Báo cáo khoa học: Hư từ trong bản giải âm Truyền kỳ mạn lục pot

NG6N
NG0
soil
2010
HU"
Ttr
TRONG BAN GIAI AM
TRUYEN KI MAN LUC
Ban giai am Truyen ki mgn lye
(vilt
tit: TKML; till ki XVI) la mpt
tai li?u rat quy ddi vdi vi?c nghien
curu
Ijch sii
tilng Vi?t, nhit la tilng
Vi?t
CO.
Chinh vi the, trudc nay, vin
ban nay da dupe mpt so nha nghien
ciiu quan tam
khao
sat tir nhieu
phuong
di?n khac nhau: phuong di?n
van
ty -
phien am, phuong di?n ngii am, ngir
phap,
va
tir vyng
Rieng ve hu tu tieng Vi?t trong

ban giai am
nay,
giao su
N.
Stankievitch
da
cd nghien
ciiu,
nhung
chii
yeu tgp
trung
vao
nhirng hu tu dimg kem ben
cgnh dpng
tir
[lib].
Trong bai viet nay, chiing tdi
xin trinh bay them mpt sd phan tich
va
nhgn xet sau khi quan sat
Idp
hu
tu trong
TKML
ndi chung, nhim gdp
phan cimg tim hieu, lam rd hon di?n
mgo cua
Idp
tir cdng cy dd. Ngii li?u

nghien
ciiu
d day dya tren ban phien
am sang chir quoc ngii
ciia
Nguyen
Quang Hdng [5].
1.
Theo
each
hieu thdng thudng,
hu tir
la
nhiing tu khdng cd y nghia
tu vyng chan thyc, dimg dl dien dgt
cac y nghia ngir phap,
ho^c
quan h?
ngii phap giira cac thyc tir,
ho^c
giira
cac bp phgn cua cau,
ho^c
giira cac
PGS.TS VV
Dirc
NGHIEU
cau vdi nhau. (Cac tieu tir bieu thi
tinh
tiiai

cung
cd the dupe
coi
la
hu
tir).
Nhu vgy hu tir
dupe
nhgn di?n
trong tuong quan ddi
Igp
vdi thyc tir.
Nhirng tieu chi phd bien, dupe da sd
gidi nghien
ciiu
chap nhgn, de coi
mpt tir
la
hu tir bao gdm:
- Khdng cd y nghia tir vyng chan
thyc,
hoac chi cd y nghia
tir
vyng md
nhgt;
- Khdng cd
chiic
nang djnh danh;
- Lam cdng cy de bieu dgt nhiing
y nghia, phgm tni ngii phap nao dd

cua thyc tu (ndi tdm lgi la nhirng tir
cd lien quan den vi?e dien dgt, bilu
thj nhiing logi y nghia ngii phap).
Tuy nhien, tren thyc tl, vi?c xac
dinh va
Igp
danh sach cac hu tir cua
tieng Vi?t hoan toan khdng don gian,
bdi
vi,
trong
tieng
Vi?t ciing nhu trong
cac ngdn ngir don
Igp
khac, ranh gidi
phan dinh giiia van de
ciia
ngir phap
vdi van de cua tir vyng
nhilu
khi rit
khdng ranh mgch. Trong cac ngdn
ngii
nay,
cd nhieu hu tir da hinh thanh
tir thyc tir bdi nhirng h do khac nhau,
trong dd, dang ke va quan trpng nhat
la qua trinh ngu phap hoa; va ngay
ca khi "da hinh thanh hu tu roi, thi

giua nhung hu tir nay va cac thyc tu
tuong ling thudng ciing van cdn bao
16
Ngon ngiir
so'
11 nam 2010
tdn nhiing mdi quan h? kha rd net"
[1,274].
So bp khao sat ban giai am, chiing
tdi nhan di?n va lap danh sach dupe
124hutii.
Cythlla:
- 38 hu tii ed kha nang
diing
lam
thanh td phy trong ngii danh tu
ho^c
trong ngii dpng tir/ tinh tir: nhirng,
mgi, mdi,
ben,
chdng, chdng,
chi,
chin,
cho,
chung,
chira,
ciing, ciing,
cir,
cue,
deu, dd/

da,
dang/
duong,
dimg, hay,
hdng,
khd, khd,
khdn,
khdng,
mgt,
mdi,
mua,
rdt,
sap,
se,
thuc,
tua,
timg,
vdn,
vira,
lien, nhau.
- 79 hu tu thyc hi?n cac
chiic
nang ndi ket giiia tu vdi tu trong cym
tir hoac ndi giiia cac thanh phan cau,
giiia cac cau vdi nhau:
bdngi
(nhu),
bdng2 (vi
bang,
nhugrc

bang),
bdi,
bui,
cdng, chinh, cho, cd, cdn, cua, cho
nen,
ddu, ddu, dudi, dudng, dd md,
de, den,
dugic,
giira, hd, hay, hdn,
hdu, he, hod, hoac, hon, hudng chi,
keo,
khd
mac,
la, lgi,
lam,
len,
ludng,
md,
mac,
nen,
ngay,
ngoai,
nhan, nhdn,
pham,
phuong
chi,
song,
song
le,
tdy,

thd, thi, thira mac, thira, nhu, lien,
ngd,
nira,
d,
qua,
qud,
ra,
rang,
sang,
sau, tdi, tren, trong, trudc, tuy, tir,
tu,
tua, vd, vd, vdo, ve, vi, vdi, xdy,
xudng.
- 7 hu tir la cac tieu tu
thi
hi?n
cac y nghia tmh
thai:
dt,
bdy, ddy,
md
cho,
ru, thay, vay, vgy.
Dudi day la mpt so phan tich
cy the.
2.
NIU
nhin tir gdc dp chiic
nSng
"cd tham gia vdo cdu true cua ngir

