Đề tài: Nguồn gốc sự sống trên Trái Đất ppt




 Bài báo cáo môn:
Sinh học đại cương
Đề tài:
Nguồn gốc sự sống trên Trái Đất
 !"#$%&'(&')#*&
)+!,- -
!
./01-,,233,453
06.0)-,,233,-2,
06-,,233,7,-
06801-,,233,595
TP.HCM, 06/2012

:;
3 ./01
-,,233,453,
'<&"=>=>?&"@'AB='#$C= DE# =FG& HIJK
JL&"@&"#M&"LBBNOBPBB'Q='<#BRBRST&U
- 06.0)
-,,233,-2,
"#M&"LBBNOBPBB'Q='<#BRBRST&@=(FVFW#
=FC&"O&'
5 06
-,,233,7,-
FOFDXY&=FC&'ZO=FI&JF&''AB@=(FVFW#=FC&"
O&'
4 06801
-,,233,595

FOFDXY&=FC&'ZO=FI&JF&''AB@"FOFDXY&=FC&
'ZOJF&''AB
MỤC LỤC
I. Những tư tưởng, học thuyết đầu tiên về sự
sống……………………………………4
II. Nguồn gốc của các chất hữu cơ cơ bản
…………………………………………… 7
1. Giả thuyết: Sự sống đến từ vũ
trụ…………………………………………….7
2. Giả thuyết: các chất hữu cơ phức tạp được sinh ra từ những hợp chất
cơ bản có
sẵn………………………………………………………………………… 8
a. Giai đoạn Tiến hóa hóa học-Giả thuyết về quá trình hình thành các
chất hữu cơ đơn giản từ các chất vô cơ
…………………………………………………… 9
b. Thí nghiệm Urey-
Miller……………………………………………………….9
III. Giai đoạn tiến hóa tiền sinh học
……………………………………………… …13
1. Sự tạo thành giọt coaserva
………………………………………………… 13
2. Sự hình thành lớp màng………………………………………………
… 14
3. Sự xuất hiện của enzyme
…………………………………………………….14
4. Hình thành cơ chế di truyền
……………………………………………… 14
a. Giả thuyết cho rằng DNA xuất hiện
trước…………………………………15
b. Giả thuyết RNA là nguyên liệu di truyền đầu

tiên…………………………15
IV. Giai đoạn tiến hóa sinh học
……………………………………………………….21
V. Tài liệu tiếng anh: Origins of Life on
Earth……………………………………….23
Tài liệu tham khảo………………………………………
…………………….34
