Ebook FCE use of English 2 (Teacher''s book): Part 2

Reported Speech
• . Think of the word which best fits each gap. Write only one word in each one.

The Kakapo (which means 'night parrot' in Maori) is (0) ... one... of the most unusual birds in the world. Not only is
it nature's only flightless and nocturnal parrot, (1) it is also its largest and longest living parrot. Sadly, the Kakapo is
one of the world's most endangered species: there are only 86 left (2) on the entire planet.
Kakapos are found only in New Zealand. They are incredibly gentle birds and can live more (3) than 60 years. They
have an owl-like face and exceptionally soft, moss-green coloured feathers on (4) their body. This green colour
provides them with excellent camouflage in the New Zealand bush. One of the (5) most striking characteristics of the
kakapo is their extremely strong smell. It is very sweet and (6) has been described as 'honey-like', 'fru ity', and
'flowery'.
There were once millions (7) of kakapos in New Zealand. The story of
their decline is a sad one. When kakapos feel threatened, they do not
(8) run away or attack. Instead, they try to hide. They do this by
standing completely still (9) to 'blend' in with their surroundings. When
humans arrived in New Zealand (bringing rats, cats and other
predators) the kakapo was an easy meal to catch.
Today, everything is being done to try to stop the kakapo from going
extinct. Hopefully, the effort to save them has not come (10) too late.

·-t·) iii I •1§14 (.).,,I t§I tt

•------------------------------------------------- ---~ ------·
(See Suggested Answer section)

In pairs, students look at the first picture and make up a short dialogue based on the
situation given. Next, a pair of students act out the dialogue while the rest of the class take
notes. The students report the conversation. Do the same with the other picture.

Last month Monica and Philip went on a cruise.
What could they have been talking about?

Sharon met her friend Joan last Monday.
What could they have been talking about?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4

1122


Folder ~
Look at Appendix 2, then fill in the correct particle(s).
1 Even though the police went ... after... the

2

3
4
5
6
7

.•

criminals, they didn 't catch them .
"His line is engaged at the moment. Do you want
to hold on or ring back later?"
John won't be at work today; he's gone down with
the flu.
Sorry for being late but I was held up in the traffic.
Melanie is going to go in for the dancing

competition.
The fire will go out if you don't put more wood on it.
The robbers held up the bank and escaped with
thousands of pounds.

Look at Appendix 3, then fill in the correct preposition(s) .

1 The surgeon is going to operate ... on ... my father
2
3
4
5
6
7

8
9

10
11
12

•

8 Yes, of course - bring some friends with you .
There should be plenty of food to go round.
9 She held back some very important information
which she refused to reveal.
10 Even though Joe was very angry, he managed to
hold in/back his anger.

11 Even though the police went over the evidence
many times, they didn 't find anything.
12 The villagers fear that the supply of water will not
hold out for the summer.

tomorrow.
Ireland qualified for the World Cup Finals in 1990.
He insisted on having his lawyer present.
Mary has been married to John for nearly 5 years.
If he persists in coming to work late every day, I'll
have to speak to him.
Continuous neglect of our environment has
caused this problem.
Frank is a very cheap person. He finds it very
difficu lt to part with his money.
There were many objections to the council
building another shopping centre.
Mary was very nervous about having a blood test.
Many people are ignorant of/about the long-term
effects of pollution.
He wrote a cheq ue for £250.
The student showed a complete lack of respect
towards his teacher.

13
14
15
16
17
18

19
20
21
22
23
24
25

His arguments are lacking in logic.
John takes great pride in his new car.
Sally prides herself on being very honest.
Carmel is very proud of her daughter's
achievements.
She paid for her new dress by cheque.
As the shop didn't accept credit cards, I had to
pay in cash .
You can 't expect Joe to know everything. He's
still relatively new to the job.
He was presented with a gold watch on his
retirement.
I sometimes mistake Clare for her sister on the
phone.
I'm hoping for a second interview next week.
John is notorious for telling lies.
He's fortunate in having many good friends.
She quarrelled with Andrew abouVover which
television programme to watch.

Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words .

1 We stayed in and didn't go to the cinema.
instead
We stayed in ... instead of going ... to the cinema.
2 You didn't need to buy me this ring.
have
You needn't have bought me this ring.
3 The director has called a meeting so that he can introduce the new manager.
order
The director has called a meeting in order to introduce the new manager.
4 "Will they give me the job?" she kept asking herself.
wondered
She wondered if/whether they would give her the job.
5 He lost his job because he was extremely disorganised.
result
He was extremely disorganised and as a result he lost his job.
6 Mary isn't capable of taking over the company.
ability
Mary doesn 't have the ability to take over the company.
7 They didn't want to spend a lot of money so they booked a self-catering holiday.
avoid
They booked a self-catering holiday to avoid spending a lot of money.


8 Take your own pillow w ith you because Sue might not have enough in her house.
case

Take your own pillow with you in case there are not enoug h in Sue's house .

9 Mrs Sm ith wasn't sure whether she should submit her proposal.
doubtful

Mrs Smith was doubtful about submitting her proposal.
10 "Students are not allowed in the c lassrooms during breaks," the teacher said.
insisted
The teacher insisted on students staying/remaining outside during breaks.
11 "Of course I didn 't give them your name," he said to me.
having
He denied having given them my name.
12 David does not intend to move house soon.
intention
David has no intention of moving house soon.

•

Explain the meaning of the idioms in bold.

1 Mary has agreed to help us raise the money but her heart isn't in it. She isn't very enthusiastic about it.
2 The students were told to learn the poem by heart as they would be asked to recite it in class the
next day. by memory
3 That's the third glass she's broken this morning. She's all fingers and thumbs. very clumsy
4 I don't know how Carla manages with two small children and a husband who never lifts a finger to help.
never does anything
5 My grandmother never looks at a recipe. She prefers to cook by rule of thumb. following her own practical
experience and not a set of rules
6 If you put your back into it, I'm sure you'll manage to finish all this work by tonight. make a great effort
7 Max has been drawing up contracts for so long that he can now do it standing on his head. very easily
8 Sue is looking very down in the mouth this morning. Has she had bad news? depressed
9 Larry never had to advertise his business as people heard about him through word of mouth. through
people telling each other about him
10 The employee was stealing company property right under our noses. openly but without having been noticed

Expressions with "Make"

Expressions with "Do"
one 's best/worst, business with sb, a
crossword , damage (to), one's duty, an
exercise, an experiment, somebody a
favour, good, one's hair, harm, homework,
housework, a job, sth for a living, miracles
(for), research, right/wrong , a service, the
shopping, a good turn , a translation, the
washing-up, wonders , work, etc

~

1 allowances for, an appointment, an acquaintance, an arrangement,
~ a bargain, the beds, the best of, a cake, certain, changes, coffee, a

1 deal with sb, a decision, a difference, a discovery, an effort, an
1 enemy of, ends meet, an excuse, friends with, a fortune, haste, fun
1 (of), a fool of sb, an impression, improvements, a joke, a mess, a
1 mistake, money, a note, a nuisance, (a) noise, an offer, peace,
1 preparations, a profit, progress, sure, a translation, trouble, war, a

l will, etc

Fill in do or make in the correct form .

1 I enjoy ... doing ... the crossword in The Guardian.

2 It's not a good idea to make an enemy of Clare.

3 We had better start making preparations for the
party.

4 Pete has done a great deal of damage al ready.
5 It's your turn to do the washing-up tonight.
6 The boy promised to do his best in the test.
7 She does her exercises every morning before
work.
8 Pat doesn't appreciate being made a fool of.

I124

9 I made friends with some people from Germany
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

while I was travell ing to Budapest.
They find it difficult to make ends meet.
Mum has promised to make a cake for the party.
A man phoned earlier to make an appointment.
He asked me what I did for a living.
Our neighbours are always making noise.
Can 't you at least make an effort?
It appears that she made a fortune when she was
living in Japan.

