Thiết chế lưỡng diện trong mối quan hệ gia đình xã hội của người chăm ở miền trung việt nam

Tap chi Khoa hgc xa hoi mien Trung, So 4 (48) - 2017

I 39

VAN HOA - LICH Sd-BlfiVi-

MOI TRUONG

THIET CHE LUdNG DIEN TRONG MOI QUAN HE
GIA DiNH - XA H 6 | COA NGUCJI C H A M
d MIEN TRUNG VIET NAM
DQNG THANH DANH*

Tom tdt: Theo nhieu nhd nghien cdu, ngddi Chdm cd che dp mdu hi, mdu cu nhinig phu quyen,
tdc Id chi dp md ngddi phu nd cd todn quyen trin tdi sdn, con cdi vd cdch thdc dinh cutheond,
nhUng ngUdi ddn dng Igi c6 quyen lUc ve chfnh trj, xd hpi, gia dinh. Tuy nhien, trong bdi vii't ndy,
chdng tdi muon ddnh sUchd y den chieu sdu cda che dp mdu hi-phu quyen, hdu "bde tdch"mpt
thiet chi ludng diin dpc ddo cda ngUdi Chdm d mien frung Viit Nam. Dd Id diin mgo bin ngodi
cua mgt thiit chi md d dd vai trd cua ngUdi ddn dng vd ngUdi phu nd trong gia dtnh vd xd hpi Id
ngang nhau, noi hg cung kit hgp deduy th sutdn tgi vd hogt dpng cua todn bp thdc thexd hpi. Tdt
nhiin, vai trd gida hai gidi Id khdc nhau: ngddi dan bd Id npi gidi, dgi diin cho tfnh tfnh, ngddi dan
dng Id ngogi gidi, dng ta dgi dien cho tfnh dpng.
TUkhoa: mdu hi, mdu cd, phu quyen, Iddng dien, ngddi Chdm, mien Trung Viit Nam.
Abstract: In numerous research projects, Cham people have practiced both mathlineai an
patrilineal descent. In the matrilineal society, children, properties and types of residence are seen
belonging to the women and their decisions while men are given the power to determine political
social and family issues in the patrilineal society. In the article, the author analyzes deeply anoth
side ofthe Cham's descent to Illuminate its unique features in Central Viet Nam. In those societi
roles of men and women are equal despite their differences namely women are in charge of the
family affair and represent the immobile side while men are responsible for a social affair and
symbolize the mobile dimension. However, both of them operate and maintain their societies

performances together for a better life.
Key words: matrilineal descent, patrilineal descent, bilateral descent, Cham people. Central V
Nam.
Ngaynhgnbai: 17/7/2017; Ngdy duyet ddng: 15/8/2017.
Oat van de
at cuf mdt x i hdi nao eung dUPc eau

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thinh tCr nhCfng c i nhan, nhUng bin
thin cic ca nhin rieng I I thi khdng the
ca^u thinh xa hdi. SUtUdng tic hay mdi quan
he giC^a con ngUdi vdi nhau mdi^chfnh la
ddnglUccdatdntaixahoi.Trongsocacmoi
" ,'. - . . . V • V.
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quan he xa hoi ay, moi quan he huyet thong
•Email:
Trang danh(iong93@gmail
tam Nghien cmi Vancom
hoa Cham, Ninh Thu^n

hay moi quan he gia dinh, tde hp ehinh l i
moi quan he edt yiu nhat dupe xem nhu la

hat nhan eua toan t h i xa hdi. Bin chat eda
quan he gia anh, tdc hp quy dinh bin ehat
^^^ ^^^^ t h i xa hdi. Oilu nay nghTa la: mdt
^^ hdi dUde goi la miu he ehi khi nao nd dua

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tren cac gia dinh, toe ho ve phia ngUai me
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,
(mau he) va ngUpe lai mpt xa hdi dUde gpi l i
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nd dUa
tren
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phia^^^
ngUdi
(phu
he).cae gia dinh.


40 I
NhUng ehe dp phu he hay mau he lai la
mdt pham tru lieh sU, tUc la hau hit cac xa
hdi khi chuyen biln tU nguyen thuy din
hiln dai tat yiu dan din budc chuyen tU c h l
dp mau he sang phu he, tru" mpt vai trUdng
hdp die biet m i cac din tde thude ngU he
Nam Oio d nUde ta ndi ehung, ngUdi Cham
d mien Trung Viet Nam ndi rieng la mot vi
du. Theo sU van ddng tat yiu cua Ijch sU, du
van duy tri chl do mau he, nhUng ehe dd
mau he d cac dan tdc nay van ft nhilu inh

hudng cic yeu td phu he. Oilu nay lim pha
vd edng thUc truyin thdng: miu he = mau cu
+ mau quyen (BCfu Lieh, 1970).Va rang, cae
dan tde che dp theo mau he ngiy nay, die
bilt d nude ta d i cd phan inh hUdng yeu td
phu quyin. Viy thi die tinh eda chl dd mau
he - phu quyen dd bilu hien nhU t h i nao?
Bin chat eda thiet ehe dd cd gi die biet? Bai
vilt nay se ly giii mdt phan nhCfng eau hdi ay
trong trUdng hdp eu the eua ngUdi Cham d
miln Trung Viet Nam.
1. Vai net ve che do m^u he cua ngu'di
Cham
Khi ndi din cic mdi quan he gia dinh va
xa hdi cda ngUdi Cham d miln Trung Vilt
Nam ngudi ta thudng ndi den chl dp mau he
nhu la mdt yeu to hang dau chi phdi cac mdi
quan he trong edng ddng. That vay, c h l dp
mau he da trd thanh mdt trong nhCfng nhan
to cdt Idi quy djnh mpi mat cda ddi sdng vin
hda Cham tCr phong tuc, tap quan eho den
eae quan he v i dng xd thudng nhat eda xa
hdi. Chinh vi vay, nhac din ngudi Cham l i
ngudi ta ndi ngay din chl dp mau he, din
mdi quan he huylt thdng phu thupe ddng
me v i nhac din vai trd then chdt eda ngudi
phu nCf trong ddi sdng gia dinh va quan he
xa hdi. Oay cung l i mdt trong nhufng chu de,
dupe nhieu nha khoa hpe quan tim va tim
hieu, sd lUpng cie cdng trinh chuyen biet ve

