ĐỀ CƯƠNG TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH 2

ĐỀ CƯƠNG TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH 2
ENGLISH FOR FINANCE 2
PHẦN I. TRẢ LỜI CÂU HỎI
1.CÂU HỎI
UNIT 16: Corporate finance
1. What does “corporate finance” refer to?
2. What are main objectives of corporate finance?
3. What are functions of corporate finance?
4. What does corporate finance include? ( What are activities of corporate
finance?)
5. What are the tasks of the finance manager in monitoring the finance?
UNIT 17: Funding the business
6. What are four form of equity?
7. What are advantages and disadvantages of owner’s capital?
8. What are advantages and disadvantages of venture capital?
9. What are advantages and disadvantages of the unlisted securities
market?
10.
What are advantages and disadvantages of the stock
exchange?
11.
What are advantages and disadvantages of thelong term loans
?
UNIT 18: Working capital
12.
What is one of the functions of financial management?
13.
What are two types of working capital?
14.
What are the tasks of the finance manager in managing
inventories?

15.
What are the tasks of the finance manager in managing
debtors?
16.
What are the tasks of finance manager in managing cash?
UNIT 19: Marketing
17.
What is the difference between the selling and marketing
concepts?
18.
How can explain 4Ps of the marketing mix? (what are elements
of the marketing mix?)


19.
Prove that price plays an important role in the economy? (what
are the important roles of price?)
20.
What are the most common mistakes in setting the price?
21.
What should companies do to handle pricing well?
22.
What are the different ways of setting prices?
23.
What is the difference between setting prices now and setting
prices in the past?
UNIT 21: What is accounting
24.
25.
26.

27.
28.
29.
30.

What
What
What
What
What
What
What

is accounting information and how is it necessary?
is the accounting process?
is financial accouting (information)?
is management accounting (information)?
is tax accounting (information)?
are 3 types of accounting information?
are differences between financial accounting and

management accounting
UNIT 22: financial statement
31.
What are financial statements used for?
32.
What are 3 common financial statements?
UNIT 25: Fiancial analysis
33.
What is financial analysis? How important is it?

34.
What are different sources of data needed in financial
analysis?
35.
How are financial ratios classified?
36.
For what purpose is financial analysis used internally?
37.
For what purpose is financial analysis used externally
38.
What do three types of financial statements show / indicate?
UNIT 26: Auditing
39.
What do internal auditors do?
40.
What different emphases can be placed on an internal
auditor’s report?
41.
What are strengths (advantages) and weaknesses
(disadvantages) of internal auditing?
UNIT 27: International business
42.
What advantages have most countries derived from world
trade?
43.
How can trading nations benefit from international business?


44.

What are the reason why the government tries to control the

imports and exports of a country?
45.
How do goverments encourage exports and restrict imports?
46.
How do Government encourage exports and restric imports
UNIT 29: Trade barrier
47.
48.

What reasons do nations commonly use trade barriers?
What are the most common used trade barriers?

UNIT 30: Trade surpluses and deficits
49.
What are measure of a country’s trade?
50.
How are trade deficits and surplus balanced?

2.ĐÁP ÁN
UNIT 16
1. What does “corporate finance” refer to?
Corporate finance refers to identify the various financial dealings
undertaken by a corporation.
2. What are main objectives of corporate finance?
-making wise use of the financial resources, developing an operating
budget for all financial needs of the company, tracking income generated
together with other departments of the company from available
-achieving the maximum profits.

3. What are functions of corporate finance?
Are to make wise use of the financial resources available to the
company.
4. What does corporate finance include? ( What are activities of
corporate finance?)
Corporate finance includes planning, raising, investing and monitoring
of finance in order to achieve the financial objectives of the company.
5. What are the tasks of the finance manager in monitoring the
finance?
The finance manager has to minimize the cost of finance, the wastage
and misuse of finance, and the risk of investment of finance. He also has
to get maximum return on the finance
UNIT 17
6. What are four form of equity?
They are owner’s capital, venture capital, unlisted and listed
Securities market, The Stock exchange
7. What are advantages and disadvantages of owner’s capital?