Practice Test
Part

I

1
For questions 1-12, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits
each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Example:
B for

0 A to

D as

C like

0

A

B

C

c:::::J

c:::::J

c:::::J

D
-

L
America 's national symbol is that great bird which is known (0) ... D...
the bald eagle. However. the number of this species has dropped
from 50,000 in the 1940s to less than 300 today. Fortunately, America has
taken (1) ............. by starting to breed these eagles. This takes place at a
research centre in Oklahoma , where 300 eagles have been bred and then
released into the wild. The eggs are (2) .......... .. . from wild eagles' nests, found (3)
..... .. ...... the country, and are flown straight to the centre by aeroplane. During the journey,
they are kept (4) ............ . in a special container which (5) ............. them from sunlight, which
c ould easily kill them. Once they are at the centre , they are continually (6) .. ..... ... ... until they
hatch. Eight hours after the birds emerge, they are given their first meal, consisting of little
pieces of a special meat. At 6 weeks old, they are taken outside to get used to the cooler
temperature. The (7) .... .. ... ... . stages of the bird 's introduction to the wild take place at the top
of a(n) (8) ..... .. .. .... tower. where they are kept in a big cage and fed on fish. As time (9) ............ .
by, the cages are removed and the birds eventually (10) .. .... .. ..... to fly. All would agree that
the (11) .. ........... of these beautiful birds flying high in the southern skies makes all the
(12) ............. worthwhile.

1 A measu re

B

2 A assembled

B concentrated

3

@

throu ghout

move

B all

4 A certain

@

5 A avoids

B

prevents

@
@

observed

6 A cont rolled
7 A end

safe

final

8 A eminent

B deep

9 A passes

B flies

10 ®

learn

11 A vision
12 A attempts

B train
B

@

picture
effort

©

action

D

pi led

@

collected

among

D

through

sure

D

harmless

@

protects

step

c
c

c
c
c
c
c
c
c

runs

@
@

teach

D

practise

©

sight

D

view

trial

D

experiment

c

hinders
seen

D

noted

latest

D

finished

outstanding

high
goes

1251


Practice Test· ~L.-------------~--P·art

2

~hi~h

best fits each gap.
For questions 13-24, read the text below and think of the word
(0) .
begmnmg
the
at
example
Use only one word in each gap. There is an

Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETIERS in the answer boxes provided .

We all love to eat between meals, (O) .................. ..... it's a
bar of chocolate after breakfast or a packet of crisps
before dinner. But when we think (13) about it, most of
these 'snack' foods are (14) full of fat, salt and sugar and
thus contain a (15) lot of calories. Another disadvantage is
that after (16) having consumed these foods, there is a
temptation to eat more (17) as they still leave you feeling
hungry. But who says snack foods have to be bad (18) for
you? They can, in fact, be very healthy if you just choose
carefully.
One of the best and healthiest snack options is dried
fruit. It's really tasty and makes a brilliant, easy-to-eat
snack, as (19) well as leaving you satisfied. There is
also a (20) great/wide variety to choose from, with
dried bananas, apricots, grapes and apples
available at (21) all/most/many supermarkets. You
can enjoy dried fruit during morning and

afternoon breaks, at school or at work, in the car
or (22) while watching television . Dried fruit also
makes the perfect fast food for late-night homework
sessions. So next time you fancy (23) something sweet, try
the healthy option and you'll (24) be pleasantly surprised.

I126


Part

3

For questions 25-34, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of
some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example
at the beginning (0).

Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS in the answer boxes provided.

Rice
the world 's most important crop
It is (0) ................................. when and where humans first started
farming rice, but (25) historians agree it was being grown in Asia at
least 10,000 years ago. Today, rice is the most (26) valuable food
crop in the world. About 3 billion people (27) totally depend on it for
(28) survival.

The (29) significance of rice is reflected worldwide in many myths and
legends. One Chinese legend tells of a time when a (30) terrifying flood
destroyed all the crops . One day, (3 1) starving people saw a dog with

(32) unusual yellow seeds on its tail.
They planted the seeds in the
waterlogged soil and rice grew.
The importance of rice can also
be seen in language and culture
(33) worldwide. In Japan and China,
the words for 'rice' and 'food' are
identical. In Asia, wedding guests
throw rice to bring (34) prosperity
and fertility to the bride and
groom. And in China, cheering
people welcome in the New Year
with the words "May your rice
never burn!"

CERTAIN
HISTORY
VALUE
TOTAL
SURVIVE
SIGNIFY
TERRIFY
STARVE
USUAL

WORLD

PROSPER

Practice Test
Part

4

m

For questions 35-42, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to
the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given . You must use
between two and five words, including the word given. There is an example at the
beginning (0).

Example:
O "Jack never tells the truth," Pat said.
NOTORIOUS

Jack ................................. ............ ........ .......................................... ............................ , according to Pat.

Write the missing words IN CAPITAL LETTERS in the answer boxes provided.

35 It was thoughtless of her to treat Dan with such rudeness.

so

She should not have been so rude to Dan.

36 He couldn't run fast because of his swollen ankle.
PREVENTED
His swollen ankle prevented him (from) running fast.

37 "I'm sorry I spoilt your plans," he said.
FOR
He apologised for spoiling my plans.
38 He wishes he hadn't rented a house which was so big.
REGRETS
He regrets renting/having rented such a big house.
39 The doctor won't let him do any strenuous exercise.
ALLOWED
He won't be allowed to do any strenuous exercise .
40 Peter prefers skiing to going on hiking trips .
RATHER
Peter would rather ski than go on hiking trips.
41

Helen's daughter has sufficient talent to become a successful actress.
ENOUGH
Helen's daughter is talented enough to become a successful actress.

42 It's unlikely that I'll reach my destination on time.
TO
I'm not likely to reach my destination on time.

1128


Passive Voice

I

Causative Form

Passive Voice
The passive is formed with the appropriate tense of the verb to be
which take an object) can be put into the passive.

+ past participle. Only transitive verbs (verbs
·

..............................................................................................................................................................................................

!

!

~
Active Voice
Passive Voice
~--P~~~~~t··51·~·p·i~················i···H~··91;~~--i~~t~~-~~·.···················································r-L~~t~-~~~-~~~·91~~~·:··················································:

l Present Continuous l He is giving a lecture.
l A lecture is being given.
'
! Past Simple
l He gave a lecture.
! A lecture was given.
! Past Continuous
~ He was giving a lecture.
! A lecture was being given .
! Future Simple
l He will give a lecture.

! A lecture will be given.
! Present Perfect
~ He has given a lecture.
! A lecture has been given.
! Past Perfect
l He had given a lecture.
! A lecture had been given.
! Future Perfect
~ He will have given a lecture.
! A lecture will have been given.
l Present Infinitive
l He should give a lecture.
! A lecture should be given.
l Perfect Infinitive
l He should have given a lecture.
! A lecture should have been given.
l -ing form
l She remembers him giving a lecture. l She remembers a lecture being given.
! Perfect -ing form
l Having given the lecture, ...
! The lecture having been given, .. .
:..~~~~-~....................................~ ...~.~--~~~-~--~·i·~~--~--~~-~~-~~-~:.......................................l...~.~:~~~~~--~~~~--~-~--~~~~-~:.......................................:
•
•

Present Perfect Continuous, Future Continuous and Past Perfect Continuous are not normally used in the
passive.
Get is used in colloquial English instead of be to express something happening by accident.
She'll get in trouble if she goes on driving like that.

Use
The passive is used: a) when the person who performs the action (agent) is unknown, unimportant or obvious
from the context. Her flat was broken into yesterday. (by a burglar - obvious agent) b) to emphasise the agent.
Her wedding dress was delivered to her by the dressmaker herself yesterday. c) to make statements more
formal or polite. My dress has been ruined. (more polite than saying "You have ruined my dress.) and d) when
we are more interested in the action than the agent, such as in news reports, formal notices, instructions,
processes, headlines, advertisements, etc. The meeting will be held tomorrow.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct passive form .
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Holland .. .is said ... (say) to be one of the prettiest countries in Europe.
I hate being told (tell) lies.
My television will be delivered/is being delivered/is going to be delivered (deliver) tomorrow.
Their telephone was installed (install) yesterday.
Teachers ought to be paid (pay) a higher salary.