danh tu (danh ngir) hogc
ngQ
vj tir
(dgng
ngir,
tinh ngii) hay
khdng\
chiing
ta
cd thi
thay mpt quang
canh
nhu
sau:
2.1.
Trong nguon ngii li?u dang
xet, hu tir diing kem trudc danh tu
trung tam cua ciu tnic danh ngii, cd:
nhiimg,
mgi, mdi cd y nghia
va
chiic
nang khdng khac
ngay
nay (nhirng
danh diu va bilu thi
y
nghia sd nhieu,
mgi lam chi td danh diu va bilu thi
y nghia sd nhieu toan the, mdi chi

mpt sy vgt bit ki cua mpt tap hpp sy
vgt cimg
logi,
qua dd ndi len cai chung
cho tat ca cac sy vgt
Idiac
trong tap
hpp ay). Duy cd hu tu cdc hoan toan
khdng
g^p.
Thi dy: ndo nen nhimg
vi^c
chi (tr. 30); Ldy nhiing
dieu
dy
(tr. 34); Trdi vdo chdu trong mpi
chirc
(tr. 57); mpi chdu tre yeu
(tr. 366); Moi thien (bdi tho) nen
(ti
303).
Hu tir cdc, mpt tir cd tan sd sir
dyng d
miic
cao nhit trong tilng Vi?t
ngay nay, tuy khdng hi?n di?n trong
TKML nhung khdng phai vi
thi
ma
suy ra ring vao

thi
ki XV, XVI trong
tieng ta chua
cd
tir
nay. Trong
Cd Chdu
Phdp
Vdn
Phdt
bdn hanh ngii luc
[8],
trong Qude dm thi tap, Hdng Dirc
qude
dm thi
tap,
chiing ta deu da
g^p
cdc
(m^c
du tan sd sir dyng khdng
cao).
Thi
dy:
Thuong
Chu bgn cU cac chua
ddi
[12,
b.2].
Thuyen khdch choi thu cac I? cheo

[12,b.l01].
Nhdn den quan tren ciing budn
bdn chdn nudi lua tdm cac mgi diiu
(nguyen
van
chii Han:
DT
chi
thugmg
quan lgi
thf
muc duong tdm mieu)
[6,51].
Hdng
du
thdi
di
ngodi ddt Hoan
Chdu, Ai (Ai?) Chdu cac mgt hdm
(nguyen
van
chii Han: Chi kim tdn
HIT
tir
17
mdi du tdc Hoan Ai cdc nhdt hdm)
[6,
54].
Chiing tdi ngd ring cd
Ig

tinh
chat
d}ch
(giai am)
ciia van
ban da
anh hudng den sy
khilm
di?n
ciia
cdc
trong
van
ban gidi am TKML.
2.2.
Cac hu tir di
kgm
dpng tir,
tinh tir cd
thi
dupe phan chia thanh
mpt so nhdm nhd
hem
nhu sau:
22.1.
Nhdm dd
(dd),
dang
(duong),
sdp,

se, timg, hdng, vdn
Trir hu tir hdng, cac hu tir cdn
lgi cua
nhdm
nay:
dd
(dd),
duong
(dang),
sdp,
se, timg, vdn
dS
hi?n di?n
va dupe
sii
dyng trong ban giai am TKML
khdng khac ngay nay. Chiing deu cd
y nghia thdi gian, bilu thj
va
nhan
mgnh "sy tinh da, dang hay sg dien
ra". Thi dy:
cdn do
da
chdng cd (tr. 36);
tieng
sang tan
da Idu
(tr. 123); duong
giua dudng md dimg xem

[1
lb];
chira
timg chdng d ben nang
Nhj
Khanh
vgy
(tr.5\).
Trong nhdm hu tir
ndy
cd hai
dieu dang
chii
y
la:
a) Trong ban giai am, timg
d&
cd
kit
hpp vdi da
ho^c
chua, chira
nhu ngay nay. Thi dy:

da timg mgt thdy chua timg
budc den chiia timg chdng d ben
nang Nhj Khanh vgy.
b) Hu tir hdng dupe dimg pho
bien trong ban giai am. Thi dy: Thiip
hing vdng chdu chieu ddm (tr. 57);

Ngudi ta hing ndi (tr. 196). Nhung
ngay nay, tir
nay
chi cdn dupe dimg
trong mpt so
kit
cau it nhieu co dinh
va "cii" nhu: hdng mong udc, hdng
mo udc, hdng mong nhd, hdng mong
mdi,
2.2.2. Nhdm chdng, chdng, cho,
chira (chua), dimg, hay, khdn khdng,
mua
Trong nhdm nay, tat ca cac tii
deu di kem trudc dpng tir. Ve
m^t
y
nghia, trir tir hdy bieu hi?n y nghia
khuyen l?nh, dimg ciing bieu hi?n y
nghia
khuyin
l?nh, phu dinh, cac tir
cdn lgi deu
bilu
hi?n y nghia
phii
dinh.
Neu so sanh vdi hi?n nay, y nghia
va
chirc nang cua chdng, cho, chira

(chua),
dimg, hdy, khdng khdng cd
khac bi?t gi can phai ndi. Thi dy:
chd hdn md cho trdch (tr. 97);
ching dimg
(tr.
429);
chirt
mdy ching
sai. Song diu chira cd con (tr.
381).
Rieng hu tir dimg, giao su N.
Stankevitch ndi ring khdng thay dimg
dupe dimg trong Truyin ki mgn luc
gidi dm
[lib];
nhung chiing tdi thiy
tir nay cd hi?n di?n trong
van
ban,
ching hgn trong cau: Mdy hay chdng
ddy dung de dn nan ngdy sau (tr.
166).
Ba tir chdng
(chdng),
khdn (khdng
the / khd cd the), mua (dimg/ chd)
la ba hu tu co. Tilng Vi?t ngay nay
hoan
toan

khdng sir dyng mua nira,
cdn
chdng,
khdn thi chi
gap
trong mpt
so
kit
cau
CO
djnh nhu: phdi chdng,
cd chdng, khdn ngudi, khdn td, khdn
xiit Trong khi dd, khao sat Truyin
ki mgn
l^tc
gidi dm, chiing ta
g$p
rat
nhieu each ndi nhu:
ddi
lira chSng
la chdng
(chdng^
khdng phdi la
chdng/khdng
cd) duyen
cii (ti:. 94); Mgt mai
sir
tinh khdn gidu
18

(ti
76);
m\ra
(dimg/ chd) ldy cd
khd
md
ton chi
lu
thud binh sinh
(tr. 93);
mya
hiem mugn
vgy (tr.
310).
2.2.3.
Nhdm
ben,
cung,
ciing,
cir,
deu, khd, khd, tua
Cac tii ben,
ciing, ciing,
cir,
deu
di kem trudc dpng tii, cd y nghia va
each dimg
khdng
khac ngay
nay.

