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C# 3.0:
The Complete Reference


About the Author
Herbert Schildt is a leading authority on C#, C++, C,
and Java. His programming books have sold more than
3.5 million copies worldwide and have been translated
into all major foreign languages. He is the author of
numerous bestsellers, including Java: The Complete
Reference, C++: The Complete Reference, C: The Complete
Reference, and C#: A Beginner’s Guide. Although interested
in all facets of computing, his primary focus is computer
languages, including compilers, interpreters, and robotic
control languages. He also has an active interest in the
standardization of languages. Schildt holds both graduate
and undergraduate degrees from the University of Illinois.
He can be reached at his consulting office at (217) 586-4683.
His web site is www.HerbSchildt.com.

About the Technical Editor
Michael Howard (Austin, Texas) is a principal security
program manager on the Trustworthy Computing
(TwC) Group’s Security Engineering team at Microsoft,
where he is responsible for managing secure design,
programming, and testing techniques across the
company. Howard is an architect of the Security
Development Lifecycle (SDL), a process for improving
the security of Microsoft’s software. Howard speaks
regularly on the topic of securing code for Microsoft

and at conferences worldwide. He regularly publishes
articles on security design and is the co-author of six
security books, including the award-winning Writing
Secure Code, 19 Deadly Sins of Software Security, The Security
Development Lifecycle, and his most recent release, Writing
Secure Code for Windows Vista.


C# 3.0:
The Complete Reference
Herbert Schildt

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Index
constrained, 504. See also
Constraint(s)
constructed. See Constructed type
data. See Data types
extensibility, 213, 240
identification, runtime, 459–463
inference, 416, 526, 527, 549–550

metadata, 457
nullable, 36, 518, 519
numeric, .NET structures for the
built-in, 397–397
open, 499
parameterized, 495
promotion, 59–60
reference. See Reference types
safety and generics, 495, 496,
498, 499–502, 506, 526, 529,
544, 641, 660, 750, 775, 800, 801
value. See Value types
Type argument(s), 498, 499
and constraints, 503–521. See also
Constraint(s)
and pointer types, 544
to call a generic method, using
explicit, 527
Type class, 462, 463, 465, 485
commonly used methods
defined by the, list of, 464
commonly used properties
defined by the, list of, 464
Type conversion, 42, 55–62
and casting, 55, 56–58, 60–62
implicit (automatic), 55–56, 59,
190–192
Type parameter(s), 497–498, 544
comparing instances of a,
534–537

and constraints, 503–504
creating a default value of a,
522–523
and generic class hierarchies,
537–540
and generic delegates, 527
and generic interfaces, 530,
533, 534
and generic methods, 524–526
overloading methods that use,
542–543
relationship between two,
establishing a, 520
TypeCode enumeration, 624, 626,
628, 632, 636, 640
typeof operator, 462–463,
467, 476

U
uint value type, 36, 37, 38, 396, 623
literal, 46
UInt16 .NET structure, 396, 397, 623
UInt32 .NET structure, 396, 397, 623
UInt64 .NET structure, 396, 397, 623
ulong value type, 36, 37, 396, 623
literal, 46
Unboxing, 307–309
unchecked keyword, 360–362
#undef directive, 451, 455
Unicode, 41, 363, 378

UTF–16 and UTF–32, 634–635
UnicodeCategory enumeration, 636
Uniform Resource Identifier
(URI), 823
constructing a, 833
dissecting a, 833–834
Uniform Resource Locator (URL), 823
UnionWith( ), 798
Unmanaged code, 9, 585, 586
UnmanagedMemoryStream class, 365
/unsafe compiler option, 586
unsafe keyword, using, 587–588
UploadData( ), 844, 845
UploadFile( ), 845
UploadString( ), 845
UploadValues( ), 845
Uri class, 823, 833–834
UriFormatException, 825, 830
UseDefaultCredentials property,
826, 843
ushort value type, 36, 37, 38, 396, 623
using directive
to bring a namespace into view,
20, 22–23, 441–443
to create an alias, 443–444
using statement, 374, 607–608

