quyen, doan the (58,9%); ban be, ngudi than (46,6%); gia lang, trudng ban, ngudi co uy tin
(44,5%); intemet (33,9%); truyen thanh (30,6%);... Nhu vay, nhung kgnh thdng tin ma hg hudng dgn
rat da dang, bao gdm ca hien dai lan truyen thdng. Digu nay khien eho khdng ai bat dae di ttd thanh
ngudi rail thdng tin, ngay ca khi hp chua tan dung dugc im the cua viec su dung cdng nghe. Dugc
tigp can thdng tin la nhu cau thue tg ciia ngudi dan va hg rat khdng bing Idng mdi khi rapt trong
nhimg ngudn thong tin quen thude ciia rainh vi mdt ly do nao dd bi dinh tre.
Tuy nhien, da dang boa viee tim kiem ngudn thdng tin khdng cd nghia la ngirdi dan mac nhign
tin hoan toan vao tat ca. Viec tiep can thdng tin tir intemet - ngudn thdng tin rat quan trgng cua thdi
dai toan cau hoa - la mot vi du. Khoang mdt mia so ngudi dan dugc chiing tdi phdng van cd sir dung

dien thoai thdng minh (sraartphone) ma hiu hgt ttong dd (95,4%) cd dimg intemet. Tuy vay, khi
duge hdi ed tin vao cae thdng tin dugc tmygn tai frgn internet hay khdng, cd tdi 85,5% cho bigt ehi
"tin mdt phan". Nhu vay, co the thiy ring nhiing ngudi dan d dia ban ma chiing tdi nghign ciiu
khdng hg dl dai trong viec tiep nhan thdng tin.


PhanTdn-Li-mlh^'l^
Khi nhan dugc rapt thdng tin lign quan dgn trach nhiera va quygn lpi cua ca nlian va cpng
ddng, ngudi ta thudng trao d6i vdi ai? Ket qua raa ehiing tdi thu dugc la: 90,3% thong tin vien frao doi
vdi ngudi than trong gia dinh, 80,2% vdi hang xora, 63,5% vdi ban be va dong ngMep. 61.9% voi
frudng thdn/ban/budn/ip, 39,4% vdi can bg chinh quygn va ngudi ed trach nhiem, 33,2% vdi ngudi co
uy tin. Cd the khing dinh, cae quan he phi quan phuang ehinh la nhung quan he ma ngudi ta danh
nhieu su ehia se nliit vg phuong dien nay. Theo eac thdng tin vign, viee frao ddi vdi ngudi than vira la
nhu cau vira la trach nhiera (ngudi di hpp chia se thdng tin vdi nhiing ngudi cdn lai trong nlia), cdn vipc
frao ddi vdi hang xdm hay ban be, ddng nghiep thi vira la nhu ciu vira la thdi quen. Dieu do cho thay
ngudi ta thudng thao luan vg nhimg vin dg ciia minh ttong "thg gidi" eiia minh tnrdc. Ndi each khac,
ngudi ta se khdng lam cho thdng tin ttd thanh ca sd cua du luan xa hdi tmdc khi ban bac ky vg nd.
Vdi viec can nhic vg eac thdng tin trudc khi ttao ddi, ehi 24,1% sd ngudi dugc hdi cho bigt se
ttao ddi ngay sau khi nhan dugc thdng tin, cdn 47,3% suy nghT ky rdi mdi trao ddi va 27,8% tdy theo
van dg raa quyet dinh. Nhu vay, cd gin hai phin ba bdc Id su than trpng trong viec nay. Giai thich
cho dieu do, hg ndi ring ngu khdng ed gi gip gap thi "suy nghT ky vin tdt han", Ngoai ra, nhiing
ngudi chgn giai phap trao doi ngay sau khi nhan thdng tin cung khdng phai khdng tigp tue suy nghi
vg thdng tin ay. Mdt sd cho bigt ho quygt dinh ttao ddi ngay chi dan gian la vi chuyen nay se khdng
anh hudng gi den viec hg cdn trao ddi niia ngu cin.
Ngudi dan thudng tu tim gap ngudi dg ttao ddi thong tin hay kiu cd ngudi hdi hoac tien co
vigc khac thi mdi trao d6i? Cd tdi 63,9% cho biet ho chpn phuong an thii' nhat. Con sd do eho thay
tinh ehu ddng cua hp.
Su than trpng ciia hg edn duge ehiing rainh qua viec tra Idi eau hdi ve each neu y kien ciia
minh khi tham gia cac cudc hpp thdn/ban trong cae cudc hpp nhu thg nao: cd tdi 58,0% chgn phuong
an lang nghe y kign ciia ragi ngudi rdi mdi phat bieu, 18,8% chpn phuong an ciing mgi ngudi gop y