Ngupe
lgi,
khd, khd, tua lgi la ba hu tir cd,
nay
Ididng
cdn dimg trong tilng Vi?t
hi?n
dgi
nira.
Trong ban giai am, chiing
ta rit hay
gap
ba tu nay trong nhiing
each
dimg nhu:
-
Khd
(nen,
ddng):
kha
den dudi
mieu vua Trung
Vuong
cimg dgi
(tr.
56).
-
Khd (cd
the):
chdng

kha cudp
(ti
50);
Cue
kha cudi vgy
(ti
234).
- Tua
(nen,
phdi): tua
Idnh
xe
quan Phdn
sir
(tT.
196).
2.2.4. Nhdm
mdi,
vira
Hai hu tir nay di kem trudc dpng
tir, de bieu thi ring hanh dpng, sy vi?c
vira xay ra khdng lau trudc thdi diem
dupe
ndi tdi hoac hanh dpng, sy vi?c
chi dupe thyc hi?n khi da cd dieu ki?n
vira dupe ndi den trudc dd. Nhiing
d^c
diem
ngu-
nghia va ngii phap nay

cua
mdi \a vira
khdng khac so vdi hi?n
nay. Thi dy: ngudi mdi
thde
(tr.
92);
Vira vi din
nhd
(ti 120).
2.2.5.
Nhdm
chi,
chin, mgt
Hai hu
tu:
chin \h chi cd thi
dupe
coi nhu ddng nghia, di kem trudc dpng
tir, the hi?n y nghia "chi cd/ duy chi".
Tuy nhien so vdi
nay,
chin
da trd thanh
hu tu cd va
vi
tri
ciia
nd hi?n nay
hoan

toan do chi
chilm
giii. Trong ban giai
am, chiing ta thudng
gap chjn
trong
nhiing
kit
ciu nhu: Chin
Idi
thdi it
mdphdi thdi
nhiiu;
Nhd
Sd
chin chung
trdi nhdn nghia (tr. 37).
Ngon ngiif sd 11 nam 2010
Tir
mgt
dupe
xip
vao cimg nhdm
nay vi trong ban giai am, khi
kit
hpp
vdi dpng
tii,
nd
dupe

dimg vdi tu each
hu hi va cd
nghia
"chi,
chi
cd".
Thi dy:
Tayeu chi? Yeu mpt ngii
(tr.
268);
mpt bdng trong chiem bao (thdy chi
nhugide chiem
bao)
(tr. 253).
2.2.6. Hu tir chung
Mpt minh
chung
diing thanh mpt
nhdm vi nhiing
d^c
dilm
rieng bi?t
cua nd. Hi?n nay, chung da la hu tu
cd, chi thang
ho^c
mdi
g§p
lgi trong
nhirng san pham ngdn ngii xua cii
ho^c

trong nhiing
Idi
ndi gia cd nao
dd (thi
dy
nhu:
vl
chung,
bdi
chung ).
Trong
van
ban
TKML,
nlu
chtmg
di vdi dpng tu la
liic
nd thudng dupe
dimg de dich, the hi?n y nghia cua
chi trong Han
van Idii
chi diing giiia
chu ngur vdi
vi
ngii cua mpt m?nh
de phy
[lib].
Thi dy: trdi chung
phii

tg nhd Hdn Trdi chung lam
mdt nhd
Sd
(tr.
31).
(Nhiing y nghia
khac,
chiing tdi sg trinh bay d diem
3.1.
dudi day).
2.2.7.
Nhdm
cue,
hdu
(gdn,
gdn
nhu),
rdt,
thuc
Bdn hu tir
nay
di kem trudc cac
tinh tir
ho^c
dpng tir cd thang dp danh
gia.
Ngay
nay, dupe dimg pho bien
nhit la tir
rdt;

thii din
la
thuc
(thudng
phat
am va
vilt
thgt);
tir
cue chi
thudng
dupe dimg trong khiu ngii. Thi dy:
rat nghiem md rat
nh§t
(tr. 97);
thyc chung
vui
(tr. 92); ngudi ta
eye nhieu (tr. 91).
Rieng tir
hdu,
nay chi cdn
gap
trong td hpp hdu nhu.
2.2.8.
Nhdm lien, nhau
Ca
lien Ian nhau diu
cd
vi

tri
kit
hpp ngay sau dpng tii va cd y nghia
nhu sau:
Hir
tiir
19
- Lien the hi?n y nghia "ludn, ludn
ludn"
( Igy
hen chdng dimg
(tr.
429).
- Nhau the hi?n sy tuong tac ve
hanh dpng (Sdm ngdy sau vira ghe
nhau
(tr.
98);
thdy
ndi
hai nhau
(1r.
112).
2.3.
Nhiing hu tir khdng lam
thanh to phy trong cau tnic
ciia
ngii
danh tir, ngir dpng tir nhu tren day,
ma

thyc hi?n chiic
nSng
ndi ket giira
tu vdi tir trong cym tu
ho^c
noi ket
giiia cac thanh phan cau, giiia cac cau
vdi nhau, ciing cd nhiing y nghia va
each
dimg nhu ngay nay, nhung nhieu
khi ciing cd nhiing nghia va each dimg
khdng nhu
ngay
nay. Xet
vai
hu tir
nhu: hay, md, thdi (thi) trong mpt sd
cau nhu sau day, chiing ta ciing
dii
thay dieu dd:
- Hay: Bilu thi
y
l^a
chpn giiia
hai sy vgt, hai dieu dupe ndi
din
(
phuc Di
Thdnh
vay hay

