LUẬN văn THẠC sĩ evaluating greenhouse gas emission reduction from piggery waste, agricultural by products and domestic solid waste treatment at pilot scale in rural area of northern vietnam

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI
VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY

PHAM VIET BIEN CUONG

EVALUATING GREENHOUSE GAS
EMISSION REDUCTION FROM PIGGERY
WASTE, AGRICULTURAL BY PRODUCTS
AND DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE
TREATMENT AT PILOT SCALE IN RURAL
AREA OF NORTHERN VIETNAM

MAJOR: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
(PILOT)

SUPERVISORS:
ASSOC. PROF. DO QUANG TRUNG
PROF. MASAKI TAKAOKA

Ha Noi, 2019

LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In order to implement this thesis, I have received a plenty of supports from
everybody. First of all, I would like to convey my gratefulness to my teachers at Japan
as well as Vietnam. Thank you so much, Professor Masaki TAKAOKA who is so
dedicated and enthusiastic, is my supervisor. He has helped me to orient my master
thesis detail and found more new points.
I would especially like to thank Assoc. Prof. Do Quang TRUNG as well as team

members in his project spending on more one year with me. My thanks and
appreciation also to managers of Kikugawa biogas power plant; Kikugawa research
center and Yagi biology center where I came and conducted data.
Thank Mr.TOI who is owner of piggery farm in Lam Dien commune and Mr.
MANH in Hai Dong commune also.
I have not been forgetting supports from Mrs. MISHINA in whole my internship
in Japan. Mr. Takashi SUZUE was head of VJU’s internship delegation at
SHIMADZU corporation. Professor Seiji HASHIMOTO; Keisuke SATO and other
teacher at Ritsumeikan University held several informative field tours in Japan for
conducting data.
Once again, I want to thank appreciate to JICA (Japan International Cooperation
Agency) for specially supporting VJU's student and me in these two years.
Sincerely!

PHAM VIET BIEN CUONG
MEE Master’s student
Vietnam Japan University

i

LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add


TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................... i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................ii
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ iv
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................ vi

INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................vii
CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................... 1
1.1

Greenhouse gas emission issues.............................................................................. 1

1.1.1

Greenhouse effect and Greenhouse gases ....................................................... 1

1.1.2

Greenhouse gases emission situation .............................................................. 3

1.1.3

Greenhouse gases emission data and estimation ............................................ 6

1.2

The issues in waste management of Vietnam ......................................................... 8

1.2.1

Pig manure, agricultural by product and domestic waste ............................... 8

1.2.2

Solutions......................................................................................................... 12

CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY ................................................................................... 16
2.1

Concept of estimating emission reduction ............................................................ 16

2.2

Approaches of estimating GHGs emission ........................................................... 17

2.3

CH4 emission in solid waste management ............................................................ 18

2.4

Calculation GHGs emission in livestock management ......................................... 20

2.4.1

Baseline emission ........................................................................................... 20

2.4.2

Project activities in emission reduction ......................................................... 23

2.4.3

Emission reduction applies in case of Vietnam ............................................. 25

2.5

Co-digestion pilot model in rural area of northern Vietnam ................................. 26

CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ............................................................. 30
3.1

GHGs emission from livestock management of Vietnam..................................... 30

3.2

GHGs emission reduction from livestock management of Japan ......................... 32

3.3
Estimation GHGs emission reduction from manure management at pilots in
Vietnam ............................................................................................................................ 34

ii

LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add


3.3.1

General information ...................................................................................... 34

3.3.2

Estimation of Baseline emission .................................................................... 34

3.3.3

Estimation of emission reduction ................................................................... 38

CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................. 40
REFERENCES................................................................................................................... 41
ANNEXES .......................................................................................................................... 44

iii

LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add


LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Greenhouse effect (US-EPA). ........................................................................................ 2
Figure 1.2: Global anthropogenic GHG emissions. .......................................................................... 3
Figure 1.3: Greenhouse gas emissions by sectors. ............................................................................ 4
Figure 1.4: Agricultural emission total and manure management of the world. ............................... 4
Figure 1.5: A forecasting global GHGs to 2030. .............................................................................. 4
Figure 1.6: Agricultural emissions by sector..................................................................................... 5
Figure 1.7: Share of sectors in manure management. ....................................................................... 6
Figure 1.8: Approaches way in estimating GHGs emission. ............................................................ 7
Figure 1.9: GHGs emission sources in AFOLU sector. .................................................................... 8
Figure 1.10: Volume of manure in livestock of Vietnam 2010-2014. .............................................. 9
Figure 1.11: Animal waste discharged by economic region of Vietnam 2014. .............................. 10
Figure 1.12: The contribution of domestic waste in Vietnam' rural (2007). ................................... 11
Figure 1.13: Waste treatment in ASEAN. ....................................................................................... 12
Figure 1.14: Dehydrate system of livestock treatment in visited center in Japan. .......................... 13
Figure 2.1: Concept of Baseline emission. ...................................................................................... 20

