Các dạng thiết kế nghiên cứu chủ yếu về mâu thuẫn vợ chồng trong một số nghiên cứu quốc tế
Bạn đang xem bản rút gọn của tài liệu. Xem và tải ngay bản đầy đủ của tài liệu tại đây (1.01 MB, 12 trang )
Nghign cCru
Gia d i n h vk G i d i
S6 6 - 2 0 1 6
Cte dang fliiit kenguan CUU clRJ yoi 1ft*
mdu Ihuin va (Mihg Irong mft sA n i W i CIJU qufiic te
TrJin Th| Van Nuong
V i ^ Nghiin cCiu Ga iftih v i Gid
T6m t i t : Biii viol tim hii-u vl cAch thdc thiei k l e i c nghifin cdu
vl mAu thufin v<} chong qua cong trinh khoa hoc xA hoi ciia cac
tic g:ia nude ngoii vdi mong muon tham khao cAc d|ing ihili k l
vi phuong phAp chii d^o dl nghiin cdu vc chii dl niy. PhAn
chinh cua bii vilt dl c$p tdi mpt aS kilu tbilt k l nghiSn cdu
miu thufin trong hdn nhan, trong dd minh hoa cAc bp c6ng cy do
lUdng mfiu thuSn vtf chfing v,n cAc chi bio dudc su dyng thudng
xuy^n nhftt, Tiic gia bii vilt by vong day si IA nhOng g^i y cho
cAc nghiin cdu can thi^p ve mfiu thuin vp chong tf i Vici Nam.
Tir khda: Vo chdng; Mfiu ihuan: NghiSn cilu; Fhuong phApThill k6; Cong cv; Chi bAo; Do luclng.
1. D ^ vain de
Trong nhQng nAm gin diy. chii de miu Uiuin gia dinh thu hut dupe su
quan lAm ciia khdng chi cic nhi nghiin cdu mi cdn ca cic nhi quin 1^
va lap ehinh sich. Diiu niy li do mAu Uiuin gia dmh dupe xem xli Uong
mdi quan hi v tVi vin dl sue khde gia dinh. sifc khde Uil chit va Unh UiAn
eiia cac ci nhAn va su bin vdng hdn nhAn. Trong dd, thu hut su chu y li
so
Nghi«n cdu Gia dinh v i Gidi. Quyen 26, so 6, tr. 29-40
ty I I cac vii ly hdn ngiy cing tAng va dd tudi ly hdn ngiy cing tre hoi
Ngoii ra v i n d l bao luc gia dmh. UiAm chi l i bao lire Uong c i c quan ho
veu duong hen hd cung g i y ra nhilu mdi quan ngai cho xa hdi. ThIm nOii,
cic nghien cuu eung chi ra mAu thuin vp chdng cd l i l n quan d i n hing loai
cic uiCu chung tiim cam. chdng An udng vd dd, lAm dung rupu. nit rupii
vu su dung rupu bia ngoai gia dinh (Frank D. Fincham. 2003). Mac dQ t\
IC trung b'mh thi eie ea nhAn da k i t hdn khde manh hon nhQng ngudi
khdng kei hdn nhung mAu thudn Uong hdn nhAn lai cd mdi liCn hC vdi linli
inuig Mic khde k i m vu mdt sd cAn bCnh dAe biCt nhu ung thu, b^nh Um
mdt sd bCnh man tinh khie vu anh hudng tdi chdc nAng ciia hC m i l n djch
ndi tilt (Frank D. I ineham. 2003). D i e b i l l , mAu thuin hdn nhAn inli
huiing nghiem trpng d i n chAt lupng eudc sdng gia dmh v i su phAt triln
eiia Uc em trong emic sdng hing ngiy v i su hinh Uiinh tfnh cich v i tuonj:
lai eua t r i (Orieh & I ineham. 2001). Vdi nhQng tie ddng UCn, nghiCn cQii
vO miu ihuJn hdn nhin thuc su l i mdt chii d l c i n t h i l l cua nghiCn cdu xii
hdi hpc gia dinh irong xa hdi hiCn dai ngiy nay.
I uv viy. niiiu ihu5n va chdng l i mdt trong sd nhQng chu d l tuong ddi
khi) khan trong vice thuc hiCn nghiCn cdu v i thu Uiip thdng tin bdi mAu
thuAn v4 nhQng xung iloi la nhung pham UQ m i ngudi Uiam gia ft mudn
ndi iiri. Them nOa. mAu thuSn trong quan h i vp chdng c i n g dupe cho l i
v.ln d l sau cAnh cira eiia mdi gia dinh. Vi tAm quan trpng eila ehii d l
nghien cQu eimg vdi nhOng khd khin khi t i l n hinh nghiin cdu. eae nhii
khoa hoe dii day cdng lua chon cde loai hlnh thilt k l da dang vdi cAc k j
thuat d;lc b i l l ddi v.ri chii d l nay Bii vilt dudi dAy se Uinh b i y khia canh
ihiei k l nghiCn cuu va eich sii dung cie bd cdng cu. chi b i o thu IhAp thdng
tin v6 chii dc miu thuAn vp chdng qua mdt sd nghiCn cdu qude t i g f i n day.