che dp mau he Cham khdng nhieu, nhUng
nlu xet cie cdng trinh nghien eUu ve van
hda, x i hdi hay eu the la hdn nhan va gia

fifiNGTHANH DANH

dinh cda ngudi Cham thi tCf khda"mau he"
ludn ehilm vj tri chd dao.
TU nhUng nam giUa t h i ky XX trd di,
nhCfng ehuyen luan v l c h l dp mau he Cham
da bat dau xuat hien, dang chd y la cong
trinh Mau hi Chdm cda Nguyen Khae NgQ an
hanh nam 1967.Trong cdng trinh nay,tacgrS
da trinh bay v l ngudn gde eda chl do mau
he Chim dudi eie gde dp nhU lich sd, nhan
ehdng, kinh t l - ehinh tri va tinh cam, sau
dd Nguyen Khac NgCf khii quit v l cic noi
dung cda chl dd mau he Cham thdng qua
c h l dp hdn nhan, sU phan chia t i l sin, nhan
con nudi hay giam hd, qua dd tae gii phan
nao khac hpa dupe cie dae trUng cd bin cua
chl dp mau he Cham. Cudi eung, tie gii da
rdt ra nhUng nhan xet eda minh v l ehe do
mau he Cham. Cho den nay day van ia mot
trong nhUng edng trinh nghien cUu liu nhat
va toan dien nhat v l chl dp miu he Cham
mac du trong cdng trinh nay, ngoii vile lam
rd ve che dp mau he, Nguyen Khae Ngif van
ehUa nlu nhilu v l cie dac trUng cda yeu to
phu quyin trong c h l dp mau he.

Gan day, chl dp mau he eua ngUcfl" Cham
tiep tuc la mdt chd de giy dddc sd chu y
trong gidi nghiin cdli, dang k l nhat trong so
eic nghien cdli v l chu d l nay cd the ke den
nhdng bai vilt cda tie gii Bd Xuan Ho (2001),
Phd Vin H5n (2014) va inrasara (2003). Neu
nhu, hai tie gii trUde tilp can ve nhdng thay
ddi, chuyen biln cua che dp mau h i trong thcii
dai mdi, thi Inrasara lai tilp can cae die trirng
eda chl dd mau he Cham qua vin chuong
(ke ci truyen mieng va van viet), sau do mdi
khii quit v l nhu'ng bieu hien chinh cda che
dp mau he Cham trong thUc t l xa hdi. Gan
day nhit, dUa theo tU lieu hoang gia Cham,
PoDharma, cung neu len nhu'ng dac diem cua
che dp mau he Cham (PoDharma, 2015).
Nhin mdt cich tong quit, cac nha nghien
cdli thudng danh gia chl dp mau he Cham
dUa tren c h l do hdn nhan, mdi quan he gia
dinh, ddng hp, cich thu'c phan chia tai sin


Tap chi Khoa hocxa hoi mien Tmng, So 4 (48) - 2017

va so sinh vai trd giUa nam vdi nCf trong hdn
phdi, trong ddi sdng gia dinh va trong c h l
ddthCra k l . NhUng d l rut ra nhdng dac trUng
khii quit nhat v l c h l dp mau he Cham thi
ehung tdi xin neu ra ba die dilm eda che dp
nay; mpt la c h l dp huyet thdng theo ddng

me; hai la sUthUa ke tai sin theo ddng nU; ba
la chl dp cU trd theo vd, thudng dUdc gpi la
chl dp mau eU.
TrUdc hit, c h l dp huylt thdng theo ddng
me ed nghTa la con cii khi sinh ra phii theo
me va cda gia dinh me. Khi vd ehdng ly di,
trong bat eU trUdng hop nao eung viy, ngudi
con phii d lai vdi me, nlu ngudi me mat
hole bd di, ngUdi cha t i i gia thi con cai eua
hp van thude ve ddng hp me, trong trudng
hdp dd, ba (me cua me), dl hay bic (td'c la
chj, em cda me) se cd trich nhiem eham sdc
eho nhufng dUa eon eda ngUdi mei'y. He qui
l i , phia ben me dupc gpi l i phfa ndi; eha, me
cda me lan lUdt dddc chau gpi la dng ndi, b i
ndi, ma tieng Cham gpi la Ce/t; trong khi phia
ben cha lai la ngoai, khi dd cha va me eda
ngudi cha ddgc gpi l i dng, ba ngoai, tieng
Cham gpi la Ong va Muk. Khac vdi ngUdi
Viet, viec theo huyet thdng cda me khdng ed
nghla la con phii theo hp eda ngUdi me, hp
cda ngUdi Cham ehi la hp tren giay td, vi ngay
xUa ngudi Cham vdn khdng ed ho. Hp cda
ngUdi Cham chi dupe dat vao thdi Nguyen.
Ngay nay, ngUdl Chim mang ho Han Viet v i
con mang hpcha (Oong Thanh Danh, 2016).
Tilp d i n , c h l dp mau he Chim bieu hiln
tren mdi quan he thUa k l tai sin theo ddng
nd". Theo dd, tai sin dUde ehuyin tif me sang
eon gii cda minh va ehinh dac tinh nay quylt

dinh mdi quan he hdn nhan va gia dinh cda
ngUdi Cham. Trong dd, ehi ed eon gai mdi
dUpethCla kitai sin cua me, ngUde lai ngUdi
con trai Cham thi khdng h i ddgc quyen iy.
Trong trudng hpp gia dinh cd nhilu con gai
thi t i i sin cua cha me se dUde lan lUdt phan
chia cho nhufng ngUdi eon gai khi hp lay
chdng, riing ngUdi eon g i i dt se dupe ehia