Figure 2.2: Project activities for GHGs emission reduction. .......................................................... 24
Figure 2.3: The steps of raw material pre-treatment for co-digestion system. ................................ 28
Figure 3.1: Contribution of total agricultural emission in total GHG emission of Vietnam. .......... 30
Figure 3.2: Contribution of GHG emission of agriculture in Vietnam. .......................................... 30
Figure 3.3: Agricultural emission total between Vietnam and Japan. ............................................. 31
Figure 3.4: Estimating evolutions of Methane (CH4) emission and swine population of Ha Noi
from 1995 to 2017. ........................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 3.5: Emission from traditional biogas of Mr.Toi's farm and Mr. Manh’s farm. .................. 35
Figure 3.6: Emission reduction potential commune scale. .............................................................. 39

iv

LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add


LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1: Main sources of GHG emission. ...................................................................................... 1
Table 1.2: Top 10 emitters (CO2 equivalent) average 1961 - 2016, Agriculture total (FAO). .......... 5
Table 1.3: Solid waste in livestock of Vietnam. ................................................................................ 9
Table 1.4: GHG emission in livestock by economic region sectors, ............................................... 10
Table 1.5: Summary of studies regard to co-digestion. ................................................................... 14
Table 2.1: DOC and DOCf of typical solid waste. .......................................................................... 19
Table 2.2: Steps of estimating CH4 emission................................................................................... 22
Table 2.3: Japanese estimation methodology in agricultural sector. ............................................... 23
Table 2.4: Steps of CH4 estimation in biological treatment. ........................................................... 23
Table 2.5: Co-digestion system mode. ............................................................................................ 29
Table 3.1: The results are calculated and analyzed from Kikugawa biogas power plant survey. ... 33
Table 3.2: Initial estimation the livestock excretion and CH4 emission. ......................................... 33
Table 3.3: Calculation CH4 emission following IPCC volume 5 for biological solid waste

treatment........................................................................................................................................... 34
Table 3.4: Estimation of Lam Dien and Hai Dong emission reduction........................................... 35
Table 3.5: Emission of agricultural by-product and domestic waste............................................... 37
Table 3.6: Total emission. ............................................................................................................... 37
Table 3.7: Emission reduction potential. ......................................................................................... 38

v

LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add


LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

GHGs
MONRE
IPCC
UNFCCC
AFOLU
DOC
BE
ER
OM
CO2eq
Kt
COD
TS
DS
SS
Gg
Temp.

Greenhouse Gases
Vietnam Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use
Degradable organic carbon
Baseline emission
Emission Reduction
Organic Matter
Carbon dioxide equivalent
Kilo tone
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Total Solid
Dissolve Solid
Suspended Solid
Giga-gram
Temperature

vi

LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add


INTRODUCTION

According to Vietnam national environmental report (2014), rural environment
has been degrading faster than forecasted. Especially as northern rural area of
Vietnam, water, solid and air pollution are big issues. Moreover, GHGs emission was
mentioned in another national report of MONRE about environment of Vietnam

phase 2011-2015. Agricultural activities will be affected serious

[1] [2]