cho ngudi ed uy tin phat bigu thay, va rat it ngudi nghT den chuyen bd ra vg khi khdng ddng y (1,0%),
Dang ehii y la chi khoang mdt mia (56,1%) gidi ban su phat bieu d nhirng chu de minh quan tam
Dign dat each khac, hp ciing phat bigu vg nhung gi ma mpi ngudi quan tam. Thuc tg, nhigu thdng tin
vien tham chi kha nhiet tinh len tieng trong nhiing van de khdng true tiep lign quan den hp, Mpt so
phu nii d ban Na Hir 1, xa Bum Nua, huyen Mudng Te, Lai Chau da khang dinh: "Chimg tdi ndi \kv\
nhigu ngudi kliac! Cd cai khdng anh hudng dgn ehiing tdi nhung chung tdi van y kign!". Con mpt
thdng tin vign d ban Vang Bd, thi ttan Phong Thd, huyen Phong Thd nhin manh: "Tdi phan anh la vi
su cdng bang chii khong phai vi quygn lgi eua tdi!". Trgn binh dien nhat dinh, digu nay ddng nghia
vdi viec ngudi ta co trach nhiem vdi cdng ddng. Nhu vay, phan nao trai vdi nhan dinh chung cua cac
ly thuyet hien dai ve sd phan ciia thigt chg lang xa, trah thin edng cam d thdn ban vimg DTTS phia
Bac nude ta van rat dang ke trong thdi hien dai nay Nd eiing ndi len rang, trai vdi quan digm cua
kinh te quyet dinh luan, du luan khdng phai se khdng xuit hien ngu nd khdng gan vdi tinh tu lgi ciia
con ngu'di.
Ket qua ciia nhirng eugc thao luan ttong cdng ddng edn cho thay, khi eae y kien ca ban thdng
nhit, hanh ddng eiia nhung ngudi duac phdng vin thudng la iing bp bang viec lam cu rjie (74,5%),
thdng bao lai eho ngudi kliac ciing bigt (71,6%), van ddng ngudi khac ciing lam (59,vt
|,,^ ^^^
dign bign su viee (36,2%) va tigp ttic ngu vin dl ra cupe hgp thdn/ban^^uon/ap (18,3%, CV ,, , j^j ^^,


Tgp cM Ddn tpc hpc so 1 - 2020
y kign khdng di dgn thdng nhit, hp se dua su viee ra cac cudc hgp thdn/ban/budn/ip (66,9%), phan
anh su viee Ign chinh quyen eac cap (33,1%) hoac khdng lam gi (17,2%), Cd thg ndi, dii thdng nhit
hay khdng thdng nhat vdi nhau, hg thudng chgn each giai quygt hgp phap chir khdng manh ddng. S6
ngudi ehgn phuang an "Khac" la rat it (2,0%i).
Lien quan dgn van de nay, dang chii y la d mdt so tmdng hgp, nhiing ngudi it hpc hoac hoan
toan rau chir ma ta quen nghT la "ygu thg" ciing rat quyet doan. Nhiing ngudi phu nir d ban Na Hii' I,
xa Bum Nua, huyen Mudng Te, Lai Chau la mdt vi du: Ngu eac y kign sau khi trao ddi khong thong
nhit, hp khong ngan ngai chpn giai phap dua su viec ra cae cudc hgp thdn/ban hoac phan anh su vigc
len chinh quygn cac cap. "Khdng phai it hpc thi khdng bigt gi! Vln biet, khdng bigt nhigu thi bigt it!",