Mdt sd khdi niem
Thiei ki^nghiin cuu. Thiol k l nghiin edu l i mdt chuong trinh ddn dAt
nhi nghiCn cdu trong quA trinh thu thAp sd l i l u . phAn tfch v i If giai cie
Ihdng t.n thu thap dupe. I)d l i mdt md hinh Id-gic eho phip n h i nghiin
euu rut ra cac ket luAn khoa hpc liCn quan d i n cdc quan h i nhAn q u i eflng
nhu nnh khai quit ciia eudc nghiCn eih, (Vu Manh I x n . 2016). Theo dd
hai vie, niy sc tim hicu v l viCc xAy dung mdt chuong uinh nghiCn cdu sao
eho qua Uinh Ihu thip sd lieu, phan tfch v i 1^ g i i i c i c thdng tin thu IhAp
>l.'i vdi chu de mAu thuin vp chdng dat hiCu qua tdi da.
W.;« rA,«i,, v
nhu vpehdng va d i „ x hilu la loan bd qua trinh xung ddt giira vo v i chdng
Tran Thi Van Ni/ctaK
31
hao gdm tu Kit ddng quan diem. Uanh luAn. cai nhau bAng ngdn lu/phi
ng<^ tu (vcrba|^on-vcrbal) din nhQng hinh ddng bao luc.
2. C4c phit hien chinh
Wallace coi viCc thill kimdt eudc diiu Ua la viCc taoracdng cu (inuumenlation). Hai dang cdng cu mi dng dinh nghia li cdng cu chi vao cae
giae quan eiia con ngudi (nhu "Uij giae") vi cdng cu "cic giic quan dupe
ting eudng bing ky nghi". Loai diu tiCn cd thl dupe thl hiln tdi nhAt
bing quan sat tham du. Uong dd cdng eu ehii ylu cua ngudi diiu tra li tai
va mAL Loai thu hai cd thl dupe thl hiCn lot nhAt Uong mdt eudc diiu Ua,
ma bang hdi hav mdt chuong uinh phdng vin hd trp dK^m cho thu UiAp du
liOu can ban bang giae quan (dAn Uieo Baker. 1998: 283). Ddi vdi ciiu dl
nghiCn cuu vl mAu UiuAn vp chdng - dupe xem li mdi qui uinh ehju tic
ddng bdi nhilu ylu id vdi diin biln gdm ed yeu id nguyCn nhAn. khdi
ngudn. cd qua irmh. eao trao va kei Unic. di hai loai cdng cu li quan sui
tham du va diiu Ua bing bang hoi dlu dupe cic nha nghien euu sir dung
iCii da. Mill loai cdng cu nay cd su kliae hilt va nhQng uu dilm nhuoc dilm
rilng: dQ lilu cd dupe tir quan sal phan anh hi thdng cac hinh d«>ng vi cie
phan ung giQa hai dm tac li vp va chdng trong qui Uinh miu thudn; cdn
du lieu cd duoe iQ hang hoi phan anh he thdng chu quan ciia nhung dinh
hudng va nhQng moi quan he giua cic ci nhAn- nhQng cam gide vi v tudng
ding chu y eiia ngudi tra Idi. khuynh hudng cua hp hinh ddng ddi vdi
ngudi vp/ehdng va khuynh hudng nhAn dinh eung nhu danh giA Idn nhau
theo nhilu each khac nhau. Ngoii ra. cic nghiCn cQu dupe ihill k i d l do
ludng vl chii dl mAu thudn vu ehdng thudng hudng din mdt sd giai doan
cu thl trong qui trinh miu Uiudn lim ddi tuong nghiin euu. Chdng han,
mdt sd nghiCn cQu tip trong tim hilu nhQng nguyOn nhAn ddn tdi mAu
thudn v(iehdng. diin biln cua qua trinh miu Uiudn. mdt so nghiCn edu lai
chi lap trong vao bilu hiCn eao nhd't ciia mAu Uiudn vpehdng la bao luc dl
lim kieiii thdng tin. Nhu vay. viVi nhung dAc dilm dd. mdi loai cdng cu
di(?u Ua dupe dp dung cho cue muc dfch nghiin cQu khic nhau.
Cdc thai ki nghiin cdu Iheo hudng quan sdt thuc nghiem
CJidng nhu ludn giai cua Wallace d iron, cdc nghiin euu Uieo hudng lAm
ly hiK thudng su dung phuong phdp quan sai dl tun hilu nhQng phin ling
eua cue ddi lac hdn nliAn Uong qua irinh immg uc vdi nhau txn hp eho
rdng: "nghiCn cuu nhQng gi ngudi ta ndi vl hp khdng thav the duiK vice
nghiCn cuu xem hp hinh xu nhu thl nio" (Raush. Barry. Iknel. va Swain
1975 5). Chu dl nghiin cuu mAu Uiudn vo chdng qua cae nghiin euu lAm
ly h.K cung ihu.tng dupe Uiue hi^n theo hudng dd. \ ao nhung nAm 1970
St
Nghiin cdu <>ia dinh v i (^dL Q u y ^ 26, t £ 6 . tr 29-40
cua thl ky XX. phuong phip quan sdl da dupe sir dune trong cdc nghiCn
cdu vl hdn nhAn dl thilt klva dinh gid cic chuont; trinh can ihiep, Nhumg
nghiCn cuu niy lAp tnuig v Jo cic eudc thao luAn tic giai quv ci v .in do trong
phdng lhi nghilm vi cung cAp thdng Un ehi tilt xcin nhihig c.lp ddi co true
irAcva khdng true trie hanh xu nhu thl'nio Uong qudirlnh mdu thudn. Vdi
phwxig phip nay. cac nhi nghiin cuu cung chi ra rani; cac niOiih de lieu
cue va hanh vi Ueu cue trong giao Ulp cd anh liuiTiii: \,ui dcti vice giai
quvei mAu Uiuin (Frank D. Fincham. 2003).
