Chuyển đổi trong nhận thức về mai táng của người việt ở đồng bằng bắc bộ hiện nay

Nguyin Tin Thanh^inh_

C H U Y E N D O I T R O N G N H A N T H l T C V E M A I T A N G C U A NGUCJI
V I E T 6t D O N G B A N G B A C B O H I E N N A Y

TS. N g u y i n Thi T h a n h Binh
Vien Dan toe hoc
Tom tdt: Khodng 10 ndm trd lgi day. sir thay ddi l&n da diin ra trong tap qudn mai
tdng cua ngudi Viet ddng bdng Bdc Bp, do Id xu huang chuyin doi ddn tic tap tuc hung tdng cdt tdng sang hda tdng - chdn mpt ldn. Song, vdn de ndy vdn chua duac quan tdm, nghiin
cim kip th&i vd thda ddng. Tren ca sd sd lieu thu thdp tie mdt sd ban, ngdnh a Trung uang vd
dia phuang viing Bdc Bp ciing kit qud trao ddi, phdng vdn cdn bd, ngudi dan & Hd Ndi vd
mdt sd tinh ldn can. bdi viit ndy niu lin thuc trgng chuyen ddi tap qudn mai tdng ciia nguai
Viet viing ddng bdng Bdc Bd vd quan diim, suy nghi cua cdc chu thi van hda trong qud trinh
thay ddi dy. Qua do, tdc gid dua ra bdn lugn vi qud trinh van dpng thay ddi nhdn thuc cua
nguai ddn ddi vai hinh thuc hda tdng cUng nhu mot sd biin phdp nhdm day mgnh hon nira
qud trinh chuyin ddi.
Tir khoa: Tap qudn mai tdng, bien ddi vdn hda, ngu&i Viet ddng bdng Bdc Bp.
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 2/12/2019; ngdy giii phdn bien: 28/2/2020; ngdy duyet ddng: 17/4/2020

Dat van de
Ciing giong nhu nhieu tdc ngudi khac, tang ma la nghi le quan trpng cua ngudi Viet
trong chu ky ddi ngudi, trong do nghi thirc mai tang ngudi chet dupe xem la van de be trpng
khdng chi quyet dinh den viec an nghi, sieu thoat cua ngudi chet va su binh an trong tam ly
ciia ngudi song ma cdn lien quan den van de quy dat, khdng gian song, ve sinh - mdi trudng
ciia ea cdng ddng. Neu nhu ti-udc day, van de dan sd, mdi trudng va Idi sdng cdng nghiep
hda, dd thi hda chua dat ra cac he luy nhu hien nay, tap quan mai tang it dugc quan tam, ban
luan tdi. Cac nghien ciru ve ngudi Viet trong ba thap ky qua chii yeu xem xet qua trinli bien
ddi, tai cau tnic cua nghi le tang raa truyen tbdng dudi tac ddng ciia chinli sach nha nudc v l
ddi sdng van hda mdi dugc thuc hien tir nhirng nam 1954, va qua trinh ddi mdi, hgi nhap ciia
dit nudc sau nam 1986 (Malamey, 2002; Kleinen, 2006; Nguyln Thi Phuong Cham, 2016).
Tap tuc mai tang cua ngitdi Viet va cac tdc ngu'di thieu so d nudc ta, dac biet la tuc chdn cit

va cai tang thudng chi dupe gidi khao cd hpc quan tam, thao luan dua tren ket qua khai quat
cac ngdi mp co (Hoang Xuan Ghinh, 1981). Mac dii van cdn ttanh luan ve ngudn gdc tuc cai
tang, nhung cho den nay, cd the khang dinh, da tir lau ngudi Viet d viing tmng du va chau
thd Bic Bd, hai tinh Nghe An va Thanh Hda d Bac Trung Bd deu co tyc ngudi chit dupe


Tgp chi Ddn lpc hpc sP'2—2020

67

chon tam d mpt khu, gpi la hung tdng. Sau ba nam hoac ban, tiiy trudng hgp va dilu kien,
gia dinh ngu'di chit tiln hanh cat tang (bdc xuong, ni'a sach bang cac loai nudc tham va cho
vao tieu sanh, chdn d nai cao rao, gpi la cdt tdng, hay cdi cdt, hoac thay do, sang nhd m&i).
Trong quan niem cua ngudi Viet xua, cac gia dinh phai lo xong viec cat tang nay mdi dupe
coi nhu hoan thanb nghia 'vu vdi ngudi than, lam trdn chu "Hieu" vdi cha me.
Hoa tang tir lau da dugc thuc hien d nhieu qudc gia, tpc ngu'di tren thi gidi. 6 Viet
Nam, ngudi Kha-me Nam Bptii'trudc den nay van duy tri tuc thieu ngu'di chit tai chiia (Vd
Dmh Mudi, 2017, tt. 102). Ngudi Cham ciing da phan hda tang ngudi chit (Phan Xuan Bien,
Phan An, Phan Van Ddp, 1991, tr. 222). Nam 1996, lan dau tien, cdng nghe hda tang hien
dai dugc dua vao mien Bac nudc ta vdi viec xay dung Dai hda than hoan vii Van Diln (Ha
Ngi). Gan 10 nam sau, 8 ca sd hda tang khac dugc lan lugt ra ddi tai Ha Ngi va rapt sl tinh
chau thd Bac Bp. Trong thdi gian dau, sd lugng cac trudng hgp hda tang cdn it. Tir diu thap
nien 2010 den nay, sd trudng hgp hda tang ciia ngudi Ha Ndi va cac tinh lan can ngay cang
tang va dang dien ra mdt su chuyen bien ldn ttong nhan thirc ciia ngudi Viet chau tho Bac
Bp ve mai tang, nhung cho den nay chua cd nghien ciiu nao quan tam, de cap tdi.
Dya tten tu lieu, sd heu thu thap dugc tii' mdt sd ban, ngarih d Trung uong va dia
phuong viing Bic Bd va ket qua trao ddi, phdng van 20 can bg, ngudi dan d Ha Ndi va mdt
so tinh lan can trong thang 7 va thang 8 nam 2019, bai viet nay neu len thuc trang chuyen
doi tix tap tyc bung tang - cat tang sang hda tang - chdn mdt lan ciia ngudi Viet vung ddng
bang Bac Bp va quan diem, suy nghT cua cac cbu the van hda ttong viec thay ddi hinh thitc

