Study on biological and host preference characteristics of diamond moth plutella xylostella and cabbage butterfly pieris rapae in gialam, hanoi

CONTENT
PART I: INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2

Preface
Objectives and requirements
Objectives
Requirements

PART II: LITERATURE REVIEWS
2.1. World studies record
2.2. Vietnam studies record
PART III: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Objectives and study materials
3.1.1
Objects
3.1.2
Materials
3.2 Location and conducting time
3.2.1
Location
3.2.2
Conducting time
3.3 Researching content
3.4 Researching methods
3.4.1
Method to survey density
3.4.2

Rearing method
3.4.3
Method to determine selective feed tendency
3.4.4
Experiment to evaluate the efficacy of some pesticides
3.4.5
Methods of calculation
3.4.6
Data processing methods
PART IV: EXPECTED RESULTS AND SCHEDULE
4.1 Expected results
4.2 Working plan
PART V. REFERENCES
5.1 Vietnamese references
5.2 World References

1


PART I: INTRODUCTION
1.1.

Preface

Vegetables are indispensable food in the daily living needs of each family. It
contains a relatively large amount of carbohydrates, vitamins, protein, sugar,
aromatic substances, mineral compounds and organic acids provide body.
Today, the living needs of people rise, the use of food species to ensure the
quality, safety and health is also very important. Therefore vegetables are used
daily in large quantities. Average daily body needs from 150-250g vegetables,

with those everyday needs at least 2,000 kcal maintaining healthy weight. So the
issue of quality control and food safety issues always becomes the top concern
of consumers.
In economic term, the vegetable crops are high economic efficiency. According
to FAO (2010), Vietnam has geographic location spanning a lot of latitudes,
tropical monsoon climate and there are some special microclimates as: Da Lat,
Sa Pa, Tam Dao ..., with favorable natural conditions for the production of
vegetables. There are more than 120 native vegetable plants cultivated including
tropical, subtropical, temperate and furthermore the off-season vegetables are
being produced to meet consumer demand and exporting sector. Vegetable
production tends increasingly expanding in area and production increased
consensus. Period 1986 – 1990, our country exports totaled 5.15 million. In
1997, exports of Vietnam vegetables are reached 140 million, up 170%
compared to 1986 and accounted for 1.6 of the total exports of the country.
However, the winter and winter-spring crops in the vegetable growing areas in
the Northern part of Vietnam of increasing concern about the possibility of pest
and disease control by farmers and local governments. According to statistics in
recent years, pests component on vegetable develop richness and diversity with
the worms often appear in fields such as larva of diamond moth, larva of
cabbage butterfly, armyworm…
Today, controlling diamond moth and cabbage butterfly is difficult. They attack
vegetable crops over large areas and time spans from seedling stage until
harvest, reduce productivity and directly affects the quality of vegetables. In
order to improve the effectiveness of prevention and minimize the damage
caused by diamond moth and cabbage butterfly, we conduct the research:
“Study on biological and host preference characteristics of diamond moth
Plutella xylostella and cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae in Gialam, Hanoi”. The
perspective result could help farmer improve effectiveness IPM on both two
cabbage pests and ensuring food safety.

2


1.2

Objectives and requirements
1.2.1 Objectives
This study aims to:
- Evaluating biological characteristics of diamond moth and cabbage butterfly
under different diet condition
- Surveying the emergence of diamond moth and cabbage butterfly and capture
their density changing and the rate of damage in the ecological conditions, after,
propose appropriate solution for management and control them to achieve
economic efficiency.
1.2.2. Requirements

 Surveying the appearance time and abundant of insect pests on Brassica
cultivar fields in Gialam district.
 Determining morphological and biological characteristics of diamond
moth and cabbage butterfly under different diet conditions
 Evaluating host plant preference of diamond moth and cabbage butterfly
in Y-tube olfactometer
 Evaluating the efficacy of some pesticides for controlling diamond moth
and cabbage butterfly