41
phan Idn tai sin, dUde k l thUa dat dai v i ngdi
nha tU dudng. Bdi vay, ngUdi eon gai dt phai
cd trich nhiem nudi dUdng cha, me va dng
ba; sau khi hp qua ddi ed eung phil l i ngUdi
ed nghla vu ehinh trong viee thd phung td
tien (Nguyen Khae NgU, 1967).
Cudi cung l i die diem mau cU sau hdn
nhin, dieu niy ehi phdi toin dien mdi quan
he vp ehdng. Theo do, khi mdt cap vp chdng
kit hdn, ehd r l bat bude phii sang nha vp
d re, anh ta phii sinh sdng va lao ddng ben
nhi vp eho den khi qua ddi hoic khi hai vd
chdng ly dj. Chi khi nao anh i y mat di thi thi
hai eda anh mdi ddgc ehuyen v l bin nghla
trang ddng hp me d l chdn chung vdi me,
eho du trUdc dd gia dinh vp (cd the la cic
eon) phai cd bon phan lam mdt le tang eho
anh ta (Bd Xuin Hd, 2001). Oay eung la mpt
trong nhCfng bieu hien eda dac diem theo
huylt thdng ddng me, vl mdi ngUdi con sinh

ra thude ddng miu cda me v i khi mat di
cung phii nam ben canh me. Trong trUdng
hpp hai vp chdng ly di, eon eii diu d lai vdi
me, tai sin thudng chia ba phan, hai phan
giao eho vp eon, mdt phan giao cho ngUdi
chdng, cdng cd khi ngUdi chdng ra di vdi hai
bin tay trang (Nguyen Khac NgU, 1967).
2. Nhufng bleu hien ben ngoai cda thiet
che lu'ofng dien trong gia dinh -xa hoi Cham
Khitilpeanchidd mau he Cham, ngudi ta
thudng ehu y din eae dae tinh ve mau truyin
(sU truyen thUa theo ddng me), mau eU han
la cae yiu tdmau quyin. Khi danh gii khdng
dung quyen cda ngUdi phu nU trong cic mdi
quan he gia dinh - x i hpi Cham, ngudi ta se
vd tinh lam tUdng mau he d xa hdi Chim se
gan vdi mau quyin. Trong thUc t l , d xa hdi
Chim truyin thong, ngUdi dan dng ludn cd
nhdng quyin ldi nhat dinh eda hp: quyin
lam chd gia dinh, quyin dilu hanh ddng hp
v i quyen tham gia, lanh dao cie hoat ddng
x i hdi. Oilu nay eung khiln ta eim tudng
rang c h l dp mau he Chim da danh mat chdt
gidd cic tfnh chat mau quyin.


42
Trong m d t hdi thao v l c h l do mau he cda
ngudi M i Lai va Champa d Malaisia (1992),
c i e nha nghien cUu so sanh c i c phong tue

gan lien vdi mau he eda hai dan tdc C h i m
- Ma va nhan ra t h i l t c h l phu q u y i n t d n tai
trong Idng c h l do mau he theo cdng thdc:
mau he = mau eU + phu quyen. O i l u n i y ed
nghTa la, hai d i n tpe van tdn tai mot c h l d p
mau he vdi sU t r u y i n thUa huyet t h d n g va
gia s i n theo ddng nU, nhat la sU eU trd theo
nd...Thl nhUng, ngUdi ta cung n h i n thay vai
trd ehd dao hdn ea phu nU cua ngUdi dan
dng, trong cac hoat ddng ehinh tri - xa hdi d
cap dp cdng ddng ( N h i l u t i c g i i , 1994).Tuy
nhien, trong gidi han eda m d t hdi t h i o v l
c h l dp mau he Ma Lai va Cham, nhCfng nha
nghien eUu van t h u d n g ehd y den c h l d d
mau he cda ngUdi M i Lai hdn la eda ngUdi
Cham, va do do, hp v i n ehUa neu len m d t c i i
nhin toan dien v l ehe d p phu q u y i n d xa hdi
Cham.
TU gdc dp gia dinh e i the ta thay rd dieu
nay, Idc n i o eung vay, ngUdi con trai p h i i d
n h i vp, p h i i ehia se cdng viee vdl v d : ngUdi
Vd t h u d n g lam cdng viec ndi t r p vdi t r i c h
nhiem quan x u y i n v i c h i m lo bUa an, giac
ngd eua eha, me, chdng va eon eai, quan ly
tai s i n va chi tieu trong gia dinh. Trong khi
ngudi dan dng phu traeh c i c cdng viec n i n g
nhpc, nhat l i viec ddng ang, lam kinh t l v i
giao thiep vdi ben ngoai.Theo truyen t h d n g
cho cda nhdng ngudi d i n d n g la d p h d n g
khach, nai ma hp tiep k h i c h , an u d n g , nhau

nhet vdi ban be hay ngUdi ben ngoai, t r o n g
khi ngudi phu n d p h i i d t r o n g bep hay t r o n g
buong;an mam dUdi, an sau chdng va khach.
Day khdng han l i sU bat binh dang m i n d la
b i l u hien cda tam thde truyen t h d n g v l vai
trd nam - nUdUde chap nhan rpng rai t r o n g
xa hdi n h u m d t tap tfnh van hda.
Trong eae quan he hp hang, ngUdi dan
dng noi bat vdi vai trd tde trUdng (ngudi
Cham gpi la akoakgep), nhUng ngUdi dan
dng khdng ed q u y i n thifa k l gia s i n eda
tdc hp, nhung hp la ngUdi dUng dau t r o n g