mai tang nay. Qua do, tac gia mong mudn neu len dugc nhiing thuan lgi, khd khan trong qua
trinh van dpng thay ddi nhan thitc cua ngudi dan ddi vdi binb tbii'c hda tang cung nhu mgt so
bien phap nham day manh hon nu'a qua trinh ehuyen ddi.
1. Su- xuit hien hinh thii-c hda tang va thtfC trang thyc hien hda tang d ngudi Viet
ddng bang Bac Bp
Hoa tang (hay cdn dugc ggi la hda thiiu, thiiu) la hinh thiie ll tang bang each thieu xac
dl liy tro cdt dyng trong hii, binh. Tiiy tiing tdn giao, tro cdt sau khi hda tang dugc chdn
cit hay dem vl thd tai nha, hoac gii'i vao cac noi tbd ciing (chiia, nha thd, mieu...). Cung co
nai dem rai tro ra sdng, hd, ddi, nui theo nguyen ude cua ngudi qua cd. 0 nhieu nudc, viec
hoa thieu dugc thyc hien trong Id hda tang. Trong khi mdt sd nudc d Nam A nhu Nepal, An
Do sir dyng nhieu each khac, nhu thieu bang cui d ngoai trdi.
6 nudc ta hien nay, theo quy dinh tai Khoan 10 Dilu 2 Nghj dinh 23/2016/ND-CP vl
xay dyng, quan ly, sir dung nghia trang va co sd hda tang thi hoa tdng (bao gdm ca dien
tang) dugc bilu la viec thieu thi hai hoac hai edt d nhiet do cao; cdn mai tdng la thue hien
viec luu giii thi hai hoac hai cdt, tro cdt cua ngudi chet d mgt dia diem dudi mat dat; chdn
cit mdt lin la hinh thiic mai tang thi hai vinh viin; hung tdng la hinh thirc mai tang thi hai


68

nguyh ThiJha;±?lsL

ttong mpt khoang thai gian nhit dinh sau do se duoc cai tang; cdi tdng la viec chuyen xuong
cot hi mp hung tang sang hinh thiie tang khac; cdt tdng la hinh thiic mai tang hai cat sau khi
cai tang hoac lim tro cot sau khi hoa tang.
Moi quoc gia, tpc nguoi hay dia phuong thuong eo nhiing nghi thtre, tap tiic mat tang
cho nguoi chSt khae nhau. Do anh huong ctia Nho giao, hinh thiic chon cit nguoi chet the
hien dao hieu la mpt tap tuc truydn thSng a cac nuoc Dong A, Tnmg Quoc va Viet Nam.
Tuy nhien, tap tuc nay ngay cang gap phiii nhiing thach thtic can eo su thay doi do stic ep ve
dan so, dat dai va moi truang. CJ Nhat Ban, hoa tang xuat hien khoang nam 1867, den nam

2008 da la hinh thiic mai tang chiSm dSn 99,82% va Nhat Ban tro thanh nuoc diing dau the
giai vi ty le hoa tang (SGGP, 2008). Dai Loan la khu vuc diing thii hai thS gioi voi ty le hoa
tang dat 96% (Thiiy Anh, 2019). d Han Qu6c, nam 1994 ty le hoa tang mai dat 20% nhung
cupc khiing hoang tai chinh cudi nam 1997 da tro thanh dpng luc cho chinh quyen nuoc nay
thuc d9y xu thj hoa tang. Tuy nguoi Han Qu6c ua chupng mai tang, nhung vcji su tien phong
huang img ciia tjng lap thuang luu, su he ttp gin nhu miln phi cua chinh quyen cac cap,
vao nam 2005, ty le hoa tang o nuoc nay \kn diiu tien dat 53%i, vupt qua ty le s6 truong hpp
chon ciit, sau do tang deu dan m6i nam kheang 3%. Den nam 2016, ty le hoa tang a Han
Quoc dat tai 80,8% (Minh Chau, 2002; KBS World Radio, 2016). Trong khi do, a Tmng
Quoc, mpt chien dich "cai each mai tang" eung dien ra. K.e hi thai Chu tich Mao Trach
Dong, Chinh phu Trung Quoc da tich cue van dong viec hoa tang de tiet kiem tai nguyen va
diit dai truoc tinh hinh diin so gia tang. Ttr nam 1986 den nam 2005, ty le hoa tang tai Trung
Quoc tang tu 26% len den 53%.. Tai eac thanh pho Ion, hoa tang tro thanh mpt xu hudng pho
bien. Tuy nhien, tii nam 2005 den nay, ty le hoa tang 6 nuoc nay c6 phan chung lai, hoi
nguai dan nong thon van chua quen vai viec hoa tang. Niim 2014, Chinh phu Trung Quoc
quyet tam thiic day ty le hoa tang tang 1% moi niim va phan dau dat ty le hoa tang gan 100%
vao cuoi nam 2020. Do non nong thuc hien chi tieu, ke hoach, mpt so dia phuang o nu6c
nay da thuc hien nhtrng bien phap mang tilth cuong ep, nhu tich thu, pha huy quan tai go
ehuiin bi cho hau sir ciia ngucri gia a cae vimg nong thon. Truoc su chi trich eua ttuyen
thong, chinh quyen eac dia phuong chuyen sang van dpng nguai diin thay doi nhan thiic va
CO cac bien phap khuydn khich, h6 tra nguoi dan ve tai chinh khi chuyen doi tit chon eat
sang hoa tang (Phap Luat Plus, 2018; BBC News TiSng Viet, 2018).
0 nuoc ta, nam 1996, co so hoa tang dSu tien dupe xay dung tai nghia trang Van DiSn,
Ha Npi - Dai hpa than hoan vu Van Diin. Song, rit nam 1996 den 2000, do con moi me voi
nguoi dan, chinh quySn thanh ph6 chua co ehinh sach h6 tro, khuyen khich hoa tang... nen
ty le nguoi dan lua chpn hinh thiie nay con rat it, chi khoang 6% (So Lao dpng - Thuang
binh va Xa hpi Thanh ph6 Ha Npi, 2018). Nam 2010, UBND Thanh php Ha Npi da ban hanh
QuySt djnh s6 28/2010/QD-UBND ngay 22/6/2010 quy dinh ve ehinh sach h6 trp, khuySn
kliich hoa tang tren dia ban thanh phfl, ttong do ho trp chi phi hoa tang voi mirc 3 trieu
ddng/lTuong hpp va hg trp chi phi van chuyen 1 trieu dcng (doi voi kliu vuc ngoai thanh),