Hotel rooms must be vacated (vacate) by 12 noon.
The villa will be sold/is being sold/is going to be sold (sell) by public auction next week.
She hopes her home will have been built (build) by May.
Heartbreak House was written (write) by George Bernard Shaw.
My car is being resprayed (respray) at the moment.
Hopefully, she will have been promoted (promote) by the end of next month .
I wish I had been taught (teach) how to type when I was at school.
Your application should have been handed in (hand in) last Monday. It's too late now, I'm afraid!
The wedding reception must be booked (book) a month before the wedding.
The building had been evacuated (evacuate) ten minutes before the storm hit.

129


Passive Voice

I

Causative Form
BABY BOY RESCUED

Read the following headlines and write full sentences.
Smoking banned

Extensive droughts and extreme

CD in public places in ® weather conditions caused by
Europe.

@

BY DOG IN
@ BRIGHTON.

@

Air pollution and
processed foods believed
to cause- an increase in

global warming.

VINCENT VAN GOGH'S
PAINTING SOLD FOR £20
MILLION AT AUCTION IN
LONDON LAST WEEK.

asthma attacks.

® Remains of 111clenl cHJ

@ Mobile phones
considered
responsible for
causing
headaches.

discovered in Chino.

@ NEW EDUCATIONAL LAW BROUGHT TO PARLIAMENT NEXT WEEK.

1 Smoking has been/is banned in public places in Europe.
2 Extensive droughts and extreme weather conditions
are caused by global warming.
3 Air pollution and processed foods are believed to
cause an increase in asthma attacks.
4 A baby boy was rescued by a dog in Brighton.
5 Remains of an ancient city have been discovered in China.

®

NEW JAMES BOND FILM
SCREENED NEXT MONTH.

6 Mobile phones are considered (to be) responsible for
causing headaches.
7 Vincent van Gogh's painting was sold for £20 million at
auction in London last week.
8 A new educational law will be brought to parliament
next week.
9 The new James Bond film will be screened next month.

Changing from Active into Passive
•

The object of the active verb becomes the subject in the passive sentence. The active verb changes into a passive
form and the subject of the active verb becomes the agent, which is either introduced with by or is omitted.

:.......................~~~.i.~~.Y.~~~.~......................:

! subject l

verb

l

object

:

l •• •• •••••• ••• •• •• •••• l •••••••••••••••••••••->•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• I

!......~'!~.~.....!... P?.~~~? ..1. .~~~. (~~~'..~:. .i
•

•

•
•
•

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::~~:~~!~~: Y~!~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::i

!1···························
subject !
verb
! agent l
=································1······················1
i.. T~~. ~~.~~'..~.l . ~~:.~. P.'!~'..~~.. t.. ~Y...~'!~.~:..1

By + agent is used to say who or what did the action. She was knocked down by a car. With + instrument/

material is used to say what the agent used or after past participles such as coloured, crammed , crowded,
filled, flavoured, packed, etc. She was injured with a hammer. By + agent is omitted when the agent is
unknown, unimportant, obvious from the context or referred to by words such as: someone, people, I, etc.
They revealed the truth. • The truth was revealed. (by them is omitted)
Verbs which take two objects (give, offer, etc) form their passive in two ways; it is more usual to start the
sentence with the animate (person) object, not the inanimate (thing) object. They offered Ann a bunch of
flowers. • Ann was offered a bunch of flowers. (more usual than: A bunch of flowers was offered to Ann.)
Verbs followed by a preposition (accuse of, take down, etc) take the preposition immediately after them when
turned into the passive. She took down the minutes of the meeting. • The minutes of the meeting were taken down.
In passive questions with who, whom or which we do not omit by. Who gave you this information? • Who
were you given this information by?
Hear, help, make, see are followed by a to-infinitive in the passive. She made me work overtime. • I was
made to work overtime. Note that hear, see, watch can be followed by a present participle in the active and
passive. We saw her crying. • She was seen crying.

Change the sentences from the active into the passive. Omit the agent where it can be omitted.
1 Professor White will give a lecture on the benefits of technology tomorrow .... A lecture

on the benefits of technology will be given by Professor White t omorrow.. ..
2 Bad organisation spoiled their holiday. Their holiday was spoiled by bad organisation.
3 Teachers mark hundreds of exam papers every year. Hundreds of exam papers are marked
by teachers every year.
4 Who wrote Romeo and Julien Who was Romeo and Juliet written by?
5 You should dry your hair before you go out. Your hair should be dried before you go out.
6 You mustn't tell him the truth. He mustn't be told the truth/The truth mustn't be told to him.

130


Passive Voice

I

Causative Form

7 She likes people taking her to the theatre. She likes being taken to the theatre.
8 Why didn 't they give her the job? Why wasn't she given the job?
9 She told them not to tell anyone. They were told not to tell anyone.
10 They should have given us a bonus. We should have been given a bonus.IA bonus should have been given to us.
11 The doctors will bring him in for an examination. He will be brought in for an examination (by the doctors).
12 Fog has delayed all flights. All flights have been delayed by fog.
13 She didn 't send me any parcels. I wasn't sent any parcels./No parcels were sent to me.
14 She had cleaned the house before I got there. The house had been cleaned before I got there.
15 When we arrived at the hotel, they had filled all the rooms. When we arrived at the hotel, all the rooms had been filled.
16 Why haven't you invited Mary to the party? Why hasn't Mary been invited to the party?
17 Paula will help you finish your project. You will be helped by Paula to finish your project.
18 The mayor is opening the new community centre next week. The new community centre is being opened by the
mayor next week.
19 We heard her complaining strongly to the manager. She was heard complaining strongly to the manager.
20 You can leave your bags with the left-luggage service. Your bags can be left with the left-luggage service.
21 Workmen found some antique vases in the old house. Some antique vases were found in the old house (by workmen).
22 The architects have drawn up plans for the new library. Plans for the new library have been drawn up.
23 Who gave him the new car? Who was he given the new car by?/By whom was he given the new car?
24 They are going to set the lion free next week. The lion is going to be set free next week.
25 What time do you expect him to arrive? What time is he expected to arrive?

Change the sentences from the passive into the active.
1 Who was the Mona Lisa painted by? ... Who painted the Mona Lisa?. ..
2 The old barn has been pulled down. They have pulled down the old barn.
3 The results will be published in July. They will publish the results in July.

4 The trip was ruined by bad weather. Bad weather ruined the trip.
5 The letter should have been posted last week. They should have posted the letter last week.
6 Who was the money raised by? Who raised the money?
7 Why hasn't the house been painted yet? Why haven't they painted the house yet?
8 She was heard shouting. They heard her shouting.
9 How much were you paid? How much did they pay you?
10 His car has been stolen. Someone has stolen his car.
11 I can't bear being cheated. I can't bear people cheating me.
12 A famous actress will be chosen to advertise the product. They will choose a famous
actress to advertise the product.
13 John was made to do the washing up. They made John do the washing up.
14 The ozone layer is gradually being destroyed by pollution. Pollution is gradually destroying the ozone layer.
15 A bring-and-buy sale is being held next month . They are holding a bring-and-buy sale next month.
16 Our house was done up by a famous interior decorator. A famous interior decorator did up our house.
17 The cracks in the wall were caused by the earthquake. The earthquake caused the cracks in the wall.
18 Thousands of rare birds are killed by hunters every year. Hunters kill thousands of rare birds every year.
19 Her purse was stolen on the bus. Someone stole her purse on the bus.
20 When will we be told the time of his arrival? When will they tell us the time of his arrival?
21 An ancient village has been uncovered by archaeologists. Archaeologists have uncovered an ancient village.
22 Why hasn't the dishwasher been repaired yet? Why haven't they repaired the dishwasher yet?
23 A new drug is being developed by scientists. Scientists are developing a new drug.
24 A new breed of cow is to be introduced into the country by farmers. Farmers are to introduce a new breed of
cow into the country.
25 The furniture will have been removed by noon. They will have removed the furniture by noon .
26 Who were you going to be replaced by? Who was going to replace you?
27 The island is being ruined by tourists. Tourists are ruining the island.
28 Two rooms had been booked for her by her travel agent. Her travel agent had booked two rooms for her.
29 She was seen to leave the building . They saw her leave the building.
30 Seats should have been reserved a week ago. They should have reserved seats a week ago.