Thilt k l thi nghilm - thuc nghilm cQng l i moi phifiTnc phdp duoc sii
dung nhilu uong c i c nghiin euu v l mAu thudn vo chdng. ihco do cdc nha
nghiCn cdu se dua ra cde tinh hudng nhdn tao bdt chuiic cdc tinh hudng
Uiuc d l thu dupe c i c phan Qng tir c i c ddi tdc. N.uhicn ciru ciia (loiiman
sudung phutmg phdp quan sdi ngudi vp v i ngudi ctuMii; irong suoi eudc
hpi thoai vA ghi lai nhQng hinh vi tieh cue v i tiCu L uc cua ho. sau dd cdng
tdng nhQng khde b i l l giQa hdnh vi tfch cue v i lieu circ ciia ho iheo thdi
gian. Phat hiCn eiia Gottman tfir phuong phdp quan s.n cuoc h6i ihoai giai
quylt mAu thudn cho thiy eie cAp cd hinh vi tich cue hdi long vdi hdn
nhin eiia ho hon v i cQng it ly hdn hon so vdi nhinig cap itncii vO liou cue
((Jottman. 1993).
T h i l l k l k i l u nghiCn cQu nhAt k^ (Diary Studies) cuim Id nidi dang cua
nghien cuu quan sdt. KiCu Uiu UiAp thdng tin nav giup phac hoa nhirng
CAng diing hdn nhin g i n l i l n vdi nhQng cAng Uidim khde irong eudc sdng
hang n g i y Cdc nghiOn cQu ghi nhAt k^ eho ihA'y nlumu cap ddi cd su luimg
tac hdn nhdn cAng U,ang hon d n h i v i o nhQng ng.iv ap lire euoc sdng cao
hon l i v ^ nhQng ngiy binh Uiudng khde v i v i o nhun,^ iho, diOni v i diu
d i l m no, hp irai nghilm su canh uanh.
ITu d i l m ndi bit Uiiy rd d c i c nghiin cdu sir dung ihi g.dc vO quan ho
vo chdng Ihay quan hC sdng chung) la viec ea ha, dd, ide hdn nhdn eung
Uiam gia vao q u i uinh nghiCn cdu. NhAt l i trong nhun. nj_.h,cn em. idn, Iv
hoc Jhuc n g h ^ uong phdng U,i nghiCm vdi cdmiu, khong qua I.m nhung
^ e h o d|iy l « e Uanh nhilu chilu md la toin d i l n v e phan ung cuu ca hu.
ddi t i c cua eudc hdn nhin. .Ngoui ra. mdt sd nghiin euu idp irung va., ehu
2 ^
" " ^ ! r T
' " " * " ' ^ " ' ^ ' " '"^ '''S «"9">^ ^hon mau con ihein
I T L l " -1^-
"**" ^ ' ''""^ «'^ '^'
- " "hirng ihili kl hOi
sirc .1.1 dang va thu vr
^
Cac thiit Unghun cuu theo hudng dUu tra Uiuc nghiem
,'x^i
" ' l ! ' i " " * " ' " ^ " "•' " " ^ ' "^''*^'" "^ - " a " 'hiKin vo chdng khdng chi
nm hilu nhOng edp vp chdng n i o thudng xay ra m.,u ihudn. mdu i h u l d.;
Trin Thi Van Suoag
33
li gl mi edn dupe ky vpng ly giai nguyCn nhAn tai sao \ i diCn biln nhu
the nao. Dira vio dac tfnh so sAnh dieo chilu canh vl khdng gian - Uidi
gian. Uii cic nghiin cdu vl chu dl niy duoc chia lam hai loai li nghiin
cdu Ijch dai (longditudinal research) va nghiin cuu ddng dai (nghiin cdu
Ihco khdng gian) (cross-sectional research). Dua uCn quan dilm Iv diuylt
eho ring. mAu Uiuin/ xung ddt li mdt qui uinh ed diln biln diav ddi Uieo
thdi gian. do dd phuong phap nghiin cdu Ijch dai phu hpp dl nghiin cQu
nhQng thay ddi cua ci nhAn theo Uidi gian uong mdi quan hi vdi vps^chdng
minh. Tuy vAy. cung rAt nhilu nhA nghiin cdu sir dung each nghiin cdu
ddng dai - Idt cat ngang dl tim hilu vl diuc Uang mAu Uiuin vo chdng tai
mdt thdi dilm nio dd.