-Dis: the owner’s equity will be repaid only after everyone else
including employees, creditors, banks…, has received what they are
owed
-Ad: in successful times, the owners have a claim on all the net profit
of company
8. What are advantages and disadvantages of venture capital?
-The advantages of venture capital is that the venture capital
company does not usually interfere in the running of the company.
- Disadvantages: the venture capital company usually demands a
much faster and higher rate of return than an owner would expect
from his/her own capital.

9. What are advantages and disadvantages of the unlisted
securities market?
The unlisted securities market has the advantages of allowing a
company to raise money from outside investors without losing much
control of the company.
-dis: only available to small or medium size companies
10.
What are advantages and disadvantages of the stock
exchange?
The stock exchanges has the advantage of providing the long – term
opportunity of raising capital by issuing fresh shares.
-dis: at least 25% of the equity must be in public hands – thereby
reducing the control of the original owners.
11.
What are advantages and disadvantages of thelong
term loans ?
- advantages : can go to sources such as the clearing banks,
merchant banks and even pensionmfunds.
- disadvantages : in all three cases they will usually secure their debt
over the fixed assets of the business and interest must be paid,
usually liked to bank base rate
UNIT 18
12.
What is one of the functions of financial management?
One of the functions of financial management is to provide t he
correct amount of working capital at the right time and in the right
place to realize the greatest return on investment.
13.
What are two types of working capital?
Two types of working capital are permanent working capital and

temporary working capital. Permanent working capital is tied up in
keeping the business flowing throughout the year, while temporary
working capital is needed from the time to take account of seasonal,
cyclical or unexpected fluctuation in the business.


14.
What are the tasks of the finance manager in managing
inventories?
It’s the job of the finance mangager to minimize the stocks of raw
materials, the level of the work in progress and the quantity of
finished goods.
15.
What are the tasks of the finance manager in managing
debtors?
It’s the task of the finance manager to see thast generous credit
terms are negotiated with suppliers, but minimal credit terms are
offered to customers.
16.
What are the tasks of finance manager in managing
cash?
It’s the task of the finance manager to ensure that adequate cash is
always available for meeting the company’s day-to-day debts and
that there is also a small reserve on hand to meet contingencies.
UNIT 19
17.
What is the difference between the selling and
marketing concepts?
The selling concept assumes that resisting consumers have to be
purchased by vigorous hard-selling techniques to buy non-essntial

goods and services. Products are sold rather than bougr. The
marketing concept, on the contrary, assumes that the producer’s
task is to find wants and fill them, producers maker products that
will be bought.
18.
How can explain 4Ps of the marketing mix? (= what are
elements of the marketing mix?)
4Ps of the marketing mix are product, place, pomotion and price.
Products include quality, featuresm style, brand name, size,
packaging, services and guarantee. Place includes distribution
channels, location of points of sale, transport, inventory size.
Promotion groups together advertising, publicity, sales promotion
and personal selling. Price includes the basic list price, discounts, the
length of the payment period, credit terms,...
UNIT 20
19.
Prove that priice plays an important role in the
economy (what are the important roles of price?)
Price plays an important role in the economy. It’s major determinant
of buyer choice. It’s one of the most important elements determining
company market share and profitability. It’s only element in the
marketing mix that produces revenue.
20.
What are the most common mistakes in setting the
price?


The common mistakees companies usually make are that:
- Pricing is too cost oriented
- Price is not revised often enough to capitalize on market changes.

- Price is set independently of the rest of marketing mix rather than
as an intrinsic element of marketing-positioning strategy.
- Price is not varied enough for different product items and market
segments.
21.
What should companies do to handle pricing well?
Should consider prices in relation to order factors includuding other
3Ps of marketing mix: prices shouldn’t boe to cost oriented, sould be
revised often enough to capitalize on market changes, should be
mvaried enough for different product items and marketing segment
22.
What are the different ways of setting prices?
Price are set in different ways in different types of companies. In
small companies, prices are often set by top management. In large
companies, prices are handled by divisional and product – line
managers. In industries, prices are determined by a pricing
department.
23.
What is the difference between setting prices now and
setting prices in the past?
In the past, prices were set by buyers and sellers negotiating with
each other. Through bargaining, they would arrive at an acceptable
price. However, now prices are determined by the demand and
supply and are set for all buyers.
UNIT 21
24.
What is accounting information and how is it
necessary?
Accounting information is the means by which we measure and
communicate economic events. It is necessary because it provides

decision makekrs with information useful in making economic
decisions.
25.
What is the accounting process?
The accounting process produces accounting information used by
decision makers in making economic decisions and taking specific
actions. These decisions and actions result in economic activities
that continue thehh cycle.
26.
What is financial accouting (information)?
Financial accounting refers to information describing financial
resources, obligations and activities of an economici entity. Financial
accounting information is designed primarily to assist investors and
creditors in deceding where to place their scarce investment
resourcves.


