Handbook of Military Administration ppt

Handbook of
Military
Administration
DK3629.indb 1 11/7/07 8:28:49 AM
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY
A Comprehensive Publication Program
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
EVAN M. BERMAN
Huey McElveen Distinguished Professor
Louisiana State University
Public Administration Institute
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Executive Editor
JACK RABIN
Professor of Public Administration and Public Policy
The Pennsylvania State University—Harrisburg
School of Public Affairs
Middletown, Pennsylvania
1.
Public Administration as a Developing Discipline,
Robert T. Golembiewski
2.
Comparative National Policies on Health Care,
Milton I. Roemer, M.D.
3.
Exclusionary Injustice: The Problem of Illegally Obtained Evidence,
Steven R. Schlesinger
5.
Organization Development in Public Administration,
edited by

Robert T. Golembiewski and William B. Eddy
7.
Approaches to Planned Change,
Robert T. Golembiewski
8.
Program Evaluation at HEW,
edited by James G. Abert
9.
The States and the Metropolis,
Patricia S. Florestano
and Vincent L. Marando
11.
Changing Bureaucracies: Understanding the Organization before
Selecting the Approach,
William A. Medina
12.
Handbook on Public Budgeting and Financial Management,
edited by
Jack Rabin and Thomas D. Lynch
15.
Handbook on Public Personnel Administration and Labor Relations,
edited by Jack Rabin, Thomas Vocino, W. Bartley Hildreth,
and Gerald J. Miller
19.
Handbook of Organization Management,
edited by William B. Eddy
22.
Politics and Administration: Woodrow Wilson and American Public
Administration,
edited by Jack Rabin and James S. Bowman

23.
Making and Managing Policy: Formulation, Analysis, Evaluation,
edited by G. Ronald Gilbert
25.
Decision Making in the Public Sector,
edited by Lloyd G. Nigro
26.
Managing Administration,
edited by Jack Rabin, Samuel Humes,
and Brian S. Morgan
27.
Public Personnel Update,
edited by Michael Cohen
and Robert T. Golembiewski
28.
State and Local Government Administration,
edited by Jack Rabin
and Don Dodd
29.
Public Administration: A Bibliographic Guide to the Literature,
Howard E. McCurdy
31.
Handbook of Information Resource Management,
edited by Jack Rabin
and Edward M. Jackowski
32.
Public Administration in Developed Democracies: A Comparative Study,
edited by Donald C. Rowat
33.
The Politics of Terrorism: Third Edition,

edited by Michael Stohl
34.
Handbook on Human Services Administration,
edited by Jack Rabin
and Marcia B. Steinhauer
36.
Ethics for Bureaucrats: An Essay on Law and Values, Second Edition,
John A. Rohr
37.
The Guide to the Foundations of Public Administration,
Daniel W. Martin
39.
Terrorism and Emergency Management: Policy and Administration,
William L. Waugh, Jr.
40.
Organizational Behavior and Public Management: Second Edition,
Michael L. Vasu, Debra W. Stewart, and G. David Garson
43.
Government Financial Management Theory,
Gerald J. Miller
46.
Handbook of Public Budgeting
, edited by Jack Rabin
49.
Handbook of Court Administration and Management
, edited by
Steven W. Hays and Cole Blease Graham, Jr.
50.
Handbook of Comparative Public Budgeting and Financial Management
,

edited by Thomas D. Lynch and Lawrence L. Martin
53.
Encyclopedia of Policy Studies: Second Edition,
edited by
Stuart S. Nagel
54.
Handbook of Regulation and Administrative Law,
edited by
David H. Rosenbloom and Richard D. Schwartz
55.
Handbook of Bureaucracy,
edited by Ali Farazmand
56.
Handbook of Public Sector Labor Relations
, edited by Jack Rabin,
Thomas Vocino, W. Bartley Hildreth, and Gerald J. Miller
57.
Practical Public Management
, Robert T. Golembiewski
58.
Handbook of Public Personnel Administration
, edited by Jack Rabin,
Thomas Vocino, W. Bartley Hildreth, and Gerald J. Miller
60.
Handbook of Debt Management
, edited by Gerald J. Miller
61.
Public Administration and Law: Second Edition
, David H. Rosenbloom
and Rosemary O’Leary