VI mat phuong phdp. sQc manh eua nghiin edu lich dai U,! hiln d: i)
jiup eho viec md la cAc khudn mdu cua su biln ddi Uieo Uidi gian: ii) giup
m vile khdi qudt hda vl hudng vA mQc dd ciia quan hC nhAn qua giQa cdc
biln sd xi hdi hpc (Vu Manh Loi vi Nguyin Huu Minh. 1996). Cu thl.
trong nghiin cuu ciia minh. FaiUi Troupe (2008) da tin dung duoc tdi da
sQc manh ciia loai nghiin cdu nay dl tim hilu dupe nhQng Uiay ddi Uong
eupc ddi cua cde ei nhdn theo thdi gian UCn quan din nhQng mAu Uiuin
trong quan hC vp chdng. TAl ca cde eudc hdn nhAn dlu ddi mAt vdi su
chuyin ddi xay ra Uong sudt chilu dii eiia mdi quan hi nhu kit hdn, thay
ddi nghi nghilp. cd con. eon lit rdi nhi sdng tu lAp vi nghi huu. NhQng su
chuyin ddi nay cd thl Id ngudn gdc eiia mAu diudn utmg hdn nhAn vi gia
dinh. Do vAy, ehi nghiin euu lieh dai Uieo nhjp Uidi gian mdi Idl ta dupe
su biln ddi eung vdi nhQng mAu Uiudn eua cA nhAn ngudi vp^chdng v i gia
dinh Uico Ihdi gian - gdn vdi cic giai doan dudng ddi ciia ho vi quan he
nhAn qua giQa nhQng hien sd xa hdi hpc vdi fmh Uang miu Uiudn vp
ehdng. Tic gia sd dung ^ Idp du lilu tQ diiu ua qude gia vl gia dinh v a hd
gia dinh, nghiCn cQu sudung nhdm mdu lu 289 cApddi dl khao sit vl cac
ky thuat giai quyei mdu Uiuin vi nhQng tic ddng cua su chin nan (uim
edm - depression), viCc cd eon, su khae bill vi lua tudi, diu nhAp chung
tdc giQa cdc cap ddi din mAu Uiuin Uong hdn nhAn. Kit qua phAn tfch hdi
quy da biCn cho didy cic eudc iranh luAn nay lua cd lie ddng UCu cue vi
nhQng miu ihudn dupe Uiao luin mdi cdch bmh tinh cd tac ddng tfch cue
din mAu thuin theo thdi gian. Nhu vdy eich ihQc vo vd ehdng Uil hiCn
uong qui uinh diln ra xung ddt anh hudng nghiCm trong din vAn dl
miu thudn giQu vo vd ehdng Uieo thdi gian. hoAc li nd cing lAm nghilm
trpng hon. hoic nd nhc hon nhilu. Cic yeu td nhu lua tudi. thu nhAp
chiing tdc dupe xem nhu nhQng biln can thilp din biln "Uanh luAn nay
lua". Nghia li ban thin vAn dl gdc rl gdy mAu Uiudn khdng phai li ylu
. ., L^Sas^.2>;'•'
i*
NgMn cdu Gia dinh va &di. Quy^ 26, s6 6, tr. 29-40
id then chdt anh hudng lilu cue den quan hi vp chdng mi thuc chit li
each thuc hai bCn phan ung uong qud Uinh mAu thudn mdi eo idc ddng
Idn hon theo thdi gian.
Ngiiii ra. de ly giai edc you td ddn din mAu thudn \x} chdng cung nhu
kiOm chdng hC ihdng cic ly thuyl't nghiin cQu vO mdu thudn vp chdng.
nhilu nha nghiCn cdu da thill kl cdc nghiin cQu ddi chdng/ so sdnh.
Ni;hien cdu ciia Gottman (2003). so sdnh cdc cAp dang uuc trie vi khdng
true irAc dl tim ra cdch hp hanh \u nhu thl nio irong qui trinh giai quylt
miu thudn. Birchler. liary R; Webb. Linda J (1977) trong nghiin eihi
"PhAn biet cae hinh vi tuiing tic trong edc eudc hdn nhAn hanh phdc vu
khdng hanh phue" .Id lua chpn .SO cAp hanh phue vi .SO cAp khdng hanh
phiic .Ic kilm dinh cho cdc gia ihuyOi eiia minh. KOi qua chi ra ring nhQng
cap khdng hanh phue bicu Id il su gAn koi, ldi cudn v.ti ngudi kia trong ed
cic boat il.nig giai tri ci lua chpn din nhihig chia sc tinh due. Vd e;ie cAp
khdng hanh phiic Nv Id su hdng hut tmng v iOc gidi quyci vin ile bdi ehinh
nhung mdu thudn ehua dupe giai quvOi,
ThOm m. 'I phutmg phdp trong dang thilt kO diiu tra thuc nghilm vc chii
.1. miu thudn va chdng dd li irac nghipm tAm ly. Theo mdt sd cdch iiOp
cin cho ring mdu thudn vo ehdng bdt ngudn ti^ sir khde hioi vl tfnh each
giOa hai ngudi (Bono et all. 2(K)2), do .l.i, cac nghiCn cdu dp dung cdc trie
nghiCm lAm ly .10 xdc dinh cdc nhdm Ifnh edeh khic nhau vd xdc dinh
nguyCn nhin mdu thudn giQa vu vii ehdng Id do ylu id khde bill tfnh edeh
hay cue yCu td xa hdi khde. Oppenheimer (1988) eho rdng su thinh cdng
ciiu hdn nhdn phu thudc vio cdc ylu id: sir chpn lua v a qud trinh xi hdi
hoj Su lua chpn v
gii cao, ngudng md. Bd danh gid "5 mill tinh edeh ehii ylu" (Ihe hig five
personality iruiisi • dugc chip nhin vd sir dung phd biln nhdt trong md
hinh vc unh each eon ngu.n irong lain li^ hoc hin lAm. v..i 5 loai tinh edeh
CT bdn nhu sau: hu.mg ngoai (cxtraversion); lAm ly bii on incuroiicisini:
.11 chiu (agrccabkncssi; tin i.,m (conscientiousness) vi cdi md (opcncM
1.' cxpenencei. ShiOu khao sdt cho UiAy cd anh hirong cua tinh each cua
cu nhdn va cue ddi i.ie din nhQng mAu ihudn liln cd nhAn. dAc bill li giQa
han he. ban cung phdng hay cdc cAp v.r ehdng (Buss. 1991). Cde nghiin
euu khic CQng chi ra chinh su quy kit ea nhdn tao nCn miu thudn giua In.