3


PART II: LITERATURE REVIEWS
2.1 World studies record

The diamond moth Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus 1758)
Scientific classification of diamond moth:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Plutellidae
Genus: Plutella
Species: Plutella xylostella
The diamond moth may have its origin in Europe (Hardy, 1938) but on the basis
of the large complex and sexual forms of its parasitoids and host plants found in
South Africa, Kfir (1998) speculated that it originated in South Africa and then
dispersed to Europe. Using similar arguments, Liu et al. (2000) is of the view
that diamond moth originated in East Asia. North American populations of
diamond moth are most probably of European origin (Hardy, 1983).Widespread
distribution of Plutella xylostellahas been observed in British Columbia (R
Sarfraz, 2014, personal observation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
BC, Canada).
Diamond moth Plutella xylostella is holometabolous insect. Their life cycle
included 4 phase: egg, larva, pupa and adult. Eggs are 0.44 x 0.26 mm, oval and
flattened, and yellow or pale green. They are deposited singly or in small groups
of 2-10 eggs on foliage surfaces (Hardy, 1938; Talekar et al., 1994) or on other
plant parts (Sarfraz et al., 2005)
A fully-grown larva is 10 mm long. The larva has five pairs of prolegs; a pair of
prolegs protrudes from the posterior end forming a distinctive 'V' shape. Moriuti
(1986) gives details of other morphological characters such as spiracles, legs,
mouthparts and chaetotaxy. The larva, when disturbed, curls and wriggles
backward violently and may drop off the plant, where it can hang suspended on
a silken thread (Sarfraz et al., 2009). The sex of the moth can be visually
distinguished from the third-instar larva onwards. In males the 5th segment is

distinctly yellow, such coloration is not found in the female larva (Liu and
Tabashnik, 1997).
Pupa is 5-6 mm, about four times as long as the width. It is covered with a
white, loose, silken cocoon. Sometime pupation may take place without a silken
cocoon (e.g. when larvae are fed on an unusual food plant).
The adult is greyish brown with a 9-mm-long body and a wingspan of about 1215 mm (Anonymous, 1983; Reid and Cuthbert, 1971). Moriuti (1986) gives
details of wing venation and genitalia. The moths are weak fliers and can
disperse, on average, only 13-35 m within a crop field (Mo JianHua et al.,
2003). They are readily carried by the wind and can travel long distances, at
400-500 km per night (Chapman et al., 2002).
4


Due to the different in geographical and environmental conditions among
countries, life cycle of Plutella xylostella changes. Lee et al (1996) reported in
his publication that in Hong Kong lifecycle of Plutella xylostella around 22-27
days; while in Canada they lasted from 14-21 days (Harcourt 1963).
Diamond moth attacks only plants in the family Cruciferae. Virtually all
cruciferous vegetable crops are eaten, including broccoli, Brussels sprouts,
cabbage, cauliflower, kohlrabi, mustard, radish... Several cruciferous weeds are
important hosts, especially early in the season before cultivated crops are
available. Plant damage is caused by larval feeding. Although the larvae are very
small, they can be quite numerous, resulting in complete removal of foliar tissue
except for the leaf veins. This is particularly damaging to seedlings, and may
disrupt head formation in cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower.
Diamond moth Plutella xylostellacan be controlled by any ways. Populations are
usually monitored by making counts of larvae, or by the level of damage. In
Texas, average population densities of up to 0.3 larvae per plant are considered
to be below the treatment level. In Florida and Georgia, treatment is
recommended only when damage equals or exceeds one hole per plant.

Pheromone traps can be used to monitor adult populations, and may predict
larval populations 11 to 21 days later. However, because of variation among
locations, each crop field requires independent.
Protection of crucifer crops from damage often requires application of
insecticide to plant foliage, sometimes as frequently as twice per week.
However, resistance to insecticides is widespread, and includes most classes of
insecticides including some Bacillus thuringiensis products. Rotation of
insecticide classes is recommended, and the use of B. thuringiensis is considered
especially important because it favors survival of parasitoids.
Rainfall has been identified as a major mortality factor for young larvae, so it is
not surprising that crucifer crops with overhead sprinkle irrigation tend to have
fewer diamond moth larvae than drip or furrow-irrigated crops. Best results were
obtained with daily evening applications.Crop diversity can influence abundance
of diamond moth. Larvae generally are fewer in number, and more heavily
parasitized, when crucifer crops are interplanted with another crop or when
weeds are present.Crucifer transplants are often shipped long distances prior to
planting and diamondback moth may be included with the transplants.
The cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae (Linnaeus 1758)
Scientific classification of cabbage butterfly:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Pieridae
Genus: Pieris
Species: Pieris rapae
5