27.
What is management accounting (information)?
Management accouting involves the development and interpretation
of accounting information. Management accouting information is
designed to assist management in running the business, in setting
the company’s overall goals, evaluating the performance of
departments and individuals, deciding whether to introduce a new
line of prducts, and in making virtually all types of managerial
decisions.
28.
What is tax accounting (information)?
Tax accounting feter to the preparation of income tax returns. The
tax accounting information is often adjusted or reorganized to

conform with income tax reporting requirements.
29.
What are 3 types of accounting information?
They are financial accounting, management accouting and tax
accounting.
30. What are differences between financial accounting and
management accounting
-Financial accounting information is public information and
management accounting information is confidential information.Financial accounting is used investors in deciding where to place their
scarce investment resources.
- Management accounting is used to set the company’s overall goals,
evaluate the performance of departments and individuals.
UNIT 22
31.
What are financial statements used for?
They are used as a basis for business decisions such as allocation of
financial resources, development of new products, and expansion of
operations. They are also used for determining income taxes
liabilities.
32.
What are 3 common financial statements?
They are the balance sheet, the income statement and the
cash flow statement. The balance sheet shows the company’s
financial situation on a particular date. The income statement shows
earnings and expenditure. The cash flow statement shows the flow
of cash in and out of the business between balance sheet dates.
UNIT 25
33.
What is financial analysis? How important is it?
Financial analysis is the selection, evaluation, and interpretation of

financial data. It is used internally to evaluate issues such as
employee performance, efficiency of operations and credit policies,
and externally to evaluate potential investments and the creditworthiness of borrowers, among other things. Therefore it is very


important because it assists many decision makers to make
investment or financial decisions.
34.
What are different sources of data needed in financial
analysis?
They are financial statement data, market data, and economic data.
The financial statement data is the data provided by the company in
its annual reports and required disclosures. Market data such as the
market prices of securities is found in the financial press and the
electronic media daily. Another source is economic data such as GDP
or CPI that readily available from government and private sources.
35.
How are financial ratios classified?
Ratios can be classified according to the way they are constructed
and their general characteristics. By construction, ratios can be
classified as a coverage ratio, a return ratio, a turnover ratio and a
component percentage. According to their general characteristics,
they can be classified into a liquidity ratio, a profitability ratio, an
activity ratio, a financial levaerage ratiom a shareholder ratio and a
return on investment ratio.
36.
For what purpose is financial analysis used internally?
Financial analysis may be used internally to evaluate issues such as
employee performance, the efficiency of operations, and credit
policies

37.
For what purpose is financial analysis used externally
Financial analysis may be used externally to evaluate potential
investments and the credit-worthiness of borrowers, among other
things.
38.
What do three types of financial statements show /
indicate?
the balance sheet, the income statement and the cash flow
statement
UNIT 26
39.
What do internal auditors do?
Internal auditor continuously review operating procedures and
financial records and report to management on the current state of
the company’s fiscal affairs. They also make suggestions to
management for improvements in the standard operating
procedures. They check the accounting records in regard to
completeness and accuracy, making sure that all irregularities are
corrected.
40.
What different emphases can be placed on an internal
auditor’s report?
The emphasis placed on different parts of the internal auditor’s
report varies from company to company. In some organizations, the


auditor’s major or even sole function is to report on the
completeness an accuracy of the books of account, as the financial
records are known collectively. In more progressive companies,

greater attention may be paid to the auditor’s suggestions.
41.
What are strengths (advantages) and weaknesses
(disadvantages) of internal auditing?
Thanks to internal audit, management knows the current state of the
company’s fiscal affairs and any deviations from the standard
operating procedures, as well as receives suggestions for
improvements in the standard operating procedures. However, a
weakness exists in internal auditing. If a report is unfavorable, it may
not be shown to the person in management who can correct the
problem. As a result, managgement receives the false impression on
the company’s business.
UNIT 27
42.
What advantages have most countries derived from
world trade?
Countries have developed their economies, increased production of
goods, and met demands through increased world trade.
43.
How can trading nations benefit from international
business?
International business brings benefits to both exporting and
importing nations. Exporting countries receive money, increase
production, expand their market and develop their economy from
exporting goods and services. Whereas, consumers of importing
countries can have wider choice of goods or services at lower prices.
44.
What are the reason why the government tries to
control the imports and exports of a country?
The government tries to control the imports to protec the domestic

