Báo cáo khoa học: Một trường hợp giao thoa văn hóa Đông- Tây ppt

I
I
MOT TRUdNG HOP
i GIAO THOA
VAN HOA DONG
-
TAY
HOANG XUAN VINH
Sinh
ra
trSn
mfit dat
nirdic
nhiet fldi
gifi
mua,
tai
c6
th$t
nhieu nang, nhieu mua, nhieu
gio,
nhieu
sirang
mu,
vd
nhieu
cd
giong
tfi'
nua
Nhimg

chi thieu tuyet! Toi thuong mo tide mfit lan
h'ong
doi duoc mfit minh giua bao
la
tuyet,
dugc
ngufic
mat ien
troi
cao
dfin
nhiifng hong
hoa
hiyet-
bdi tho ciia vu tru
-
dju ddng roi nhe xufi'ng
tay
nhu
tang
pham day
yfiu
ihuong ciia Thuong
dfi'
vfi hinh. Vd mfit ngdy, Tuyet
id
idng
le
d^n
tren

tay
tfii,
thdt thanh khie't, trang ngan, tinh
khoi!
X
udt ban d Phdp ndm
1999
Tuyet
ciia
M.Fermine da nhdn dupc nhilu ldi
khen tdng tri ddc gia vd cdc sdch
bdo,
tap chf nudc ngoai. Cac nhdn djnh vl
Tuyet
khdng nhilu ldi, cung cyc ngdn, tinh gian
nhu tdc
phdm va cung
diu
sdc
nit,
sdng dep, tao
nha, Uong treo nhu Tuyit vdy.
Din
vdi ban dpc Viet Nam qua hai ban djch
true tilp tri nguydn tdc, mdt cria Nguyln Ddng
Thudng ndm 2007 va mpt cia Minh Phuang
ndm 2008, Tuyet chua kjp cd nhung cdng trinh
nghidn criu ddy di, nhirng bai vid't "ndng ky" vl
tac phdm. Trdn mang, chi cd mdt vdi trang gidi
thidu sdch vd mdt sd ldi nhdn

xit
rd't ngdn
nhung dep vd tinh te vl
Tuy/f.
*
'
Dd khdng phai
Id
nhimg
ldi
khen ngpi
chung chung hay dl dai. Mdt trong nhung ve
dep dfch thyc: Tuyet la sy gap gd, sy giao thoa
cua nhilu ylu td.
1.
Giao thoa the loai
vdn
hoc
Tuyet Id
mOt
tilu thuylt, mdt truydn ngdn
hay mdt bdi haiku? Thdt khd ma phdn djnh rach
r6i ranh gidi
thi
loai. Tuyet cd
kit
cdu, ed't
truydn, sd chuong, sd trang cua mdt tilu
thuylt.
SACH HAY NFN

OOn
nhung lai cd sd tri ft di cia mdt truydn ngdn.
Tuyit khdng chi viet vl nha tho va nghd thuat
tho haiku, ma cdn chua dyng trong nd rdt nhieu
bai tho haiku. Tuyet cd dang dap va ve dep cia
mpt bai haiku cd diln vdi rat nhieu khoang
trd'ng vdng cia "thi phap chan khdng".
Qe
chucmg 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11
diu
md ddu bdng
mpt bdi tho haiku cia Basho va cdc mdn dd nhu
Issa,
Chosui, Soseki. Chuong
11
cdn chria ca ba
trong sd bay muoi bay bdi tho haiku ma Yuko
sang tdc trong mua ddng nam mudi bay tudi.
Ddc bidt chuong
1
va chucmg 54, md ddu va
kit
thuc tac phdm
la
hai doan van xuoi nhung
hoan toan cd
kit
cdu va dang dap mpt bdi haiku
gian dj nhdt:
Yuko