. The fact that

emission from agriculture contributes greater than 40% in total emission of Vietnam
and 60% of it comes from agricultural methane emissions activities. Controlling
methane (CH4) emission from manure management is necessary but it does not really
take care properly. Biogas technique which is one traditional treatment, is very
popular in Vietnam and simplify to operate for farmers. However, it seems overload
to treat a large of waste as well as operates in substrate shortage status; we need to
spend more area expending biogas tank capacity. After harvesting, farmer disposes
of a lot of agricultural residues; almost them decay into the environment, a small part
is used for other purposes (animal feed, composting,...). In order to solute two these
issues, co-digestion pilot model gained many positive performances due to mixing
both agricultural by product and swine manure. In Japan, there are many factories
applied co-digestion in treatment manure with food waste, agricultural residues...; if
possible, anaerobic co-digestion could solve waste from livestock and agricultural
production in Vietnam. It could help C:N ratio suitably for anaerobic digestion
process and reduction somewhat GHGs emission. Estimating GHGs emission in
manure management is based on guidelines, tools of IPCC, UNFCC and refers
Japanese method while global and national emission are analyzed from many famous
organizations (World Bank, FAO, OECD).
Research purpose
In this thesis, I want to apply several simple approaches in estimating GHGs
emissions in case Vietnam and evaluating the efficiency of emission reduction
activities. On the other hand, it could find out a GHGs emission trend of the world as

vii

LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add


well as Vietnam by exploiting inventories data of the international organizations
(FAO, OECD, World Bank).
Research object
In this thesis, methane (CH4) emission was focused mainly on researching in
agricultural emission (manure management) and solid waste management
(agricultural by-product and domestic waste). Co-digestion model is applied for
reducing emission in pilot scale.
Research scope
Two places were chosen are rural area of northern of Vietnam with special
outstanding characteristics:
 Experimental model 1: at Hai Dong commune, Nam Dinh province. It is
coastal area where has been impacted ocean level rise of climate change.
 Experimental model 2: at Lam Dien commune, Ha Noi’s countryside. It has a
supply function for cities (e.g. Ha Noi city). Due to near the developing cities
strongly, the environment in here was affected seriously. In addition, the fast
growth of piggery farms is not planned.
All of researches and results in my thesis is performed by 03 chapter below:
“Chapter I: Literature review”: Introduce general information about GHGs emission
and several problems of Vietnam’s rural in waste management.
“Chapter II: Methodology”: Making co-digestion pilots and method of estimating
emission will be shown in this chapter.
“Chapter III: Results and discussions”: Summarize and analyze the results of this
research regarding CH4 emission estimation and the effective co-digestion model in
emission reduction.

viii

LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add


CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1

Greenhouse gas emission issues
1.1.1 Greenhouse effect and Greenhouse gases

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are gaseous component of the atmosphere.
However, clouds and they absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within
the spectrum of thermal infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface. This
property causes the greenhouse effect. Methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous
oxide (N2O), zone (O3) and water vapor (H2O) are the main GHGs in the Earth’s
atmosphere (Tab.1.1) [3]. According to Montreal Protocol, the chlorine and bromine
containing substances and the halocarbons are included. Besides CH4, N2O and CO2,
sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons
(PFCs) are dealt with in the Kyoto Protocol [3].
Table 1.1: Main sources of GHG emission [4].
CH4 emission
Methane (CH4) emission is from
the transport of coal, natural gas,
and oil and produce activities.
Decomposition of organic wastes
in municipal solid waste (MSW),
in agriculture, landfills also
generate it. Estimating methane
emissions from livestock relate to

animal
species,
feeding,
performance and gross energy.
The calculations are based on
conversion factors for each field.

N2O emission

CO2 emission

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is Carbon dioxide (CO2) is
emitted from industrial
and agricultural activities,
even comes a part of
combustion of fossil fuels
or solid waste.

emitted to atmosphere via
burning such as fossil fuels
(e.g. oil, coal and natural
gas), wood, solid waste or
made
from
chemical
reactions. Carbon dioxide
could get rid of the
atmosphere by plants or
participate in carbon cycle.

Greenhouse effect is known as phenomenon in which GHGs absorb thermal
infrared radiation and then emitted again to the Earth’s surface as well as the
atmosphere. Because of emission all sides, GHGs create a trap heat at surfacetroposphere layer. This phenomenon is the greenhouse effect (Fig.1.1). The fact that

1

LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add


in the troposphere, thermal infrared radiation relate directly to temperature of the
atmosphere depending on the altitude where it is emitted. Normally, the temperature
in the troposphere decreases with height. However, due to increase concentration of
GHGs leading to heat kept in layers near the surface of the Earth [3].