Tgp chi Ddn tpc hpc sd2 — 2020
500.000 ddng (khu vuc ndi thanh). Ngoai ra, ngudi ngheo, tte em dudi 6 tiili, dli tijgng
chinh sach tai cac Trung tam nudi dudng tap tiling va ngudi lang thang vd gia cu chit tten
dia ban thanh phd cdn dupe hd trp ao quan, tiii do kham liem,... Chinh sach cua thanh phd cd
tac dpng rd ret, nhieu gia dinh da lua chpn hinh thirc hda tang thay the mai tang truyin
thong. Nhan thay hieu qua ciia chinh sach nay, Thanh phd Ha Npi da ban hanh cae quyit
djnh gia han chinh sach hd trp khuyen khich hda tang tren dia ban' den bet nam 2020. Thanh
phi ciing ap dung edng nghe thdng tin vao thanh toan hd trg true tiep eho ngudi dan ngay
khi ky hgp ddng hda tang, giiip cho viec giai quyet cac thu tuc thuan tien hon. Ngoai chinh
sach cua thanh phd, nhieu quan/huyen da hd trg thera tir 1 den 5 trieu ddng/mgt trudng hop
hoa tang. Nhd do, ty le ngudi dan Ha Ndi sir dyng hinh thuc hda tang da tang din qua cac
nam: nam 2010, ty le 18,5%; nam 2011, ty le 27,5%; nam 2012, ty le 30,9%; nam 2013, ty le
37,9%; nam 2014, ty le 42,07%, nam 2015, ty le 46,28%; nam 2016, ty le 48,06%; nam
2017, ty le 55% va nam 2018 xap xi 60%, ttong dd ty le eua khu vye npi thanh la 69%, ngoai
thanh la 48% (Sd Lao ddng - Thuang binb va Xa hdi Thanh phd Ha Ndi, 2018).
Nam 2013, tai Quyit dinh sd 2283/QD-TTg ngay 26/11/2013, Thii ttrdng Chinh phii
phe duyet De an khuyen khich su dung hinh thiic boa tang, theo do muc tieu den nam 2020
ty le so lugng hda tang tai cac thanh phd tryc thupc Trung uong tmng binh dat 30%. Tren
thyc te, tii trudc do Chinh phix da co chu truang khuyen kliich hinh thiic le tang nay, bang
chiing la ngoai Dai hoa than hoan vu Van Dien xay dung nam 1996, tir nam 2006 den nam
2016 CO them 8 co sd hda tang khac dugc xay dung tai Ha Ngi va mdt sd tinh lan can. Nhd
vay, so lugng cac trudng hgp hda tang trong vung ngay cang tang len (Xem Bdng 1).
Bdng 1: Sd hoa tang d cac tinh Bac Bp trong 6 nam, 2013 - 2018
(Sd tru&ng hpp)
TT

1

2

3

Cff sif va nam thanh l | p
Dai h6a than hoan vu
Van DiSn (Ha Npi), 1996
Dai hoa than Hoa vien
tucmg niem Thien Due
(Phil Ninh, Phil Tho), 2016
Dai h6a thiin hoan vu
Cong vien Vinh hang Ba

Nam
2013

Nam
2014

25.000

27.080

3.800

4.200

Thoi gian
Nam
Nam

2016
2015
30.789

4.573

Nam
2017

Nam
2018

30.120

32.097

33.057

2.300

2.540

4.570

4.980

5.400

6.500

' Quya d|nh s6 08/2016/QB-UBND ngiiy 21/3/2016 cia UBND Thanh pli6 ban hanh Quyet dinh ve viec siia
dai, b6 sung mot s6 noi dung QuySl dmh s6 05/2013/QD-UBND ngay 25/01/2013 vS quy dinh chlnh sach ho
try khuyen khich hoa tang tren dia ban Thanh ph6 Ha Ngi, Quyet dmh s6 03/2017/QD-UBND ngay 10/02/2017
ve quy dinh chinh sach lio trg khuySn khich su dung hinh thiic hoa tang tren dja ban Thanh pho Ha Ngi (thay
the Quyet dmh s6 08/2016/QD-UBND ngay 21/3/2016).