ed hai dam me
Tho
haiku
Vd tuyit (chucmg
1)
Vd hp yeu nhau
Lo
lifng
tren mdt spi ddy
Tuyit (chuong cudi)
Tuyit Id haiku hay monogatari vdy?
Tri gdc nhin
thi
loai, tdc phdm cdn
la
sy
giao
thoa giua tho haiku va Tuydt.
Tho haiku Id mdt
thi
Ioai van hpc. Ddng y!
Nhimg Tuyit sao lai gpi la mdt
thi
loai dupe.
VP ly! Nhung
vdi
Yuko cia Nhdt Ban TK
XIX
thi Tuydt cung
Id

mdt
thi
loai!
"Haiku la mpt
thi
Ioai vdn hpc Nhdt Ban.
Dd Id mdt
thi
tho ngdn gdm ba cdu vdi mudi
bay dm tid't. Khdng ban.
Tuyet Id mdt bdi tho. Mpt bai tho rai xudng
tri
nhung cum mdy thanh nhung bdng trdng nhe.
Bdi tho rai xud'ng tri bdu trdi, tu ban tay
Thupng
dd"
(chuong 1).
"Tuyit
Id
mdt bai tho. Mdt bai tho cia mau
trdng tinh khidt.
Noi Yuko sd'ng, tuyit
Id
nhung bai tho cia
mua ddng" (chuong 5).
"Nhung ngay ddu ddng, tuyit rai. Cung vdi
tuyit Id vdt
mye
ddu tidn cua bai tho ddu tidn
trdn manh gid'y lua" (chuong 47).

Cd
thi
ndi rdng, Tuyet dang trdn tay ban la
mdt tilu thuyet bl nhd nhu mpt truydn ngdn,
dep nhu mpt bdi tho!
2.
Giao thoa cac loai
hinh
nghe thuat
Tuydt vd haiku da hda thdn, da ddng nhdt
S6 302
Thang 8-2009
THdMC
TIM VAN
H6A
NGHg
THUAT
lam mdt, dl rdi nhit
thi
dy lai tilp me hidn hun
vd giao thoa vdi cdc loai binh nghd thudt khdc.
Yuko da nhin thay trong tuyet 5 ddc tinh. Anh
cd cdch ly giai ridng cia minh:
"Tuyit trdng. Vdy, dd
Id
mdt bai tho. Mpt
bdi tho vo cung thudn khiit.
Tuyit ngung dpng vd che chd thidn nhidn.
Vdy dd Id mpt brie tranh. Brie tranh tinh triy
nhd't cua mria ddng.

Tuyit bid'n ddi Udn tyc. Vdy, dd la nghd
thudt thu
phap.
Cd hdng van, hang van cdch viet
tri tuyit.
Tuyet tron trpt. Vay dd
Id
mdt vu didu. Trdn
mat tuyet, td't ca mpi ngudi
diu
Id vu cPng.
Tuyet tan thdnh nudc. Vdy dd la mdt didu
nhae.
Mria xudn nd bid'n nhung con sudi vd
nhung ngpn thdc thanh nhung ban giao hudng
dudi trang" (chucmg 7).
Vi vdy, nghe thudt phai tim thdm crin cdnh tri
nghd thudt de di
din
tan cring cdi dep cia dich
thyc,
cua tuydt ddi va cia
vinh
ciru. Haiku phai
tim dd'n sy ddng nhd't cia bao loai hinh nghd
thudt tuydt my kbdc. Cdi dep khdng chi cd mdu
trdng nbu Yuko vdn nghi. Didu ky thay ngudi
cam nhdn va nhin thdu sudt
hit
mpi sdc mdu,

mpi ve dep cia tuyit Iai chinh Id ngudi hpa
si
mu - Soseki - ngudi thdy cia anh. Vd Yuko phai
hpc each nbin thdy td't ca ve dep d'y bdng cdch
nhdm mdt. "Mdu sdc khdng d ben ngodi. Mdu
sac d ben trong
ta "
(chucmg 22). Dpc dd'n ddy
dpt nhidn ta cam nhdn mpt vj thiin lan tda.
Hay ldng nghe doan dd'i thoai ngdn md sdu
sdc giua Yuko vd nha tho cung dinh Minh Trj:
"Tdi
Id
nhd tho. Tdi vid't nhung vdn tho. Tdi
kbdng cdn bill
diiu
gi khdc nria dl cd
thi
hodn
thidn nghd thudt cia minh.
Sai rdi! Tbi ca trude
hit Id
hpi
hpa.
Id nghd
thudt
mria.
Id
am nhae, va la nghd thudt thu
phdp cia tdm hdn. Mdi bdi thP ddng thdi la mdt