v^
IX Thanh
vay (tr. 426).
- Md: Bieu thi y trai nhau, khdng
phu hpp, tuong phan giiia hai thanh
phan do nd noi
kit
Thi dy:
rdt nghiem
ma rdt nhdt; chd hdn
ma
chd trdch
(ti:.
97).
- Thdi
(thi):
Bieu thi
sy
tiep noi
giira hai sy vi?c, sy vi?c nay vira xay
ra xong la tilp ludn den sy vi?c kia
ho^c bieu
thi dieu sip neu ra sg chic
chan
ho^c
tit yeu sg xay ra;
ho$c
neu
"sy
kl

can giiia phan de vdi phan
tiiuylt". Thi dy:
* Den
ih\
thdy
di^n
nhd cao cd
Hg
Phiing
thdi gidu md hg Tir thdi
khd (ti 48).
2.4. Ben cgnh cac hu tu va nhdm
hu tir cimg vdi chiic nang cua chiing
nhu
da
trinh bay tren day, trong TKML
ciing cd nhiing
c^p
hu tir
dupe
kiln
Igp
de the hi?n nhirng quan h? ngii
phap
phire
hpp. Cd the neu mpt sd
c^p
hu tii dupe
sii
dyng de tgo nen

nhiing
kit
cau ngii phap ma nay van
dang hi?n di?n, hogt dpng trong tieng
Vi?t
lii?n
dgi nhu sau:
-Cdng cdng Thi dy: te
dua cang
Idm
thdi lung
Idng
cang
rdng
(ti
290).
- Chdng nhirng md Thi dy:
ching nhiing d chung rgng xa
khudn phep ma d chung ddt
Khiic
ph\i
den te (tr. 35).
-
Dd
lgi Thi dy: Da hiep
nude
Nguy lgi giet
nude
Yen (tr. 34).
- hoac hogc Thi dy:

ho^c
ngdi
ho^c
dimg (tr. 236).
- Tuy md Thi dy:
ludi
tuy
thua
ma
chdng lgt (tr. 97).
- Tuy song
Thi
dy: Ke khd
tuy cd chi song khdn den (tr. 97).
-
Tuy
nhung Thi dy: tuy cdn d
ddi nhung ten dd chip (tr. 234).
- Tir den Thi dy: Tu sdng
Trudng Giang
mac din
ben
Bdc
(tr.
429).
-Tir nhdn Thi dy: Tir qua ddi
nhan^flw
(tr. 233).
3.
Nhin tir gdc dp phat trien ngdn

ngir, so vdi nay, trong sd cac hu tir
neu tren, cd mpt
logt
(35 tu) da trd
thanh tir co, va cd ca nhiing tu chiia
(nhiing) nghia cd nay khdng cdn dimg
niia. Cac hu tir cd va nghia co dd,
ho^c
la da bien mit hin khdi ddi song ngdn
ngii
lii?n
nay,
ho^c
la chi cdn dl lai
bdng dang cua minh trong mpt
kit
cau
nao
dd (hd, ngd, khdn, chdng ),
ho^c la
chi ddi khi
dupe
dimg trong
nhirng
loi
ndi "gia co" nao dd (song
le,
phuong chi, ru ).
20 Ngon
ngijf

so'
11 nam
2010
3.1.
Danh sach cy
thi ciia
35 tir
CO
dd bao gom: bdng (vi
bdng,
nhugrc
bdng),
bdy, bui (duy, chi), chdng (=
chdng),
chin, chung,
dudng
(nhu),
dd md (roi, thi rdi), hd (chdng le),
hdng (thudng), hdu (gdn nhu, cd le),
hod
(vd,
cd),
hgp
(nen).
Mid
(nen,
ddng),
khd (cd thi), khd mgc,
khdn^
(khdng

thi),
lien
(ludn,
ludn
ludn),
ludng
(todn
nhiing
Id),
md chd, mgc (de, de md),
mua (dimg, cho), ngd
(nhdm,
di), nira
(hon),
nhdn (den, tdi), phuong chi
(hudng
ho),
ru,
songle,
toy,
thira
(cua ),
thira
mgc,
tua
(nen,
phdi), vd, vay, xdy.
Trii y nghia
va
chiic nang

ciia
cac hu tir
chdng,
khd, khd, khdn,
myra,
tua (6 tu)
da
neu tgi dilm 2.2.2
va
2.2.3 ben tren, chiing tdi thiy ed the
diem qua mpt so hu tu vdi mpt so y
nghia, chiic nang "khac
Ig"
nhit cua
trong nhirng hu tir cd cdn lgi nhu sau:
- Hu tu bdng
(dupe
dimg vdi
nghia neu, neu nhu, cd nhu, nhugrc
bdng; nay, y nghia nay khdng cdn
dupe dung nira).
Thi
dy:
Bang cd tinh cu, ngdy dy khdc
dy khd den dudi mieu vua Trung
Vuong (ti 56).
- Hu tii bui
(duy,
chi, chi
cd).

Thi
dy: Bui vdi khdm lau cdi (tr. 145).
- Hu tir chung. Ngoai y nghia
va
each
dung da neu d dilm 2.2.6. ben
tren, chung cdn cd nhiing y nghia va
each dimg khac niia. Cy
thi
la xem
[13]:
.
a) Dimg
dk.
chi thdi gian va
dia
dilm (ling vdi gidi tir vu trong Han
van).
Thi dy: chung nhd thira d
chung cd thira ddi (tr. 146).
b)
Thi
hi?n y nghia
ciia
chi ti-ong
Han
van
khi chi cd quan h? hgn dinh
cho tiianh to chinh
la

mpt tu
ho^
mpt
kit
cau
chii
-
vi.
Thi dy: thu dugc
chung long thien hg
(ti*.
33).
Ngay nay, chung khdng cdn dupe
dimg binh thudng niia, ma chi cdn
dl lgi hmh bdng cua nd trong mpt
vai ket cau d nhiing dien ngdn "xua"
nhu bdi chung,
vi
chung ma thdi.
- Hu tir
da
md. Hu tir nay cd y
nghia va chiic nang nhu ket cau rdi
thi I xong rdi I thi rdi diing d dau cau
tilng Vi?t
hifn
nay. Thyc ra, dd md
dupe dimg de dich
kit
cau

dinhi
trong
Hap van xem [1
lb],
va the
hi?n
y "sau
khi
da
cd mpt mpt hanh dpng d trudc
da
kit
tinic
".
Thi dy: Da ma ben di
quan (bd quan) trd vi (tr. 145).
Da
ma
canh tdn trd het (tr. 36).
- Hu tu hod (tdt
cd,
vd). Thi dy:
khdp hoa cira chdng cd loai sot vdy
(ti
174).
- Hu tir
hgrp
(nen). Thi dy: Hpp
(nen) udng ldy thang (thudc) tien
thyre