< . r a / ^ , va cdng su 119%) cho ring li'nh each dl chiu , ugrccublcncss) cd
hen he chdidK dCn kiOu cd thl g.uf gin dupe cde quan hi x3 hdi mdt cich
hai h.x.. Oppenheimer (I9K8) lai nhdn manh. du mdi ci nhAn nghiOng
nhilu him vl mil tfnh cich nao. s.mg ludn xav ra kha nAng la cic cAp vp
Trin Thi VAn NiAAig
35
Chdng se day ddi hoAc khdng day ddi nhQng dAc dilm cdn tdn tai dl Uifch
"tig vdi eudc hdn nhin. Khi chi mdt ngudi ngudi Uiay ddi ed Uil se lac
ddng ldi Cin bing quyIn luc hoAc taoranhQng cAng ddng uong quan hi
vi do do gdp fMn tao ra su bit dn Uong hdn nhAn vi ngupc lai.
nghU^"
''*^'' '^"* ***" '*""'" "^ ''***''* '^"^ '•**^" '^'^ '*^'-
MAu Uiuin vpehdng dupe xem li mdt chii dl nghiin cdu khi nhay cam
mi khdng pha, ngudi tra ldi nio cung dl ding chia se vi khdng dl ding
dl thu IhAp dupe cdc thdng Un chi tilt vO mdc dd miu thudn vd cae anh
huong eua nd. Do vAy cdc nghiin cdu djnh tfnh vi dinh luong dlu da duoc
triln khai dl nhdn diln van dl. Cde nghiin euu djnh luong ed gdng dl do
ludng mue ,lo phd bien eua tinh Uang mAu thudn Uong cic cAp vo chdng
vaunh uang mdu thudn vp chdng trong cAc cAp da kit hdn nhim cung cip
Uflfig "n loan diCn eho vAn dl niy Tuy nhiln nghiCn euu djnh luong gdp
pha, ban chlboi su che gidu cua bdi canh, su phdc tap eua cic vin dl miu
Ihudn vi tinh tu nhien. phd biln cua mdu thudn Uong eudc sdng. Do vAy
si; ket hcTj vdi cdc nghiin euu djnh tfnh li cin ihici dl tim tdi. di sdu vio
edc ngdc ngdeh vi khdm phd nhQng trai nghiCm ciia cic ddi lac trong qua
Uinh nay s,nh vi gidi quylt. TTieo dd, cde bd cdng cu vdi cde dang cAu hdi
khde nhau cung dupe sir dung linh ddng dl tdi mi hda viCc thu ihAp cue
Ihdng tin mdt cdch chAn Uiirc nhit.
OO-i, th« dilm nay da cd rAt nhilu bd cdng cu danh gid vl mdu Uiudn
vp ehdng du^e xAy dung dl do ludng vl tinh Uang niv tu muc dd nho li
nhung bat ddng din mue dd eao hon li bao lue, Mdt sd bd cdng cu duoc
th.lt kl dl nhan diln cic ylu td nguy co cd kha nAng gAy ra mAu thudn
? ^ . ? ' ' . ^ . f "^ *"" ' • P '"""^ '^^ ^^° ^''^^ ''i^" c^^o "hai cua miu thudn
.lo li cdc hAnh vi bao lue giua vp vd ehdng (VD: Conflict Tactics ScaleCT) (.Straus. 1.17-): ddn theo Oiild Trends, 2003.). Mdt sd loai cdng cu
khac lai lAp tning vio khai thdc Uidng Un vl cde cich thuc giai quylt xung
ddt/ mdu thuin giua vp vi chdng (Olson Foumier & Druckman. 1985: ddn
heo Child rnrnds. 2(K)3,. Ddng luu y li md, sd bd cdng cu duoc Uiilt k l
theo cae g.a, doan cua qud uinh xung dpi, td khi xuit hiCn cae nguyCn
nhdn nay smh miu thuin. Do ludng vl su hai Idng ddi vdi ngudi ban ddi
nhQng mong mudn diiu ehinh. thay ddi ngudi ban ddi (,\reas of Change
Trends. 2003); 1 im hiCu cAn ke nhQng nguyOn nliAn. ylu id tic ddng din
imh trang mdu Jhudn. ,Q cic ylu id khich quan den chii quan
(Ccmsuuctiim ol Problems .Seale-CPS; HeadKrrington. 1998: din theo
3*
Nghiin aJu Gia dinh va Gidi. Q u y j n 26, so 6, tr. 29-40
ChiW Trends. 2003); E)o ludng su khic bill giQa vp \a chdng Uong cich
nhin mpi vile vi lim hilu xem ngudi tra ldi cam UiAy nhu thl nio v| su