131


Passive Voice

I Causative Form

lm) . Fill in by or with.
1 The Magus was written .. . by... John Fowles.
2 Who was the radio invented by?
3 The cyclist was knocked down by a bus.
4 Soup is eaten with a spoon.
5 The car was fixed by a mechanic.

l@l

6
7
8
9

The glass was cut with a special tool.
Her hair is coloured with henna.
'Born in the USA' was s ung by Springsteen.
The roast was flavo ured with wine.
10 Music will be played by the local band .

Change into the passive.

A Police are investigati ng a series of break-ins in t he Hat tersby area . Residents have heard noises, but nobody has

actually seen anything suspicious. The recent rise in crime in the neighbou rhood has shocked residents. Locals are
discussing mat ters of security with the police and they have requested greater police presence in the area .

... A series of break-ins... in the Hattersby area are being investigated by the police. Noises have been heard by
residents, but nothing suspicious has actually been seen. Residents have been shocked by the recent rise in crime in
the neighbourhood. Matters of security are being discussed with the police and greater police presence in the area has
been requested.

B A wealthy businessman has just bought the Black Swan Hotel. The Barrett family owned it fo r many years and
they should have restored the building many years ago, but t hey couldn't find enough money. The new owner is
closing the hotel for a few months for redecoration . At t he moment, w orkmen are polishing the floors and
redecorating all t he rooms.
The Black Swan Hotel has just been bought by a wealthy businessman. It was owned by the Barrett family for many
years, and the building should have been restored many years ago, but not enough money could be found. The hotel
is being closed for a few months for redecoration. At the moment the floors are being polished by workmen, and all the
rooms are being redecorated .

The verbs believe, expect, feel, hope, know, report, say, think, etc are used in the following passive patterns
in personal and impersonal constructions. The police report that she is in France.

•
•

subject (person) + passive verb + to -inf (personal construction) She is reported to be in France.
it + passive verb + that-clause (impersonal construction) It is reported that she is in France.
Turn the following sentences into the passive, as in the example.

1 They think he is lying.
He ... is thought to be lying ....
It ... is thought that he is lying ....

2 They believe he got lost in the forest.
He is believed to have got lost in the forest.
It is believed that he got lost in the forest.
3 They say she has been very ill.
She is said to have been very ill.
It is said that she has been very ill.
4 They said the president had been in a meeting.
The president was said to have been in a meeting.
It was said that the president had been in a meeting.
5 They believe she was respons ible for the accident.
She is believed to have been responsible for the accident.
It is believed that she was responsible for the accident.

132

6 They expect he will pass his driving test.

7

8

9

10

He is expected to pass his driving test.
It is expected that he will pass his driving test.
They said she was wrongly accused.
She was said to have been wrongly accused .
It was said that she was wrongly accused.

They believe he is leaving soon.
He is believed to be leaving soon.
It is believed that he is leaving soon.
They say his health is very poor.
His health is said to be very poor.
It is said that his health is very poor.
They report that some papers have been stolen.
Some papers are reported to have been stolen.
It is reported that some papers have been stolen.


Passive Voice

I

Causative Form

.complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words.
1 Many people believe that eating too fast causes indigestion.
believed It ... is believed that eating ... too fast causes indigestion.
2 The teacher will send you out if you keep on talking.
be
You will be sent out by the teacher if you keep on talking.
3 They are going to transfer him to Portugal.
be
He is going to be transferred to Portugal.
4 They will have completed the construction by September.
been
The construction will have been completed by September.
5 They are holding the caretaker responsible for the problems.

is
The caretaker is being held responsible for the problems.
6 A journalist is going to cover the story.
be
The story is going to be covered by a journalist.
7 They will have appointed a new director by the end of the week.
been
A new director will have been appointed by the end of the week.
8 They gave him a gold watch when he retired.
was
He was given a gold watch when he retired.
9 The mother told her son off for shouting.
was
He was told off by his mother for shouting.
10 They are opening the new restaurant this evening.
is
The new restaurant is being opened this evening.

Rewrite the following text in the passive.
Mr Owen Gibbon has discovered a valuable oil painting in the attic of
his house in Rochester. George Stubbs, a famous animal artist, painted
the work in 1760. Mr Gibbon's great-grandfather bought the picture in the 1890s, but after his death the
family stored it away in the attic. Art historians are examining the painting and have valued it at £500,000.
Mr Gibbon has offered the work to the National Gallery, where experts will restore the picture to its former
glory. They will have finished the restoration work by June.
A valuable painting has been discovered by Mr Owen Gibbon in the attic of his house in Rochester. The work was
painted by George Stubbs, a famous animal artist, in 1760. The picture was bought by Mr Gibbon's great-grandfather
in the 1890s, but after his death it was stored away in the attic by his family. The painting is being examined (by art
historians) and has been valued at £500,000. The work has been offered to the National Gallery (by Mr Gibbon), where
the picture will be restored to its former glory. The restoration work will have been finished by June.

li!!1

Rewrite the following texts in the passive.

A The Winter Production Company has finally released the film which the public has been waiting for so long:
The Hawk. The Winter Company was originally going to release the film in August but they decided to wait
until October as they know that fewer people go to the cinema in the summer. Richard Able directed The
Hawk and critics are encouraging people to see it. Cinemas report that British audiences have bought a lot
of tickets and that they are sure The Hawk will be a success.
The film which the public has been waiting for for so long, The Hawk, has finally been released by the Winter Production
Company. It was originally going to be released by the Winter Company in August but they decided to wait until
October, as it is known that fewer people go to the cinema in the summer. The Hawk was directed by Richard Able and
people are being encouraged (by critics) to see it. British audiences are reported to have bought a lot of tickets, so the
Hawk is sure to be a success.


Passive Voice

I Causative Form

B Over the past ten years oil spills have polluted the seas surrounding Britain. Tankers spill oil onto the coast
and this harms many forms of wildlife. Environmentalists say that they need a lot of volunteers if they are to
minimise the damage. In future, the government has promised that it will prosecute the owners of any
tankers that pollute the North Sea in this way. The government also hopes that they can prevent such
incidents by building more lighthouses along the coastline.
Over the past ten years the seas surrounding Britain have been polluted by oil spills. Oil is spilled onto the coast (by
tankers) and many forms of wildlife are harmed . It is said by environmentalists that a lot of volunteers are needed if the
damage is to be minimised. It has been promised by the government that in future the owners of any tankers that pollute
the North Sea in this way will be prosecuted. It is also hoped that such incidents can be prevented if more lighthouses

are built along the coastline.

-{•Jti I•1424t. 1·fl :t4 aI:·---------------------------------------------------.--------·
-

- -

• -

---

-

•

•

• • • ·- • • -

(See Suggested Answer section)

1

A fire broke out yesterday at Chelsea. Look at the notes below, then
report the incident. You may use ideas of your own. Use passive forms.
•
•
•
•
•

•
•

fi re - department store - 11 .00 pm last night
passer-by notice flames 2nd floor
call firefighters - try to put it out
2 night watchmen trapped - taken to hospital
now treated for third-degree burns
half building destroyed
reason for fire : electrical fault

A fire broke out at 11.00 pm last night. Flames were noticed 0t1
the 2 nd floor by a passer-by ...