industries and provide employment for the population. By contrast,
the government tries to control the exports because a country enjoy
an advantage if it exports more than it imports and wealth accrues
to the exporting country.
45.
How do goverments encourage exports and restrict
imports?
They have special programs to encourage exports such as providing
marketing information, establishing trade missions, subsidizing
exports and providing tax benefits or incentives. On the other hand,
governments impose taxes and quotas to restrict imports of certain
products.
46.
How do Government encourage exports and restric
imports?


-They have special programs to encourage exports such as: poviding
marketing information , establishing trade missions,..
-impose taxes and quotas to restrict imports of certain product.
Dumping is the seliing on a foreign market at a price below the cost
of production
UNIT 29
47.
What reasons do nations commonly use trade barriers?
Nations commonly use trade barriers to protect domestic
employment, to protect re;atove;y young domestic industries, to
prevent unfair trade practices of foreign firms, to prevent dumping,
and to protect firms and industries that procduce output vital to the
security and defense of the nation.

48.
What are the most common used trade barriers?
They are tariffs on imports, quotas on imports, subsidies and
embargoes. Tariffs are simply taxes placed on imports, Quotas are
simply a quantity restriction placed on a good, service or activity.
Subsidies are often placed to protect domestic industries.
Embargoes basically prohibit the import or export of anything with
another country.
UNIT 30
49.
What are measure of a country’s trade?
They are the merchandise trade balance, the current account, the
capital account, and the balance of payments. The merchandise
trade balance looks only at visible goods. The current account
includes a country’s exports and imports of services, in addition to
its visible trade. The capital account includes all the payments and
transfer of funds. The balance of payments includes not onley
payments abroad, but the goods, services, and all transfer of funds
that cross international borders.
50.
How are trade deficits and surplus balanced?
They are balanced by payments that make up the difference. A
country with a current account surplus can use the extra money to
invest abroad or it can put it in its reserves. A country running a
current account deficit has to look abroad for loans and investments,
or be forced to dip into its own reserves to pay for its excessive
imports.


PHẦN II. TỪ VỰNG

Vocab

Meanings
A

Aspect
Attempt
Attain = achieve = gain
Acquisition = purchase
Access
Adequate
Aerospace
Account receivable
Affairs
Arise
Abundance
Ad valorem
Assortment
Aggregate
Accessing to sth

Khía cạnh
cố gắng, nỗ lực
đạt đc
Mua hàng
Truy cập
Đầy đủ
Vũ trụ hang không
khoản phải thu
vấn đề, công việc

xảy ra, phát sinh
dồi dào
thuế theo giá trị
Rào cản
kết hợp lại/ tồn bộ
tiếp cận cái gì
B

Base rate
Bankruptcy
Be broken down into = divide into = insolate by
Basic offer
Bargaining
Balance sheet

Lãi suất cơ bản
Phá sản
Chia thành
Chào hàng cơ bản
Thương lượng, trả giá, mặc cả
bảng cân đối kế toán
C

Configuration
Creditor
Tobe Charged with
Clearing bank
Claim
Collateral
Corresponding

Cyclical
Conflicting interest
Contingency
Component
Come into existence = to be bond
To be cost oriented
Capitalized on
Capitalize part of the profit
Current balance
Cost accounting
Consolidated
Credit-worthiness
Chain of retail outlets

Sự hình thành
Chủ nợ
Đc giao nhiệm vụ
Thanh toán bù trừ
Quyền lợi
Tài sản đảm bảo
sự tương ứng
Chu kì
Xung đột lợi ích
Dự phịng
Thành phần, phụ kiện
được đưa ra
Hướng đến chi phí
bắt kịp
tận dụng 1 phần lợi nhuận
số dư hiện tại

hạch tốn chi phí
củng cố, hợp nhất
Tín dụng đáng tin cậy
chuỗi cửa hang bán lẻ


Charge higher prices
Contend
Curtail = limit
Current account
Cookie jar = foreign currency reserve
Capital account