ho giai thich ly do cho quygt dinh eiia minh nhu vay. Cd the ndi, khdng phai mac du ma bdi vi khdng
bigt chir, hg da chii ddng va tich cue thara gia vao ddi sdng du luan, qua do bao ve lgi ich chinh dang
ciia ban than va gia dinh.
Ve sir hien dien tai eac cuge hgp thdn/ban cua gia dinh trong vdng hai nam gan nhat, cd tdi
95,2% chpn cau fra ldi la cd. Con sd dd cho thay y thiic cdng dan rat cao eiia ddng bao, Khoang gan
70% sd ngudi dugc hdi cho bigt dai dien gia dinh hp cd phat bieu khi hop hanh. Day cung la con sd
noi len tinh than ehii dgng, tich cue eua ngudi dan. "Minh phat bieu radt lan ehua duge thi phat bigu
nhigu lan, Ian nay ngudi ta chua ehii y thi lan khac ngudi ta se ehu y, edn ban la khong ndi gl!", mpt
so ngudi nhin manh.
Khi dai dien gia dinh di hgp vg, hau hgt (95,2%) cd thdng bao cho cac thanh vign trong gia
dinh, frong dd 73,2% thdng bao day dii va 20%o thdng bao mdt phan. Cac thdng tin vien giai thich vg
viee "thdng bao radt phan" rang hp tap tmng vao nhirng gi la quan trpng. Nara thudng di hop nhieu
hon nu, nhung ngay ca tai nhiing nai ma nir rat it di hpp thi chi em ciing khdng phai la xa la vdi ddi
song du luan - ngudi chdng khi vg nha se trao ddi vdi vg va ciing dua ra nhiing quygt dinh chung co
lign quan.
Ngudi dan ed thai do nhu thg nao khi khdng ddng y vdi su giai quygt ciia can bd xa vg mdt
van de eu thg? Dugc phep cd nhieu su lua chgn tir dap an, 61,5% chgn giai phap thao luan va tranli
luan dg tim ra cai dung, 53,8% chpn giai phap dua van dg ra xin y kien d eugc hpp thdn/ban/budn/ap,
24,9% chgn giai phap tap hgp mgi ngudi xung quanh dg eimg giai quygt, 12,3% chgn giai phap phan
doi gay gat bang ldi ndi, 12,1% chgn giai phap viet don td cao. Rat higm ngudi (1,3%) chgn giai
phap vii luc. Khi khdng ddng y vdi su giai quyet eiia can bd d ibdn/ban/budn/ap, su lira chgn ciia
ngudi dan ciing gin tuong tu. Cd the thiy, cang tign dgn nhirng giai phap ed tinh cang thang thi mii'c
dp lira chgn ciia ngudi dan cang giam. Nhung trong khi coi trgng su on hda, nhirng giai phap dugc
uu tign ciia hp van la franh luan/thao luan true tiep hoae dua van de ra xin y kien d cudc hpp chir
khong phai la nhugng bd vd digu kien.
Ngoai cac cudc hgp cdng ddng, ngudi dan su dung nhiing each thiic nao dg cac cap chinh
quygn bigt den y kign ciia minh? Nhimg cau fra Idi cua hp lin lugt ia: dg xuit y kien thdng qua can
bp thon/ban/budn/ip trgn dia ban (84,5%), dg xuit y kign thong qua ngudi c6 uy tin frong cpng dong
sinh sdng (45,5%), de xuit y kien thong qua cac td chiic chinh tri - xa hdi nhu doan thanh nien, hdi
phu nii, hgi cuu ehign binh... (42,3%), dg dat fru'c tigp tai eae eo quan cdng quygn (18,4%), de dat