62.
Handbook of Local Government Administration
, edited by
John J. Gargan
63.
Handbook of Administrative Communication
, edited by
James L. Garnett and Alexander Kouzmin
64.
Public Budgeting and Finance: Fourth Edition,
edited by
Robert T. Golembiewski and Jack Rabin
67.
Handbook of Public Finance
, edited by Fred Thompson
and Mark T. Green
68.
Organizational Behavior and Public Management: Third Edition,
Michael L. Vasu, Debra W. Stewart, and G. David Garson
69.
Handbook of Economic Development
, edited by Kuotsai Tom Liou
70.
Handbook of Health Administration and Policy
, edited by Anne Osborne
Kilpatrick and James A. Johnson
DK3629.indb 2 11/7/07 8:28:50 AM
28.
State and Local Government Administration,
edited by Jack Rabin

and Don Dodd
29.
Public Administration: A Bibliographic Guide to the Literature,
Howard E. McCurdy
31.
Handbook of Information Resource Management,
edited by Jack Rabin
and Edward M. Jackowski
32.
Public Administration in Developed Democracies: A Comparative Study,
edited by Donald C. Rowat
33.
The Politics of Terrorism: Third Edition,
edited by Michael Stohl
34.
Handbook on Human Services Administration,
edited by Jack Rabin
and Marcia B. Steinhauer
36.
Ethics for Bureaucrats: An Essay on Law and Values, Second Edition,
John A. Rohr
37.
The Guide to the Foundations of Public Administration,
Daniel W. Martin
39.
Terrorism and Emergency Management: Policy and Administration,
William L. Waugh, Jr.
40.
Organizational Behavior and Public Management: Second Edition,
Michael L. Vasu, Debra W. Stewart, and G. David Garson

43.
Government Financial Management Theory,
Gerald J. Miller
46.
Handbook of Public Budgeting
, edited by Jack Rabin
49.
Handbook of Court Administration and Management
, edited by
Steven W. Hays and Cole Blease Graham, Jr.
50.
Handbook of Comparative Public Budgeting and Financial Management
,
edited by Thomas D. Lynch and Lawrence L. Martin
53.
Encyclopedia of Policy Studies: Second Edition,
edited by
Stuart S. Nagel
54.
Handbook of Regulation and Administrative Law,
edited by
David H. Rosenbloom and Richard D. Schwartz
55.
Handbook of Bureaucracy,
edited by Ali Farazmand
56.
Handbook of Public Sector Labor Relations
, edited by Jack Rabin,
Thomas Vocino, W. Bartley Hildreth, and Gerald J. Miller
57.

Practical Public Management
, Robert T. Golembiewski
58.
Handbook of Public Personnel Administration
, edited by Jack Rabin,
Thomas Vocino, W. Bartley Hildreth, and Gerald J. Miller
60.
Handbook of Debt Management
, edited by Gerald J. Miller
61.
Public Administration and Law: Second Edition
, David H. Rosenbloom
and Rosemary O’Leary
62.
Handbook of Local Government Administration
, edited by
John J. Gargan
63.
Handbook of Administrative Communication
, edited by
James L. Garnett and Alexander Kouzmin
64.
Public Budgeting and Finance: Fourth Edition,
edited by
Robert T. Golembiewski and Jack Rabin
67.
Handbook of Public Finance
, edited by Fred Thompson
and Mark T. Green
68.

Organizational Behavior and Public Management: Third Edition,
Michael L. Vasu, Debra W. Stewart, and G. David Garson
69.
Handbook of Economic Development
, edited by Kuotsai Tom Liou
70.
Handbook of Health Administration and Policy
, edited by Anne Osborne
Kilpatrick and James A. Johnson
DK3629.indb 3 11/7/07 8:28:50 AM
72.
Handbook on Taxation
, edited by W. Bartley Hildreth
and James A. Richardson
73
. Handbook of Comparative Public Administration in the Asia-Pacific
Basin
, edited by Hoi-kwok Wong and Hon S. Chan
74
. Handbook of Global Environmental Policy and Administration,
edited by
Dennis L. Soden and Brent S. Steel
75
. Handbook of State Government Administration,
edited by
John J. Gargan
76.
Handbook of Global Legal Policy,
edited by Stuart S. Nagel
78.