LỜI MỞ ĐẦU:"(&'['XO'ABJF&'H\='FW&DYFDO&"D>R&"DE#H]F
^_=B*#'`F!JKJL&"Sa=&"#M&=bD*#c"'FG&Bd#HInguồn gốc sự sốngV(^_=
=eX&"&'<&"Vf&'HKBD>gBSFC=DC&eQ='Y&B'C@^hBij'E#'C=&'<&"'Fk#SFC=BNO
BX&&">lFHIS_^m&JF&''ABH(='C"F]F=K&'FG&V(iKO=eG&DFI#DZU\$JKJL&"
Sa=&"#M&=bD*#c
hBijBm&"HFWB&"'FG&Bd#HIVf&'HKB&($eQ=B'\^&'>&"&ZV#m&V#m&
='#'n=JKB'noBNO&'FI#&">lFS?FHpD*$V(^_=B*#'`FeQ=V]&H(eQ=['ZU_=JL
&'<&"JK[FW&DqB'XB'n&"=OSFC=^_=r'E&DFI#[FW&=YX&G&JKJL&"@&'>&"BR
B'CSG&=eX&"=YX&G&JKJL&"Hs&V(^_=DFI#Stu&U
O&"DE#='C[vwwBPB&'(['XO'ABDqB'd&"^F&'ex&"=eX&"DFI#[FW&
'FW&&O$BR='kJL&"B'vD>gBJF&'eO=bBR='kJL&"BZJy&B'd['m&"='kD>gBJF&'
eO=bBPBB'Q=HmBR@&'>&"=eX&"z#P=ep&'{#Q='FW&H(=FC&'ZOBNOePFQ=BPB'
B'n&"=O['XT&"4@7=v&|^B'>O'IBZJKJL&"U'C='pJKJL&"D>gBJF&'eO=b
D*#c"($&O$['XO'ABDqBZB*#=eTVlFB'XHQ&DI&"#M&"LBJKJL&"UKJL&"
B'v{#Q='FW&BPB'D*$4=v&|^Sx&"BX&D>l&"HmBRi>]F=PBD_&"BNOBPB&'*&
=L=K&'FG&z#O5"FOFDXY&!=FC&'ZO'ZO'AB}=FC&'ZO=FI&JF&''AB}=FC&'ZOJF&'
'ABU
I. Những tư tưởng, học thuyết đầu tiên về sự sống
(X='C[v='d4=e>]Bm&"&"#$G&@eFJ=X=V~Dq=ep&'S($iKO=eG&&'<&"
DFI#^(BX&&">lF='lFDZSFC=D>gB@t=&'Q=V(?'*#;#@ex&"&'<&"H\=='kJL&"
r'P=JF&'=b&'<&"H\=='k['m&"JL&"Uti•&'>SAB'€=H(B'#_=r'P=JF&'=b
&'<&"DL&"ePBB•'O$S_=^p@&'<&"BX&"F‚FH(e#MF=eX&"='ƒ=='LFU
&"DFDC&[C=V#\&!#_BJL&"@&ZF&"a&"A&'R&@V(Sa=&"#M&=bJKr'P=

=eFk&=K&'FG&U
C&&|^397-@)X#FJOJ=~#eDq=FC&'(&'='t&"'FW^B'd&"^F&'B'aBB'a&
ex&"JKJL&"['m&"=K&"s#JF&'U
&"ij&"'OFSp&'BE#B'dO^mF=e>l&"iF&'i>„&"@^_=BPFB…'?@^_=BPF
B…BX&"†&'>'p&'H‡^m=TˆUOFSp&'D>gBD#&JmFV*#DkiFW=HF['#u&UO#^_=
='lF"FO&@^E^HF['#u&eRFH(XSp&''?V(^SFC&D…F^mF=e>l&"@B‚&?Sp&'B…
BX&"@HF['#u&['m&"H(XD>gB&G&['m&"BZJKJL&"@^mF=e>l&"['m&"D…FU