Nguyln Tlii Tiianh Binh

4
5

6

7

8

9

Vi (xa Vat Lai, huyen Ba
Vi, Ha Npi), 2003 (bit
dau hoa tang tit 2013)
Dai hoa than Hai
Duong (Hai Tan, TP. Hai
Duong), 2012)
Dai hoa than hoan vti Thanh
Binh (Nam Dmh), 2015
Phiic Lac Vien - Dai h6a
than hoan vii tai khu nghTa

ttang Chp Nhang (phuang
Quang Thanh, TP. Thanh
Hoa), 2014
Dai hoa than hoan vii Nghia ttang Ninh Hai
(duong Pham Van Dong,
P. Anh Dting, quan Duong
Kinh, Hai Phong), 2006
Dai h6a thim hoan vii NghTa ttang Phi Liet (thon
Phi Liet, xa Lai Xuan,
huyen Thuy Nguyen, Hai
Phong), 2006
Dai hoa than hoan vii An
lac vien
Quang Ninh
(Km 15, phudng Quang
Hanh, Tp Ckm Pha, tinh
Quang Ninh), 2010
Tong so

1.900

2.000

2.500

3.000

6.000

6.500

1.700

2.000

2.500

3.200

1.580

2.300

2.500

3.700

2.100

2.750

2.900

3.200

3.450

3670

1.350

2.370

3.258

3.500

3.978

4.021

2.005

2.750

3.070

3.680

3.680

3.241

13.655

41.150 50.370 55.080 62.145 68.459

Ngudn: So lieu thdng ke thu thap tir 9 co sd hda tang
Theo thing ke ciia Cyc Hd tich, quoc tich, chiing thuc (Bd Tu phap) sd dang ky khai
tir trong nude tai UBND cap xa cua 11 tinh tmng du va chau thd BSc Bd tii nam 2013 din

2018 ihn lugt la: 104.139; 116.081; 113.463; 121.443; 118.855 va 128.694 trudng hgp. So
sanh vdi tdng s6 trudng hop hda tang d tat ca 9 co sd hda tang trong vung cd thi udc tinh^ ty
le hoa tang trung binh ciia ca vung trong cac nam tir 2013 din 2018 \hn lugt la khoang: 13%;

- Ty le nay chi mang tinh uoc chimg bai co mot so lirgng ngiroi Viet va cac tgc ngucri thilu s6 6 cac tinh trung
du, miln niii phia Bile nhu Hoa Binh, Tuyen Quang, Bac Giang hay Quang Ninh va mpt s6 tinh bic Trung Bo
nhir Thanh Hoa, Nghe An cung sir dung dich vu hoa tang tai 9 co so.


Tgp chiDdn tgc hgc so 2-2020
35%; 44%); 45%o; 52%) va 53%. S6 lieu thdng ke hi eip xa/phuong/thi ttSn ciing cho thSy xu
hudng tang din ty le hoa tang o cac dia phuong ttong vai nam tro lai day (Xem Bdng 2).
Bang 2; Ty IS hoa tang cua mot s6 xa/phirimg/thi trjn * BSc Bo trong 6 nam gin flay
(ngu&i vd %)

TT

Xa/phu'ong/thi tran

1

Phuang Dutmg Not, quan
HaDongTP. HaNoi

2

Xii Thuy Lam, huyen
D6ngAnh,TP. H a N o i

Thoi gian

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

16/81

43/98

45/88

49/80

47/81

34/44

19,7%

43,8%

51%

61%

58%

77,2%

64/88

51/76

51/72

104/113

81/87

51/58

73%

67%

70%

91%

93%

86%

9/42

11/41

13/47

28/62

35/68

21,4%

2019'

3

Xa Dong La, huyen
Hoai Diie, TP. Ha Noi

26,82%

27,6%

45%

51%

4

Xa Tri Thiiy, huyen
PhiiXuyen.TP. HaNgi

1/34

2/23

1/27

2/39

2/22

3%

8,7%

3,7%

5%

0,8%

Xii Minh Tiin, huyen
PhtiXuyen,TP. HaNoi

1/110

11/88

8/81

13/101

7/84

0,9%

12,5%

9,8%

12,8%

8,3%

Xa Hoang Long, huyen

17/87

15/65

17/612

28/56

15/32

PhuXuyen,TP. HaNgi

19,5%

23%

27,8%

50%

46,8%

5

6

7

8

9

Xa Dong Hda, huyen
Kim Bang, tinh Ha Nam

42/129

55/140

57/145

60/151

32,55%

39,28%

39,73%

39,73
5/45

Xa Thanh Hai, huyen Lue
Ngan, tinh Bac Giang

0/67

1/61

3/54

7/59

0%

1,6%

5,5%

11,8%

11%

Thi triin Chii, huyen Luc
Ngan, tinh Biic Giang

1/43

3/32

3/37

4/41

5/46

2,3%

9,3%

8,1%

9,7%

10,8%

Ngudn: S6 lieu thong ke cua UBND eac xa/phuong/thi tran
C6 thg not, khdi diu vdi viec thuc hien hda tang cua Thanh phd Ha Ndi, hinh thiic ll
tang nay da lan rong ra khSp vimg chau thd B4c Bd va ea mot sd tinli trung du, mien mil. Sd
lieu Bdng 2 cho thiy, ty le hda tang d mot xa cua Ha Nam nam 2018 la xap xi 40%). Lue
^ S6 lieu nam 2019 tinh tir dau nam dgn thai di^m dieu tra la thang 7/2019.