(tr.
250) hpp (nen) chd hdn
md chd trdch (tr. 97).
- Hu tir khd mgc (cd thi). Thi
dy: Kha
m^
(cd the) anh em vdi nguoi
Bui
Hdng
(M.
113).
- Hu tir lien (ludn, ludn ludn).
Thi dy: Udng hdu het, nguoi
L4
Ngg
chgy den
Igy
lien chdng dimg
(tr.
429).
Hu tir nay, den till ki
XVU,
XVII van
cdn dupe dimg rat pho bien nhu dupe
ghi trong Phep gidng tdm ngdy
ciia
A. de Rhodes, Sdch sd sang chep cdc
vi^c ciia
Philiphe Binh
- Hu tir

wa
chd
(chu:,
thdil).
Thi
dy: khuyin lam
sir
nhdn
ma
chd
(ti
97).
nhiiTig
cimg vdy xem ma
chd
(ti
249).
Hu tiir., 21
- Hu tir mgc (di, di md): Hu tu
nay
chi nguyen nhan
ho^c
co sd
ciia
hanh dpng. Thi dy: Cdo nuong
hiim
m^c
ra oai (tr. 146). xin
liiu
ndt

minh
mac
trd on (tr. 149).
- Hu tir ngo (nhdm, de, de cho).
Thi dy: Ngd (di) chdng phu tiit
Idnh
(tr.
111).
Ngd khd (de cd the) trdng
chung trgn sdng (tr.
150).
- Hu tii nhdn (din, tdi). Thi dy:
Xua nhan lgi (tr. 94). Tir qua ddi
nhan sau (tr. 233).
- Hu tir
nira
(hon).
Thi dy: Chung
thiep
m?nh
mdng
nfta
to bay,
minh
nh^
dudng la
rying
(tr.
122).
- Hu tir thira: Thudng

dupe d$t
trudc tir chinh trong
kit
ciu chinh
phy, bieu thi y nghia sd hiiu
(ciia)
ho^c
y nghia tuong duong vdi nghia
ciia
gidi tir ve.
Thi
dy: mimg
thiia
ve md
Ig thiia
s\r
vgy; ( ) Lgi qua
thira chdn dy (tr.
151).
- Hu tu thira mgc: Neu nguyen
nhan, li do dl giai thich cho hanh
dpng (tuong duong vdi sd di trong
Han van, xem
[lib]).
Thi dy: Theo
nghia thita
m^
theo
chdng
vgy

(tr.
57)
vua
Tryi
nhd Thuong thiia
m^c
mdt
nude (tr. 33).
- Hu tir xdy (bdng, chgrt). Thi
dy: Xay thdy xe mdy (tr. 98); Xay
thdy con gdi tre do xanh (tr. 207).
- Hu tir ru (sao, hay sao?). Thi
dy: chdng ben che bdn thdt ddng
ru? (ti 29-30). Tir
ndy din
dau till
ki XX trong Nam Phong tgp chi van
cdn dupe dimg, nhung nay chi cdn
g^p
trong mpt loi ndi gia co
nao
dd.
Cac hu tir cdn
lgi:
bay!
chin,
dudng
(nhu),
hd (chdng cd le ndo
lgi ),

hdng
hdu, ludng, phuong chi (huong chi,
huong hd), song le, tdy (bang), vay!
la
nhiing hu tir ma nay van cdn cd
thi
hieu dupe.
3.2. Ben cgnh cac hu tir cd neu
tren, la nhiing hu tir
din
nay van ton
tgi va hogt dpng rat tich eye trong
tilng Vi?t hi?n dgi, nhung trong ban
giai am,
m§t
ngii nghia va ngii phap
cua chiing vira cd nhiing dilm tuong
ddng, lgi vira cd nhiing diem khac
bi?t, nhieu khi rat
Idn
so vdi hi?n nay.
Nghia cd, each dimg co, kha nang
ket hpp tu khac
Ig
tdn tgi cimg vdi
(nhiing) y nghia, chiic nang dupe
dimg nhu trong tilng Vi?t hi?n dgi
chinh la nhiing khac bi?t dd.
Thi
dy:

a) Hu tii bdng\ (nhu)
Bdng trong TKML van dupe
sii
dyng trong nhiing
kit
ciu so sanh
nhu thdi
Qude
dm thi tgp, Hong Dirc
qude dm thi tgp
ma
nay tieng Vi?t
hifn
dgi khdng cdn dimg nhu
thi
niia.
Thi
dy: Ddnh phd nude Ngd bing
khua
Id
kien (tr.
31);

sgr s$t
bing
chim ndn cung (tr.
121).
b) Hu tir bdi
Ben cgnh y nghia chi nguyen
nhan nhu trong tieng Vi?t ngay nay