Handbook of Global Economic Policy,
edited by Stuart S. Nagel
79
. Handbook of Strategic Management: Second Edition,
edited by
Jack Rabin, Gerald J. Miller, and W. Bartley Hildreth
80.
Handbook of Global International Policy,
edited by Stuart S. Nagel
81.
Handbook of Organizational Consultation: Second Edition,
edited by
Robert T. Golembiewski
82.
Handbook of Global Political Policy,
edited by Stuart S. Nagel
83.
Handbook of Global Technology Policy,
edited by Stuart S. Nagel
84.
Handbook of Criminal Justice Administration
, edited by
M. A. DuPont-Morales, Michael K. Hooper, and Judy H. Schmidt
85.
Labor Relations in the Public Sector: Third Edition
, edited by
Richard C. Kearney
86.
Handbook of Administrative Ethics: Second Edition,
edited by

Terry L. Cooper
87.
Handbook of Organizational Behavior: Second Edition
, edited by
Robert T. Golembiewski
88.
Handbook of Global Social Policy,
edited by Stuart S. Nagel
and Amy Robb
89.
Public Administration: A Comparative Perspective, Sixth Edition,
Ferrel Heady
90.
Handbook of Public Quality Management
, edited by Ronald J. Stupak
and Peter M. Leitner
91.
Handbook of Public Management Practice and Reform
, edited by
Kuotsai Tom Liou
93.
Handbook of Crisis and Emergency Management
, edited by
Ali Farazmand
94.
Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration:
Second Edition,
edited by Ali Farazmand
95.
Financial Planning and Management in Public Organizations

,
Alan Walter Steiss and Emeka O. Cyprian Nwagwu
96.
Handbook of International Health Care Systems,
edited by Khi V. Thai,
Edward T. Wimberley, and Sharon M. McManus
97.
Handbook of Monetary Policy,
edited by Jack Rabin
and Glenn L. Stevens
98.
Handbook of Fiscal Policy,
edited by Jack Rabin and Glenn L. Stevens
99.
Public Administration: An Interdisciplinary Critical Analysis,
edited by
Eran Vigoda
100.
Ironies in Organizational Development: Second Edition, Revised
and Expanded,
edited by Robert T. Golembiewski
101.
Science and Technology of Terrorism and Counterterrorism
, edited by
Tushar K. Ghosh, Mark A. Prelas, Dabir S. Viswanath,
and Sudarshan K. Loyalka
102.
Strategic Management for Public and Nonprofit Organizations
,
Alan Walter Steiss

103.
Case Studies in Public Budgeting and Financial Management:
Second Edition,
edited by Aman Khan and W. Bartley Hildreth
104.
Handbook of Conflict Management,
edited by William J. Pammer, Jr.
and Jerri Killian
105.
Chaos Organization and Disaster Management,
Alan Kirschenbaum
106.
Handbook of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Administration
and Policy,
edited by Wallace Swan
107.
Public Productivity Handbook: Second Edition,
edited by Marc Holzer
108.
Handbook of Developmental Policy Studies,
edited by
Gedeon M. Mudacumura, Desta Mebratu and M. Shamsul Haque
109.
Bioterrorism in Medical and Healthcare Administration,
Laure Paquette
110.
International Public Policy and Management: Policy Learning Beyond
Regional, Cultural, and Political Boundaries,
edited by David Levi-Faur
and Eran Vigoda-Gadot

111.
Handbook of Public Information Systems, Second Edition,
edited by
G. David Garson
112.
Handbook of Public Sector Economics,
edited by Donijo Robbins
113.
Handbook of Public Administration and Policy in the European Union,
edited by M. Peter van der Hoek
114.
Nonproliferation Issues for Weapons of Mass Destruction,
Mark A. Prelas and Michael S. Peck
115.
Common Ground, Common Future: Moral Agency in Public
Administration, Professions, and Citizenship
, Charles Garofalo
and Dean Geuras
116.
Handbook of Organization Theory and Management: The Philosophical
Approach, Second Edition,
edited by Thomas D. Lynch
and Peter L. Cruise
117.
International Development Governance,
edited by Ahmed Shafiqul
Huque and Habib Zafarullah
118.
Sustainable Development Policy and Administration,
edited by

Gedeon M. Mudacumura, Desta Mebratu, and M. Shamsul Haque
119.
Public Financial Management,
edited by Howard A. Frank
120.
Handbook of Juvenile Justice: Theory and Practice,
edited by
Barbara Sims and Pamela Preston
121.
Emerging Infectious Diseases and the Threat to Occupational Health
in the U.S. and Canada,
edited by William Charney
122.
Handbook of Technology Management in Public Administration,
edited by David Greisler and Ronald J. Stupak
123.
Handbook of Decision Making,
edited by Göktu ˘g Morçöl
124.
Handbook of Public Administration, Third Edition,
edited by Jack Rabin
125.
Handbook of Public Policy Analysis,
edited by Frank Fischer,
Gerald J. Miller, and Mara S. Sidney
126.
Elements of Effective Governance: Measurement, Accountability
and Participation,
edited by Kathe Callahan
127.