Áp giá cao
Cho rằng
Hạn chế/rút ngắn
Tài khoản vãng lai
Tài khoản dự trữ ngoại tệ
Tài khoản vốn
D

Dealing= transaction
Debenture = bond
Division = department
Debt financing
Disruption
Day-to-day debt
Distinguish
Distribution Channel
Determinant

Dubious
Double-entry
Depreciation provision
Deceptive
Disclose
Deviation
Dumping
Duty / duties
Defense
Dominant
Demographic
Deficit
Declaration

Giao dịch
Trái phiếu
Bộ phận
Việc huy động vốn vay
Phá vỡ
Nợ nóng
Phân biệt
Kênh phân phối
Yếu tố quyết định
Khơng rõ ràng
sổ kép
dự phịng khấu hao
lừa đảo
Cơng khai
Sai lệch
Bán phá giá

thuế / trách nhiệm
Quân sự
vượt trội
Nhân khẩu học
Thâm hụt
sự tuyên chiến
E

Equity capital
Exposed
Extreme case
Enormous
Entity
Evaluation = judge
Embargo
Embrace
Engage

vốn cổ phần/ vốn chủ
mạo hiểm
Trường hợp xấu
To lớn
tổ chức
Đánh giá
Cấm vận
Tuân theo
Cam kết
F

Fresh share

Financial position
Finished good
Failure
Fust in time philosophy
Fluctuation
Figure
Financial press

Cổ phiếu mới
Tình hình tài chính
Thành phẩm
Thiếu khá năng
Ngun tắc kịp thời
sự biến động
số liệu
ấn bản tài chính


Financial leverage

Địn bẩy tài chính
G

Generally
Globalization
Gearing
Goodwill
Guarantee
Genetic engineering
Governing

GDP= Gross domestic Product

Nhìn chung
Tồn cầu hóa
Địn bẩy
Uy tín
sự bảo hành
Cơng nghệ gen
Chi phối
Tổng sản phẩm quóc nội
I

In term of
Intrinsic
Identify
Instance = situation
Incurring
Interfere
Initially
Inventory
Intuition
Interpretation = disclosures
Income tax return
Intangible > < tangible
Internally >< Externally
Impose
Incentive
Imposition

Về khía cạnh

Cơ bản
Nhận định, xác định
Tình huống
Phát sinh
Can thiệp
Ban đầu
Hàng tồn kho
Trực giác
Giải trình
tờ khai thuế thu nhập
Vơ hình >< hữu hình
nội bộ
Áp dụng
động viên
ảnh hưởng tốt
J

Jeopardize
Journal
Justification

gây nguy hiểm
sổ nhật ký
sự biện minh
K

Keep track of

nắm giữ thông tin về…
L

Ledger
Liquidity ratio
Labor intensive

sổ cái
chỉ số thanh tốn
Chi phí nhân cơng
M

Merger
Market positioning
Merchant bank
Make wise use of
Monitoring
Misuse = abuse
Margin
Maintain
Modify
Management consulting

Sáp nhập
định vị thj trường
Ngân hàng thương mại
Tận dụng 1 cách thơng minh
Giám sát
Lạm dụng
Dự trữ
Duy trì
Thay đổi

Tư vấn quản lý


Market segmentation
Manipulate
Misleading
Misappropriation
Mutually beneficial trade
Mission
Mature >< infant
Measure
Merchandise trade balance
Address = meet

Phân khúc thị trường
lợi dụng
Gây hiểu nhầm
Tham nhũng
lợi ích song phương
Phái đoàn
trưởng thành >< trẻ, mới
biện pháp
Cán cân thương mại hàng hóa
Đáp ứng
N

Negotiate
Non-price factor

Thương lương

yếu tố phi giá cả
O

Ownership
Overdraft
Overstrain
Overdraft facility
Obligations
Outright aggression

Quyền sở hữu
Sự quá hạn số dư trong tk
Sự thái quá
Phương tiện thấu chi
sự rõ ràng
Tuyên chiến trực tiếp