V
ValidOn property, 491
value

contextual keyword, 33
implicit parameter, 246, 248–249,
255, 425. 428
Value property, 599, 755, 778, 783,
788, 791, 809, 836–837
Value type(s), 35–36, 115
boxing and unboxing, 307–309
and call-by-reference, 176–181
constraints, 504, 517, 519
default value of, 127, 522
new and, 130–131
null and, 518

passed to methods, 174–175
structures as, 311, 326, 330, 331
structures corresponding to the
built-in numeric, .NET,
396–397, 623–641
table of, 36
Values property, 754, 762, 765, 777,
788, 790, 793
Values<TV> property, 777
var keyword, 51, 151, 153, 547, 548,
550, 571
Variable(s)
captured, 412–413, 416
const, 607
declaration, 23–24, 25, 28, 49, 53
definition of, 23
dynamic initialization of, 50–51

implicitly typed, 7, 25, 51–52,
547, 569, 571
initializing, 50–51, 53–54
instance. See Instance variables
local, 49, 52–53
member, 12
names, rules governing, 33–34
outer, 412–413, 416
pointer. See Pointer(s)
query, 547, 548
reference. See Reference
variable(s)
scope and lifetime of, 52–54
static, 205–206, 208–209
volatile, 607
Version class, 835
virtual keyword, 294, 297, 301
Virtual
methods, 291, 294–301, 305,
540–542
properties, 297
Visual C++ 2008 Express Edition, 15
Visual C# 2008 Express Edition, 14, 15
Visual Studio IDE (Integrated
Development Environment), 14,
15–19, 848, 851, 852, 867
void, 21, 116
methods, returning from, 119–120
volatile modifier, 607
vsvars32.bat file, 15

W
Wait( ), 723–727, 746
WaitForExit( ), 748
WaitForPendingFinalizers( ), 658
WaitHandle class, 730, 734
WaitOne( ), 730, 733, 734, 737, 739

885


886

C# 3.0: The Complete Reference
#warning directive, 451, 456
warning #pragma option, 457
Warth, Chris, 4
Web crawler
definition of, 839
example program, 839–842
WebClient class, 822, 823, 842–845
methods, table of synchronous,
844–845
properties, table of, 843
WebException, 830–831, 842
WebExceptionStatus
enumeration, 831
WebHeaderCollection collection, 834
WebRequest class, 823, 824–826, 829,
830, 842, 845

methods, table of synchronous
communication, 825
properties, table of, 825–826
WebResponse class, 823, 824, 826,
830, 831, 834, 842, 845
methods, table of commonly
used, 827
properties, table of, 827
where clause, 504, 505, 512, 517,
520, 521
in a LINQ query, 547–548,
551–552
Where( ) extension method, 574,
575–576

while loop, 85, 99–101, 105
Widening conversion, 55, 56
Width property, 855, 863
Window, form-based
changing default size of, 863
illustration of skeletal, 850
Windows, 6, 8, 9
API, 847–848, 851
controls, 849, 852, 855
form. See Form, Windows
program, compiling, 851
Windows application, form-based
adding button to, 852–853
adding menu to, 859–866
compiling, 851

message handling, 853–856
skeleton, 849–851
threading model, 851
using message box in, 856–858
Windows Forms .NET subsystem,
847, 848, 850
Windows programming
form-based, 847–866
history of, 847–848
and message-based
interaction, 849
using Visual Studio, 848
Write( ), 24–25, 364, 366, 371, 375, 384
WriteByte( ), 364, 375

WriteLine( ), 21, 24–25, 26, 41, 43, 48,
307, 351, 366, 371, 394, 395, 396, 640
formatted output version of,
43–46, 685
using a method within, 122
WriteTimeout property, 365

X
X property, 852
XML, 545, 546
XML comment, 867
tags, table of, 868
XML file containing, 869–870
XOR (exclusive OR) operator (^)
bitwise, 73, 77–78

logical, 67, 68
Xor( ), 772

Y
Y property, 852
yield
break statement, 815
contextual keyword, 33, 814
return statement, 814
statements, multiple, 815–816

Z
Zero field, 635