American Public Service: Radical Reform and the Merit System,
edited by James S. Bowman and Jonathan P. West
128.
Handbook of Transportation Policy and Administration,
edited by Jeremy Plant
DK3629.indb 4 11/7/07 8:28:50 AM
102.
Strategic Management for Public and Nonprofit Organizations
,
Alan Walter Steiss
103.
Case Studies in Public Budgeting and Financial Management:
Second Edition,
edited by Aman Khan and W. Bartley Hildreth
104.
Handbook of Conflict Management,
edited by William J. Pammer, Jr.
and Jerri Killian
105.
Chaos Organization and Disaster Management,
Alan Kirschenbaum
106.
Handbook of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Administration
and Policy,
edited by Wallace Swan
107.
Public Productivity Handbook: Second Edition,
edited by Marc Holzer
108.
Handbook of Developmental Policy Studies,

edited by
Gedeon M. Mudacumura, Desta Mebratu and M. Shamsul Haque
109.
Bioterrorism in Medical and Healthcare Administration,
Laure Paquette
110.
International Public Policy and Management: Policy Learning Beyond
Regional, Cultural, and Political Boundaries,
edited by David Levi-Faur
and Eran Vigoda-Gadot
111.
Handbook of Public Information Systems, Second Edition,
edited by
G. David Garson
112.
Handbook of Public Sector Economics,
edited by Donijo Robbins
113.
Handbook of Public Administration and Policy in the European Union,
edited by M. Peter van der Hoek
114.
Nonproliferation Issues for Weapons of Mass Destruction,
Mark A. Prelas and Michael S. Peck
115.
Common Ground, Common Future: Moral Agency in Public
Administration, Professions, and Citizenship
, Charles Garofalo
and Dean Geuras
116.
Handbook of Organization Theory and Management: The Philosophical

Approach, Second Edition,
edited by Thomas D. Lynch
and Peter L. Cruise
117.
International Development Governance,
edited by Ahmed Shafiqul
Huque and Habib Zafarullah
118.
Sustainable Development Policy and Administration,
edited by
Gedeon M. Mudacumura, Desta Mebratu, and M. Shamsul Haque
119.
Public Financial Management,
edited by Howard A. Frank
120.
Handbook of Juvenile Justice: Theory and Practice,
edited by
Barbara Sims and Pamela Preston
121.
Emerging Infectious Diseases and the Threat to Occupational Health
in the U.S. and Canada,
edited by William Charney
122.
Handbook of Technology Management in Public Administration,
edited by David Greisler and Ronald J. Stupak
123.
Handbook of Decision Making,
edited by Göktu ˘g Morçöl
124.
Handbook of Public Administration, Third Edition,

edited by Jack Rabin
125.
Handbook of Public Policy Analysis,
edited by Frank Fischer,
Gerald J. Miller, and Mara S. Sidney
126.
Elements of Effective Governance: Measurement, Accountability
and Participation,
edited by Kathe Callahan
127.
American Public Service: Radical Reform and the Merit System,
edited by James S. Bowman and Jonathan P. West
128.
Handbook of Transportation Policy and Administration,
edited by Jeremy Plant
DK3629.indb 5 11/7/07 8:28:50 AM
129.
The Art and Practice of Court Administration,
Alexander B. Aikman
130.
Handbook of Globalization, Governance, and Public
Administration,
Ali Farazmand and Jack Pinkowski
131.
Handbook of Globalization and the Environment,
edited by
Khi V. Thai, Dianne Rahm, and Jerrell D. Coggburn
132.
Personnel Management in Government: Politics and Process,
Sixth Edition,

Norma M. Riccucci and Katherine C. Naff
133.
Handbook of Police Administration,
edited by Jim Ruiz
and Don Hummer
134.
Handbook of Research Methods in Public Administration,
Second Edition,
edited by Kaifeng Yang and Gerald J. Miller
135.
Social and Economic Control of Alcohol: The 21st Amendment
in the 21st Century,
edited by Carole L. Jurkiewicz
and Murphy J. Painter
136.
Government Public Relations: A Reader,
Mordecai Lee
137.
Handbook of Military Administration,
edited by
Jeffrey A. Weber and Johan Eliasson
Available Electronically
Principles and Practices of Public Administration
, edited by
Jack Rabin, Robert F. Munzenrider, and Sherrie M. Bartell
PublicADMINISTRATION
netBASE
Edited by
Jeffrey A. Weber
East Stroudsburg University