Pieris rapae was first described by Linnaeus in 1758 as Papilio rapae, but

subsequently placed in the genus Pieris by Schrank. Pieris rapae is the preferred
and most often used name.
Pieris rapae is essentially a northern temperate species with its origins in
Europe. It was accidentally introduced into China (Yin et al., 1989), North
America (in 1860), Australia (in 1937) and New Zealand (in 1930).
The complete life cycle of this insect requires three to six weeks, depending on
weather. The number of generations reported annually is two to three in Canada,
three in the New England states, three to five in California, and six to eight in
the south. Imported cabbageworm can be found throughout the year in Florida.
The egg of Pieris rapae is pale yellow and about 1 mm long. It is twice as high
as it is wide, giving it a spindle shaped appearance. It has a narrow base and
blunt apex and usually shows 14 pronounced vertical ribs and numerous faint
horizontal lines. It is attached endwise to the leaf surface.
The head and body of the first-instar larva are pale yellow with fine transparent
hairs arising from small white spots. The mature larva is about 3 cm long, its
head and body are velvety green with short hairs. There is a faint yellow middorsal line and numerous black, and occasional white, minute raised spots from
which arise short translucent hairs. Segments have one or two yellow lateral
spots. The larva has five pairs of prolegs.
The pupa is 18-20 mm long and has a pointed anterior spine. The thorax and
abdomen have a dorsal ridge with paired pointed dorsolateral ridges.
Pieris rapae is a white, diurnally active butterfly with a wingspan of 4-6 cm.
The wings are white with a black area near the tip of each forewing and a small
black spot on the front edge of the wing.
Adult Pieris rapae live for 5-20 days. The females usually begin laying eggs
within a day or so of eclosion and lay 400-1000 eggs during their lifetime
(Suzuki, 1978). Fecundity is influenced by mating frequency (Watanabe and
Ando, 1993, 1994) and is greatest when immature stages develop under warm
conditions (Jones et al., 1982). The eggs contain an oviposition-deterring
pheromone (Schoonhoven et al., 1990) which facilitates the optimal dispersal of
the eggs. The adults disperse a long way and female flight paths may be up to

700 m/day (Jones et al., 1980), ensuring efficient location of the host plants
which are generally common (Fahrig and Paloheimo, 1987).
According to John L. Capinera (2000), Pieris rapae appeared on the cruciferous
vegetables such as cabbage, kohlrabi, cauliflower... Larvae of Pieris rapae
damage cruciferous crops by chewing leaves, hearts and curds, if not kill them,
it will affect seriously to plant growth.
Classical control was carried out in a number of countries:
Australia: partial control achieved (Wilson, 1960)
New Zealand: substantial control achieved (Cameron et al., 1989, 1995)
Canada: parasitoids established (Corrigan, 1983)
USA: substantial control according to Clausen (1978)
6


In recent years, good control has been achieved using managed spray or IPM
programmes (Leibee et al., 1984; Theunissen, 1984; Stewart and Sears, 1988;
Ferguson and Barratt, 1993). These generally combine close monitoring of pest
and natural enemy populations with judicious applications of selective pesticides
(Jackson and Hartley, 1982; Endersby et al., 1992; Forster and Hommes, 1992;
Dornan et al., 1994).
New plantings should be as far as possible from those of the previous season. At
the end of the season crops should be harvested without delay and plant residues
should be ploughed under or destroyed. Intercropping and trap crops have had
limited success as methods of controlling Pieris rapae (Kenny and Chapman,
1988; Luther et al., 1996; Wiech, 1996). Both strategies are likely to have some
value in IPM systems based on pesticides or natural enemies.
Paper caps early in the season, and row covers later, are effective in preventing
oviposition by imported cabbageworm butterflies.
2.2 Vietnamese studies record
Diamond moth Plutella xylostella and cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae were