Nguyin Thj TlmiliB}nh_

Ngan, tinh Bac Giang la huyen mien nui noi dit dai cdn rdng, mat do dan sd cdn thua, van
de hda tang chua dat ra cap bach, nhung ngudi dan ciing da bit dau quan tam va thuc hien.
Dau cho sd lieu, tinh hinh cu thi ciia cac tinh trong viing chua dugc thdng ke, nghien ciru
day du, tuy nhien cd mdt dieu cd thi khiing dinh chic chin la trong 3 nam gan day hda tang
dang trd thanh mdt xu hudng mdi, mdt budc chuyin biln mdi trong nghi le tang ma ciia
ngudi Viet viing chau tbd Bic Bd.
2. Nhan thirc cua cong dong dan cir trong qua trinh chuyin doi
Trong xa hgi truyen thdng cua ngudi Viet va ngay ca trudc thdi ky Doi mdi, van de ve
sinh trong kbi tien hanh cai tang (boc md) khdng phai la noi ban tam ldn vdi ngudi dan,
ngoai trir nhiing trudng hgp ngudi chet mic cac benh truyin nhilm hay khi dat khu vuc mg
chdn cd ddc. Ngay nay, do moi trudng ngay mdt 6 nhiem, ty le ngudi chet do ung thu, cac
benh truyen nhiera hay nhirng benh cd sii dung nhilu thudc khang sinh ngay mdt tang, khien
cho thdi gian hung tang cua nhiing ngudi do keo dai 8 - 10 nam thay vi 3 nam nhu tru'dc day.
Tuy vay, d nhieu dia phuong, hien tugng thi the chua phan hiiy bet khi cai tang ludn la noi
am anh vdi ngudi dan. Vi vay, da phan cac gia dinh cd ngudi than trudc khi qua ddi do sir
dung nhieu khang sinh, hda chat de dieu tri benh deu la nhung gia dinh di dau sir dung hinh
thiic hda tang. Qua phdng van, cd 18/20 ngudi ung hd hda tang va cho rang tren 50% cu dan
trong cgng ddng cua hg ciing nhan ra cac mat tich cue ciia le tang mdi nay . Qua cac y kien
cho thiy, hda thieu la binh thiic van minh, ggn nhe, hgp ve sinh va tiet kiem; da sd ngudi dan
deu y thirc duge rang vdi dan sd ddng nhu hien nay, viec tiep tuc chon cat ngudi chet theo
quy trinh hung tang - cat tang se lam cho mdi trudng dat, nudc d quanh nghia dia va khu dan
cu bi 6 nhilm; tdn kem mdt dien tich ldn dat dai. Ci lang xa ndng thdn cac tinh ddng bang
BSc Bg, dit dai quy hoach cho nghia trang cd the con dii de ngudi dan dia phuong su dung
trong khoang 50 nam tdi, nhmig vdi cac lang ven dd Ha Ndi quy dat dung cho dia tang d mgt
sd noi chi cd thi sii dung trong 10 - 20 nam niia. Khac vdi khu vuc ndi dd - noi gidi trung
luu, thugng luu dau tu mua dat hau su cho bd me va ca dai gia dinh tai cac cdng vien nghia
trang gin Ha Ndi, nhu Thien Diic VTnh Hang Vien (Phii Thg), Lac Hdng Vien (Hda Binh)
hoac nhung khu dit cd the dat mg tang tai que nha vdi miic chi phi vai tram trieu tdi hang ty
ddng, ngudi dan cac lang xa vimg chau thd Bac Bd van chu yeu mong dugc an tang ngudi
than tai nghia trang dia phuang. Tuy nhien, mgt sd gia dinh kha gia do lo ngai hit dit nghia

trang chung cua cdng ddng va mudn ed radt khoanh dat rieng de lo hau su eho bl me hoac
cho ca gia dinh sau nay, nen da mua dat d canh nghia trang vdi gia len tdi 5 - 7 frieu
ddng/ra'^. Ngudi dan ven do da nhan thiic dugc rang, ngay ca sau khi chuyen ddi sang hoa
tang, dien tich dit nghia trang nhan dan ciia cac cdng ddng sau nay ciing khdng cdn du dl
chdn cit, ma cin din viec xay dung nhiing thap cao ting de dat cac hai cdt sau khi boa thieu.
"^ Theo mot cugc dilu h-a nam 2014 a thanh phi Hue, nai nguai dan dirge coi la muon duy tri tap tuc dia tang han
hoa tang thi cung da co 33% y kiln dugc hoi d6ng y voi hinhjhiic hoa tang raoi^ 18% se dfing y nlu trong gia
dinh CO sir nliSt tri va chi co 49% y kiln khong ding tinh (Nguyen H&u Ngii, Nguyen Thanh Quic 2014, tr, 47)


Tgp chi Ddn tdc hpc so 2 — 2020
Mdt uu dilm quan trgng khac ciia hinh thiic hda tang la gia dinh ngudi mit chi cin lo
viec chdn cat va cac le nghi tang ma mdt lan. Tir trudc den nay, nhieu gia dinh trong cac
dong hg "da dinh" thudng rat lo sg ve viec "trimg tang", bdi theo phong tuc truyin thing,
cac gia dinh chi cd the cai tang khi trong 3 nam lien trudc dd khong co ngudi trong ndi tdc
qua ddi. Viec cai tang vdn ddi hoi su than trgng ve mat tam linh, bdi ddng cham tdi md ma
dugc xem la cd the anh hudng den siic khoe, cdng viec lam an, su hung thinh cua cac thanb
vien gia dinh va ddng hg. Do do, vdi nhieu ngudi, hda tang - chdn cit mgt lin la hinh thiic
ggn nhe, giup hg hoan thanh bdn phan, trach nhiem vdi ngudi da khuit mpt lin duy nliit,
tiinh phai lo lang, vat va, khd sd lan thii hai va quan trong hon la tranh ndi sg "tning tang".
Ve mat kinh te, tdng chi phi cho mdt ca hoa tang hien nay hit khoang 11-12 trieu
dong. Thanh phd Ha Ndi va nhieu tinh d Bac Bd hd ttg mitc tdi thilu la 4 trieu ddng/1
tmdng hgp tir ngan sach thanh phd, 2 ttieu ddng tir ngan sach huyen, nhilu xa ciing ho trg 1
trieu ddng/ttudng hgp, nen ngudi dan chi phai chi tta khoang 4 - 6 trieu ddng. Miic chi phi
nay theo tinh toan ciia ngudi dan thap hon nhieu so vdi cac khoan chi cho viec bung tang cai tang. Vdi hung tang, cac gia dinh thudng phai chi cho quan tai bang gd tdt vdi gia hon 10
ttieu ddng. Chi phi cho mgt le bdc mg hien nay thudng het khoang 30 ttieu (bao gdra mua
tieu, quach, cac loai nudc rira, thue ngudi bdc, an udng, cd ban, chua tinh ngudn nhan luc
dugc huy ddng vao viec nay rat ldn).
Ve mat tam linh, da phan cac y kien dugc hdi deu khang dinh, cho den nay khong thay
CO viec cac gia dinh cd ngudi than dugc hda tang gap phai nhihig dieu bat ttac sau tang le.