p&'^m=T='t&"'FW^BNO)X#FJOJ=~e
'>H\$@JKJL&"B'vr'P=JF&'=bBPB=CS(XBZJy&†=eX&"=e>l&"'gr&($V(
=b['m&"['teRFH(XSp&'ˆU
OJ=~#eDqB'd&"^F&'ex&"&'<&"JF&'H\=S\BBOX['m&"='kr'P=JF&'^_=
BPB'=K&'FG&U
)X#FJOJ=~#eDO&"V(^HFWB=eX&"r'‚&"='t&"'FW^BNOm&"†eO&'iX
VS~e=‰i~VŠ~Vi=H‡&|^3992ˆ
eX&"['FDZ@r'tOSG&[FO~XSFk&|&"JR@H(X&|^392‹@&'(['XO'AB
'OeV~J OeŒF&DqBm&"SLB#L&JPB'!•I&"#M&"LBBNO^#m&VX(FŽ@=eX&"DZm&"
&'Q&^Y&'o=>?&"ex&"BPBiY&"BNOJKJL&"BZ='O$D…F@=FC&'ZO='(&'&'<&"
VX(F^]Fz#O&'FI#[•&"#$G&U
)o='#$C=HI=FC&'ZOBNO'OeV~J OeŒF&DqD>OeO^_=BRB'CDk"FTF='tB'
DFI#&($!JF&'H\=r'TF^Q='(&"&"(&&|^Dk=FC&'ZO=b&'<&"iY&"BRST&@
&'>&"&ZJ‡['m&"^O&"&'<&"DhBDFk^&'>VnB=e>]B&<O@&'>&"&'<&"JF&'H\=
BRST&Q$J‡=bD*#eOc
Kr'P=JF&'H(r'P==eFk&BNOJKJL&"=eG&ePFQ=D>gBB'FO='(&'SO"FOF
DXY&!=FC&'ZO'ZO'AB@=FC&'ZO=FI&JF&''ABH(=FC&'ZOJF&''ABUeX&"BPB"FOF
DXY&=FC&'ZO@BPBB'Q='<#BRDE#=FG&D>gB'p&'='(&'=bBPBB'Q=HmBRH]FDFI#
[FW&&"#$G&='N$BNOePFQ=U
PBB'Q='<#BRDR&"FT&&($VYFD>gB=ej&"r'*&=YX&G&BPBDYFr'*&=•@=b
BPBDYFr'*&=•'<#BR&($'p&'='(&'BPB=CS(XJR['OFH(=YX&G&BPB=CS(XJL&"
DE#=FG&@=bBPB=CS(XJL&"&($'p&'='(&'&G&&'<&"JF&'H\=BRST&U"($&O$@
'AB='#$C==CS(X'FW&DYF['‘&"Dƒ&'ex&"=Q=BTBPBJF&'H\=DI#D>gBBQ#=YX&G&

=b=CS(X@&'<&"=CS(X^]FD>gB=YX&G&=bJKr'*&B'FOBNO&'<&"=CS(X=e>]B
&ZU
"#M&"LB=CS(XB•&"B't&'V(&"#M&"LBJKJL&"H(V(&'<&"S>]Bz#O&
=eA&"&'Q==eX&"z#P=ep&'=FC&'ZOJKJL&"UK{#Q='FW&=CS(XB't&'V(S>]BDP&'
iQ#B'#$k&SFC&=b='C"F]F'ZO'ABHmJF&'DkSa=DE#JKJL&"JF&'H\=U"'FG&Bd#
J*#HIJKeODlFBNO=CS(XJ‡r'E&&(XDZ"Fnr=O=p^eOD>gBB_F&"#M&BNOJK
JL&"U
'<&"='t&"'FW^BNOOJ=~#eH('AB='#$C=BNO OeŒF&Dqis&=]F&'<&"
[C=V#\&DLF&">gB&'O#HI&"#M&"LBJKJL&"=eG&ePFQ=UOJ=~#e=#$G&SLex&"
