c for dummies 5th ed 2004 5177

C++
FOR

DUMmIES

‰

5TH

EDITION

by Stephen Randy Davis




C++
FOR

DUMmIES

‰

5TH

EDITION

by Stephen Randy Davis

C++ For Dummies®, 5th Edition
Published by
Wiley Publishing, Inc.
111 River Street
Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774
Copyright © 2004 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published simultaneously in Canada
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as
permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior
written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy
fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax
(978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department,
Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) 572-3447, fax (317) 572-4447,
e-mail:
Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the
Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies.com, and related trade
dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United
States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the
property of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor
mentioned in this book.
LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE NO REP­
RESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE
CONTENTS OF THIS WORK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT
LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. NO WARRANTY MAY BE CRE­
ATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES OR PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS. THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CON­
TAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY SITUATION. THIS WORK IS SOLD WITH THE
UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, OR

OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE IS REQUIRED, THE SERVICES OF A
COMPETENT PROFESSIONAL PERSON SHOULD BE SOUGHT. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR THE
AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES ARISING HEREFROM. THE FACT THAT AN ORGANIZATION
OR WEBSITE IS REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK AS A CITATION AND/OR A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF FUR­
THER INFORMATION DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE AUTHOR OR THE PUBLISHER ENDORSES THE INFOR­
MATION THE ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE MAY PROVIDE OR RECOMMENDATIONS IT MAY MAKE.
FURTHER, READERS SHOULD BE AWARE THAT INTERNET WEBSITES LISTED IN THIS WORK MAY HAVE
CHANGED OR DISAPPEARED BETWEEN WHEN THIS WORK WAS WRITTEN AND WHEN IT IS READ.
For general information on our other products and services or to obtain technical support, please contact
our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 800-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993, or fax
317-572-4002.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may
not be available in electronic books.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2004102365
ISBN: 0-7645-6852-3
Manufactured in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
5B/SW/QU/QU/IN


Index
starting Dev-C++, 17
statement, executing single.
See
single-stepping
statements, basing
programs on, 23–24
static objects
complex data member,
constructing, 228–232

constant data member,
constructing, 232–233
data, referencing, 253–255
functions, declaring,
255–258, 277

naming, 171

order of construction,

234–235
protecting, 204
reasons for using, 251–252
this keyword, 258
using, 252–253
static variable, 91, 233
STL (Standard Template
Library). See template
library
storing
Dev-C++, 14
logical values with simple
operators, 49–51
results of expressions, 26
stream I/O
endl, terminating with,
322
fstream subclasses,
315–320

manipulators, 325–328

mechanics, 313–315

reading directly from,

320–322
subclasses (strstream),
322–325
string
arrays, manipulating with
characters, 103–106
characters, arrays of,
101–103
container, template
library, 364–366

expanding pointer
variables to, 129–131
length of, 153
manipulation, justifying,
131
variable, described, 33, 34
variables, 106–108
students, sample programs
about
courses, associating,
170–177, 182
GPA, 186–192, 193
graduate school, 263–268,

292–298

ID number, maps and,

371–374

needs with protected

members, 202–208,

217–220

tuition calculation,
269–275
style, importance of clear
and consistent, 379
subclass
abstract classes, 287–289
constructing, 265–266
described, 159
destructing, 267
stream I/O (strstream),
322–325
using, 265
subscripts, 55
switch statement,
74–75, 135
syntax, defined, 10
system requirements backof-the-book CD, 393

•T•
tab character (‘t’), 35,
385–386
tail pointer, 196
“tell me your address”
pointer operator (&),
111–113
temperature conversion
sample program,
17–21, 26

template library
container classes objects
linked to, 200
described, 363
iterators, 368–370
list containers, 366–368
maps, 371–374
sort() method, 371
string container, 364–366
templates
BUDGET4, BC31–BC37
BUDGET5, BC37–BC44
classes, 355–361
function, generalizing
into, 353–355

limitations, 361

maximum() functions,

variants of, 351–353

sample, 22

temporary object
avoiding, 249–250
described, 248–249
referential argument,
referring to, 250
terminator
character string to,
returning (getline()),
320–321
endl, 322
newline character (‘n’),
322
null terminated array, 129
string, 103
test program, running
debugger, 148–149
text editor, entering
instructions with, 17–18
text, string displaying,
364–366
this keyword, 258
throw keyword, 335–337
true/false. See boolean
variable (bool)
truncation problem

integers (int variable),
29–30
solving, 30–31
try block, 332–335
typing errors, 20

417


418

C++ For Dummies, 5th Edition

•U•
unary mathematical
operators, 43–44
unary operator (+), 40
Unix, origins of, 10
unwinding the stack, 332
user-defined objects
operators, 306, 307
prompting for, 199
references, passing,
191–192

• V •

value
container for, 24
passing pointers to

functions by, 117–118
variable. See also array;
pointer
functions returning, 84
mixing in functions, 89
scope, limiting, 120–121
storage types,
functions, 91
variable declaring. See
declaring variables
variable size, 109–110
vector, 355
virtual inheritance, 346–348
virtual member functions
described, 269–272
exception to identical
declaration rule, 276

limitations, 277–278
polymorphism, 272–276
visibility, limiting access to
class internals, 379–381
Visual C++.NET (Microsoft)
coexisting on same

machine as

Dev-C++, 13

debugger commands,

listed, 148

described, 11, BC45

Dev-C++ programs,

compatibility with, 12
managed mode, 119, 123
new program project,
creating, BC49–BC50

program, adding to

project, BC47–BC49

project, building,
BC45–BC47
void return type of
function, 84

• W •

warnings. See error
messages
while condition is true
(while loop), 64–65
whitespace, 24
whole numbers. See
integers (int variable)
width parameter stream

manipulator, 327
Windows 98 For Dummies
(Rathbone), 393

Windows 2000 Professional
For Dummies
(Rathbone), 393
Windows (Microsoft)
CD, back-of-the-book,
394–395
Dev-C++ development
and, 12, 21
program arguments,
accessing, 137–138
versions other than 9x
and ME (Win32), BC46
WRITE debugging
technique
average, ridiculous value
for, 143–146
divide by zero problem,
142–143
limitations, 146–147
writing
declarations, 24–25
functions, 79–83
program, 11–12

• X •

XOR bitwise operator (^),
56, 58

• Z •

zero
division error, 142–143
as non-pointer, 196
string terminated by, 103