East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Johan Eliasson
East Stroudsburg University
East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Boca Raton London New York
Handbook of
Military
Administration
DK3629.indb 6 11/7/07 8:28:50 AM
Edited by
Jeffrey A. Weber
East Stroudsburg University
East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Johan Eliasson
East Stroudsburg University
East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Boca Raton London New York
Handbook of
Military
Administration
DK3629.indb 7 11/7/07 8:28:50 AM
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487‑2742
© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Weber, Jeffrey A.
Handbook of military administration / Jeffrey A. Weber and Johan Eliasson.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978‑1‑57444‑558‑9 (alk. paper)
1. Military administration‑‑Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Eliasson, Johan. II.
Title.
UB146.W43 2007

355.6‑‑dc22 2007022402
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

and the CRC Press Web site at

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DK3629.indb 8 11/7/07 8:28:51 AM
ix
Dedication
To Dr. Jack Rabin, who encouraged the editors of
this book and was a teacher, mentor, and
friend who will be missed
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DK3629.indb 10 11/7/07 8:28:51 AM
xi
Contents
Preface xxiii
Contributors xxv
Chapter 1
Introduction 1
JEFFREY A. WEBER AND JOHAN ELIASSON
References 8
Chapter 2
Professionals, Bureaucrats and Citizen Soldiers: The
Countervailing Patterns of American Military
Administration 9
DARRELL W. DRIVER
e Military as a Profession: e Rise and Struggles of Autonomous
Professionalism 11
e Military as a Public Bureaucracy: Rational Structures and

Principle Agents 16
Article I. e Military as a Public Institution: e Long Shadow of
the Citizen-Soldier Ideal 20
Conclusion 24
References 26
Chapter 3
Military Administration 1850–1900 31
HEIDI AMELIAANNE WEBER
References 42
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xii  n  Contents
Chapter 4
Reshaping the Defense Enterprise 47
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, QUADRENNIAL DEFENSE
REVIEW 200
6
Toward a New Defense Enterprise 49
Governance Reforms 50
Senior Leadership Focus 50
Aligning Authority and Accountability through Joint
Capability Portfolios 52
Managing Joint Task Assignments 53
Driving Business Transformation 53
Managing Risks and Measuring Performance
Across the Enterprise 54
Additional Governance Reforms 54
Management and Work Reforms 55
Improving Defense Acquisition Performance 55
Managing Supply-Chain Logistics 56
Transforming the Medical Health System (MHS) 57

Summary 57
Developing a Twenty-First Century Total Force 58
Reconfiguring the Total Force 59
A Continuum of Service 59
Building the Right Skills 60
Joint Training 60
Language and Cultural Skills 61
Training and Educating Personnel to Strengthen Interagency
Operations 61
Designing an Information Age Human Capital Strategy 62
National Security Personnel System 63
Achieving Unity of Effort 64
Why a New Approach Is Essential 64
Strategic and Operational Frameworks 65
Strengthening Interagency Operations 65
Learning from the Field 66
Complex Interagency Operations Abroad 66
Complex Interagency Operations at Home 67
Working with International Allies and Partners 68
Transforming Foreign Assistance 70
Strategic Communication 72
Summary 72
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Contents  n  xiii
Chapter 5
Strategic Planning by the Chairmen, Joint Chiefs of Staff,
1990 to 2005 75
RICHARD MEINHART
Introduction 75
Chairman’s Responsibilities 76

Strategic Challenges, Culture and Structure 78
Strategic Planning System Changes 79
1989 Status 79
1990 Change 80
1993 Change 80
1997 Change 81
1999 Change 81
e 2005 System 81
Strategic Planning Products 82
Assessment 83
Vision 84
Strategy 85
Resources 86
Plans 87
Chairman’s Legacy 87
General Colin L. Powell (1989–1993) 87
General John M. Shalikashvili (1993–1997) 88
General Henry Hugh Shelton (1997–2001) 89
General Richard B. Myers (2001–2005) 90
Conclusion 91
Notes 93
Chapter 6
The Leviathan’s Bit: The U.S. Defense Budget 99
JEFFREY A. WEBER
Introduction 99
Overview of a Public Budget 100
e U.S. Constitution and the Defense Budget 101
e Federal Budget 102
e Federal Government Budget Documents 102
e Federal Government Budget Process 103