Lien quan den quan tam cua ngudi dan ve hda tang cd anh hudng den van de tai sinh va phuc
diic cua con cai, dai dien Giao hdi Phat giao Viet Nam cho rang, than xac con ngudi khi chet
ttd ve vdi "tii dai" la dat, nudc, lira va gid. Phat giao Viet Nam khuyen khich hoa tang bdi le
tang nay khdng anh hudng gi tdi gia dinh, con chau hien tai cung nhu kiep lai smh ciia ngudi
da mat (Thich Giac Quang, 2017). Nhirng nha su tru tri cac chiia d dia phuong khi dugc
ngudi dan hdi y kien vl hda tang ciing thudng bay td quan diem iing hd, khuyen khich. Ba
ngudi hanh nghi tam linh (mot thiy bdi, mgt thiy cimg va mdt thii nhang ddng din) dugc
phong van ttong nghien ciiu nay ciing cho rang, nhiing gia dinh cd ngudi than hoa tang kbi
den nlid hg lara cac dan le diu khdng gap vin dl gi do anh hudng ciia hinh thuc le tang nay
va ban than hg ciitig ung hd su chuyen ddi theo hda tang trong bdi canh xa hdi hien nay.
Ngoai nhirng nhin nhan tich cue, d cac cdng ddng cu dan vdn cdn mdt bg phan ngudi
dan chua ddng y thuc hien viec hda tang. Dilu lo ngai diu tien ciia nhiing ngudi nay la sg
vong bin ngudi da khuit se "Ididng sieu thoat" nlu klidng dugc giu nguyen hai cdt, chon cat
theo phong Uic truyin thdng. Nhilu ngudi, nhit la ngudi cao tudi sg cam giac nong khi hda
tang. Hon niia, mgt s6 ngudi ty cam thiy hoac sg bi cgng ddng che la "bit bieu" neu khdng
lam mai tang cho cha me theo tap tuc cd truyin. Chua kl bd phan tang ldp tmng luu, nhieu
ngudi cdn giii quan dilm cho rang, chi dia tang (dii la hung tang - cai tang hay dao sau chdn


Nguyen Thi minhjmh_
chat mdt lan) mdi giup thi hai ngudi mit dugc mat me va con chau ttong rdia radi lam an,
budn ban phat dat hon.
Trong qua trinh chuyen ddi hinh thiic raai tang nhirng nam qua, d cgng dong lang xa
nao ciing dien ra mdt vai mau thuan nho ttong cac gia dinh trudc quyet dinh chgn hinh thiic
hda tang hay khong. Trong gia dinh, nhung ngudi con thoat ly, lam viee d cac dd thi hay can
bd, dang vien, cdng tac xa hdi d dia phuang thudng la ngudi dl xuit le hda tang khi cha me
qua ddi va cd thi vip phai su phan ddi cua anh em trong nha hoac hg hang. Su khac nhau ve
quan diem dd cd thi gay ra nhiing siit me ttong tinh cam, quan he anh em gia dinh sau tang
ma. Cung cd trudng hgp bl me dl lai di nguyen cho con cai la dia tang, nhung con cai lai
hda tang nen bi du luan dan lang di nghi. Ngugc lai, cd ttu'dng hgp con cai la dang vien