Figure 1.1: Greenhouse effect (US-EPA).
Environmental impact of Greenhouse effect is one of issues discussed in
many workshop and conferences. There are several core impacts which could be
mentioned. Firstly, it is very important is global warming. Because it will affect to a
large area and specially, it leads to temperature increase. Therefore, this issue will be
global issue and become the reason of climate change. The sea level rise would be
the second effect and finally, impact on human life (e.g. agricultural impact;
economic impact, eco-system, hydrological cycle…) [4].
In fact that Vietnam is one of the countries is vulnerable by climate change.
According to a research about Global Climate Risk Index (CRI), Vietnam was at
No.05th (in 2016) and No.06th (in 2017) in ranking countries which were effected by
climate change (Annex A.1; A.2). So that in near future many coastal areas of
Vietnam will be stayed under the sea level. The Red river delta and the Mekong river
delta are typical areas for adapting to climate change in Vietnam [5].

2

LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add


1.1.2 Greenhouse gases emission situation
The annual reports of IPCC is very important, several reports from them are
“synthesis reports” (AR1-1990, AR2-1995, AR3-2001, AR4-2007, AR5-2014) and
it will be expected new “synthesis report” AR6 in 2022. The Fig.1.2 was taken from
“Synthesis report 2007: climate change”, it was shown that GHGs emission increased
more than 70% in 34 years [3]. Total emission in 2004 is 49 Gt CO2eq/year (Fig.1.2).
However, share of different GHGs in total emission relatively were stability in many
year and agriculture was about 13.5% of total emission (Detail of Annex A.3).

a) Global anthropogenic GHG emissions, annual (1970-2004).
b) Contribution of anthropogenic GHG in total emission (2004).
c) Contribution of different sectors in total emission (2004).

Figure 1.2: Global anthropogenic GHG emissions [3].
According to the AR4-report (Fig.1.3), total emission in 2010 reach again to
value of 2004 (49 Gt CO2eq/year). By acting together, GHGs emission was controlled
stably from 2004 to 2010. Nevertheless, AFOLU sector is 24% and approximately
1% from indirect CO2 emission (the map of contribution in Annex A.4). From data
of FAO, it could recognize that agriculture emission of the world raises near the 2
times from 1961 to now (Fig.1.4). Manure management also contributes
approximately 40 percent into total emission. Moreover, emission of Asia is the
largest (39.5%); Americas as well as Europe is smaller respectively 25.5% and 18.3%
(Annex A.5).

3

LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add


600

Emissions (CO2 equivalent), Agriculture total
of the world, unit: kt (CO2eq) x 10000

500
400
300

Agriculture total of the
world
Manure management of
the world

200
100
0
1950

Figure 1.3: Greenhouse gas emissions by
sectors [6].

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

Figure 1.4: Agricultural emission total and
manure management of the world.

If each country do not act, an expected trends in GHGs emissions in 2030
(Fig.1.5), global emissions will increase to 62 Gt CO2eq (including CO2 emissions of
land use). Therefore, countries is developing such as China (5.5 Gt CO2eq), India (2.7
Gt CO2eq) will be affected. On the other hand, emissions in the most developed
countries are expected to remain more or less constant in period 2010 – 2030

[7]

.A

part of raw data are shown in Annex A.6.

Figure 1.5: A forecasting global GHGs to 2030 (Source: PBL
FAIR/IMAGE/TIMER model calculations and OECD 2012) [7].
It could realize that the big countries with the large area as well as population
usually contribute plenty of GHGs emission in the agricultural sector. They need

4

LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add


maintaining the large scale of agriculture in order to protect food security themselves.
Therefore, it can explain why the emission of China and United States are higher
many times than in other countries (Tab.1.2).
Table 1.2: Top 10 emitters (CO2 equivalent) average 1961 - 2016, Agriculture
total (FAO).
Russian

Germany

France

Brazil

Spain

Canada

Manure
Management 61,880 54,247
42,425
ktCO2eq
(*)USSR: Union of Soviet Socialist Repubics

India

United

States of
America

USSR (*)

China,
mainland

Area

26,890

14,097

10,750

10,560

9,637

7,275

6,245

According to FAO’s inventory data, the contribution of each agricultural sector
depends on geographical location, culture, natural condition… Asia countries are rice
cultivation so it is often bigger while generally on the world, emission from enteric
fermentation is the biggest contribution.

Figure 1.6: Agricultural emissions by sector.

Generally, emission from manure management of the World, Japan as well as
Vietnam is also roundly 7-9% in total agricultural emission. In addition, share of
sectors are not too different between Vietnam and Japan (Fig.1.6).