BPBBm&"=ep&'BNOm&"B#LFBj&"B•&"BN&"BL&FI^=F&'nOJP&"=YXeOJKJL&"U
•&"S?FHpJKJL&"['m&"='kSa=&"#M&=b&'<&"H\=='kr'FJKJL&"@JF&'H\=DE#
=FG&=eG&ePFQ=B•&"['m&"='k=K^p&'BZD>gB&C#['m&"BZJKJP&"=YXBNO
^_=DQ&"JFG#&'FG&U'C&'>&"'AB='#$C==FC&'ZOBNO OeŒF&VYFB'Xex&"JK
JL&"DE#=FG&=eG&ePFQ=BZ='kSa=&"#M&=b&'<&"H\=B'Q==K&'FG&U
II. Nguồn gốc của các chất hữu cơ cơ bản
1. Giả thuyết: Sự sống đến từ vũ trụ.
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2. Giả thuyết: các chất hữu cơ phức tạp được sinh ra từ những hợp chất cơ bản
có sẵn
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a. Giai đoạn Tiến hóa hóa học-Giả thuyết về quá trình hình thành các chất hữu
cơ đơn giản từ các chất vô cơ
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b. Thí nghiệm Urey-Miller
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III. Giai đoạn tiến hóa tiền sinh học
1. Sự tạo thành giọt coaserva
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'~XrOeF&@B'A&VAB=K&'FG&J‡"F<VYFH('X(&='FW&BPB"FA==L='R&Dk
=YX&G&=CS(XU
bBPBB'Q='<#BRBOXr'*&=•BZ'FW&=>g&"Dm&"=•='(&'"FA=[~X"AFV(
"FA=BXOJ~eHO@D*$V(iQ#'FW#JR['OFBNOJKJL&"†=eOXD…FB'Q=@V]&VG&@r'*&
B'FOˆU
2. Sự hình thành lớp màng
K'p&'='(&'V]r^(&"&'x^r'*&BPB'BXOJ~eHOH]F^mF=e>l&"U'm&"
z#O^(&"@BXOJ~eHOJ‡='KB'FW&JK=eOXD…FB'Q=H]F^mF=e>l&"UV]r^(&"&($"M^
&'<&"r'*&=•reX=~F&H(VFrFiJar{Cr='~X^_==e\==K{PBDƒ&'U
PBDYFr'*&=•VFrFi@reX=F=@O{F=&#BV~FB’{#Q='FW&=eX&"&>]BH(=\r=e#&"
Bj&"&'O#is&=]FHFWBBPBr'*&=•VFrFiBZ=t&'[¢&>]BJ‡V\r=dB'p&'='(&'&G&
V]r^(&"SOXSABVQ$=\r'grBPBDYFr'*&=•'<#BR=YX&G&BPB"FA=&'`VF=F['PB
&'O#UPB"FA=&($B'ƒ#JK=PBD_&"BNOB'A&VAB=K&'FG&J‡iE&=FC&'ZOH(=YX&G&
BPB=CS(XJR['OFU
3. Sự xuất hiện của enzyme
PB~&•$^~DZ&"HOF=e‚{nB=PB@V(^B'Xz#P=ep&'=…&"'grH(r'*&"FTFBPB
B'Q='<#BR{T$eO&'O&''R&UFI&='*&BNOBPB~&•$^~DZBZ='kV(&'<&"B'Q=
'<#BRr'*& =•V>g&"='Qr[C='grH]FBPBFX&[F^VXYFH(VFG&[C=H]FBPB
rXV$r~r=Fi~U
4. Hình thành cơ chế di truyền
'~XB'A&VAB=K&'FG&@^mF=e>l&"J‡B'A&VAB&'<&"=CS(X='tB'&"'FH(
D(X='TF&'<&"=CS(X['m&"='tB'&"'FUPBDhB=t&'BNO=CS(X['m&"='ki#$=epH(
=FC&'ZOz#O=b&"='C'W&C#&'>['m&"BZBRB'CiF=e#$I&UeX&"=CS(X@='m&"=F&
iF=e#$I&D>gB^q'ZO=eX&"O{F=&#BV~F=† H(ˆ@&'>&" {#Q='FW&
=e>]B'O$&">gBVYFcZHs&B‚&V(DFI#Stu&U
a. Giả thuyết cho rằng DNA xuất hiện trưởc
|^3‹-‹@U#VV~e^_=&'(iF=e#$I&'AB&…F=FC&"&G#"FT='#$C=B'Xex&"
JKJL&"Sa=DE#=b^_='XhBH(F"~&=YX='(&'['m&"iXBPBJF&'H\=UeX&"^_=
='lF"FO&i(F@"FT='#$C=&($['m&"D>gBB'noU
'>&"JO#DZDq{#Q='FW&^_=H(FSx&"B'd&"B'X='Q$"FT='#$C=&($&"($

B(&"BZVt!