(thi dy: Thua mgt trgn bdi cd co
tren
(ti
30)), ti-ong TKML, khi
kit
hpp
vdi dpng tir, bdi
dupe
dime vdi nghia
cd, bieu thi "noi chon xuat phat cua
sy vi?c, hanh dpng dupe ndi
din".
Thi dy: con gdi
d^p
bdi thdn Ddng
md ra (ti 72) chdng biet bdi ddu
md lgi (tr. 75).
Bdi dupe dung tuong
ling
vdi
tu tiing va tir do trong Han
van
xem
[lib].
c) Hu tir mgt
22
Ngdn ngiir sd 11 nam
zuiu
Trong ban giai am, tir mgt \a so
tir, cd the

dupe
dimg trong
kit
hpp
vdi danh tir nhu hi?n nay, nhung nd
ciing cd nghia "chi cd moi mpt". Thi
dy: mpt nguoi Tir Hu chdm leu
chdn mg (tr.
231).
Y nghia va each
dimg cua mgt vdi tu each hu tir (da
trinh bay tgi diem 2.2.5 ben tren) cimg
vdi y nghia "chi cd mdi mgt" nhu
vira thay d
day,
chinh la
hai
diem khac
bi?t
ciia
nd so vdi hi?n nay. Thi dy:

ldy
mpt thdy xem dgo trdi vgy
(tr.
97)
mpt
hd
chung ddng
hien

trudc (= chi
thay xau hd vdi cac bgc hien nhan
ngay trudc) (tr. 271).
d) Hu tir
nhiing
Y nghia
"toan,
toan la"
ciia nhiing
trong Truyen ki mgn luc gidi dm
la
mpt diem khac
Ig
so vdi hi?n
nay.
Vdi
y nghia nay,
nhirng
cd kha nang:
- Ket hpp vdi danh tir. Thi dy:
nhiing (= todn la) khdch danh lgi
(ti
169) nhiing (=
todn
la
nhirng)
thgr
hen
(tT.
249);

- Va dae
bi?t
la
kit
hpp vdi dpng
tu.
Thi
dy: nhiing (= hoan todn)
khdc thdi thudng (tr. 173). nhiing
(= tdt cd deu
chi)
ciing vdy quanh
xem
(ti 249).
e) Hu tir rdng
Dupe
dimg song song d ca hai
cuong
vi:
dpng tir va gidi tir, giong
nhu tmh hinh trong Qude dm thi tap
va
Hdng
Dirc qude dm thi
tap.
Thi dy:
Bdphu nhdn
ring
(tr.
216).

Nguoi
Trung Ngd
cd khen rang (tr. 75).
f)HutiiraV • .' •
Tir nay de chi
miic
dp. Trong
ban giai am, rdt cd each dimg gidng
nhu hi?n nay; thi dy: rat nghiem
md rat nhgt (tr. 97), nhung cung cd
each dimg rat khac
Ig
so vdi nay. Cy
till la:
- Nd cd
thi kit
hpp vdi danh tu.
Thi dy: ddi d rdt dinh nui
Phugmg
hodng
(tr.
166);
Nhdn
chi
niii Phupng
hoang rit dmh (tr. 175). Qudn di
chon
rat nha ben Tay (tr.
173).
- Cd the dung sau

vi
tir bieu thi
trgng thai tam li, cd danh gia thang
dp (nhu tinh tir), thi dy: vui rat
md
ra
thuong
(tr. 172); vd cd the dung
trudc cd dgng tit lam (mpt each
kit
hpp rat
Ig
so vdi
lii?n
nay), thi dy: Rit
lam cha
m§ thira ddcyeu
(tr. 174).
3.3.
Phan cdn lgi la nhiing hu
tir khdng
ho^c
gin nhu khdng biln
ddi tir thdi
Truyen Id mgn luc
den nay.
Sd hu tir nay cimg vdi nhiing hu tir
cdn lgi den nay nhung cd bien doi
rd r?t trong y nghia, chiic
nang

(nhu
vita neu d diem 3.2. tren day) tat nhien
chilm da so (89/ 125 tir = 72%). Dd
la nhirng hu tir nhu: ben, dd, duong,
(dang),
hay, md, mdi, thi
(thdi),
timg,
vira,
chd, dimg, rdt Thi dy:
Dem dy ben cimg
ndm
(tr. 96).
tieng
sang tan da Idu
(tr.
123).
duong
giua
dudng md dung
xem
[lib].
phuc Di Thdnh vay hay vg
Dl Thdnh vay
(a.
426).
rdt
nghiem vak
rdt
nhgt

chd
hdn
ma
chd
trdch
(tr. 97).
He ngudi mdi
thdc
(tr. 92).
Den thi thdy
di^n
nhd cao cd
Hg Phiing thdi gidu md hg Tir thdi
khd(ti.4%)
Hu tii
tung
trgmyeu
(tr. 95) timg
choi bdi
sdng
(tr. 349)
Vira ve den nhd thi ki rude ddu
dd
djnh
vdy
(ti.
120).
chd
hdn
md chd

trdch
(tr.
97)
dimg de dn ndn ngdy sau (tr. 166).
Loi
rat
cuong
thdng
(tr.
195).
4.
Tir nhirng phan tich trinh
bay
ben tren, chiing tdi thay cd the di tdi
mpt sd nhgn xet sau day:
4.1.
Ldp hu tir
ciia
tieng Vi?t the
hi?n trong
Truyen
ki mgn
luc
gidi dm
la
ldp hu tir da kha phdt triln ca ve
so
lupng Ian
nang
lye

bilu
hi?n,
nhung
chua phong
phii
nhu hi?n nay;
va
so
vdi nay, nd cd
nhung
khac bi?t. Dieu
nay la duong nhien.
Trong ldp hu tii dd, cac tieu logi
deu da hi?n di?n day du nhu
ngay
nay;
nhung nhin tren toan eye, dd
la
mpt
h? thong dang phat trien, dang hoan
thi?n. Trgng thai
nay,
mpt
m^t
la
bieu
lii?n
phat trien cua
tilng
Vi?t

ndi
chung,
mat
Ichac
la de dap
ling
nhu cau cd
mpt h? thong cac cdng cy ngir phap,
quan h?
cii
phap, cau tnic
cii
phap
de
phye
vy cho vi?c
thi
hi?n (viet)
cac dien ngdn bing
van
xudi. Vao
thdi ki ra ddi
ciia
TKML, ngdn ngii
viet
van
xudi Vi?t,
d^c
bi?t
la cii

phap
ciia
ngdn ngii vilt
van
xudi cdn dang
dd dam tun tdi
va
xay dyng,
chii
chua
cd
dupe
day
dii
mpt ngii phap
va
tir
vyng
"ciia
ngdn ngii viet
van
xudi"
dupe quy thiic hod nhu ve sau
nay
va hi?n nay. Cac tdc
phim.
giai am
(dich) dau tien nhu TKML
(\k
Phgt