e Defense Budget 106
e Defense Budget Process 107
Historical Overview of PPBES 107
e PPBES Process 112
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xiv  n  Contents
Planning 113
Programming 114
Budgeting 115
Execution 117
e Defense Budget Network 119
Conclusion 120
References 121
Further Readings 123
Chapter 7
Human Capital: DoD’s National Security Personnel System
Faces Implementation Challenges 125
GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITY OFFICE
Background 125
e Initial NSPS Design Process 126
Employees Covered by NSPS 126
DoD’s Employee Unions 127
Practices and Implementation Steps for Mergers and Transformations 127
NSPS Design Process Evolved into a Phased Approach 128
Top DoD and OPM Leadership Drives Human
Capital Transformation 130
Guiding Principles and Key Performance Parameters Steer the
Design Process 132
Team Established to Manage the NSPS Design and
Implementation Process 133

Ambitious Timeline and Implementation Goals Established 134
Communication Strategy Not Comprehensive 136
NSPS Design Process Has Involved Employees 137
DoD Faces Multiple Challenges in Implementing NSPS 139
Early Implementation Challenges 139
Later Implementation Challenges 140
Conclusions 142
Notes 142
Chapter 8
The History and Role of TRADOC System Manager (TSM)
Abrams 145
JOHN M. SHAY, SETH T. BLAKEMAN AND HANK HUGHES
Setting the Stage for TSM: Formation of TRADOC and M1 Abrams
Tank 145
e System Needs a Parent: Formation of TSM 147
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Contents  n  xv
Army Transformation: Evolution of TRADOC and TSM
CBRS and DOTLMS 147
Battle Labs 149
New Requirements System 149
Integrated Concept Teams 150
Army Transformation Initiative 151
e Joint Capabilities Integration Development System 152
TSM Function and Method 153
TSM Abrams Day-to-Day Activities 154
Termination of TSM Abrams and Formation of TCM
Heavy Brigade Combat Team (HBCT) 156
Summary 157
References 158

Chapter 9
Private Military Companies 161
MATTHEW ARMSTRONG
Introduction 161
Terms and Taxonomy 163
History 164
e U.S. Experience 168
Reasons for Use 170
Legal Frameworks 176
International Accountability 179
Administration 181
Conclusion 184
References 188
Chapter 10
Defense Policy and Doctrinal Insulation 191
CHARLES R. MILLER
Introduction 191
Basic Argument 192
Realist and Liberal Foundations of the U.S. Army 193
Grand Strategy and Defense Policy 194
What Is Doctrine? 195
Why Does Doctrine Change? 196
Necessary Distinctions 196
Hypotheses 199
Findings 201
Review of Outcomes from BOP Baseline Predictions 202
Too Many Fluctuations 207
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xvi  n  Contents
American Exceptionalism? 209

Operationalization of Strategy 209
reatening Signals 210
Foot Dragging 211
e Downside of Culture 212
Losing Touch with the People 213
Positive Connotations 214
Conclusion 215
Notes 216
References 217
Chapter 11
Military and Homeland Security 221
RISA A. BROOKS
Introduction 221
e Scenario 223
Reasons for Change 224
Turning Soldiers into Policemen 225
Politicizing the Military 228
Compromising Values 230
What Is To Be Done? 232
Notes 233
References 235
Chapter 12
Civil–Military Relations Theory and Military Effectiveness 237
SUZANNE C. NIELSEN
Introduction 237
Civil–Military Relations and Military Effectiveness 239
e Classics 239
Dependent Variables of the Civil–Military Relations Literature 243
Military Effectiveness 247
Challenges 249

Conclusion 250
Notes 251
References 251
Chapter 13
Application of the Military for Countering Nonstate
Terrorist and Guerilla Networks 255
MATTHEW R. MCNABB
Genealogy of U.S. Military Counterterrorism 257
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Contents  n  xvii
“General Warfare” as an Instrument of Military Counterterrorism 265
Imperfect Warfare and Military Operations Other an War
(MOOTW) 267
Special Operations and Low-Intensity Conflict (LIC) 267
Targeted Strikes 267
Foreign Internal Defense (FID) 269
Law Enforcement Support 269
Nonkinetic Considerations 270
Detention and Adjudication 270
Intelligence 272
“Hearts and Minds” 273
Information Operations (IO) 275
How ings Changed after 9/11 275
Other Countries’ Experiences 276
Colombia 277
Israel 277
e Future of Military Counterterrorism 278
References 280
Chapter 14
Military Leadership and Culture 283