distributed in all regions of vegetable production from the north to the south of
Vietnam. However, the quantity and duration of each species have incurred
significantly different between the North and South.
According to Nguyen Cong Thuat (1985) on brassica, diamond moth Plutella
xylostella and cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae are the major pest. Mai Van Quyen
and collaborators (1995) reported in the area of Ho Chi Minh City and southern
provinces that there are 3 serious pests damaging, in which diamond moth
Plutella xylostella and cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae appear with large quantity.
The result of survey of the actual use of plant drugs on some agricultural plains
of the Red River have identified diamond moth Plutella xylostella and cabbage
butterfly Pieris rapae are 2 major pests and appear high frequency.
Studies of Le Van Trinh, Vu Thi Su and Nguyen Thi Nguyen about insect pests
on cruciferous vegetable in Red river Delta from 1995 to 1999 showed that
development time of diamond moth Plutella xylostella’s egg is from 1.9 to 4.8
days, larval phase could be divided into 4 instars: 1 st instars last from 1.0 to 4.9
days, 2nd instars from 1.1 to 3.2 days, 3rd instars from 1.1 to 3.6 and 4th instars
from 1.7 to 7.0 days. After, pupal phase varies from 3.0 to 8.0 days. The average
longevity of female and male is 7 and 6 days, respectively. The life cycle of
Plutella xylostella varies about from 11.5 to 33.1 days and their life cycle
depended on the daily average temperature from 17.2 to 30.1 oC. Also in this
study, the development time of egg phase of and cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae
varies from 2.2 to 3.5 days. 1st instars last from 1.2 to 2.7 days; 2nd instars: 1.72.3 days; 3rd instars: 1.8-2.3 days; 4th instars: 2.2-2.9 days and 5th instar: 2.3-3.8
days. Pupal stage last from 5.0 to 10.8 days. Adult males and females live about
4 days, and females deposit eggs for about 2 days. The life cycle of Pieris rapae
varies from 19.3 to 30.0 days.
7


Diamond moth Plutella xylostella and cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae is two
major pests damage cruciferous vegetable. Each year from 1995 to 1999 has 17

times of the highest density of diamond moth Plutella xylostella and 15 times of
the highest density of cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae. The processing
development of diamond moth Plutella xylostella and cabbage butterfly Pieris
rapae depended on the processing development of vegetable crops. Farmers
based on the day grown vegetable to control them.
In Red river Delta in 1996, NPV, natural enemy of diamond moth Plutella
xylostella and cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae, killed 19-24.7% of their
populations. Wasps in the family Braconidae also contributed to increasing
density of diamond moth Plutella xylostella and cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae
populations.

8


PART III: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Objects and study materials
3.1.1 Objects
Diamond moth Plutella xylostella and cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae
3.1.2 Materials
- Brassica vegetables: cabbage, kohlrabi, cauliflower, Rorippa indica (wild
mustard)…
- Collecting tools: Rackets, microscopes, tweezers, scissors, sample
containers, questionnaires, notebook, pens…
- Laboratory equipments: Climate cabinet, microscopes, rearing cages,
hand sprayer, commercial pesticides…
3.2 Location and conducting time
3.2.1 Location
- Brassica cultivar fields in Gialam District, Hanoi city
- Entomology Laboratory- Dept. of Entomology, Faculty of Agronomy,
VNUA.

3.2.2 Conducting time
From July 1st2015 to Dec 31st 2015
3.3 Researching content
- Surveying the appearance time and abundant of insect pests on Brassica
cultivar fields in Gialam district.
- Determining morphological and biological characteristics of diamond moth
and cabbage butterfly under different diet conditions
- Evaluating host plant preference of diamond moth and cabbage butterfly in
Y-tube olfactometer
- Evaluating the efficacy of some pesticides for controlling diamond moth
and cabbage butterfly
3.4 Researching methods
3.4.1 Methods to survey density of diamond moth Plutella xylostella and
cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae
- Surveying follow to National technical regulation on Surveillance method
of plant pests issued along with decision QCVN 01-38:2010/BNNPTNT
- To estimate density of different pests in brassica investigation field, direct
counts of adult insects, larvae and adults of them will be carried 1
time/week on Monday and Tuesday during brassica season to determine
number of them on field. Direct counts in the crop will be made by visually
determining the number pests in 10 oblique points (1m2) on each field. Data
reported as the number of each pest per plant or each pest per 1m2 in each
section.