khdng thuyet phuc dugc bd me thuc hien hda tang nen danh chap nhan.
Tuy nhien, thuc tl cho thiy, ttong nhilu trudng hgp, nbiing ngudi cdn e ngai hay phan
ddi hda tang thudng se thay dli nhan thiic sau khi dugc tan mit chiing kiln, tham du boa
tang eua ngudi than va nhan thay khdng cd hien tugng anh hudng tieu cue nao do hda tang
gay ra cho gia drnh va cgng ddng.
d tat ca cac xa/phudng/thi trin ma nghien ciru nay khao sat (xem Bdng 2) thudng c6
hien tugng la su khac biet giiia cac thdn/td dan phd ve ty le hda tang. Can bd, nhan dan d cac
dia phuang thudng giai thich nguyen nhan cua van de nay tir 3 yeu td: ton giao, dat dai, nhan
thiic. Chang ban, d xa Minh Tan (huyen Phii Xuyen, Ha Ndi), nhiing trudng hgp hda tang
tap trung d cac thon Than Quy, Mai Trang, Kim Quy va Thanh Lap 2. Cac lang Cdng giao
trong xa nhu Bai Xuyen, Thanh Lap 1 va Ddng Lac cho den nay khdng cd trudng hgp hoa
tang nao. u phudng Duang Ngi (quan Ha Ddng, Ha Ndi), ty le hda tang d cac td dan pho
thugc thdn La Duong thap hon thdn La Ngi, ly do dugc cho la quy dat nghTa trang cua thdn
nay cdn nhieu hon thdn La Ngi nen ngudi dan thdn chua mudn ehuyen ddi. Tuong tu nhu
vay, d xa Ddng La (huyen Hoai Dire, Ha Ngi), thdn La Tinh cd ty le hda tang cao nhat xa,
trong khi thdn Ddng Lao cd ty le thap nhit. Giai thich cho su khac biet nay, mdt sd y kien
cho ring, dat nghTa trang cua thdn La Tinh la loai dat thit, lam cham qua trinh phan buy thi
hai ngudi chit, nen ngudi dan ttong thdn de tir bd hung tang - cai tang de tiep nhan hda tang
ban; trong khi dd ngudi dan Dong Lao "khdng gap van dl gi vl cai tang" nen mudn duy tri
tap tuc cu de the hien chii "Hieu" vdi cha me hon.
Nhin chung, nhilu y kiln nhan manh rang, tdn giao va dat dai chi la nguyen nhan thii
ylu khiln cho ty le hda tang thip d mgt sl cdng ddng. Yeu td quan trgng nhit ttong vi6c
ehuyin ddi thyc hanh mai tang la vin dl nhan tbiic cua chu thi van hda va dilu nay lien
quan chat che tdi cdng tac tuyen truyin, van dgng. Thyc tl cho thay, nhd day manh cong tac
tuyen ttuyin bing nhilu hinh thiic: dua viec thyc hien tang le van rainh vao tieu chuan danh
gia lang van hoa hang nam; phat thanh tuyen tmyen; pbat td roi; td cbiic tga dam ttong cdng
ddng dan cu vl lgi ich cua hda tang; mdi cac nha su cd uy tm ve ndi chuyen tai cac thon, lang,


Tgp chi Ddn tpc hpc so 2 -2020

tl dan phd cd ty le hda tang thap de hiyen truyen, giai thich ve van de tam linh cho nhan dan,
dac biet la ngudi cao tudi,... Ddng Anh trd thanh huyen di dau cua Thanh phd Ha Ndi ttong
viec thyc hien hda tang. Trong khi dd, d mdt sd xa eua huyen Phii Xuyen noi cd ty le hda tang
thip, lanh dao dia phuong thira nhan rang, cdng tac tuyen tmyen va viec phat ddng d dia
phuang chua thyc su dugc coi ttgng, "mdi chi cd phat ma khdng ddng". Da phan eac y kiln
dugc hoi deu cho rang, d dau can bd, dang vien, dac biet la nhiing ngudi diing dau diy manh
cdng tac tuyen tmyen va neu guong thuc hien trudc thi ty le hda tang d dd se tang cao.
3. Mot sd giai phap thiic day qua trinh thay doi nhan thiic vl mai tang
Hoa tang theo edng nghe Id ndng mdi la hinh thuc le tang phd bien d nhieu nudc phat
trienttongkhu vuc khoang hai thap ky qua. Mac du md hinb mai tang bien dai nay dugc dua
vao Viet Nam tir nam 1996 nhung phai hon 10 nam sau, nhd day manh tuyen tmyen, van ddng
va khuyen khich, hd trg thi hda tang da trd thanh mdt xu hudng mdi trong nghi le tang ma cua
ngudi Viet d Bac Bd nhu hien nay. Vdi ty le hda tang gan 60%i d Thanh phd Ha Ngi, gan 50%
d mgt sd tinh ke can, chu truang khuyen khich hoa tang cua Chinh phu da dat dugc thanh
cong ban mong dgi,
Kinh nghiem tir Han Qudc, Trung Qudc va ca Viet Nam cho thay, de cd sy thay ddi
budc dau nhan thuc ve mai tang cua ngudi dan ludn can co su khuyen khich, ho trg ve tai
chinh; sy tien phong, guong mau ciia gidi thugng luu (d Han Qudc) va cua can bp dang vien
(d nudc ta). Cac bien phap cudng che, cudng ep hoan toan khong phu hgp va khdng can thiet
trong qua trinh chuyen doi nay bdi mai tang la mpt phan cixa nghi le tang ma - thanh td quan
trgng trong van hda radi tdc ngudi.
Xu hudng chung hien nay la van hda ciia cac tpc ngudi da va dang bien ddi, dugc cai
bien va tai cau tnic theo hudng vira bao tin, phuc hdi nliirng gia tri truyen thdng dugc xem
can ban, cdt loi nhat, vira loai bd nhu'ng yeu to hi cho la rudm ra, khdng hgp thdi va tiep
nhan nhiiug yeu to van hda mdi ben ngoai. Hda tang theo cong nghe hien dai eiing la mdt
dang le thirc, van hda mdi dupe mpt bd phan nhd ngudi Viet biet den va tiep thu ban dau.
Ciing giong nhu nhilu trudng hpp khac, khi mdt ylu to van hda mdi dugc dua vao mgt tdc
ngudi, mdt cdng ddng thudng gay ra nhirng tranh luan trai chieu va xung dot ve quan diem,
nhan thiic giira cac ca nhan, cac nhdm tudi, gidi tinh, the he. Ddi vdi hda tang, nhirng ngudi
thoat ly, can bd dang vien, ldp tre d cac cpng ddng lang xa cd xu hudng iing hd nhieu hon,

ttong khi mdt bd phan ngudi cao tudi cdn e ngai. Tuy nhien, thyc te cho thay, neu dugc true
tilp tham gia, chimg kiln va nhan thiy kit qua thyc hien hda tang ciia ngudi than va nhimg
ngudi xung quanh, da phin ngudi dan se chuyen tu phan ddi sang ung hd hda tang.
Nghien ciiu nay cho ring, nlu muin thue diy ban niia qua trinh thay ddi nhan thirc ve
mai tang cua ngudi Viet d Bic Bd hien nay, cac dia phuong can day manh cdng tac ttiyen
tmyin bing nhilu hinh thirc; lanh dao cac cip cac nganh, can bd dang vien can guong mau