RANDALL MILLER AND SAUNDRA J. REINKE
Leadership 284
What Is Leadership? 284
A Short Tour of Leadership eories 285
Can Leadership Be Taught? 286
Military Leadership Models 288
Leadership and Power 290
Leadership and Ethics 291
Conclusion 292
Military Culture 292
Is ere One “Military Culture?” 293
Pressures on Military Culture 295
e Military as “Social Lab” 297
Conclusion 297
References 298
Chapter 15
The Profession of Arms and the Management of Violence 301
SAUNDRA J. REINKE AND RANDALL MILLER
e Profession of Arms 302
What Is a Profession? 302
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xviii  n  Contents
e Professional Military Ethic 304
e Civil–Military Gap 306
Conclusion 307
e Management of Violence 307
Laws of Armed Conflict 308
Justified Killing? Or War Crime? 308
e Case of Abu Ghraib 309
“Friendly Fire” 310

Combat Stress 311
Residual Impact of Violence 313
Prevention 314
Conclusion 314
References 314
Chapter 16
Regional Defense Policy: The European Security and
Defense Policy 317
JOHAN ELIASSON
Introduction to the ESDP 318
Strategy and Command Structure 320
European Security Strategy 320
Terrorism 321
Other Committees 324
Capabilities 326
Headline Goals 326
Headline Goals Updated 327
e Armaments Industry as It Relates to Capabilities 333
Links to NATO Assets to Improve Capabilities 336
e Military Culture 337
Brusselization 338
Operations to Date Using Parts or All of the Command 339
Problems 340
Conclusion and Future Developments 341
Note 343
References 343
Chapter 17
Transformation at Last? Achieving Radical Military Reform
in the Czech Republic and Slovakia 347
MARYBETH PETERSON ULRICH

Introduction 347
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Contents  n  xix
Backdrop for Reform: NATO Enlargement and the New Security
Realities 348
e Impact of 9-11 on the Continued Importance of CEE Defense
Transformation 349
Slovakia: Slovak Republic Force 2010 352
Background Leading to Reform 352
Scope of Current Reform Effort 354
e Role of National Security Documents 354
Drafting the Plan: e Importance of Leadership, Process, and
Players 356
An Overview of SR Force 2010 358
Key Elements of SR Force 2010 358
Economic Assumptions 358
Force Structure and Modernization 359
Supporting Programs: Personnel Reform 359
Supporting Programs: Leader Development and Military
Education 360
Supporting Programs: Sustaining and Stationing 360
e Czech Republic: e Concept of Reform of the Armed Forces of
the Czech Republic 361
Background Leading to Reform 361
Scope of the Current Reform Effort 362
e Role of National Security Documents 363
Drafting the Plan 363
An Overview of the Concept of Reform of the Armed Forces of the
Czech Republic 365
Key Elements of the Concept of Reform of the Armed Forces of

the Czech Republic 366
Economic Assumptions 366
Force Structure and Modernization 366
Supporting Programs: Personnel Reform 367
Supporting Programs: Leader Development and
Military Education 367
Supporting Programs: Sustaining and Stationing 368
e Way Ahead: Implementation and Preliminary Conclusions 368
Conclusion 369
Note 370
References 370
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xx  n  Contents
Chapter 18
Overview of Latin America’s Military Administrations 373
BARTOSZ HIERONIM STANISŁAWSKI
Introduction 373
Context 375
Mexico 377
Chain of Command 377
Structure and Organization of the Mexican Armed Forces 379
e Mexican Army and Air Force 379
e Mexican Navy 380
Related Facts and Developments 381
Colombia 381
Chain of Command 381
Structure and Organization of the Colombian Armed Forces 381
e Colombian Army 381
e Colombian Navy 383
e Colombian Air Force 384

Related Facts and Developments 384
Venezuela 385
Chain of Command 386
Structure and Organization of the Venezuelan Armed Forces 386
e Venezuelan Army 386
e Venezuelan Navy 386
e Venezuelan Air Force 389
e Venezuelan National Guard 389
Related Facts and Developments 390
Brazil 390
Chain of Command 391
Structure and Organization of the Brazilian Armed Forces 391
e Brazilian Army 391
e Brazilian Navy 393
e Brazilian Air Force 394
Related Facts and Developments 394
Other Selected Latin American States 396
South America 396
Peru 396
Chile 397
Argentina 398
Central America 400
e Caribbean Basin 401
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Contents  n  xxi
Conclusion 403
References 404
Bibliography 406
Chapter 19
National Defense: People’s Republic of China 409