5

LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add


Figure 1.7: Share of sectors in manure management.
As mentioned above, although emission of manure management sector is about
9% (Fig.1.6); it increases fast more than two times from 1961 to now. Manure
management sector includes some sub-sectors. In case of Vietnam, among subsectors emission of swine (market, breeding) is very important contributing roundly
60% total (Fig.1.7). A half of agricultural emission comes from methane emission.
All of emission inventory data are shown somewhat the necessary of methane (CH4)
emission from manure management, especially for piggery.
1.1.3 Greenhouse gases emission data and estimation
The database is quite important in researches. This thesis is used two types of
data. Firstly, international emission data were collected from three famous
organizations (e.g. FAO; OECD, World Bank). Raw data is published and not
difficult to download and use but it needs selecting and analyzing carefully. Secondly,
local emission data were estimated from specific information of that place. Method
for estimating is referred guidelines of IPCC, UNFCCC, and Japan. Almost used data
is agricultural emission or relationship to agricultural activities. To understand the
idea for calculating methane emission Fig.1.8 and Fig.1.9 would describe a part of
them. Although there exist three approaches, almost they based on the method of
IPCC as a primary reference. They were built up and modified for specific conditions
and each country. Therefore, several name or value of emission factor could be same
somewhat.

6

LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add


Figure 1.8: Approaches way in estimating GHGs emission.
According to IPCC, agricultural activities are included in AFOLU group
(Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use). The Fig.1.9 could illustrate about it. The
estimates of GHGs emissions deriving from AFOLU sector includes [8]:
• “CO2 emissions and removals resulting from C stock changes in biomass, dead
organic matter (DOM), soil organic matter (SOM) of organic and mineral soils, and
harvested woody products (HWP) for all managed lands;
• CO2 from cultivated organic soils;
• Non-CO2 emissions from fire on all managed land;
• CH4 emissions from rice cultivation;
• N2O emissions from all managed soils;
• CO2 emissions associated with liming and urea application to managed soils;
• CH4 emissions from livestock enteric fermentation;
• CH4 and N2O emissions from manure management systems”.

There are many sub - category in agricultural emissions, but in this thesis
focuses on sub- category: “CH4 emissions from manure management systems”.

7

LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add


Figure 1.9: GHGs emission sources in AFOLU sector [9].
1.2

The issues in waste management of Vietnam
1.2.1 Pig manure, agricultural by product and domestic waste

Nowadays, there exists many issues in rural area of Vietnam, especially as
GHGs emission. Locally agricultural residues are disposed following each season and
manure are from farms such as swine, chicken…; even solid waste from daily life.
Therefore, solid waste treatment become so urgently in rural area. National
environment reports of Vietnam were pointed out that National environment reports
of Vietnam were pointed out more than 76 million tons of straw estimated and about
47 million tons of livestock waste are generated each year in rural areas (excluding a
large amount of production waste from craft villages). In addition, agricultural solid
waste, it is also necessary to pay attention to a large number of pesticide fertilizer
packages and must not be collected and disposed of properly. Along with the increase
in the number and quantity of animals, environmental pollution caused by livestock
waste is increasing. Each year, livestock waste is discharged into the environment to
over 80 million tons of livestock solid waste (Tab.1.3) including manure, garbage,
food waste, animal and poultry carcasses ... According to statistics so far, about 4050% of waste is treated, the rest is discharged directly into ponds, lakes, canals and
creeks [2].

8

LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add


Table 1.3: Solid waste in livestock of Vietnam [2].
Species

kgwaste/head/day

Cow
Buffalo
Swine
Poultry
Sheep/goat
Horse

10
15
2
0.2
1.5
4

Year (Unit: 10milion tone/year)
2010
2011
2012
21,5
19,5
18,6
15,9
14,6
14,0
20,0
19,4
19,0
21,0
23,0
22,0

706
684
725
131
126
120

2009
22,0
15,8
20,0
20,4
750
149

2013
18,5
13,8
18,9
22,6
726
113

According to statistics of MONRE and World Bank, the volume of swine
manure is around 20 million tons per year. This value seems stable several recent
years (Fig.1.10).