khae wet niy (Beicr-Slemberg Discord QuesUonnaire-DQ) (Beicr &,
Sternberg. 1977: din Uieo Child Trends. 2003);
Cac bp cdng cu dupe thilt k l d l tim hilu true Ulp v l cic ITnh \m
Ihudng xay ra mAu thuin hdn rdiAn. mite dd mdu thudn trong cic linh vuc
,\o va ngudi tra Idi tir danh gia lua chpn vl nhQng loai mAu thuin xuit hiln
trong eudc sdng ciia hp theo thang do mdc dd cd sin (\'D: bd cdng eu
n.X.S, (Spanier. 1976: ddn theo Child Trends, 2003). Theo dd. cic chi bdo
vi edc linh VIK: miu thudn vi miic dd nghilm trpng cua mdu thudn dupe
sir dung kha da dang uong cdc nghiin curu qude t l . Thuc t l l i . viec phAn
chia linh vuc mang tfnh tuong ddi vd cd sir mdc ndi vdi nhau nCn khd tlm
hilu dugc Uiuc chAt su khic bill hay mdu Uiudn bit ngudn tir dAu. Mil
khac. viCe ddnh gid mdc dd nghilm irpng phu thudc vio cam nhAn chii
quan cua ngudi u i Idi nd khiln cho khdng lupng hda dupe chfnh xdc mifc
dd miu thudn vd khd khin Uong vieV- khdi qudt trin diln rdng. Trong mpt
sd trudng hc^. nCn duty Uil cie ihang do chung chung nhu: Thudng xuyCn.
Uiinh Uioang . khdng bao gid... bAng thang do v l mdc dd thudng xuyln
xay ra vi quy udc bAng sd Idn uong mdt thdi gian nhit djnh nio dd.
Ng.vii ra. viCc diiCi k i c i c cAu hdi tu thudt (self- report) cin cd mdt ide
ddng nghi diuAt giup luoracic mco d l kilm tra nhQng y kiln m i bl ngoii
l i khdng mudn hay khdng thich ira Idi. Khi dd. nhQng chi bdo chi tilt vi
nhQng thdng tin rdi gan gui v.iri diTJ sdng hing ngiy dupe dua ra d l ngudi
tra ldi dl ding chia sc mdt cdch khdeh quan vl nhQng mdu thudn eua hp.
H.-. cdng cu cua Cioiiman (1999) (ddn theo Child Trends. 2003) Id mdt vi
du nhu thl'. \'.ri nhung trie nghilm "diing/sai" d l cAp tdi nhQng tinh
hudng dng xu giua vp vi ehdng lehdng han: nhQng vin d l nhd bdng dung
iro ICn lo ChuyCn: chdng/vp tdi ludn dua ra hang loai nhQng nhu cdu vd Iv;
Idl khdng d l dang giu duiK binh Unh trong sudt eudc Uanh ludn; mdt
ngudi tnmg chung tdi ludn ndi nhQng diiu md sau dd phai hdi tile;...). (Jua
xUx. nguiri trd ldi khdng true tilp khdng djnh vp chdng ho cd mAu thudn hay
khdng nhung thdng tin thu duix: vdn phan dnh ddv du cic chi bio vl nhQng
mau Uiudn trong eudc sdng eiia ho. HoAe nhilu ngudi khdng mudn tra ldi
ring hp cd hanh v, bao luc vdi chdng/vp minh. nhung cic cdu hdi khdng
am ehi vnCc ICn an v a coi cic hdnh ddng dd IA rAt nghiCm uong. HoAc mdt
sd eau ho, du(K Uiioi kleoi nhu hanh ddng bao luc IA mdt su day dd Uieo
quan diCm iroyOn thdng. TTieo hudng niy. ngudi ua Iiri ft bi roi vio cam
giAc pham ldi vi dang bj tra hdi. Hop dudi diy dua ra mdt cdng eu duoc
xem lu cd ehion diuat .Ie khai khac thdng tin chi Uil v^ muc dd cua mau
Tran Thf Van JivMag
37
H p p 1 : B p ( » n g c y Dyadic AdJKistmefrt S c a l e ( D A S , Spainer,
1976: d i n t h e o Child Trends, 2 0 0 3 )
Ciu 1.-Hiu h « moi ngu« diu cinhOhg bit ddng trong mdi quan h i cua ho" Xin
vuttng dinh giA mdt cAch tuwig dSmiicdOhdahophaybAtdfingc^ artiwn va
voWiIng miih trong mfii vin d l duoc iet kC dua day theo cAc rnUc d6 nhu sau;