Overhead
Objectively

Chi phí
Khách quan
P

Procedure
Pricing department
Prosperity
Pension fund
Principal = main
Pipeline

Permanent working capital
Particular
Profitability
Point of sale
Potential
Periodically
Posting
Pertinent
Performance = efficiency
Prospect
Profitability ratio
Publicly-traded
Particular
Protectionist
Proponent

Trình tự
Bộ phận định giá
Sự phồn thịnh
quỹ lương hưu
Chính
Dây chuyền sản xuất
Vốn lưu động thường xuyên
Cụ thể
Khả năng sinh lời
Điểm bán hàng
Tiềm năng
định kỳ
việc chuyển sổ
Thích hợp

hiệu quả
Tồn cảnh
chỉ số khả năng sinh lời
Giao dịch mua bán
cụ thể
biện pháp bảo hộ
Người khởi xướng
Q

Quotas

hạn ngạch


R
Return
Rely on
Reconciling
Resisting
Revised
Result of operation
Ratio
Report to sbd on sth
Refined
Reliance
Radical
Restrict
Reserve

Lợi nhuận để lại

Dựa vào
Cân đối
Khó tính
được chỉnh sửa
kết quả hoạt động kinh doanh
chỉ số
Báo cáo vs ai đó về điều gì
phủ nhận
sự tin cậy
Nghiêm trọng
giới hạn
dự trữ
S

Survival
Sophisticated = complex
Secure
Soak up
Representative
Scale
Strategy
Share premium
Statement of income
Shareholder
Seek to
Smoothly
Specific tariff
Subsidiary
Subsidy
Surplus

Sự tồn tai
phức tạp
Thế chấp, đảm bảo
Tiêu tốn
Đại điẹn
Quy mô
chiến lược
Thặng dư cổ phần
kết quả hoạt động kinh doanh
cổ đơng
Tìm kiếm
Trơi chảy
thuế quan theo đơn vị sản phẩm
Cơng ty con
trợ cấp
thặng dư
T

Take on
Track
Tied up = used for
Temporary working capital
Take account of
Target
Tax planning
Turnover

Đảm nhận
Tìm kiếm

Đc dùng để
Vốn lưu động k thường xun
Tính đến/ xem xét đến
Mục tiêu
tối ưu hóa thuế
Doanh thu
U

Undertake
Unlisted >< Listed
Underlying
Unfavorable
Unfettered
Utilize

Thực hiện
Chưa niêm yết >< Niêm yết
Tiềm ẩn
K có lợi
tự do
tận dụng
V


Ventures
Ventures capital
Volume
Vigorous hard-selling

Mạo hiểm

Vốn mạo hiểm
Thể tích, dung tích
Bán hang cao siêu
W

Wastage
Working capital
Working in progress
World trade routes
War tactic
Widest

Lãng phí
Vốn lưu dộng
Sản phẩm dở dang
tuyến đường thương mại quốc tế
động thái cạnh tranh
Bao trùm

PHẦN V. HOÀN THIỆN CÂU
Lưu ý: Đây là đáp án của phần hoàn thiện câu, các bạn chỉ cần tìm từ khóa bắt đầu rồi
tra đáp án. Thuận tiện cho các bạn muốn học ngắn gọn hoặc làm tài liệu
1. Corporate finance is a broad term that is used to collectively identifying the various
financial dealing undertaken by a corporation
2. One of the core function of responsible corporate finance is to make wise use of the
financial resources available to the company
3. Ultimately, the goal is to ensure that the corporation is achieving the maximum benefit
from available financial resources
4. finance can be collected from many sources such as shares, debentures, banks,
financial institution, creditors, etc.

5. there are 2 types of corporate finance: fixed capital and working capital
6. fixed capital is used to purchase fixed assets like land, buildings, machines,…
7. while working capital is used to purchase raw material and to pay the day-to-day
expense
8. gearing is the relationship between equity capital and invested in the business and long
term debts
9. in the successful time, owners have a claim on all the net profit of the company
10. venture capital is usually provided by venture firms interested in financing highgrowth company
11. venture capital company doesn’t usually interfere in the running of the company
12. at least 25% of equity must be in public hands there by reducing the control of the
original owners
13. they will usually secure their debt over the fixed assets of the business and of course.
Interest must be paid, usually linked to bank base rate
14. profitability is determined in part by the way in which a company manages its working
capital
15. one of the principal functions of the financial management is to provide the correct
amount of working capital at the right time and in the right place to realize the greatest
return on investment
16. working capital can initially be broken down in 2 types: permanent and temporary
17. the job of the finance manager is to minimize the stocks of raw materials, the level of
the work-in-progress and the quantity of finished goods