9


3.4.2 Rearing methods of diamond moth Plutella xylostella and cabbage
butterfly Pieris rapae
Seedling preparation

Seedlings of cabbage or radish (mustard as well as Rorippa indica) are used as
rearing materials. To prepare the seedlings, seeds are soaked in water for 5 to 24
h, and then treated with disinfectants for 30 min. Disinfected seeds are
transferred into a small plastic vessel with a perforated lid on top and a piece of
paper at the bottom on which the seeds are sown. Each vessel is filled with
water. The seeds begin to sprout after one day, and are ready to feed larvae on
their cotyledons in three days.
Rearing Procedure
First larvae for the rearing were collected in the fields of Gialam district. The
larvae were set in plastic boxes in the rearing chamber and fed with leaves from
cabbage or radish until pupation. The emerged adults were placed in mating
chambers, for mating and egg lying.
Mass rearing
These mating chambers were made of big plastic containers with the upper-parts
removed and covered with fine mesh cloth held in place by a rubber band. The
adults were fed with 5-10 % honey solution in a cotton wick, put on a plastic
sauce container. The females could lay their eggs either underneath the cloth or
at the sidewalls of the water container. One to three pairs were set in one
chamber. Dead adults were immediately removed to avoid moulding of the
corpses. Eggs were collected or left on the spot where the females had laid them.
In the latter case, the hatched first instars were transferred to potted plant or in
boxes with plant material using a fine brush. The food was exchanged every two
to three days. When the larvae were brought to a whole plant, it was necessary to
transfer them again to a box with food after 4-8 days on a plant. The larvae were
fed with leaves from cabbage, mustard and radish as well as Rorippa indica.
3.4.3 Method to determine selective feed tendency of diamond moth and
cabbage butterfly in Y-tube olfactometer
Repeated the experiment conducted on 30 larvae each Plutella xylostella and
Pieris rapae for each experimental Brassica varieties in Y-tube olfactometer
with one branch containing mustard plants affected by:

- Artificial damage by using a needle to leaf
- Artificial damage by crushed leaves
- Natural foliar damage by Plutella xylostella and Pieris rapae
and the other branch contains control undamaged leaves the same variety.
10


Clean air is blown into the chamber to maintain the flow of glass with 800ml /
minute in lighting conditions and room temperature. Use a stopwatch to count
the speed and direction of movement of larvae for improved varieties widely
planted in the field.
3.4.4 Experiment to evaluate the efficacy of some pesticides for controlling
diamond moth and cabbage butterfly
Arrange 4 experiments corresponding to formula of three pesticides:
- Experiment 1: Pesticide 1
- Experiment 2: Pesticide 2
- Experiment 3: Pesticide 3
- Experiment 4: control sprayed with water
Replicate one more times with 10 larvae in one Petri dish with leaves
exposed pesticide
+ Leaves could be dipped in pesticide solution
+ Use spray tower to spray pesticide on foliar surface with recommended
concentration.
Observe and record numbers of insects are still alive after expose to
pesticide 24 hours and 48 hours.
3.4.5 Methods of calculation

-Density (individuals/plant) =
-Percentage damage (%) x 100
-The appearance frequency (%) = x100

In which:
++++: Very common (appearance frequency >50%)
+++ : Common (appearance frequency 25-50%)
++ : Less common (appearance frequency 5-25%)
+
: very less common (appearance frequency <5%)
- The

development time of each stage =

In which: : average time of development stages
Xi : Time of development stages of individual n in day i
ni : number of individual molting in day i
N: total number of individual monitoring.
- Longevity

=

In which : : average Longevity
ai : Longevity of individual a in day i
ni: Number of individual alive in day i
11


N: Total number of individual observed
- Efficacy of pesticide is calculated as Abbot formula:

In which:
Ca: Numbers of individual alive in the control experiment after treat
by pesticide.

Ta: Numbers of individual alive in 3 experiments after treat by
pesticide.

3.4.6 Data processing methods
Data collected and analyzed using software MS Office Excel 2010.

PART IV: EXPECTED RESULTS AND SCHEDULE
4.1

Expected results
- Morphological and biological characteristics of diamond moth and
cabbage butterfly
- Host plant choices of diamond moth and cabbage butterfly.
4.2 Working plan
Month
June

July

Aug
12

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Outline writing

X

Surveying
and
collecting
specimens in the
field

X

X

X

X

Rearing insects
and
collecting
biological
characteristics
data

X

X

X

X

X

Evaluating
the
host
plant
preference
of
larvae diamond
moth and cabbage
butterfly

X

X

X

X

X

Evaluating
the
efficacy of some
pesticides against

diamond
moth
and
cabbage
butterfly

X

X

Mid-term report

X

Data
analyzing
and writing thesis

X

X

PART V. REFERENCES
5.1

1.
2.
3.
4.