»=Lodnft«5o6*(«ng
1= Hiu hit li bdl ddng
2= Thui^ xuyin bS ddng
3= ThliO) thoang bH ding
4= Hiu hit li ddng thuin
5= Hoin loin ddng (hudn
1. (ac vin d l tdi chirti gia dinh
2. CAc vin d l vl gidi tri, nghf ngoi
3. VAn dl ton giAo
4. CAc bilu hien sd Ihich
5. Ban be
6. Quan he tinh due
7. CAc phong hic tap quAn (CAc hAnh vi (Mng hoic chuii muc)
8. Trill ly sdng
9. Cich ling xii va cha me hoic cha me ben va/ch(Sng
10. Mgc dfch, mgc tieu \« nhiJng iSlu fti li quan Irong
11. Khodng Ihdi gian ben nhau
12. Ra cic quylt Anh qua, trong
13. CAc nghia vu gia (Snh
14. Th« gian rAnh * cho cic hoat dOng va sd ttiich
15. Quylt ( M l nghi nghiCp
CAu 2: Cic anWch! vul I6ng tri W cic e*u hii sau t d dung thang dJfai du« d»y
0= Luin ludn
j= Gin nhirludn luin
2=Khithu&igxuyin
3= Thinh Iho&ig
4=mmkhi
5=Chu»6aog*>
16. Anh/chi c6 thu*,g thAohiAn hay can nhdctt viec lyhfln.ly than hay h » chi gap
mil Irong quan he aia anh ehi khong7
17. AnhASv hay vofchlng »*/chi c6 thudng xuyen ra Wiii nha sau khi cSi * a u khOng?
18. » * chuig, anh/chi c6 thuftig ngW ring moi chuyin giOa anh va chi daw (Sin ra tt
d?pttiflng?
19. Anh/chi oS Ihuflng giai biy tam sv vtf vpfching rrtnh?
20. AnWchi c6 Ihudng thudng cim tiiy hii Sic vi da kit hOn?
21 V9 cMng anh ehi c6 Ihudng xuyCn trar* cai k> Ming khdng?
22 AnhWi, va vqfching mmh c6 IhuOig lamngua kia cdmthSykh6 chiu, bocminh
khfing''
' ^
IS
:ACSQ,^SS3-'
Nghiin cdu Gia dinh va Gidi. Quy6i 26, so 6, tr. 29-40
thuin \ o chdng.
Nhu viy. cac ciu hdi ngoii viCc tim hiC'u vl mue dd thudng xuyln miu
Ihudn cdn Uiu dupe th<^g Un v^ mdc dd nghilm upng eua mAu thuin? TAc
gia dimg mdt Ioat 7 cAu hdi nhd d l do eu thl mdc dd mAu thudn, td vice
t'lm hita vi V nghi ly hdn da tilng Ide ICn trong diu. hay thudng xuyln cin
nhic viCc dd (cAu 16). din vile cin cd mdt khoang thdi gian yOn tinh dl
suy \ei lai mpi viec sau nhihig trAn cai va (edu 17). din vile Un tudng v4
hy vpng d l cQu van eudc hdn nhAn (cAu 18), din thii dd cd gAng chia se.
lAm su dl tlm lai su ddng diuAn giQa hai ngudi (cAu 19); rdi lilp dd cd ve
nhu la su thii vpng. cd ging Tun cAu ua Idi thuc su hdi Ulc hay khdng hdi
tile vi eudc hdn nhAn ndy (cAu 20) vi cudi cQng IA hdi tryc tilp vl mdc
dd iranh cai. to til'ng vi su khd ehju khdng thl c h ^ nhin dupe vdi ddi
phiKmg (cAu 20, 21). NhQng cAu hdi irCn dupe tdi tao lai mdt cich cdn than
Id nhQng Uidng lin ma ngudi u vin sir dung Uong eudc sl«ig hing ngiy vi
hon nua dd Id "khi lu chua bill vO ngudi mi chiing la dang diiu Ua, khao
S.1I. bing nhilu cich. ta phai diiCi kO eupe diiu Ua ciia minh nhu thl chiing
la .Id bill vl hp" lliiker. 1998: 282). CAc cdu hdi ciia Spainier dupe Uiill
kinhu mdi su ddng cam vxii diln biln tAm trang ciia ngudi Ua ldi. nhu mdt
eudc Ud ehuyCn giQa nhQng ngudi ban UiAn thilt. hilu rd qui Uinh mi
ngu.n u i Idi uii qua Uong mdi quan h? eua minh. BCn canh dd. m^nh dl
khdng dinh d diu cdu hdi (1) vdi chiln lupe tAm If dim ddng gidp ngudi
tri Mri Ihoai mai khi chia se vO vAn dl eua minh.
3.KAhiin
Nhu v.iy ei> dil IhAy cich Uide hiCu qua dupe su dung Uong nhilu
nehiln euu qude t l vi mdu Uiudn vp chdng li cich tilp cin xem xei miu
thuin U m.i qui innh vi khic bi?t theo tOng giai doan dudng ddi, do dd
cic ihieM kC nghien cuu vl ehii dl niy rAt da dang vi chii ylu dupe xiy
dung dico phuimg phdp diiu ua Ijch dai, ddi chQng vi so sinh. Thim chf
cie nghiCn cdu chi diing phuong phip quan sdi cung duoe Uiilt k l theo
hu.mg heh da., ed quan sai so sinh theo tdng giai doan cua hdn nhin.