 'd&'Q=!BQ#=enBr'*&=•H(JK=PFJF&'BNOHFe#JU'n&"=OSFC=ex&"JO#
['FHFe#J{*^&'\rH(XHF['#u&B'vBZ 'XhBD>gBSR^H(XH(
=K&ZJOXB'€reMF=YXeOBPB'Y=HFe#J^]FU
 'd'OF!=eX&"z#P=ep&'=…&"'grreX=~F&@&"X(F H(^='m&"=F&@
B‚&BZJK='O^"FOBNO=H\&B'#$k&H(eBNOeFSXJX^~UFI#&($
B'X='Q$&#BV~FBOBFiBZ=e>]BU
 'dSO!&'FI#&#BV~X=Fi~"F<HOF=e‚z#O&=eA&"H(DOiY&"?=Q=BTBPBJF&'
H\=
b. Giả thuyết RNA là nguyên liệu di truyền đầu tiên
_=JLo[FC&B'Xex&"B't&'^]FV(&"#$G&VFW#iF=e#$I&DE#=FG&@H(
DkB'd&"^F&'B'XDFI#&($@BPB&'(['XO'ABDq&G#eO^_=H(FSx&"B'd&"&'>!
 SI&'R&U
 BZ['T&|&"&'*&DmF=b^YB'['#m&^s#&'O&''R&H(t=JOFJZ='R&
BPB=ep&'=K['PBU
 i%=…&"'gr'R& U
 KJOFJZ==eX&"z#P=ep&'=PFST&Bj&"H]F=PBD_&"B'A&VAB=K&'FG&Dq=YX
eOJKDOiY&"BNOU
 V(B'Q==K{nB=PB†H]Fe@=H(^ˆU
\$ BZ=e>]B'O$BZ=e>]BcZHs&V(HQ&DI&"'FG&Bd#BNOBPB
&'(['XO'ABH('FHA&"ex&"'AJ‡B'X=OB*#=eTVlFJ]^&'Q=U
Cấu trúc của DNA và bảng chữ vần để lập mã thông tin
PBr'*&=•iF=e#$I&&'> H(V(BPBDOr'*&=•†rXV$^~e}iq$BNO&'FI#
r'*&=•&'`'R&ˆD>gBBQ#=YXSx&"&'<&"SVXB='(&'r'E&"AFV(&#BV~X=Fi~U‚&
BPB&#BV~XSOJ~BZ='(&'r'E&['PB&'O#!D>l&"@r'XJr'O=H(^_=&#BV~XSOJ~UPB
&#BV~XSOJ~BZSL&VXYFH(=YX='(&'HE&B'<BPF†OVr'OS~=ˆ&#BV~XSOJ~BZ='kV(
†r'*&=•Oi~&F&~ˆ@†r'*&=•"#O&F&~ˆ@†r'*&=• B$=XJF&~ˆH(†r'*&=•
='$^F&~ˆ@  =eX&"    B'<  BPF    D>gB  ='O$  Sx&"    †r'*&  =•  #eOBF&~ˆU  PB
&#BV~XSOJ~V(BPB'grB'Q="F(#&F=eX"~&^(VFG&[C=H]F&'O#='~X^_=z#$V#\=DR&
"FT&!VFG&[C=H]F†'XhBˆ@H]FU—FBhrBRJ?†Bhr"LBˆV(^='(&'^_=

&QB='O&"BNO'OFJgF{Xa& U(JK[C=BhrDhB='jeFG&"SFW=V(z#O&=eA&"Dk
JOXB'€r=e#&"='(&'='m&"=F&UPBr'*&=•r'XJr'O=~H(D>l&"V(^='(&'{>R&"
JL&"BNO^—FJgF 'XhB
Các nucleobase
PB&#BV~XSOJ~BZ='k[C='gr^_=BPB'=Kr'P=JO#^_=JLS>]B=bB$O&Fi~@
OB~=$V~&~H(&'<&"r'*&=•DR&"FT&BZ^h==eX&"JLBPB'ZOB'Q=&"#$G&='N$U
Đường Ribose
>l&"B•&"BZ='k[C='gr=b&'<&"'ZOB'Q=DR&"FT&SO&DE#Uq3,,&|^&">lF