thuyit
dgi bdophyi mdu
dn
trgng
kinh,
Thien tdng khod
hu
ngir liic gidi nghia
trudc dd) chinh
la
nhiing budc di
khdi dau cho vi?c chuan bi de hinh
23
tiianh nen
van
xudi Vi?t cimg vdi
cii
phap
van xudi
Vi?t.
4.2.
Nhiing dilm khac bi?t noi
bgt
de
nhgn
ra hon ca d cac hu tir trong
Truyen
ki mgn luc la:
a.
Nhutig

hu tir nay da trd thanh
tii cd, da
hoan
toan biln mit di
ho^c
chi cdn dl lgi tan du
ciia
chiing trong
ddi song tilng Vi?t ngay nay (mua,
thira, bui, nhdn, xdy, dd md ) Tuy
nhien con so
nay
khdng nhieu.
b.
Nhiing y nghia co, chiic
naiig
CO
cua mpt so tu,
m$c dii
thdi Truyen
ki mgn
l\ic
dupe dimg pho
biln,
rpng
rai,
nhung nay khdng cdn dupe dimg
niia, trong khi cac tir bilu thi nhimg y
nghia chiic
ning

dd hi?n van ton tgi
va hogt dpng trong
tieng
Vi?t
ngay
nay
(bdng,
rdt,
bdi, nhiing, mgt, rdng ).
c. Trong so cac hu tu cdn lgi den
nay, cd mpt so van giii y nguyen y
nghia, chiic nang cua chiing, nhung
mpt so khac, nhieu hon,
da
cd nhiing
thay ddi va/ hoac phat trien bang eon
dudng bo
sung,
md rpng y
nghia,
chirc
nang (day la con dudng
chii
yeu),
ho^
thu h?p y nghia, chiic
nSng ciia
chiing
lgi,
ho|Lc

vua md rpng them y nghia,
chiic nang nay, vira thu h?p y nghia,
chiic nang khac.
Vi
thi,
trong
van
ban dupe khao
sat, nhieu hu tir cd
ho^c
chua he cd
nhiing y nghia
va
/
ho^c
chiic nang
ngu phap, ngii dyng nhu chiing dang
cd
lii?n
nay.
4.3.
Trong cac hu tu hi?n di?n
trong
TKML,
cd mpt so dang kl xuat
phat tir nguon goc Han. Dieu nay, mpt
m^t
thi
hi?n xu
thi

ty nhien trong
qua trinh tilp
xiic,
vay mupn dl
lam
giau tu vyng;
m^t
khac, ciing dong
|l
lu^
I
IIL-fiJ!^~i.'-»f-
24
Ngon ngiir so 11 nam
^viv
thdi la
de
bd sung,
hoan
thi?n
h?
thong
tir lam cdng cy ngu phap cua tilng
Vi?t. Thi dy, doi chieu ban giai am
vdi ban Han van, ta thay rit rd cac
tuong
ling
xem
[1
lb]:

- hu tir chi vdi cac
tixphti,
u, vu
(ciing cd khi khdng ung vdi tir
nao
ciia Han van);
- hu
tir ben vdi cdc
tir
ndi,
togi
tire;
- hu tir
(fa ling
vdi cac tir
di,
ki;
- hu tii duong vdi cac tir duong
va
thich;
- hu tir
Twa
vdi nhi;
- hu tir mdi vdi cac tii so,
thiiy;
- hu tir thi
(thdi)
vdi tir tdc;
-hutuftiwgvdicactir«3«g;
thudng

Trong qua trinh "giai am" (dich)
tir
van
ban Han
van
sang tilng Vi?t
(viet bing
chii:
Ndm),
cd nhieu y nghia
cua hu tir trong nguyen ban Han
van
da dupe dich gia - ngudi Vi?t - cd
ging tim each the
lii?n
bing y nghia
tuong duong
ciia
tir ngii tilng Vi?t.
Ket qua
la:
ngoai nhung hu tir tilng
Vi?t tuong duong vdi hu tir tilng Han
dupe sir dyng, cdn cd nhiing thyc tii
tieng Vi?t cd y nghia tuong duong
ciing dupe su dyng, dan dan dan den
qua trinh ngii phap hoa cua chiing,
Ichien
chiing trd thanh hu tir
ho^c

cd
y nghia phai sinh dl
dupe
dimg vdi
tu each
ciia
hu tii.
Lay tu d lam thi dy ching hgn.
Tir nay ndi ve noi chon, khoang thdi
gian
ma
hanh dpng,
s\r
vi?c dien ra.
Nd ling vdi
cac
dpng tir cu, chi, luu
va
hai gidi tir tgi, u trong Han
van
[1
lb].
So sanh vdi
nhttng
nguon ngii
li?u khac, sdm hon TKML nhu Phgt
thuyit dgi bdophu mdu
dn
trgng
kinh,

Thiin tdng khod hu
l\ic
gidi nghia,
tinh hinh ciing tuong ty nhu
vgy.
Dieu
nay
cimg vdi tiiyc tl hogt dpng
ciia
d the
lii?n
ring: nd ciing nhu nhieu
hu tii khac cd chiic nang noi dpng
tir vdi cac thanh to phy
(ciia
dpng
tir) "cd nguon goc
la
dpng tir
va diu
dang cdn it nhilu giur lgi dupe tinh
chat dd"
[lib,
4]. Thi dy:
Giri
minh
a chung
chdn rgr
man
(tr. 49). Hdi

di,
Idm Idnh
a ngudi,
lam
phuc cho
ngudi
Idnh
a trdi (tr. 99).
^
Nhiing dpng tir chi hudng vgn
dpng nhu:
ra,
vdo,
len,
xudng,
ve, lgi,
sang, qua
ho^c
nhirng tir chi
vi
tri
nhu: d,
tren,
trong,
trude,
giiia,
cgnh,
ben
rat cd the
da