e6NG THANH DANH
cac eude h p p tde hp (SCf Van Ngpe, 2010).
NgUdi tdc t r u d n g n i y cd t h i la anh trai hay
eau, t h a m ehi la eon trai cda ngUdi dan b^
Idn nhat d d n g ho, d i l u nay khdng xa la vdi
e a c x i hdi mau he k h i e n h u t a thay dngucj'
Minangkabau d T a y Sumatra (Indonesia)tai
s i n eda d n g ba van ehuyen giao cho dong
nU nhung "NgUdi phu ndkhdng ddng ra qudn
/y tdi sdn ndy md nd Igi dugc giao cho anh trai
cua ngddi dy... dng ta qudn ly tdi sdn ben me
vd dugc truyin Igi cho cdc chdu trai Id con cCia
chj em gdi minh [Ihu Nhung Mid, 2000).
Tren binh dien xa hdi, vai trd cua ngirdi
dan d n g la chd dao. Ngudi d i n dng thudng
giU vai trd chd chdt t r o n g c i e ehUe danh
dUng dau lang xa, t h u d n g ehd tri va quylt

djnh c i e cudc h p p ban ve cac cdng vile cua
cdng d d n g . Ta thay d i l u nay trung khdp vcfi
cae d d kien t r o n g qua khCr,vi hau h i t eae vua,
chda Champa xua deu I i nam gidi cho duco
nhdng bang ehUng eu the eho thay Champa
la m d t qude gia t h e o mau he (Maspero, 1928;
Lafont, 2011). Ngay nay c i c tdc ngUdi khac,
cung theo c h l d p mau he d Viet Nam, va la
than dan Champa xUa, nhUJaral, tde, Raglai...
eung ed each thCfc t o ehUc x i hdi tUdng tif,
d o d o c i c khoayang, khoa budn (ngUdi ddng
dau l i n g ) cua ngUdi Jarai hay e i c chd buon,
chd plei eda ngUdi £ d l , c i c g i i l i n g , trUdng
b i n Raglai d i u la nam gidi chU khdng co nCf
gidi.
6 cap d p t i m linh, ngUdi dan dng khong
ehi giao t h i e p vdi ben ngoai ma cdn c6 the
giao thiep vdi gidi than linh, nhu'ng ngUdlda
khuat va chi cd ngUdi dan d n g mdi ed quyen
nay. Do d d , t r o n g cac budi cdng t l trong gia
d i n h , ngUdi d i n d n g t h u d n g la ngUdi mdi
g p i d n g , ba t d tien hay nhdng ngUdi khuat
mat, d cap d d than linh ngUdi lien k i t vdi
than linh la e i e chUc sac, nhUng hau h i t cac
chUc sac t d n giao Cham d i u p h i i la nam gidi.
Chi t r d m d t vai trUdng hdp chUe sac la nir
gidi, ehang han ba Rija ( b i bdng toe ho) va
ba Pajuw (ba JDdng khu vdc d i n , t h i p ) eCing
cd t r i c h n h i l m giao t l vdi than linh trong

Tap chi Khoa hocxa hoi mien Trung, So 4 (48) - 2017

mdt vai nghi le cda ngUdi Cham, nhUng ddd
hp chi giuf vai trd phu trd, ehu le ehinh van l i
eae chCfe sac nam. 6 day ta eung thay rd tinh
chat phan cdng va kit hdp cdng viec giufa
din dng va din ba, giUa ehde sac nam (chd
le) va ehCfe sac nCr (phu trd) trong vile thifc
hanh tdn giao. Vi the, cung ed the xem day
la mdt khia canh cda thilt ehe ludng dien
trong binh dien tam linh.
Cd the ndi rang, xa hdi Chim la mdt xa hdi
mau he, mau eU nhUng phu quyin. Ndi dilu
niy cd nghia la x i hdi Cham dddc xay dUng
dUa trin moi quan he huyet thdng, hdn
nhan va thUa k l theo phia nU nhUng quyen
luc trong xa hpi (bao gdm c i than quyin)
lai thude ve ngudi din dng. Ngudi dan dng
khdng ed quyin thCfa k l (ngoai mdt ehdt
tien cda ddng hp gCfi khi di lay vd nhU mdt
thif cda hdi mdn), phii d re nha vp, nhUng
dng ta la ngUdi chO cda gia dinh, dng ta dilu
hanh eae edng vile hp hing v i chi cd dng ta
mdi can dU cie cdng viee xa hdi.
Nhdng bieu hien niy giup chdng ta xda
bd di nhUng ngd nhin rang trong xa hdi
mau he, vai trd eua ngudi dan dng chi la thd"
yiu, tham ehf cd suy nghT rang ngUdi dan
ba trong xa hdi Chim phii vat v i lo toan va

ginh vac mpi edng vile tif gia dinh raxa hpi.
Tuy nhien, die tinh eda c h l dp mau he phu
quyen cdng eho ta thay rang x i hdi Cham
(eu the la gia dinh - tde hp Cham) van hinh
giUa tren sU phin chia v l vai trd, traeh nhiem
gida din dng va phu nCf: phu nd ginh vac
cac cdng viec gia dinh, dan dng dilu hanh
cac edng viec ben ngoai xa hdi, hinh thanh
thiet c h l ludng dien trong x i hdi Chim.
3. BSn chat cCia thiet che lUdng dien
trong quan he gia dinh - xa hoi Cham
Theo chung tdi, thuit ngCf'thilt che"dUde
sCf dung trong bai viet niy la mpt dang eda
thilt c h l xa hdi, td'c la mdt tap hdp bin vdng
eae gia trj, chuan mUc, vj the, vai trd va nhdm
xung quanh nhu cau cd bin cda xa hdi. Od
la eie md hinh hinh vi, cac ehuan mUe, quy