HANS STOCKTON
Introduction 409
Overview 410
Military Doctrine 413
e People’s Liberation Army 414
Command and Control 415
Force Structure 416
China’s Defense Spending 421
Civil–Military Relations and the PLA as a National or Party Army 422
Conclusion 424
References 425
Index
429
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DK3629.indb 22 11/7/07 8:28:53 AM
xxiii
Preface
e purpose of this handbook is to bring together original chapters and other
material that address and analyze the basic issues and components of the United
States military administration and provide an international comparative perspec-
tive. Although the United States military produces numerous “handbooks” by
highly competent authors, none of the currently available manuals address the
breadth of the subject matter here while simultaneously providing an international
comparison.
Open the first issue of Public Administration Review and you will find multiple
articles addressing the administration of the United States military. Today it has
gone out of favor and is not a subject of study. e military is the largest governmen-
tal bureaucracy in the United States. e administrative changes that have occurred
in the military throughout the nation’s history are responsible for some of the major
changes that have occurred in public administration. Today, the administrative

changes produced by the Defense Transformation Act for the 21st Century are respon-
sible for implementing some of the leading administrative reforms in the areas of
personnel management, public budgeting and financial management, contracting,
and planning. Despite the major public administration changes being brought about
by the Department of Defense, which impact more public employees than any other
changes, the public administration academic community appears to be mute, or at
least not publishing in the main journals or presenting papers at the annual confer-
ences. It is time for public administration to stop ignoring military administration.
Hopefully, this volume is a start in reintroducing this neglected area of study.
Noticeable in this regard is that all across the globe government reforms of the
military have often mimicked reforms attempted in civilian administrative bodies.
e quest for greater efficiency and effectiveness, higher productivity and techno-
logical sophistication in the public sector has frequently found reception among
those charged with reforming the military, even if military personnel, like civilian
bureaucrats, have sometimes fought to preserve set routines and protect ingrained
interests. Governments across the globe have decided to reform their military,
making them technologically more sophisticated, increasingly flexible, leaner and
more efficient. e similarities in goals and responses only strengthen the need
DK3629.indb 23 11/7/07 8:28:53 AM
xxiv  n  Preface
to examine the transformation in the military in the context of studying public
administration.
e wide area of subject matter included in this volume covers: historical per-
spectives, an overview of defense transformation, planning, budgeting, personnel,
weapon systems management, doctrine development, military–civilian relation-
ships, professional education, professional ethics, and overviews of the military
administration in the European Union, the Czech Republic, China, and Latin
America.
e revolution in military affairs, first adopted as a reform process in the United
States, has spread globally, though varying by country and region, with its resem-

blance to American reforms being influenced by national military culture, history,
economic situation, and the regional security situation. A comparison of military
administration, including policy goals, decision, rules, and culture sheds light on
how traditional allies, regional friends, and a rising international power (China) are
modernizing and reorganizing their military.
Many people labored to complete this project. As with so many books in the
Public Administration and Public Policy Series, the initial idea for this project came
from Jack Rabin. Jack was an incubator of numerous thoughts and ideas and he
encouraged so many to accomplish more than they could conceive. Despite his own
health problems and difficulties, he never ceased to inquire about the state of the
book and encourage us to completion. We deeply regret his passing and recognize
this work would not have been possible if it wasn’t for him.
We also would like to thank our contributors who present, analyze, and explain
the organization, procedures, and processes, as well as reform efforts, of the U.S.
military administration and that found in regions and countries around the world.
We apologize to those who waited a couple of years due to unexpected delays in this
work. We thank all of them for their efforts. Additionally, we also thank two gradu-
ate assistants at East Stroudsburg University, Jehan Johnson and Jenna Becker, for
their tremendous assistance in formatting chapters and general proofreading.
Also, we would like to thank Rich O’Hanley, the publisher of Auerbach Pub-
lications, for accepting this volume and being willing to make it a reality. Finally,
we are grateful for the work of Catherine Giacari, project coordinator, and Jay
Margolis, project editor, at Taylor & Francis. ey patiently put up with our missed
deadlines and made tremendous behind-the-scenes efforts to make this volume
possible.
Ultimately the responsibility for this volume lies with us as editors and authors,
and we welcome any comments and feedback that can help improve future
editions.
Jeffrey A. Weber
Johan Eliasson

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