Figure 1.10: Volume of manure in livestock of Vietnam 2010-2014 [10].
Since there are many advantages in natural conditions, livestock of Red river
delta is quite developing especially as swine and poultry. With the abundance of

agricultural products, they are big feed sources for livestock. However, the RRD is
also limited area in area, so that the load of waste per one kilometer square is greater
several times than other regions. In this, waste of pig contributes up to 300 t/km2 in
800 t/km2 (Fig.1.11).

9

LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add


RRD: Red river delta, NMM: Mountainous and Midland, NSCC: North and South Central Coast,
CH: central highland, SE: South East, MRD: Mekong river delta.

Figure 1.11: Animal waste discharged by economic region of Vietnam 2014 [10].
Almost the population and economic activities of northern rural centralize in
Red river delta. Hence, this area creates a big market for consuming pork. GHGs
emission usually is greater than in other economic regions (Tab.1.4).
Table 1.4: GHG emission in livestock by economic region sectors,
2012 (ton CO2eq) [10].

RRD: Red river delta, NMM: Mountainous and Midland, NSCC: North and South Central Coast,
CH: central highland, SE: South East, MRD: Mekong river delta.

According to Vietnam’s National State of Environment 2010, amount of solid
waste generated of rural areas in 2003 was 6,400 kt/year and in 2008 was more 9,000
kt/year. A forecasting at that time, the load could increase to approximately 10,000
kt/year. Each person in rural area was discharged 0.3 kg/day (2003) and 0.4 kg/day
(2008) (Annex A.7) [11].

10

LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add


Figure 1.12: The contribution of domestic waste in Vietnam' rural (2007) [12] .
In Vietnam, following MONRE it could be divided into 3 categories for rural
solid waste: 1- Craft’s solid waste (various types and sources); 2- Agricultural solid
waste (cultivation, fertilizer, harvesting, animal husbandry,…); 3-Rural domestic
solid waste (family households, hospitals, market,...) [12]. The main part of agricultural
solid waste is the agricultural by-products such as rice husk, rice straw,... and other.
The volume of them increases fast during harvest times. The kinds of agricultural
residues depend on regions and seasons. The delta is suitable for growing vegetables,
rice... while in a highland area coffee tree is a typical tree [13].
The Mekong river delta and Red river delta are areas contributing a large of
rural domestic waste. The domestic waste of Red river delta shared 23% in total
domestic waste of Vietnam (Fig.1.12). Agricultural solid waste contains various
contents and majority of them are biodegradable (e.g. rice straw, husk, stubble,
livestock manure, animal husbandry waste. Besides, it could be hazardous waste,
persistent or pesticide.

11

LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add


1.2.2 Solutions
In fact that livestock wastes could lead to pollution (air, soil, and water). There
are amount of waste treated, but a large of them discharged in to environment. Open
dumping and composting are typical solutions in rural area of Vietnam as well as in
ASEAN (except for Singapore); open dumping is 50-80% and composting is about

5-15% (Fig.1.13).

Figure 1.13: Waste treatment in ASEAN [14].
Agricultural by-product somewhat could be used to compost or feed for animals.
Rice straw also are bought to material for grow mushroom while a large of vegetable
residues are dumped into fields to decay by the time. In farms, they apply biogas
digestions for treating or using it as fertilizers. As you know co-digestion is new
approach and it could solve both issues. Manure and agricultural by-product or
household waste are mixed following a ratios after putting into an anaerobic codigestion tank. They are decomposed together; so generally it might decrease the
volume of reactor. GHGs emission is different between traditional biogas and codigestion. At small-holder farms, rice straw and pig manure could be composted
together and then they are used as fertilizer [10]. Many farms apply biogas digesters to

12

LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add


deal with manure. However, there are 65 percent of farm in Hanoi applying nonbiogas. Normally, they divide into liquid fraction for making fertilize and dry-matterrich for composting in the field or in their garden. The time for composting could be
from 3 to 4 months and in liquid fraction, clear water and urine are stored. All of them
also are used for the crop as fertilizers [15].
According to a report of World Bank, there are 30 percent of pig farms in
Vietnam separating collection of liquid (urine,…) and solid waste (feces,..). However
there are about 60 percent of farms treat a mixture of them [10]. In Japan, separating
the urine and feces is very necessary. If they cannot separate in advance, they will
collect together and then dehydrate in order to divide into 2 parts (liquid and solid
phase) (Fig.1.14).