43
tac ma con ngUdi phii thifc hien de phu hdp
vdi cic Cfng xd'xa hpi khieh quan, giup toan
t h i xa hpi van hanh theo dung quy ehuan
khich quan (Nguyen Oinh Tin, 2005, tr.54 55). Nhu mpi mdi quan he gia dinh - x i hdi
trong cic cpng dong khac, moi quan he gia
dinh-xi hdi eda ngUdi Cham edng van hanh
theo mdt chuoi eie quy tac, chuan mUc, cich
Crng xif, su phan cdng vai trd, trich nhiem va
vi tri, ma moi c i nhin phii tuan theo nhU
mdt tieu ehuan chung eho ci cdng ddng.Tuy
nhien, trong mdi quan he gia dinh - xa hdi

cda ngudi Chim cd sU phan edng cic vai trd,
chuan mUc, hanh vi trong xa hdi theo gidi.
Oay ehinh la mot die trUng ndi bit va xuyen
sudt cda ehi dp mau he nhung phu quyin
cda xa hpi Cham. Do dd, thuat ngCf "thiet
c h l ludng dien"de chi mdt loat eae quy tac,
ehuan mUe x i hdi, cdng nhU vai trd, vi t h i ,
hanh vi eda cac ca nhan trong x i hdi theo
hai gidi trong gia dinh - xa hdi Cham d mien
Trung Viet Nam.
"Thilt chl ludng diln" nay dupc tdi lien
tudng va hinh dung tU mdt thilt chl xa hdi
tUdng tu eda ngUdi Jarai, mdt trong nhUng
nhdm ngUdi ed mdi quan he gan gui v l ngiJ
he va nhan ehdng vdi ngUdi Cham, die biet
hp cung theo c h l dp miu he. Thilt chl nay
dddc nhac di nhac lai trong cic tie pham
ve ngudi Jarai eda J. Dournes, mdt trong
nhUng nha nhin hpc quan trpng ve Jarai v i
Tay Nguyen.Trong tie pham dde dao"RCmg,
ddn bd, diin logn", dng viet: "Thiit chexd hdi
dudng nhd rdt du ddi ngddi ddn bd: Id ngudi
chu gia dinh, bd cd mgi thU... Vdy thi ngUdi
ddn dng Idm gl trong the gidi ddn bd ndy?...
anh ta Id moi liin hi vdi ke khdc, vdl ngogi
gidi. Ngudi dan bd Id khdi dii'm hodn tdt vd kit
thdc", d mdt doan khie dng viet: "...chdng Id
ldi ndi vd ngogi gidi, ndng la ky dc vd npi gidi..'.'
(Dournes, 2002).
NhCfng ddng nay cda Jacque Dournes phii

dupe hilu nhu the nio? Tdi tim dddc mdt
ly giii cu the hdn td phfa nha vin Nguyen


44 I

D6NGTHANH DANH

Ngpe, t r o n g m d t cudc ndi chuyan vdi m d t

eung p h u n g . Oe h i l u duae ban chat eCia

nha khoa hpc (ma tdi dan dUdi day) dng ndi:

hien t u p n g nay, ta can phai d e p b d " i o inh"

"...Trpng tdm Id sd phdn chia gida bin

trong

v l m d t sU bat binh dang t h u d n g thay, ma

vd bin ngodi, gida nam vd nd trong hi

thdng

h u d n g d i n y nghTa eda m d t sU p h i n cong

mdu hi. NgUdi nd ndm gid quyen lUc, nhUng

vai t r d t r o n g gia d i n h : ngUdi dan ba lam viec

d nai cdng cpng bd ta Igi d phia sau, dy thdc

npi t r d , nhUng ngUdi dan dng t h i lam viec

viec giao tiip vdi bin ngodi cho mpt ngUdi hg

d d n g i n g , lo k i l m sinh k l ben n g o i i , do do

hdng nam.." {dan t h e o Andrew Hardy, 2013).

eho eda ngUdi dan b i p h i i l i d nha b l p , ndi

O i n day, tdi hieu y cda Dournes, dng ndi dan

m i ba ta ed t h e thUe h i l n edng viee cda minh

ba Jarai, ngoai c h i m lo eon e i i , nha eUa, cdn

m d t e i c h t d t nhat, t r o n g khi ngUdi dan ong

la ngUdi ehd (that sU) eda gia d i n h , nhUng

di d d n g h d n , d n g ay p h i i giao thiep vdi ben

q u y i n eda ba ta dupe giao hay p h d thac cho

ngoai, va d o d d p h d n g khach, nha tren la noi

ngUdi d i n d n g , hay ngUdi d i n dng la ngUdi

eda d n g ay, d day d n g ay cd t h e thUc hien tot

phat ngdn cho ba ta, do d d d i n dng la ngoai

nhat vai t r d eda ngUdl " p h i t n g d n " eho gia

gidi de giao thiep vdi ben ngoai, trong khi

dinh minh.

dan ba d trong budng kin, ba la ndi gidi
(Dournes, 2013).

d cap d p tdc hp cdng v i y , ngUdi phu nfl
k h d n g p h i i la ngUdi ehd cda tde hp ma la

Vdi y nghTa d d , tdi nhan thay, trong m d t

m d t ngUdi dan d n g , dng ta ed the la anh,

gidi han n i o d d , ta ed the dua vao t h i l t c h l

e m trai vdi ngUdi p h u nuf Idn tuoi nhat trong

cda ngddi Jarai, ngUdi anh em vdi ngudi

d d n g hp, nhUng edng edthelacon,ehiucCia

Cham, de g i i i thfch ve t h i l t e h i eua hp. Tat

cac ba, m i l n sao d n g ta la ngUdi thupc dong

nhien, x i hdi Cham khdng h o i n toan g i d n g

hp (cho d u d n g ed lay v d t d c hp k h i c dng van

n h u x i hdi eda ngUdi Jarai, do d d , ta khdng

t h a m gia v i o c d n g viee tde hp eda me minh).

the r i p khudn mpt t h i l t c h l eda ngUdi Jarai

Tuy n h i i n , d l l u d d khdng mau thuan vi eung

v i o xahdi C h i m de hinh t h i n h nen m d t thiet

n h u d c i c tieu gia d i n h , ngUdi dan dng ddng

c h l tUdng tU. NhUng vdi t h i l t c h l nay, it ra

dau tde hp eung nhU ngUdi d i n dng chd nha,

cdng phan nao cd t h i gpi y cho chung tdi

nhiem v u cda hp la d i l u hanh eic cdng viec

mdt vai c i c h de ly g i i i e i e c h i l u s i u cOa c h l

eda tde hp, nhat la khi cac cdng v i l e do co

dp mau he - phu q u y i n d ngUdi Cham, tU d o

lien quan den lang xa, edng d o n g . Nhdng

giup tdi xay dUng m d t ly thuyet ve thiet che

d ben t r o n g gia d i n h , ngUdi phu nu" van la

ludng dien trong x i hdi nay, tat nhien nd p h i i

ngUdi cd t r i c h nhiem eao nhat trong viec

dUa tren e a s d eae quan sat d i n tde hoe.