18. as well as satisfying existing needs, marketers can also anticipate and create new ones
19. once a target market has been identified, a company has to decide what goods and
services to offer
20. the marketing concept has to understood throughout the company, in the production
department as much in the marketing department itself
21. rather than risk launching a product or service on the basic or guess work, most
companies undertake marketing research

22. companies collect and analyze information about the size of a potential market or
about the customer’s reactions to particular product features
23. it’s the job of product manager or a brand manager to look for ways to increase sales
by changing the market mix
24. through most of history, prices were set by buyers and sellers negotiating with each
other
25. through most of history, price has operated as a determinant of buyer choice
26. non-price factors have become relatively more important in buyer choice behavior in
recent decades
27. Price still remain one of the most important elements determining company market
share and profitability
28. in small company, prices often set by top management rather than by marketing sales
department
29. top management set general pricing objectives and policies and often approves the
prices proposed by lower levels of management
30. financial accounting information is designed primarily to assist investors and creditors
deciding where to place their scare investment resources
31. manager use the information in setting the company’s overall goals and evaluating the
performance of departments and individuals
32. tax information often adjusted and reorganized to conform with income tax reporting
requirement
33. All business need to maintain financial records in order to find out if they are making
a profit
34. In daily business operations, recording of business transactions are first made in a
journal
35. Periodically, bookkeepers transfer figures from the journals to ledgers
36. Ledgers is a book containing all the account of a company
37. An account is a financial record containing information about a group of similar
transactions
38. The design, maintenance and interpretation of the information recorded in the

accounts are referred to as accounting
39. Accountants use information in the account to construct financial statements
40. The balance sheet shows a company’s s financial situation on a particular date, general
the last day of the financial year
41. the balance sheet lists the company “assets, its liabilities and shareholder’s fund
42. Application of funds include purchases of fixed assets or financial assets, payment of
dividends, repayment of loans and in a bad year-trading losses
43. The analyst draws the financial data needed in financial analysis from many sources
44. A financial ratio is a comparison between one bit of financial information and another
45. Ratios can be classifieds according to the way they are constructed and their general
characteristics
46. A coverage ratio is a measure of a company’s ability to satisfy particular obligations


47. A return ratio is a measure of the net benefit, relative to the resources expended
48. A component percentage is the ratio of a component of an item to the item
49. A liquidity ratio provides information on a company’s ability to meet its short-term,
immediate obligations
50. A profitability ratio provides information on the amount of income from each dollar of
sales
51. A activity ratio relates information on a company’s ability to manage its resources
efficiently
52. A shareholder ratio describes the company’s financial condition in terms of amounts
per share of stock
53. A return on investment ratio provides information on the amount of profit, relative to
the assets employed to produce that profit
54. Auditing is an accounting function that involves the review and evaluation of financial
records
55. Even these companies that do not conduct an internal audit need to maintain system of
internal control

56. Many companies employ their own accountants to maintain an internal audit
57. The most common sort of trade barriers are things like: tariffs, quotas, subsidies,
embargoes
58. One of the most common justification for trade barriers is to protect domestic
employment
59. This practice ‘dumping’ might under taken to drive domestic producer out of
business , lessen competition
60. All last noted argument is that trade barriers are needed to protect firms and industries
that produce output vital to security defense nation
61. Trade barrier are any of a number of government placed restrictions on trade between
nations
62. Domestic firms benefit with higher sales, greater profits and more income to resource
owners
63. One of the most common justification for trade barriers is to protect domestic
employment
64. Trade barriers prevent the country from depending on these imports and allow greater
reliance on domestic production
65. The first of four most common trade barriers designed to restrict imports is tariffs on
imports
66. A tariff is added to price of the imported goods
67. A quota is simply a quantity restriction placed on a good, service, or activity
68. An embargo can be seen as the most extreme of the trade barriers
69. The current account is a better measure of trade because it includes a country ‘s
exports and imports or services
70. Trade deficits and surpluses are balanced by payments that make up the difference
71. All of these payments and transfers of funds are added up in a country’s capital
account
72. The balance of payments adds up everything in a country’s current account and capital
account