Causative Form (have sth done)
•

We use have

+ object + past participle to say that we arrange for someone to do something for us. He asked

Sally to type the letters. He had the letters typed. (He didn't do it himself - Sally did it.)
:··.,·;~~~·~1·5·i~pi~·····························1··sh·~ ··~~·k~~·ci~~~~~~:·············· ···········1··sh~··h~~··ci·~~~~-~~··~~ci·~·.·······························:

! Present Continuous
! Past Simple
! Past Continuous
! Future Simple

! She is making a dress.

! She made a dress.
! She was making a dress.
! She will make a dress.

! She is having a dress made.
! She had a dress made.
! She was having a dress made.
! She will have a dress made.

!
!
!
!

! Future Continuous

! She will be making a dress. ! She will be having a dress made. !

l Infinitive

l She can make dresses.

!
! She has had a dress made.
! She has made a dress.
! Present Perfect
! Present Perfect Continuous ! She has been making dresses. ! She has been having dresses made. !
!
! She had had a dress made.
! She had made a dress.

! Past Perfect
! Past Perfect Continuous ! She had been making dresses. ! She had been having dresses made. !
l She can have dresses made.

l

!. ~~~~.~~~~. . . .... ... . ...... . ....... ...... l. ~~-~. .~~:~ ~~·~·i·~·~· ~~.~ ~.~~.~:............l. ~~.~. ~~~.~~. ~~.~!.~.~. ~.~:~~.~.~. ~~~.~:.............:
•

•
•

I134

1

..

The verb to have, used in the causative, forms its negations and questions with do/does (Present Simple) or
did (Past Simple) . He doesn 't have his shirts ironed. Did he have the brakes checked?
Get is often used in the causative instead of have. Did you have/get your nails polished?
The causative can be used instead of the passive to express accidents and misfortunes. He had his nose
broken in a fight. ( = His nose was broken in a fight.)


Passive Voice

I

Causative Form

_Write the sentences in the causative, as in the example.
1 The reception was organised by caterers .

.. . They had the reception organised by caterers ....
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

13
14

I'll ask her to make the appointment for Friday. I will have the appointment made for Friday.
He was mending the table for Sophie. Sophie was having the table mend~d .
He took his boots to be re-heeled. He had his boots re-heeled .
Has your leg been X-rayed? Have you had you leg X-rayed?
I will tell James to cancel the meeting tomorrow. I will have the meeting cancelled tomorrow.
Don 't ask them to post the letters. Don't have the letters posted .
I'll get the men to move this for you by this evening. I'll have this moved for you by this evening .
The mechanic is repairing her car. She is having her car repaired by the mechanic.
They renovated the Smiths' house last year. The Smiths had their house renovated last year.
They are going to clean our swimming pool. We are going to have our swimming pool cleaned.

Where do they take their photographs to be developed? Where do they have their photographs developed?
He doesn't mind the barber cutting his hair short. He doesn't mind having his hair cut short.
You should ask someone to water your plants while you 're on holiday. You should have your plants watered

while you're on holiday.
15 Will she get someone to deliver the computer? Will she have the computer delivered?
16 She prefers sending her clothes to the dry cleaner's. She prefers having her clothes dry cleaned .
17 My father likes people taking his photograph. My father likes having his photograph taken.
18 Our cooker was being repaired when the lights went out. We were having our cooker repaired when the lights went out.
19 Would you like someone to do the shopping for you? Would you like to have the shopping done for you?
20 The beautician polished the model's nails. The model had her nails polished.

Write the sentences in the causative, as in the example.
1 The doctor examined Paul's ankle. What did Paul do? ... He had hie ankle
2 Someone delivers her groceries once a week. What does she do?

examined....

She has her groceries delivered once a week.

3 A hairdresser has cut and styled Pamela's hair. What has she done?
She has had her hair cut and styled.

4 Someone will repair our leaking roof. What will we do?
We will have our leaking roof repaired.

5 Someone cut the lawn for them while they were away. What did they do?
They had their lawn cut while they were away.

6 Somebody had serviced their car before they went on holiday. What had they done?

They had had their car serviced before they went on holiday.

7 A builder will do up Jan's attic. What will Jan do?
Jan will have her attic done up.

8 Someone is designing some furniture for him. What is he doing?
He is having some furniture designed.

9 A detective investigated the case for her. What did she do?
She had the case investigated by a detective.
10 Someone has written the actor's life story for him. What has he done?
He has had his life story written .
11 Someone is organising a birthday party for her. What is she doing?
She is having a birthday party organised for her.
12 The secretary had prepared the agenda for him before the meeting. What had he done?
He had had the agenda prepared before the meeting.
13 He was building their swimming pool. What were they doing?
They were having their swimming pool built.
14 He had someone paint his daughter's portrait. What did he do?
He had his daughter's portrait painted.


Passive Voice
.•

•

I Causative Form

Make/Have + object + bare infinitive are used to express that someone causes someone else to do

something, but their meaning is slightly different. She made John do the shopping. (She insisted that John
should do the shopping.) She had John do the shopping. (She asked John to do the shopping.)
Get + object + to-inf shows that someone persuades someone else to do something. She got Ann to
tidy her room. (She persuaded Ann to tidy her room.)

Rephrase the following using have, get or make, as in the example.
1 She insisted that they go to the meeting . ... She made them go to the meeting ....
We are going to ask the plumber to install a new shower. We are going to have the plumber install a new shower.
We persuaded Paul to lend us some money. We got Paul to lend us some money.
The teacher asked Sam to open the window. The teacher had Sam open the window.
The dentist insisted that George sit still. The dentist made George sit still.
Mrs Jones will ask the attendant to fetch her car. Mrs Jones will have the attendant fetch her car.
The doctor persuaded her to go to the hospital. The doctor got her to go to the hospital.
My brother insisted that I give him back his book. My brother made me give him back his book.
She persuaded her friend to help her with the cleaning. She got her friend to help her with the cleaning.
10 We'll ask the receptionist to give him his key. We'll have the receptionist give him his key.
11 He insisted on them keeping quiet. He made them keep quiet.
12 My father persuaded me to help him wash his car. My father got me to help him wash his car.
13 Mr Smith insisted that Jane stay late at work. Mr Smith made Jane stay late at work.
14 I'll ask Pam to turn down the radio. I'll have Pam turn down the radio.
15 Sue persuaded the caretaker to fix the door. Sue got the caretaker to fix the door.

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words.
1 The hairdresser will have to cut your hair.
have
You'll ... have to have your hair... cut.
2 A large dog has attacked my cat.
been
My cat has been attacked by a large dog.
3 Her mother insisted that she buy a new dress for the party.
made
Her mother made her buy a new dress for the party.
4 Someone will steal your purse if you don 't look after it.
be
Your purse will be stolen if you don't look after it.
5 Jane insisted that I have some more cake.
made
Jane made me have some more cake.
6 They are resurfacing our drive tomorrow.
resurfaced We are having our drive resurfaced tomorrow.
7 Our furnace will need servicing soon.
have
We will need to have our furnace serviced soon.
8 Someone cleans my house every week.
have
I have my house cleaned every week.
9 How did he persuade you to do it?
get
How did he get you to do it?
10 She got a friend to make her an evening dress.
made

She had an evening dress made by a friend .
11 Their house had been burgled when I last saw them.
had
They had had their house burgled when I last saw them .
12 I asked my parents to pay for my flight home.
had
I had my parents pay for my flight home.
13 Hooligans attacked Barney outside the stadium.
got
Barney got attacked by hooligans outside the stadium.
14 She doesn 't like ironing so the cleaner does it for her.
done
She doesn't like ironing so she has it done by the cleaner.
15 He arranged for a friend to bring his books over from England.
had
He had his books brought over from England.