q u i n ly tai s i n , nhat la nhdng di v i t eua to

Nhu nhCfng hien tUdng ben ngoai ta thay,
ngudi dan b i Cham - v i c i ngUdi dan ba cda
e i e dan tdc thudc n g d he Nam O i o d m i l n
Trung v i Tay Nguyen (Jarai, Raglai, Rade,
Churu) - khi nao cdng vay, cho eda hp l i d
nha dudi, d trong b l p , trong khi ngUdi dan
dng thi d phdng khach, d trUdc nha. Nhin
be ngoai ta t h i y ngUdi dan dng cd dia vj

t i e n , dai dien eho d d n g hp nhU c i c CietAtau
(tdc l i nhd'ng g i d dan bang tre chda y phuc
cda t d tien) (SCrVan Ngpe, 2010, tr. 108 -109).

TrUdng h d p nay t h i hien rd nhat qua dong
hp hoang tdc C h i m d Phan Ri, m d t ddng ho
van cdn luu g i d n h i l u b i o vat hoang gia,
t r i c h nhiem p h u n g te hang n i m va thda k^
gia s i n ludn dupe t r u y i n t h e o ddng nCf.

hdn trong gia a n h cda minh, du do la che

That v i y , gia d i n h , tde ho Cham truyin

dp mau he, tham ehi cdn cd ngudi cho rang

t h d n g dUdc hinh t h i n h tren sU p h i n cong

ngUdi dan dng cdn cd q u y i n i n tren ngdi

lao d d n g giUa dan d n g v i dan ba. NgUdi dan

trude, trong khi ngUdi dan ba p h i i hau ha

ba cham lo cho gia d i n h , q u i n ly b l p nuc, giCf


Tap chi Khoa hocxa hoi mien Trung, So 4 (48) - 2017

gin t i i sin cda tdc hp, phung t l td tien, do
dd vj tri cda b i phii f i d dudi blp; ngUdi din
dng lao ddng, eung ngUdivpdaybioconcii,
cham sdc cha, me, dng, ba, ddng thdi dng ta
thay mat ngUdi phu nU, ngUdi vd, giao thiep

vdi ben ngoai, tham gia vao cic cdng viec
mang tinh xa hdi. Neu ta ehia gia dinh Cham,
ma hinh inh ngdi nha la mdt bieu tUdng, ra
lim hai phan: npi gidi v i ngoai gidi, thi ngudi
dan ba la npi gidi, ngUdi dan dng la ngoai
gidi. Cai ndi gidi v i ngoai gidi ehang qua chi
la hai mat ho tUdng eua mpt mdi quan he,
mdt hien tUdng xa hdi, cii nay tdn tai song
song va ddi lap vdi eai kia. 6 cap dp tdc hp,
vai trd cua din dng v i din b i ed khae nhau
nhUng nd eung nam trong bin ehat chung
cda mdi quan he ho tuong, phin chia gida
ndi gidi va ngoai gidi.
Nhdng ngudi bin ngoii thudng cd xu
hudng dinh gii eao tinh mau trong c h l
dp mau he cda ngudi Chim, do dd ma ed
nhieu ngd nhan. Trong nhan quan dd, ta ehi
thay mpt xa hdi ma ngUdi phu nUehu ddng
trong cic van d l tinh yiu, hdn nhan, quin
xuyin hau h i t mpi cdng viec cda gia dinh
vixa hdi. Nhuvay, ngUdi dan dng trd thanh
nhdng ke an bam, le thudc vao phu nd", day
la mdt hinh anh tieu cUc va leeh lac, vi chung
ta chua hieu dupc ban chat cda c h l dp mau
he-phu quyin (LyTdng Hilu, 2012). Mdt sd
khie, d ben trong hoae la nhCfng ngUdi am
hieu van hda Cham, nhan ra dddc cac dac
tinh phu quyIn trong c h l dp mau he Cham
lai ed xu hudng dinh gia qui cao vai trd cda
ngudi dan dng trong x i hdi va it nhieu xem

thudng vai trd cda phu nCf trong sUvan hinh
ehung cda cic mdi quan he gia dinh - x i hdi
Cham (dan theo PoDharma, 1995, tr.l99-214;
Dominique Nguyen, 2003, tr. 23).
Trong thUe t l , nhU da ehdfng minh d
tren, die tinh phu quyin ehi la dien mao
bin ngoai ehe lap bin chat mau h i an tang
trong Idng thilt chl. NgUdi phu nd mem
deo, dai dien eho sUtTnh tai, hp ludn d trong

I 45
gidi han, ndi gidi (di dupc phan cdng) cda
minh, nhUng hp cdng cd nhUng quyen nhat
djnh. Nha b l p la bieu tupng cua ngUdi phu
nCr, nd la ndi gidi cda ngdi nha, cda gia dinh,
nhUng nd ddng thdi edng l i nai ngUtri eda
nhCfng vj than bio hp c i ngdi nha, trong nha
b l p truyin thdng eda ngUdi Cham ed Ong
Juk Muk Bilang (tam gpi la dng tao) (SCf Van
Ngoc, 2010). Vj tri cda phu nU la d nha blp
khdng gdi nen mdt sU bat binh dang, ma
nd i m chi rang phu nd la ngudi gid gin, duy
tri cic truyen thdng eda ngdi nha, gia dinh
ddng hp, bdi vl nha bep la nPi ngUtrj eua Idfa,
cua than hd menh va chinh nd la nai ed kit
su ben chit eda gia dinh. NgUdi din dng vdi
thude tinh nang dpng, manh me dUdc phd
thac cac cdng viec md nhutilp khach, tham
gia vao hoat ddng cda edng ddng, vi viy ma
eho eua dng ta la d phdng khach va d ben