^

Phan

Tdn-l-eWniSLi^

bang van ban (don, thu) len eac cdp chinh quyjn thep ttmh tu (17,8%), dj xuit y kien thong qu" "^^e
phuang tien cang nghe theng tin (5,2%), dj dat b jng van ban (dpn, thu) vugt cSp (2.3%), cu"' '^^"^ '"
de xuat y kijn thang qua bao chi, dai tmyjn hinh, fruyjn thanh dia phuong (1,6%). Co the thay, hp
rat than trpng trpng viec kien tung, nhdt la kien tung vugt cdp. Dae biet, hp y thuc rang neu mupn tp
cap tieu cue thi nguoi tj cao phai co "nhirng bdng chimg that cu thj". Tom lai, hp can nhac mgt cach
ky luong trong mai hanh dpng cua minh tmdc nhirng sir kien/vdn de mang tinh diing - sai.
Nhiing vdn dj ngucri dan quan tam ciing la di ju dang dugc phan Hch. Khi dupe hoi ve nhitng
hien nrpng xa hpi khijn ban flian biic xuc hien nay, cac thong tin vien ciia chiing toi lan lugt chgn cac
dap an la: 6 nliijm mat tmong (45,2%), thieu ddt san xudt (45%), thiju cong an vice lam (40,9%), te
nan xa hpi va tpi pham (27,9%), tieu cue ttpng giao due (15,9%), bao lire gia dinh (15,8%), thara 6
va tham nhiing (15,7%,), tieu cue ttong y tj (14%),... Dang chii y, nhiju ngucri nhan manh rang khang
phai tdt ca nhiing vdn de tten dJu xay ra tat dia ban cu tni ciia hg. Mpt s6 la "nhimg van de cua toan
xa hpi" va theo hg "chiing ta la cpng dan thi cdn quan tam". Cu thJ, dp la tinli trang 6 nhiem moi
tmong, te nan xa hpi, tham nhiing, nhimg tteu circ ttcng giap due vii y te. Viec mo rpng moi quan
tam tdi nhirng van dj cua toan xa hpi nhu vay mpt ldn niia noi len y thirc cong dan d hp.
Rp rang, thirc t j tren chp thdy ring, ngudi nghien cira khnng th J gift mpt cai nliin tien nghiem
la ddng bao DTTS khong cd du ndng luc chu thi di trd ldi ve viee vi sao ho ldm cdi dieu ho dd ldm
lien quan dJn du luan xa hpi.
KJt luan
Nhu da ndi, dinh kiJn vdi ngudi DTTS dang tjn tai va cd sir chi phdi dang kJ dJn sit nhin
nhan ciia ngudi dan tgc da sd ve dai tugng nay. Di ju dd ciing dien ra ca voi du luan xa hot ciia hp:
ngudi DTTS thudng bi xem la nhirng ngudi ban che ve nhan thitc vit de trd thanh ddi tucmg de cac

thj lire xdu kich dpng, lpi dung. Mpt cai nhin nhu vay - danh gia hp nhu nhung ngudi "khdng hieu gi
ve minh khi ndi ve minh" hay "khdng dii niing lire de giai thich ve ly do lam cat viec ma hp da lam"
la khpng ditng diin. Dieu dd can dugc thay ddi. De nhan thirc hanh vi, hanh ddng eua hp, can nhan
thirc dugc mang ludi y nghia ma hg dang dat minh ttong do. Tdn ttpng sir dien giai ctia ngudi ttpng
cudc se giiip ehung ta lam dugc viec nay. Cd nhu vay, chung ta mdi khdng tu tudc di cua minh ca
hgi de than hieu ve nhirng gi dang xay ra hen quan dJn birc ttanh ve du luan xa hgi d viing DTTS noi dang chiem mpt phiin dang ke dien tich va dan sd ciia ca nudc. Va tir dd, nhirng ket qua nghien
ctiu cua chiing ta mdi co the la tai heu tham khap hiiu ich thuc sir chp ngudi lam chinh sach.
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