=ODqSFC=BPBVXYFr'*&=•D>l&"BZ='k'p&'='(&'Sx&"BPB'V(^&Z&"i#&"iƒB'
[FI^BNOŠXe^OVi~'$i~@BPBVXYF'ZOB'Q=&($B•&"=M&=YF['FePFDQ=B‚&?='lF[œ
&"#$G&JRUX&"HQ&DIV(?B'—V(^='C&(XBZD>gBDn&"VXYFD>l&"}B•='kV(
eFSXJ~@=eX&"=e>l&"'gr”DkV(^eOD>gB&#BV~X=Fi~UFSXJ~@Bj&"H]F5VXYF
D>l&"VFG&z#O&BZ='k'p&'='(&'=br'T&d&"BNO'OFVXYFD>l&"DR&"FT&'R&
B'dO-H(5&"#$G&=•BOBSX&='~X='d=KU'T&|&"'p&'='(&'BNOeFSXJ~='~X
BPB'[k=eG&['m&""FTFz#$C=HQ&DIHpJOXeFSXJ~VYFBZ&'FI#=eG&ePFDQ=VnB
&"#$G&JR@eFSXJ~['m&"SI&H(i%i(&"r'*&eq=eX&"i#&"iƒB'[FI^&'“UeX&"
z#P['dDFI#z#O&JP=&($is&&'FI#&'(&"'FG&Bd#DC&[C=V#\&ex&"BPBr'*&=•
iF=e#$I&&"#$G&='N$['m&"B'dOeFSXJ~U
Phosphorus
'E&r'XJr'O=~BNOBPB&#BV~X=Fi~V(r'E&"*$eO^_=Stu&U'XJr'Xe#J}&"#$G&=L
=e#&"=*^BNO&'Z^r'XJr'O=~}V(&"#$G&=L=e#&"=*^BNO&'Z^r'XJr'O=~}V(
&"#$G&=LBZ&'FI#=eX&"H`ePFDQ=JX&"['m&"'‚O=O&=eX&"&>]BV(^mF=e>l&"
^(&">lF=O"FTDƒ&'?DQ$Dqr'P=JF&'JKJL&"U XDZ['Z'Fk#D>gBHpJOX
r'XJr'O=~VYFBZ^h=D>gB=eX&"B'Q=VFW#=FI&JF&''AB†re~SFX=FB^F{ˆU'FW=D_BOX
=bBPB"FC&"&nFV•O†HXVBO&FBH~&=ˆBZ='kSFC&BPB['XP&"JT&B'dOr'XJr'O=~
='(&'iY&"r'XJr'O=~'‚O=O&D>gB=eX&"&>]BJX&"='~X>]BDXP&BNOBPB&'(
['XO'AB='pV>g&"&($['m&"&'FI#U_=&"#M&"LB['PBBNOBPB'grB'Q=
r'XJr'Xe#J&($V(JB'e~FS~eJF=~@^_=['XP&"B'Q==p^='Q$=eX&"^_=JL='FG&='YB'U
|^-,,2O='~ŒOJ~[H( O&=~)O#e~==O†YF'ABeF•X&OˆDq=p^='Q$
JK|&^‚&JB'e~S~eJ=~=eX&"&>]BBZ='k"FTF='XP=='(&'r'E&r'XJr'Oe#JU

'>='CB'n&"=ODqBZt=&'Q=^_=SdB=eO&'r'PB'AOBPB['T&|&"=YX
='(&'BPB&#BV~XSOJ~@D>l&"H(r'XJr'O=~@JX&"HQ&DIB't&'VYFV(BPB='(&'r'E&
DZDqVFG&[C=Dn&"Da&Sx&"BPB'&(XDkBZBPB&#BV~XSJ~=M&=YF=eX&"='KB=CU
't&'Bm&"DXY&&($^]FV(Bm&"DXY&B'dO&'FI#Stu&=eX&"'ZO'AB=FI&JF&'AB
†re~SFX=FBˆ^(&'FI#&'(&"'FG&Bd#Dqr'TFi($Bm&"V(^HFWB=eX&"&'FI#='\r[•
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Tiền tế bào và các túi

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