a) Yagi bioecology center

b) Kikugawa research center

Figure 1.14: Dehydrate system of livestock treatment in visited center in Japan.
Almost farmers use biogas from anaerobic digesters for cooking and lighting. It
is too enough to use, so that they supply for their neighbors; even emit directly to
environment. However, it is not problem, cookers and equipment are rusted as well
as damaged after using 2-4 years. Therefore, they have abandoned using biogas when
projects or programs are finished. Dihydrogen sulphide (H2S) is the reason of this
issue, it should have removed before cooking [15].
In general, in recent years, there have been a number of studies and a number
of animal waste treatment models implemented in Vietnam (Tab.1.5). Although the

13

LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add


success of each model is different, it contributes to reducing pollution. Although the
current methods of treating livestock waste are based on technologies that have been
successfully applied in the world, to meet the Vietnamese reality, there are still many
difficulties due to diversified animal husbandry, investment capital and low operating
costs, qualifications of farmers and knowledge have not met the demand.
Table 1.5: Summary of studies regard to co-digestion.
No

Content of research

Author

Year

J. Jiménez et al.

2015

Optimization of the specific methanogenic activity during the
1

anaerobic co-digestion of pig manure and rice straw, using
industrial clay residues as inorganic additive

2

3

4

Determining C/N ratios for typical organic wastes using

Belén Puyuelo et

biodegradable fractions

al.

Effects of mixed difference combination between Zea mays
and Pistia stratiotes L
Estimation of methane and nitrous oxide emission from
livestock and poultry in China during 1949–2003
Anaerobic co-digestion of animal manures and

5

lignocellulosic residues as a potent approach for sustainable
biogas production

2011

N.L.Phuong et al.

2015

J.B. Zhou et al

2007

Soheil A. Neshat et
al.

2017

Mesophilic anaerobic digestion of pig slurry and fruit and
6

vegetable waste: Dissection of the microbial community

Margarita Ros et al.

2017

structure

Semi-continuous anaerobic co-digestion of sugar beet
7

byproduct and pig manure: Effect of the organic loading rate
(OLR) on process performance

8

Kaoutar Aboudi et
al.

Feasibility of anaerobic co-digestion of pig waste and paper

Prathap

sludge

Parameswaran et al.

2015

2012

A research on the ability to treat pollutants in livestock waste by biogas system
shows that the concentration of pollutants in livestock waste is significantly reduced
after passing the biogas system, especially BOD5 and COD in waste water.
Especially, BOD5 of sow waste water decreased 75.0 - 80.8%, waste water in the
pigsty reduced 75.89 - 80.36%; COD in sow waste water decreased by 66.85%, in

14

LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add


market pig decreased by 64.94 - 69.73%. However, COD after being processed
through biogas reactor is still many times higher than the permitted sanitation target
[16]

. Anaerobic digestion combined with animal waste and agricultural byproducts for

biogas production has been studied by many scientists around the world and
mentioned in many scientific works. However, there is no consensus on this issue.
Due to the fact that studies are conducted in climatic conditions and raw materials of
different quality and types.

15

LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add


CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY
2.1

Concept of estimating emission reduction

In this thesis, GHGs emission was estimated in two scales. The first are small
scales which are farms and the second are large scales which are countries.
Calculating emission in small scales based on guidelines and tool of three approaches
of UNFCCC, IPCC as well as Japan. Baseline emission (BE) were calculated when
they do not any activities for treatment or managing waste; then if there are project

activities of emission reduction (ER), the emission of those activities will be
calculated following guidelines of each approach. The reduction activities in this
thesis focus on improving the realistic system (reduce water consumption, utilize
biogas) and increase the efficiency of reaction by trying co-digestion pilot with three
types substrates (manure, agricultural residues and domestic waste).
The estimated value of farms are scale up for whole of commune with similar
condition assumption. Comparison between Baseline emission (BE) and project
emission (PE) of reduction activities show somewhat GHGs emission reduction (ER).
Besides, conducting and analyzing emission data from several famous international
organizations for large scales. By simply way, it is illustrated by this equation 2.1:
ERy = BEy - PEy

(2.1)

There are many sources of emission data. However, data were conducted from
World Bank, OECD, FAO as well as IPCC reports, which are reliable. Draw data
were downloaded, then they were re-calculated. The links in below are used to export
data about GHGs emission. In this sector, GHGs emission of Vietnam and the World
are analyzed by those data.
ld Bank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.KT
/> />
16

LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add