ngoai.
d nhCfng cap dp Idn han, ea ehi cdng van
hinh nhuvay, ngUdi dan ba bao gid eung la
ngudi luu gidtiisin va bau vat cda ddng hp,
dilu dd khdng chi ed nghTa la ba ta gld vat
chat, ma ba edn giU ei tinh than, tinh than
ehinh la truyen thdng, la hdn tdy din tde.
NgUdi phu nd duy tri cac thilt ehi xa hdi, eie
phong tue t i p quin va day cho con chau ba
duy tri dilu dd. NgUdi din dng dilu hanh cac
hoat ddng ling xa, tdc hp nhat la cic hoat
ddng tin ngUdng - tdn giio, nhUng dilu dd
khdng cd nghTa l i ngUdi dan dng cd quyin
luc, ma dan gian nd l i mdt sU phan cdng
nhiem vu gida dan ba va din dng, giUa ndi
gidi va ngoai gidi. Bdi nlu xet cho cung ta
thay, Po va Yang (than linh) la do ngUdi dan
dng mdi v l cung le, nhUng do le, mam l l l i
do ngUdi dan ba chuan bj d nhi blp, d ndi
gidi cda ba ta. Bat ky mdt nghi le nao cdng
viy, khdng the thuc hiln ma chi ed thay
cung, chUc sac ma cdn phii cd vat le, sin
pham cua ngUdi dan ba. Khi cac ehd'e sac,
thay cdng mdi gpi cac vj than hay td tien v l
d u l l , dan dng la ngUdi dpe kinh, nhUng dan


46
ba d phia sau khan vii va dang l l vat, td tien
la cua ba, than linh edng la cda ba!

Oieu nay the hien rd hdn qua trUdng hdp
cic chUc sac: ehUe sac la dan dng, nhUng
dng ta trd thanh mot ehUe sac eda mdt dao
vl me v i vp dng ta la tin do cua tdn giio ay,
eha dng ay theo dao nio khdngquan trpng.
Khi da trd thanh chCfc sac thi can phai ed sU
hien dien eda vd dng ay trong tdng nghi
thdc. Oilu nay gidp ta ly giii tai sao vi tu sT
Binima RieNakamura tilp xdc d Ninh Thuan,
khoing nam 1995 - 1996, khdng the thUe
hien nghi thUe tau chUe Ci sU - Oay la mdt
van di trpng dai eda ling, khdng cd Ci sd, hp
khdng the thUc hien cae nghi le quan trpng m i ly do la vd dng ta bi dm nam vien, dilu dd
l i d u l (Nakamura. Rie, 2009, tr.94). NhUvay,
tieu chuan, sU thing tiln eda mdt vi ehde sac
khdng chi le thude vio ci nhan dng ta m i
cdn phu thude vao vp dng ta.
Mat khae, nhudi nlu d phan trUdc, khdng
phii chUc sae hoan toan la nam, trong cic
nghi le cda ngUdi Cham vj chCfc sac ehd le la
nam, nhdng dng phii thUc hien eae nghi le
vdi sU hd trp eda cac chUc sac nU nhU trong
l l Rija (le mua) cda tdc hp, chdc sac ehinh
l i dng Maduen (thay vo trdng Baranang)
nhUng phii ed ba Rija (ba bdng tdc hp),
trong le tren din thip cic thay Basaih (ehC^e
sac Cham Balamdn) va Kadhar (thay keo dan
kanyi) phii cd ba Pajuw phu le, cic l l do thay
Acar (chdc sac Cham Bini) phai ed ba Buh
(ddm com) phu le...

Tdm lai, trong eic hoat ddng van hda t i m
linh vai trd cua dan ba, dan dng ludn quan
binh: d cap dd cie nghi le thude v l gia dinh
ngudi dan ba lim le cdng, ding edng; ngUdi
dan dng la ngudi phat ngdn thay cho ba ta. 6
ci'p dp eic nghi le edng ddng cd sif tham gia
cda ehUc sac, cie ehde sac nam la ehu le theo
nguyen tac phu quyen, nhung phu nUcdng
can du vao thdng qua cie nd ehUc sac giU
vai trd phu 11. Tham chf, bin thin qua trinh
thing chu'c cua cic ehde sac nam edng phii

D6NGTHANHDANH

xet din tieu chuan cda ngUdi vp minh nhula
mdt nguyen tac quan trpng dim bio suh^i
hdavlgidi.OdIa nhufng hinh thufc mang cau
trdc ludng dien trong ddi sdng tin ngudng,
tdn giio cua ngUdi Cham.
Ket luan
Oay qui la mdt thilt che dde dio, nd doc
dio tU cieh ma nd dUdc tao ra cho din each
ma nd van hanh, ehinh nd gidp eho cie moi
quan he trong Idng xa hdi Cham hoat dpng
mdt each hda hpp, cic thUe the nhj nguyan
(nam - nU; dan dng - dan ba) trong idng xa
hdi Cham van ddng v i tuang tie mdt each
binh dang. Thilt c h l nay xoay quanh moi
quan he ddi lap, nhUng thdng nhat giufa dan
dng v i dan ba, giUa ndi gidi va ngoai gidi