1136


Passive Voice

I

Causative Form

·- ~~iiiiiiiiiiii~~

I

{See Suggested Answer section)

The local council has decided to improve the children's park. Read
the notes below, then make sentences using the causative. You can
also use your own ideas.
things already done
build swimming pool, put up
climbing frame, plant lawn

things to be done
tile toilets, paint walls, hire
supervisors

things being done
put up swings, install benches, paint
roundabout

things that will have been done by
the end of the month
complete first-aid room, put in
drinking fountain

They have had the isw/mmlng pool built.

Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words.
1 Lucy persuaded Andrew to take her out to dinner.
Lucy ...got Andrew to take her... out to dinner.
got
2 Our heater needs repairing.
We have to have our heater repaired.

have
3 A beautician does her nails every week.
She has her nails done by a beautician every week.
done
4 The dentist is extracting her tooth now.
extracted She is having her tooth extracted now.
5 I'll ask Mark to fetch my laundry.
I will have Mark fetch my laundry.
have
6 His car was badly damaged in an accident.
He had his car badly damaged in an accident.
had
7 Shopkeepers are forced to work on Sundays.
Shopkeepers are made to work on Sundays.
made
8 He got someone at the office to send the fax.
He had a fax sent by someone at the office.
sent
9 She insisted that we come home early.
We were made to come early.
made
10 The gardener had mowed the lawn for Jane.
Jane had had the lawn mowed (by the gardener).
had
11 They can get someone to groom the dog next week.
They can have the dog groomed next week .
have
12 He used to pay someone to do his accounts once a month.
He used to have his accounts done once a month.
done

13 Why did he insist that I buy this dress?
Why did he make me buy this dress?
make
14 Did he ask the nurse to dress the wound?
Did he have the nurse dress the wound?
get
15 The boxer broke his arm in a fight.
The boxer had/got his arm broken in a fight.
broken
16 I must have someone look at this painting - it might be valuable.
I must have this painting looked at - it might be valuable.
looked
17 The contract will have been drawn up for you by the time you get back.
We will have had the contract drawn up for you by the time you get back.
had
18 The police ordered him to tell them what had happened.
The police made him tell them what had happened.
made

•

137


Folder b

m

Look at Appendix 2, then substitute the underlined words with keep, let or look and the
• · appropriate particles.

.. .to be kept away...

1 Mary had to stay away from school as she was ill.

You should sta awa from fattening foods.
They continued climbing despite the heavy snowfall.
He had to run to move at the same speed as the boys.
You have to continue to be informed of the latest news.
It was raining so heavily that I thought it would never become less strong.
We thought we would be fined but fortunately the policeman didn't punish us.
Sarah is growing so chubby that I have to make her clothes bigger.
He really disappointed us by not keeping his promise.
Can you take care of my children this afternoon?
My grandfather fondly remembers the days of his youth.
She looked guickly at her notes before entering the office.
Do visit us some day!
She despises people who don't have a university degree.
They examined the flat before they rented it.
She examined the contract before she signed it.
If you don 't understand a word , look for it in a dictionary.

2
3
4
5
6
7
8

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

17

\J4

keep off/keep away from
kept on
keep up with
keep up with
let up
let us off
let her clothes out
let us down
look after
looks back fondly on
looked through
look in on
looks down on
looked round
looked over
look it up

Look at Appendix 3, then fill in the correct preposition(s).

1 Ireland relies ... on ... tourism to boost its economy

15 The builders have submitted their plans for

and provide employment.
My teeth are very sensitive to cold things such as
ice-cream.
Her family have always abstained from meat and
fatty foods.
Several diseases may result from not getting
enough vitamin C.
The quarrel resulted in Catherine leaving the house.
The results of the competition were announced
yesterday.
Carrots are rich in vitamin A.
Everyone joins in with the choir at the end of the
service.
Doctors are meant to be sympathetic to/towards
their patients' fears.
Sally was able to sympathise with my situation as
she'd been through something similar before.
Has it ever occurred to you that you need more
interests in your life?
The reason for the closure of the club was lack of
membership.
I tried to reason with David but he was just too
upset to listen.
I decided to leave the club rather than submit to

its new rules.

approval by the council.
.
16 Joe succeeded in reaching the airport on time
despite the heavy traffic.
17 Jim is such a horrible person - he's rude to
everyone.
18 I had to lean against/on the wall because I felt as
if I was going to faint.
19 The police searched the premises for weapons .
20 The burglars ransacked the house in search of
valuables.
21 Although they spoiled our plans, they weren't a
bit sorry about it.
22 Don 't say you're sorry for annoying me if you
don't mean it.
23 I'm really counting on all the family being there.
24 I don't think they'll offer her the job. I thin k her
age will count against her.
25 The relationship between a mother and her baby
is a very special one.
26 John has got such a great relationshi p with Clare.
27 Spain is very popular with British holiday makers.
28 Children are prone to illnesses such as chickenpox,
mumps and measles.

2
3
4

5

6
7
8
9
10
11

12
13
14

138


Q

~omplete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words.

1 John became extremely angry with the waiter after getting his order wrong twice.
temper
John ... lost his temper with ... the waiter after getting his order wrong twice.
2 He is the worst singer of all.
badly
No one else sings as badly as he does.
3 He asked his mum to shorten his trousers.
shortened
He had his trousers shortened by his mum.
4 Alex finally managed to persuade his father to buy him an iPod.

succeeded Alex finally succeeded in persuading his father to buy him an iPod.
5 It's pointless to argue about it any more.
worth
It's not worth arguing about it any more.
6 The President's hotel room was full of flowers.
filled
The President's hotel room was filled with flowers.
7 He hates his mother telling him off.
told
He hates being told off by his mother.
8 If you don't know her phone number, check the phone directory.
look
If you don't know her phone number, look it up in the phone directory.
9 George is the most boring person I've ever met.
such
I've never met such a boring person as George.
10 They expect that he will announce what he's decided soon.
decision
He is expected to announce his decision soon.
11 Could you give me your opinion on the new project I prepared for school?
know
Could you let me know what you think about the new project I prepared for school?
12 Eilleen doesn't get on well with Helen.
Eilleen is not in good terms with Helen.
terms
13 It doesn't matter what you say, because I still won't change my mind.
It makes no difference what you say, because I still won't change my mind.
difference

Choose the correct verb to complete the sentences.

1 I don 't like doing business with him because he
... B... such a hard bargain.
B drives C leads
D arranges
A makes

7 The doctor may be able to help you, but don't
expect him to ...................... miracles.
D develop
A create @ work C turn

2 The audience ...................... their breath until the
acrobat was safely down from the highwire.
B caught C wasted @ held
A took

8 Surely you know it's rude to ..... people names?
@ call C insult D give
A shout

3 I don't think Robert is responsible enough to
...................... a business on his own.
@ run
B do
C bear
D make
4 They're trying to help their child ...................... the
habit of telling lies.
A finish
B end

C change @ break
5 Don 't ................. heart - I'm sure you 'll succeed if
you keep trying .
A take
B cross
lose
D sink

©

6 We have enough problems without you .......... .
trouble all the time.
A falling
B getting C being @ making

9 I think we ought to ...................... a party for Tim's
birthday.
A drop
B put
throw
D cast

©

10 Just because Louise makes a lot of money, we
shouldn 't expect her to always ................... the bill.
@ foot
B stand C run
D carry
11 He was found guilty of burglary and had to

...................... time in prison.
do
D take
A have
B make

©

12 I don't mind if you come home late, but
...................... the line at your staying out all night.
A mark
@ draw C rule
D colour


Practice Test
Part

1

For questions 1-12, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits
each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Example:

O A hear

C attend

B listen

A

0

D observe

-

B

C

D

c:::J

c:::J

c:::J

Visitors to th e famous Tate Gallery in Lo ndo n can now (O) ... A. .. the
Briti sh artist Da vid Hockney t alk abou t o ne of his pain tings, which
is (1) .............. The Bigger Splas h. Following the e xa mp le of the
French . w ho have ( 2) ... ..... ...... such a syste m in the Louv re in
Paris, technology is coming to both the Tate a nd th e National
Ga llery, two of Britain's (3) .............. prestigi o u s art insti tuti o ns .
The Tate is now offering Tate inform , a persona l aud io g uide to
the paintings and sculpt ures on (4) .............. ,and to t he th emes
of certa in disp lays. At the (5) .............. of a b utt on visitors ca n

listen to artists, art crit ics and gallery curato rs ex plaining an y
wo rk that (6) ............ .. the ir interest; they can stop, start , rewind
o r fa st-forward their electron ic devices (7) .. ........ .... the y want.
Man y of the co mm e ntari es on works of a rt (8) .......... .... severa l
layers of information . Sty le, co nt en t and sy mbols may be expla ined,
or you ma y even be given detail s of partic ul ar paints the art ist has
used. Some of the art ists (9) .............. on th e ins pirati on for the ir ow n
works. David Hock ney, fo r (10) ........ .. .... , ta lks abou t his interest in the
s urface and moveme nt of wa te r in his co mm enta ry for The Bigger Sp las h.
The (11) .............. of audi o guides is a great help to peo ple want ing to (12) ............. .
a better underst anding of art.