Ngoii ra, khung phin tfch mau Uiudn vp chdng Uiudng dAt uong mdi
luong quan g,Qa ci ngudi vp vi ngudi chdng vdi vAn d l miu thuin vi dilm
manh cua cic nghiin cuu qude 11 ehi'nh li khdeh thl nghiin euu thudng li
ea ngud, \-g/
lip. i ^ d i l m hd gia dinh vi cic ylu td uio nin su khic b.oi ed nhdn nhu
unh cich. so Uifch .1.1 dupe tfnh din trong qui uinh Uiilt k l nghiin cdu dl
phan inh ro hon vo su khic biCl thuc tl g,ua vo vi chdng
T r a n T h i V&n NiMBg
39
Chung t.), cho rdng. cde b i l n so v l hirdi vi gidi quyci xung dOl cung
edn duijc xem xci uong cac UiiCi ke nghiCn cdu. Ngoai viec k i l m dinh ly
I h u y l i . vice XAy dung eae b i l n sd v l hanh vi giai quyet xung ddt se giup
tim ra cAu u i ldi v 0 each thuc v i su khac b i l l giQa cac nhdm xa hdi d l viCc
giai quyCi xung ddt khdng d i l n ra bdng bao luc. T i c gia bai viei hy vpng.
nhQng gpi m d tren se l i gpi ^ eho e i e nghiCn cdu can UiiCp \ ^ mAu Uiuin
vp chdng d Viet N a m . B
Chii thich
'" The Big-Five Factor Markers from die Internalional nrnonaliiy hem Pbd.
developed by Goldberg (1992)
'" ("ic vi du v l bo cOng cu nhAn dang miu diuin vo chdng duoc diam khao
trong lai lifu: Conceptualizing and Measuring "Hcalihy Marriages" For
Impirical Research and Evaluation Sludies: A Compendium of Measures- Pan 2.
Kri
T i i liCu Irfch d i n
Baker I I 1998. Thifc hdnh nghien cuu «J h,;. NXB Chinh iri Qude gia. Ila No,
Birchler. Gary R.; Webb. Linda J. 1977. Discriminating inlci^tion behaviors in
happy and unhappy marriages. Journal of CmsiJung and Chnical
Psychology. Vol 4,S|:t), Jun 1977. 494-495.
Bono et all. 2002. The role of persionalily in task and relationship conOic,.
Journal
of
Persionalily.
Wiley
onlie
library
hnp://vwirw.iimolhyjudge.com/Bono'% 20el'J 2081.""; 20J.%20Pt nionalily.pdf
Buss D M . 1991, ConOict in Married COuples: Penonalily Predictors of Anger
and Upsci, Journal ,f Persionalily. Vol 59 (4), Dec 1991. 663-688.
Frank D. lincham 200.1, Marital Conflict: Conelates. Structure, and (umurvi
JoiiimJ
hlip
,f Current Direiiioiix
in Psychological Scicm,
Truv c4p lai:
'»»wpsychologicalscicnce.org/joumals/cd/12_l/Fincham.cfm
Cjot,man. J. M. 199.1. The roles of conflict engagement, escalalion. or avoidance
in manlal uileruclion: A longitudinal view of five lypcs of couples. Journal
of Consulting anj Clinical Psychology. 6 1 . 6-15
Gottman. J. M. 2003. Manlal ConOicl: Correlates. Sirucniic. and (umlext.
Current Directions in Psvcholopcal Science. Vol I2( I ) . Feb 2003, 23-27
C.tj/iano. WilJiun G,: Jensen CampbeU. U u r i A.; Hair. Hizabeth C. 1996.
Pirnrcning inlcipcnional conflicl and reacting lo ii The case for agrecaUencss Journal,/ Personalax anJ Social Psychology. Vol "0(4|. Apr 1996.
40
Nghiin ciiU Gia dinh vi Gidi. Quy^n 26, *6 6, tr. 2»40
820-835.
Grych. J.H & FiiKham. F.D. (Eds). 2001. Interparenlal conflicl and childdexelopmeiu: Theory, research and applications. New ^brk: Cambirdte
University Press.
Margaret R. Eilman UKI Lucia .-\. Gilber,. Coping Strategies for Role Conflict in
Married Professional Women widi Children. Family Relalions. Vol. .13. No.
2 (Apr.. 1984). pp. 317 327. Published by: Article SuWe: URL:.
Oppenheimer \'K. 1988. A theory if marriage liming: Assortalive mating under
varying degrees of uncertainly. American Journal of Sociology.
94(3) 563-591. doi: 10.1086/229030
Raush. H.L. Barry. W.A,. Heitcl. R.K.. & Swain. M.A. (1974), Communication.
cfHiflicl. and marriage. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
Troupe. Faidi ^• 2008. Mariud Conflicl: A Ixjngitudinal Study Electronic Theses.
Treatises anJ Dissertations. Paper 1511. http://digirK)le.lib.fsu.edu/etd/15ll
\ u Manh Loi va Nguyin liOu Minh. 1996. Vii nit vl nghiCn cdu Ijch dai Uong
xi hdi hoc ihmr nghiCm. Tpp chi Xd hdi hi>c. sd 4.
VO Manh Lpi. 2016, B
Child Trends. 2003. Concepnializing and measuring "Healthy Man-iages" for
empiiicjl research and evaluaUon studies: A compendium of measures Pan
II. Washington. DC: Child Trends, Inc.
(hnp://www.chiId,rends.org/wpconicnt/uploads/20l3/09/Healthy-Marriages-
Pan-Ilpdn.