Vietnamese references
Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển nông thôn (2014), “Quy chuẩn kỹ thuật
quốc gia về phương pháp điều tra phát hiện dịch hại cây rau họ hoa thập
tự”
Bộ môn côn trùng, Trường Đại học Nơng nghiệp I (2004), “Giáo trình
cơn trùng chun khoa”, Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp
Bùi Công Hiển, Trần Huy Thọ, “Côn trùng học ứng dụng”, Nhà xuất bản
khoa học và kỹ thuật.
FAO, 2010. Nghiên cứu thị trường rau quả Việt Nam
13


5. Hoàng Quý Cường, 2011, “Nghiên cứu đánh giá mức độ mẫn cảm của
sâu tơ Plutella xylostella với một số loại thuốc đang được sử dụng trên
địa bàn tỉnh Vĩnh Phúc”, Luận văn thạc sĩ nơng nghiệp.
6. Hồ Khắc Tín, 1980. “Giáo trình cơn trùng nơng nghiệp”.Nhà xuất bản
Nơng nghiệp Hà Nội.
7. Lê Văn Trịnh, Vũ Thị Sử, Nguyễn Thị Nguyên, “Kết quả nghiên cứu sâu
hại rau họ thập tự vùng đồng bằng sơng Hồng và biện pháp phịng trừ
tổng hợp (1995-1999)”,
8. Mai Văn Quyền, Lê Thị Việt Nhi, Ngô Quang Vinh. (1996),“Những cây
rau gia vị phổ biến ở Việt Nam”, Nhà xuất bản Nông Nghiệp
9. Mai Văn Quyền, 1994, “Sổ tay trồng rau”, Nhà xuất bản Hà Nội.
10.
Nguyễn Đức Khiêm , “Giáo trình cơn trùng nơng nghiệp”, , Nhà
xuất bản Nông nghiệp
11.
Nguyễn Thị Me, Nguyễn Duy Trang, Vũ Lữ … “Nghiên cứu tính
kháng thuốc của sâu tơ hại rau thập tự và biện pháp khắc phục”.
12.Nguyễn Trường Thành, 2004. “Quản lý dịch hại tổng hợp (IPM) trên rau

họ hoa thập tự”.
13. Nguyễn Cơng Thuật, 1985, “Phịng trừ tổng hợp sâu bệnh hại cây trồng,
nghiên cứu và ứng dụng”, Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp
14.Viện bảo vệ thực vật, “Tuyển tập cơng trình nghiên cứu bảo vệ thực vật
1996-2000”, Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp.
5.2
World References
1. A. Golizadeh, K. Kamali, Y. Fathipour, and H. Abbasipour (2009), “Life
Table of the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera:
Plutellidae) on Five Cultivated Brassicaceous Host Plants”
2. G.S. Lim and H.F. Chan (1986), “A simple rearing unit for diamondback
moth and its parasitoid (Apanteles platellae kurdj.)”
3. Harcourt, D.G. (1966), “Major Factors in the Survival of the Immature
Stages of Pieris rapae” L. Can. Entomologist
4. Hill, D.S. and Waller, J.M. (1988) “Handbook of pests and Diseases”
(Intermediate Tropical Agriculture Series)
5. John L. Capinera, (2000), EENY-126 of Featured Creatures from the
Entomology and Nematology Dept. Florida Cooperative Extension
Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida
6. Koshihara, (1985), “Diamond back Moth and its control in Japan”
7. Lim et al, (1984), “Integrated, pest, Management concept, Perception
and implication in Malaysia”
8. Ooi P.A.C, (1985), “Diamondback moth in Malaysia”
9. Shelton Lab (2012), “Techniques for Rearing Plutella xylostella at N.Y.S.
Agricultural Experiment Station Geneva”, New York.
14


10.Susan E. Webb and Anthony M. Shelton (1988), “Laboratory Rearing Of
The Imported Cabbageworm”

11.Roger F. Hou , “Mass Rearing of Diamondback Moth” , Department of
Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
12.
Wang Ren, Lyli-Ying and Waterhouse D.F. (1997), “The
Distribution and Importance of Arthropod Pest and Weed of Agriculture
and Forestry Plantation in Southern China”. ACIAR, Canberra, Australia
Hanoi, Thursday, June 18th, 2015
Supervisor
Student

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