trai qua qua trinh
ngii phap hoa de roi
dupe
su dyng
vdi tu
each ciia
gidi tir trong chieu
hudng chung nhu vgy.
CHU THICH
Con sd ndy khdng the ndi
Id tuy$t
ddi vi nd cdn
14 thuQC
mpt phdn vdo
vi^c
xac djnh
hutird
nhung trudng hgp cd the
cd nhung khd nang quyet
dinh
khdc nhau.
Nhdm tir ndy, cd nhd nghien ciru
khdng coi
Id
hu
tir,
nhung a day, chimg
tdi khdng dgt vdn de thdo
lugn
li

lugn
ve
hu
tir
niia,
md chap
nhdn
chung theo cdch
"truyen thdng", coi
nhu
mgt tieu logi.
Bdn phien dm cua Dao Duy Anh
[12] phien Ndm
Id ^'Thuyen
khdch
chcri
thu gdc luat cheo". Chiing tdi lay
"cdc I?
cheo"
theo
bdn
A.
*
Theo N.
Stankkvitch
[lib],
a day,
kit
cdu
chung 16ng thien

h?.,.
cua tiing
Vi?t
img vdi kit cau trong Hdn vdn
Id
thien
hg chi tam ; nhimg vi trong tiing
Vi$t,
dinh ngir cho danh
tir
phdi dimg sau danh
tir nen vdn viet tieng
Vi^t
thi ki XVI da
Hir
tiir
25
phdi
ddo
trgt
tir
vd dimg chung nhu
mgi
chi
td
di
bdo hi?u
chung -
danh tir
-

djnh
ngir.
Nhu
vgy,
chung
cd khd nhiiu
y
nghia,
chiic
phgn,
tucmg
ung
vdi cdc tir ciia Hdn
vdn
phii,
u, vu; va
thgm chi khdng img vai
tir ndo cua Hdn vdn
cd
Thidy:
trdi
chung
phu
tp nha
Hdn (tr. 31); yeu chung
k^sTvgy
(tr. 428).
TAI
LI$U
THAM KHAO

\. Nguyin Tdi Can, Mpt so chimg
tich
ve ngon ngii,
van
ty va
vin
hoa,
Nxb
DHQG,
H, 2001.
2.
Hodng Hong
Cam,
Tun hieu tinh
chat
CO
trong Tan bien truyen ki mgn
lye,
T/c
Hdn
Ndm,
So
3,
1996.
3.
Trdn
Trgng
Duong,
Khao sat
h?

thong tir co trong
ban
giai nghia Thien
tong khoa hu
ngft lyc
ciia Tu?
Tinh,
T/c
Ngdn
ngir,
So
8,
2006. tr. 54 - 67.
4.
Nguyin Quang Hdng, Chuyen
djch tir
ngu-
song tiet Han
vSn
sang tir
ngQ-
van
Nom trong ban giai am Truyen
ki mgn lyc, Ki yiu
Hgi
thdo quoc ti
Ngdn ngir hgc lien A
idn
thu VI, H.,
2004,

tr.
140-151.
5.
Nguyin
Quang
Hdng
(phien
dm,
chii
gidi),
Truyen ki mgn lyc giai
am,
Nxb
KHXH,
H,
2001.
6.
Nguyen Quang
Hdng
(cha
bien),
Di
van
chiia
Dau,
Nxb
KHXH,
K,
1997.
7.

Trdn Xudn Nggc Lan, Vai
d$c
diem
ciia
bon
X\i
co: tiiud, neu, ban, no,
Sdch Mgt so vdn di vi cdc ngdn ngir
phuong
Ddng,
Vi^nDdngNamA,
H,
1986
8.
Vu Dirc
Nghieu,
Hu tir tilng
Vi?t
thi
ki XV trong Quoc am thi tgp
va
Hong
Due
quoc am thi tgp,
T/c
Ngdn
ngu.
So
12,
2006, tr. 1

-14.
9. VU
Dirc
Nghieu,
Dien bien trong y
nghia, chiic
nSng ciia
nhom tir "khong,
chSng,
ching" tir
the
ki XV
din
nay,
Khoa
hpc,
Dgi hoc Tdng hgp HdNgi So
2,
1986,
tr 55 - 61.
\0.
Hodng
Thi
Ngg:
a) Chir Nom va tilng
Vi?t
qua
ban giai am Phgt thuyit phy mau dgi bao
an
tr(?ng

kinh, Nxb
KHXH,
H, 2002.
b) Hodng Thi Ngg, Diem qua
ve tinh hinh tir co trong cuon tir dien
Chi Nam ngpc am giai nghia,
Thdng
bdo
Hdn
Ndm hgc
2001,
Nxb
KHXH,
H.,
2002.
U.StankievichN.V:
a) Ve sy dien biln
ciia
nhirng hu
tir chi nguyen nhan,
T/c
Ngdn
ngir,
So 4,
1985,
tr.
58-59.
b) Stankevich
N.
V.,

Vai nhgn xet
ve cac hu
tir
tilng
Vi?t
the ki 16 (Tu
li$u
nit
tir Truyin Id mgn luc gidi
dm),
T/c
Ngdn
ngu.
So
9,
2006
tr.1-9.
c)
Stankievich
N.
V.,
Hifn
tugng
giao thoa tir ngir phap tilng Han sang ngir
phap tieng
Vift
(qua
cii lieu
"Khod hu
luc

gidi
dm
"),
T/c
Ngdn
ngir.
So
1,
1988,
tr.3I-35.
d)
Stankievich
N.
V.,
Mpt vai suy
nghl budc dau ve
vi?c
nghien curu ngir
phap
Ijch
sir tilng
Vift
T/c
Ngdn
ngu.
So
4,
1978,
tr.
27-34.

e) Stankievich
N.
V.,
Nhgn xet
sa bp ve mpt vai
d^c
diem ngon ngir
trong van xudi
thi
ki XIX dau till ki
XX,
T/c
Ngdn
ngir.
So I,
1982,
tr.26 -
33.
12.
Nguyin Trdi, Quoc am thi tgp,
Trong
Nguyen Trai toan tgp, (Ddo Duy
Anh phien dm chu
gidi),
Nxb KHXH
H, 1976.
n