1 A told

2
3

@

brought in

A much

4 A presentation

5 A switch

6@
7

catches

A any

8@

offer

9 A aim
10 A illustration
11 A start
12 A earn

140

B said
B

brought on

B wholly
B exhibition

@

touch

B opens
B every
B say

@

focus

B sample

@

introduction

B take

c
c

announced
brought about

D

brought along

©
©

most

D

great

show

D

sight

press

D

push

turns

D

fills

each

@

c
c
c
c
c

@

called

whenever

propose

D

tell

look

D

direct

instance

D

case

c

presentation

D

discovery

©

gain

D

win

©


Part

2

For questions 13-24, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap.
Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS in the answer boxes provided.

,.
For thousands of years, cultures across the world have
(0) ....................... special significance to the owl. In (13)
fact, owls are probably the most interesting and
intriguing birds (14) on earth! They have been
associated with everything from wisdom, wealth and
courage (15) to bad luck, dishonesty and death. There
are fewer animals (16) that have captivated our

imagination so much.
In ancient Rome, the sight of an owl was believed to be
an extremely unlucky omen . So much (17) so, that
Ancient Romans thought that hearing the call of an owl
(18) may mean death. Roman legend has it that owls
were heard screeching before Julius Caesar was killed.
In ancient Greece, on the other (19) hand, owls were
associated with wisdom. If an owl flew above soldiers
before a battle, the Greeks believed it was a sign that
they would (20) be victorious.
Today, owls are (21) no longer regarded with such fear
and superstition. Owls are incredibly beautiful and
fascinating birds with many special characteristics, such
(22) as huge eyes, excellent hearing, and noiseless
flight. Owl feathers have very special fluffy edges
(23) which muffle the sound of their wings and make
their flight virtually silent. This allows owls to 'creep' up
on (24) their prey.


Practice Test
Part

3

fJ

For questions 25-34, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of
some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example
at the beginning (0).

Write your answers IN CAPITAL LE!fERS in the answer boxes provided.

,,

The Sabre-toothed cat, often (0) ... ....... .. ..... called the
Sabre-toothed tiger, was commonly found in the
(25) grassy plains of North and South America. It became
extinct about 10,000 years ago as a result of the
(26) environmental changes after the last Ice Age. It
shared many (27) similarities with the modern-day lion. It
was about the same size but it was more (28) powerfully
built. They were known as (29) frightening predators due
to their two enormous teeth which could grow up to
20 cm in (30) length . With front legs powerful enough to
(31) enable them to spring up on prey, they had no
difficulty finding food. However, the Sabre-toothed cat's
bite was only one third of the (32) strength of a lion. In
addition, Sabre-toothed cats were social animals. They
lived and hunted in groups, (33) unlike other cats that are
solitary hunters. But, their life was not always
(34) peaceful. They often fought over food or mates as
lions do today.
----~

-~--

-~-

-~-

- -

--~~-

CORRECT
GRASS
ENVIRONMENT
SIMILAR
POWER
FRIGHTEN
LONG
ABLE
STRONG
LIKE
PEACE


Part 4

For questions 35-42, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to
the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use
between two and five words, including the word given. There is an example at the
beginning (0) .

Example:
O Everyone believes that she's planning to take over the company.
BELIEVED
She ................................................................................................................ to take over the company.

Write the missing words IN CAPITAL LETTERS in the answer boxes provided .

35 The children can't wait for the summer holidays to begin.
LOOKING
The children are looking forward to the summer holidays.
36 Is it OK if I park my car here?
OBJECTION
Is there any objection to me/my parking my car here?
37 Since no one was interested, the meeting was cancelled.
INTEREST
Due to lack of interest, the meeting was cancelled.
38 Why did the clients insist that we sign a new contract?
MADE
Why were we made to sign a new contract by the clients?
39 I haven't been to the theatre for ages.
TIME
The last time I went to the theatre was ages ago.
40 Josh went abroad in order to earn more money.
VIEW
Josh went abroad with a view to earning more money.
41

He is too cowardly to start an extreme sport.
BRAVE
He is not brave enough to take up an extreme sport.

42 It's a good idea to avoid foods with too much fat, if possible.
AVOIDED
Foods that are rich in fat should be avoided, if possible.

Conditionals

I

Wishes
.

I

Unreal Past

Conditionals

.

l

Use
Main clause (result clause) [
. If-clause (hypothesis)
········1~-~~··1····················r······it-·~--~~~-~;~~~-~ ~--f~;~·-·········i······F~~~;~;i~~~-~~~;~~····························r···~-~~-~--~~-·i;k~i~-~~····································

j (Present S., Present Cont. j can/may/might/must/should j happen in the
j present or future
j + bare inf/Present Simple
or Present Perteet)
.:. .......................................................................; ........................................................................
,j...............................................................
j If you play with matches, you will burn yourself.

j If you have taken the books, you can start working on your essay.
j If you see him, tell him to come immediately.
···········································('··············································································································································································································..
real present

1
Type 2
unreal present [

If + Past Simple
or Past Continuous

!
[

would/could/might
infinitive

+ bare

! untrue in the present; also
[ used to give advice

Il~f~~:rg:;i:~~t{~~~~f~jf~~~~~f~; '

········:r;·~-~ ··3····················r······i1 ··~··p~~t-·r~-rt~~1 ·~~················:·····~~-~ici/~~~-ici·i~i~ht··~··h~~~·········:····1~~9·i·~~~--~it~~!i~~--~·~·~ 1;~~-·······
j to facts in the past; also used
l Past Perteet Continuous i + past participle
unreal past
1 to express regrets or criticism

i
1

r······;,·;;~··h~d·-;~;1~-~~d-hi~··;;~;~~,;;·~d~i~~~--h~--~~~-;d~·;i··h~-~;·;~;i·-~1;·t;1~··;;;·~~~;;:·······································

•
•

•
•

When the if-clause precedes the main clause, we separate the two clauses with a comma. If you are ill, you must
stay in bed. BUT You must stay in bed if you are ill. (no comma)
Conditionals are usually introduced by If. Other expressions are: unless, (=if not) , providing, provided (that) ,
as long as, in case, on condition (that) , but for + -ing form/noun, otherwise, or else, what if, supposing ,
even if, only if. Unless she stops eating like that, she'll have heart problems. Get up now or else you'll be late
for school. Note that when only If begins a sentence, the subject and the verb of the main clause are inverted.
Only if you have a ticket will you be allowed in.
In conditionals type 2 in formal English we normally use were instead of was after if for all persons. If he
were/was rich, he would travel round the world.
We do not normally use will , would or should in if-clauses. If you buy this, you may regret it. (NOT: ifye1:1 vii/I l3t:JY.)
However, will , would or should can be used in if-clauses to make a request or express annoyance,
doubt/uncertainty or insistence. If she should call, put her through to me. (doubt/uncertainty - I doubt that she
will call ...) If you will/would be quiet, we'll watch the video. (request - Will you please be more quiet?)