Nguyin Thi TliaiillBinh_
di dau thuc hien, van ddng ngudi than, gia dinh lam theo hinh thiic mdi, can tien phong trong
viec tien hanh thuc hien boa tang ddi vdi ngudi than qua ddi cua minh, tit do mdi co the van
ddng, thuyet phue dugc ngudi khac lam theo.
Trong cong tac van ddng, tuyen truyin nen luu y vin dl tin ddn, du luan xau cd the anh
hudng tdi tam ly ciia ngudi dan. Sd lieu thyc tl cho thiy, da c6 mdt so dia phuong sau mdt
thdi gian tang nhanh lai dien ra su suy giam ty le hoa tang mdt each dot ngdt vao nam 2018
(quan Bac Tir Liem, Nam Tir Liem, Ha Ddng va huyen Ddng Anh). Ngudi Viet la tdc ngudi
theo tin ngudng da than, cd tam thi cdi md d l tilp nhan cac ylu td, le thirc ton giao mdi
nhung cung de thay doi. Chinh vi vay, cin co nghien ciru sau ban ve kha nang dn dinh cua
hinh thiic hda tang ddi vdi nghi le tang ma eua ngudi Viet trong thdi gian tdi.
Cuoi Cling, chung toi cho rang, ben eanh cudc van dgng thay ddi nhan thuc ciia eong
ddng ve mai tang, viec quy hoach lai cac nghia trang dang dugc dat ra rat biic thiet. NghTa
trang nhan dan trong vimg can dupe quy hoach lai chi tiet mdt each thdng nhat, dai ban. Can
de ra quy dinh ve dien tich dat cho timg phan md, thiet ke rag de tao sy thdng nhat ve hrnh
tbifc, cdng bang trong sit dung dat dai. Ddi vdi cac lang xa ven do, thap de bai cdt ttong
tuang lai cin dugc thilt ke tren eo sd nghien ciiu ky nhu cau tam linh ciia ngudi dan; dara
bao su tilp can binh ding cua ngudi dan, quan ly chat ehe tranh tinh trang thuong mai boa
cac dich vu trong nghia ttang.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Nguyen Thi Phuong Cham (2016), Ldng ven do vd sic bien ddi vdn hda: Trudng hpp
IdngXiidn Dinh, huyen Tic Liim. thdnh phd Hd Npi, Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hgi. Ha Ndi.

2. Phan Xuan Bien, Phan An, Phan Van Dop (1991), Vdn hoa Chdm, Nxb. Khoa hge xa
hdi. Ha Ndi.
3. Hoang Xuan Chinh (1981), "Ban ve tuc cai tang d nudc ta". Suit tap Ddn tdc hpc
1981,ix. 169-170.
4. Kleinen, John (2006), Ddi diin tucmg lai, hdi sinh qud khic: Nghiin cuu bien ddi xd
hdi a mdt ldng Bac Viet Nam, Tap chi Xua va Nay, Nxb. Da Nang.
5. Malamey, Shaun Kingsley (2002), Culture. Ritual and Revolution in Vietnam (Van
hda, nghi ll va each mang d Viet Nam), University of Hawaii Press.
6. Vu Dinh Mudi (2017), "Dan tdc Kho-me", trong: Vuong Xuan Tinh (Chii bien,
2017), Cdc ddn tpc & Viet Nam, Tap 3, nhdm ngdn ngu Mon-Khome, Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hdi,
HaNgi.
7. Nguyln Huu Ngii, Nguyln Thanh Qudc (2014), "Danh gia thue ttang su dung dit
nghTa trang, nghTa dia tten dia ban thanh p h i Hui", Tgp chi Khoa hpc Dgi hpc Qudc gia Hd
Ndi, Cdc Khoa hpc Trdi ddt vd Mdi tru&ng. Tap 30, S l 1, tt. 41-49.


Tgp chi Ddn tpc hpc sd2 - 2020

77_

8. Sd Lao ddng - Thuang binh va Xa hdi Thanh phd Ha Ndi (2018), Bdo cdo Kit qud thuc
Men kiin nghi gidm sdt cua Thudng tnrc HDND Ihanh phd ve qudn ly sie dung nghia trang. nhd
tangle, cc/sdhoa tdng trin dia bdn Thdnh pho Hd Npi, Sd 2934/SLDTBXH-BTXH.
9. Thuy Anh (2019), "Ty le hda tang cua Dai Loan diing thir hai the gidi, mai tang sinh
thai vugt hon 10 ngan ngudi". Radio Tawain hitemation, 29/3/2019. Tmy cap tai:
/>10. BBC News Tieng Viet (2018), "Pha buy quan tai, Trung Qudc cai each mai tang",
ngay 26/6/2018. Tmy cap tai: https://v™'W.bbc.eani/vietnamese/world-44610483
11. Minh Chau (2002), "Hda tang - chu de ndng hdi tai Han Qudc", VnExpress, thit
bay, 13/4/2002. Tmy cap tai: />12. KBS World Radio (2016), 'Ty le hda tang tai Han Qudc nam 2015 vugt 80%", ngay
27/10/2016. Tmy cip tai: />13. Phap Luat Plus (2018), "Trung Qudc vdi cudc chiln chdng... quan tai", ngay

3/10/2018. Tmy cap tai: />chong-quan-tai-d79180.btml
14. SGGP (2008), "Nhat Ban thilu nha hda tang", thii Bay ngay 6/9/2008. Tmy cap
tai: />15. Thich Giac Quang (2017), "Hoa tang cd anh hudng din vin dl tai sinh va phudc
diic con chau?", Phat Giao ngay 25/6/2017. Truy cap tai: />