trong cie cap dp, tU gia dinh cho den xi hdi.
Tuy nhlln, nhu'ng cau trdc ben ngoai, nhdng
ly thuylt v l mau he, v l phu quyin bao trCim
da lam cho thilt c h l lUdng dien niy "chim
dudi" nhUng kit eau nhap nhang, phdc tap
va dan xen trong cic mdi quan he xa hoi
hang ngiy, ma tudng chi cd nhan quan cCia
nhan hpe eau trdc mdi ed t h i phan nao"phat
Id"cac die tinh eda thilt chl ay!
Oen diy, cau hdi d i t ra la, trong xi hoi
Cham, dan dng hay dan ba, nam hay nd, ben
nao quan trpng hdn? Cau t r i Idi thda dang co
le l i , cic mdi quan he gia dinh - xa hdi Cham
van hanh theo thilt che ludng diln, trong
dd cd sU dim bio quan binh ve quyin lpi va
nghTa vu cda din b i v i dan dng. NgUdi dan
ba la npi gidi, ba ta gid nhi blp, eham sdc
gia dinh, quan xuyin viee blp ndc, nhUng
cung chinh ba ta duy tri su ben chac cda moi
nip nha Cham, bio tdn va lUu gid cae gia
trj van hda truyen thdng cda ddng hp, dan
tdc. NgUdi dan dng l i ngoai gidi, dng ta dai
dien eho tinh ddng, dng ta giao thiep vdi bin
ngoai, dng ay cd quyen rdi khdi can nha ciia
minh(di lay va,d nha khie), dng tatham gia
vao eae hoat ddng xa hdi, dng ta giao kit vdi
than linh (d moi mCfe do nhat djnh: ngi/di
thudng, thay cdng din tu sT). NhUng dng ay

Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hoi mien Trung, So 4 (48)-2017

|47

khdng [am tat e i viee d o eho m i n h , dng ay
lam thay cho ngudi phu nU.

Champa: Dja dd - Ddn cu - Lich sd, IOC -

Vay t h i s u phan ehia nhj nguyen giUa c i i
ndi gidi vdi c i i ngoai gidi, gida d i n d n g va
dan b i ehang qua ehi la hai mat eua m d t
hien t u p n g , m d t t h i l t c h l van hda. Su t d n tai
cua t i f n g e i t h i t r o n g t h i l t che ay k h d n g cd
nghTa dpe lap m d t e i c h r i i n g biet, m i mau
ehdt l i ehdng t d n tai t r o n g m d t eau true nhj
nguyen tUdng t i c vdi nhau, b d t r p cho nhau.
Cung n h u dan d n g phai k i t h p p vdi dan ba,
ndi gidi p h i i gan lien vdi ngoai gidi, chi khi
ay xa hdi Cham, ma rdng h d n la toan nhan
loai, mdi t o n tai va van d p n g .

10.

Lafont,

P-B.

(2011),

Vdang

quoc

Champa, San Jose.
1 1 . BUu Lich (1970), Nhdn chung hgc vd
Iugc khdo thdn

tgc hgc, Nxb Lda t h i e n g ,

Saigon.
12. Maspero, G. (1928), Le Royoume de
Champa, Les£ditions:G.Van Oest.
13.

Nakamura,

Ahier:

To

Keys

Rie
to

(2009),

"Awfar

Understance

the

CosmologyandEthnictyof the Champeople
(Ninh

Thuan

Province, Vietnam)",

trong

Champa ond Archaeology of My San (Vietnam),
Hardy,Cuearzi SZolese (ehd bien), NUSPress,
Singapore, p p . 7 8 - 1 0 6 .

T A I LIEU T H A M KHAO

14. SU Van Ngpe (2010), Vdn hda

1. Andrew, Hardy (2013), Nhd nhdn
chdn trdn nghe vd dgc JacquesDournes,

hgc
Nxb

Tri thde, Ha Ndi.
2. D o m i n i q u e Nguyen (2003),

truyen thdng ngUdi Chdm tinh Ninh

Idng

Thugn,

Nxb Dan t r i . Ha Ndi.
15. Nguyen Khac Ngu' (1967), Mdu he

TdvUngHroi

- Viit, IOC Champa, San Jose.
3. Dournes, J. (2002), RUng, ddn bd,

Chdm, Nxb Trinh bay, Sai Gdn.
16. Phan O i n g Nhat (chd bien,2003),/.udf

diin

logn, Nxb Hdi N h i van. Ha Ndi.

tucChdm vd ludt tuc Raglai, Nxb Van hda Dan
tdc. Ha Npi.

4. Dournes, J. (2013), Potao: Mpt /y thuyet

17. Thu Nhung. Mid (2000), Ngddi phu nd

vi quyen lUc d ngUdi Jarai Ddng Duang, Nxb

£de trong ddi song xd hpi tdc ngudi, Luan an

Tri thUc, Ha Ndi.

Tien sTDan tdc hpc. Ha Ndi.

5. O o n g Thanh Danh (2016), "Nhin lai van

18. Nhieu t i e gia (1994), Adat

de ho v i ten cda ngUdi Cham", tap c h i Khoa

Melayu-Campa,

hgc Xd hpi mien Trung, sd 2 (40), tr.40 - 44.

Kuala Lumpur.

5. 6. Phu Van Han (2014), "Vai b i l n ddi

19. Nhieu

tie

gii

cultureetsur

la

vdn hda-xd

indochinoise,

L'Harmattan, Paris.

hpi ngUdi Chdm ngdy nay, f^h\eu

7. Bd Xuan Hd (2001), Mau hi Chdm thdi

religion

(1995), Notesur

trong mau h i Cham ngay nay", Nhdng vd'n de
t i e g i i , NxbTre, t h a n h p h d Hd Chi M i n h .

Perpatih

B p V i n hda Ma Lai an hanh,

de

la

la

Peninsule

20. Po Dharma (2015), Chi dp mdu

Chdm nhin qua tU lieu hodng gia

hi

Champa

dgi mdi, H6\ Man hpe Nghe t h u a t Binh Thuan

( b i i viet dang tren Champaka.info, cap nhat:

p h i t h i n h , Binh Thuan.

20/02/2015).

8. LyTung Hieu (2012), "Nam q u y i n t r o n g
c h l d p mau he d V i e t Nam", tap chi Ddn tpc
/7pc,sd5va6,tr.96-101.
9. Inrasara (2003), Vdn hda - xa hpi Chdm:
Nghien cdu vd Ddi thogi, ^xbMan hpe, H a N d i .

2 1 . Sakaya (2013), Tii'p can mpt so vd'n de
vdnhdaC/jompa, Nxb Tri thCfe, Ha Ndi.
22. Nguyen Oinh Tan (2005),

Cdcduxdhdi

vaP/jdnfd'ngxdhd/, Nxb Ly luan Chinh tri. Ha
Ndi.