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense, then identify the types of conditionals.
1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

144

If you ...don't do ... (not/do) your homework, you won't be allowed to go out. ... (Type 1) ...
If he took out (take out) a loan , he'd be able to buy a car. (Type 2)
Keep the noise down or else someone will hear (hear) us. (Type 1)
The state of the economy will improve (improve) provided that there is a change of government. (Type 1)
I won't go on holiday unless you come (come) with me. (Type 1)
If you talked (talk) less, you would be able to concentrate on your work. (Type 2)
If she had read (read) the newspaper, she would have known about the earthquake. (Type 3)
If the food hadn't been (not/be) so good, we wouldn 't have eaten so much. (Type 3)
If you stopped (stop) complaining, we would be able to get some work done. (Type 2)
Even if I had phoned (phone) them, it would have been too late to change their minds. (Type 3)
Unless you turn down (turn down) the music, I won't be able to concentrate on what I'm doing. (Type 1)
Unemployment will decrease provided the government takes (take) appropriate measures. (Type 1)
If you continue to threaten me, I will have to (have to) seek legal advice. (Type 1)
I would speak (speak) to her if she apologised for her appalling behaviour. (Type 2)


Conditionals

15
16
17
18
19
20

I

Wishes

I

Unreal Past

I wouldn't have been able to pass the exam if you hadn't helped (not/help) me. (Type 3)
What would he say (he/say) if you told him the truth? (Type 2)
If you watch this film, you will get (get) an idea of how difficult life is for these tribes. (Type 1)
If you had returned (return) the product within the time limit, we would have given you a full refund . (Type 3)
If she had realised how late it was, she wouldn't have rung (not/ring) us. (Type 3)
We would have some fresh air if you opened (open) the window. (Type 2)
Complete the text by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

Chris Isles often thinks how different his life 1) ... would become... (become) if he 2) were (be) more adventurous .
He's a rather cautious man who 3) will take (take) risks only provided that they 4) do not unsettle (not/unsettle)
his cosy, well-organised life. Yet he sometimes feels that if he 5) made (make) braver decisions, his life 6) might
change (change) for the better, although deep down he knows that there's not much li kelihood of this
happening. For example, three years ago they offered him a job in Africa. If he 7) had accepted (accept) the offer,
he 8) would have had (have) to live in Africa for two years and he 9) would have enjoyed (enjoy) an enormous
increase in his salary as well. But Chris is not the type of person who will give up the security of his home unless

he 10) feels (feel) even more secure about his new circumstances. Only if that job offered to him 11) had been
(be) close to home, 12) would he have taken (he/take) it. His friends try to convince him that he 13) would
discover/will discover (discover) the fun in life if he 14) decided/decides (decide) to be a little more daring. Yet
Chris says that as long as he 15) remains (remain) happy with the way things are, he 16) will not make/will not be
making (not/make) any dramatic changes to the way he lives.
Rewrite the following as conditional sentences.
1 You have to go to Athens to see the Acropolis.
If ...you go to Athens, you can see the Acropolis....
2 You need to pass your driving test before you can drive.
Unless you pass your driving test, you can't drive.
3 You must study harder to pass your exams.
If you don't study harder, you won 't pass your exams/If you study harder,
you will pass your exams.

4 As long as the rain continues, we can't play football.
Unless the rain stops/it stops raining , we can 't play football.
5 Tom had to ask for a pay rise or he wouldn't have got one.
Unless Tom had asked for a pay rise, he wouldn't have got one.
6 You need all the right spices to make an authentic Indian meal.
If you have all the right spices, you can make an authentic Indian meal.
7 Going there by bus will be cheaper than going by train.
If you go there by bus, it will be cheaper than going by train.
8 Entering this competition could win you a mountain bike.
If you enter this competition, you could win a mountain bike.
9 We will have to leave without him if he doesn 't arrive in the next 10 minutes.
Unless he arrives in the next ten minutes, we will have to leave without him .
10 We will be able to go swimming if the weather improves.
Unless the weather improves, we won 't be able to go swimming .
Rewrite the following as conditional sentences.
1 As long as it rains, I'll stay at home .

...If it rains, I'll stay .a t home. Only if it rains will I stay at home. I won't stay at home unless it rains ....
2

I'll save money, then I'll go to France on holiday. I'll go to France on holiday only if I save enough money. If I save
enough money, I'll go to France on holiday. Only if I save enough money will I go to France on holiday. I won't go to
France on holiday unless I can save enough money. As long as I can save enough money, I'll go to France on holiday.
I must save enough money, otherwise I won't be able to go to France on holiday.

145


Conditionals

I

Wishes

I

Unreal Past

3 Wait five minutes and I'll give you a lift. If you can wait five minutes, I'll give you a lift. I'll give you a lift if you can
wait five minutes. Provided you can wait five minutes, I'll give you a lift. Only if you can wait five minutes will I be able
to give you a lift. As long as you can wait five minutes, I'll give you a lift. I won't give you a lift unless you can wait five
minutes. You must wait 5 minutes, otherwise I can't give you a lift.
4 I'll cook and you can do the washing-up afterwards. If you do the washing-up afterwards, I'll cook. I'll cook if you
do the washing-up afterwards. Provided you do the washing-up afterwards, I'll cook. Only if you do the washing-up
afterwards will I cook. As long as you do the washing-up afterwards, I'll cook. I won't cook unless you do the washingup afterwards. You must do the washing-up afterwards, otherwise I won't cook.

Omission of " if"
If can be omitted in if-clauses. In this case should (conditionals type 1), were (conditionals type 2) , and had
(conditionals type 3), come before the subject.
If he should win the race, he will receive £1,000. • Should he win the race, he will receive £1,000.
If I were him, I wouldn 't eat meat. • Were I him, I wouldn 't eat meat.
If I had seen her, I would have spoken to her. • Had I seen her, I would have spoken to her.

Rewrite the following sentences omitting if.
1 If I were you, I wouldn't apply for the post of firefighter .

... Were I you, I wouldn't apply for the post of firefighter....
2

If you should go to the post office, could you buy me some stamps?
Should you go to the post office, could you buy me some stamps?
3 If anyone should ring, will you take a message?
Should anyone ring , will you take a message?
4 If you had turned off the oven sooner, the pizza wouldn't have burnt.
Had you turned off the oven sooner, the pizza wouldn't have burnt.
5 If I were younger, I'd accept his offer.
Were I younger, I'd accept his offer.

Mixed Conditionals
All types of conditionals can be mixed. Any tense combination is possible if the context permits it.

i:::::::::::::::::::::::::1::::~~~:
~~~~~~::: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :she
: : : : :will
~.~~.feel
~::~.i.~better

.~~·~·:.-.·:now.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..J.""""""""'
·"""""""""'.]
~ If she was sleeping all day,
: Type 1 :

: Type 2

:

j (She was sleeping all day

so she feels better now.)

I

' E~l~fr::~:=~t7:~n,

~E~~~=~t=~~=s~~~~)such amess. I

:

:

l··+yi>e··2··········1·····;,·;··~e~~··;i~h:·········································· . i·;;~·~1d·h~~e ·"b~~9hi·~··;~~·~~·~:··············· . ···-:···:rvj>"e..i . 1

i

•...........................; ................................................................................................................................................................................................,
[ Type 3

[ If I had been invited,
I would go tonight.
i Type 2
:
[ (I wasn't invited
so I' m not going tonight.)
:
:..... ······ ... ·········· ...~ ······ ... ······ ··· ~·· ········· ········· ................................................................................................................................ .:. .....................:

l
l

•

Rewrite the following as mixed conditionals.

1 He's not a good worker, so he wasn't promoted .

.. .If he were a good worker, he would have been promoted....
2 They walked 40 kilometres, so they're exhausted now.
If they hadn't walked 40 kilometres, they wouldn't be exhausted now.

146