brie
hpa, mdt didu nhay, mdt bai ca vd mdt brie
thu phdp. Nd'u mudn trd thanh mdt nha tho thyc
thy, cdu cdn phai cd tdi ndng tuydt dd'i d'y"
(chuong 12).
Chinh sy giao thoa nghd thudt d'y dn gidu
mdt quan
diim
nghd thudt nghidm ngdt, khdt
khe nhung dring ddn. Dd la con dudng dl tid'p
nhdn vd sdng tao cdi dep hodn my, tuydt ddi va
suih
ddng cua cudc sdng.
Vd trong Tuyit ludn cd sy hidn hriu cua dao
tra (Chado) - mdt dinh cao cua nghd thudt va tin
ngudng Nhdt Ban. Tra chi xudt hidn khi tac
phdm ban dd'n nghd thudt tho haiku, khi cd sy
xudt hidn cia nhung nhdn vdt ddc bidt nhu nha
tho cung dinh cia Thidn hodng Minh Trj hay cd
gdi dep Hoa Xudn. "Vi tu si ddn tiip ndng dn
cdn vd mdi tidng mot chen trd
ndtig.
Thiiu nd
vifa
chdm rdi nhdp trd vifa ngam eon sudi bqc
"
(chuong 48). Trong sudt hdnh trinh tim kilm Iy
tudng tho haiku va tuyet, Yuko chua bao gid vl
nha trd dl
la

mdt Ie tra. "Anh ludn trd vi
dimg
gid
udng
trd
"
(chucmg 5). Do la ve dep cia mdt
nit
tinh each Nhat!
Trd giao thoa vdi van vdt bdng sy im ldng,
chi
mdt hoi dm, mdt Ian huong lan tda trong
khdng gian tinh khdi tuydt trdng.
3.
Giao thoa vdn hda Ddng - Tay
Khdng sinh ra trdn dd't nudc Nhdt Ban cd
xua va hidn dai, nhung M. Fermine lai am hilu
sdu sdc vd ydu
min
thid't tha
nin
van hda nghd
thudt tdn thd cdi dep nay mpt cdch that ky la.
Hidn tupng vdn hpc ndy tuy khPng phai duy
nhd't, nhung cung khdng phai Id phd bid'n trong
Ijch su vdn hpc nhdn loai. Pearl Buck cia vdn
hpc My (Nobel 1938)
Id
mpt hidn tupng nhu
vdy. M. Fermine sinh ra vd ldn Idn chi ylu trdn

ddt nudc Phdp, nhung Tuyet lai la mdt cudn tilu
thuylt rd't Nhdt. Thdm chi, chat Phu Tang trong
Tuyet cdn ddm da hon nhilu tdc pham cua cdc
nhd vdn hidn dai Nhdt Ban kbdc. Trong khi mdt
sd tdc phdm vdn hpc Nhdt hidn dai cd dau hidu
bac mdu ban sdc, thi thri vj thay mdt tac phdm
best seller cua vdn hpc Phdp lai dam da sdc
huong Nhdt Ban. Chdt Nhdt d'y thdm ddm vd
todt ra tri ca ndi dung ldn nghd thudt tdc phdm,
chri khdng phai chi mdt bdi canh khong gian
Nhdt la da di lam ndn ehd't Nhdt! Cd
thi
ndi,
Fermine da dupe tai sinh tri ve dep Phri Tang.
Nhu vdy, chinh md'i quan he nhd vdn - tdc phdm
la ylu td ddu tidn tao ndn sy giao thoa cia vdn
hda Ddng - Tdy.
Sy giao thoa vdn hda d'y cdn
thi
hidn trdn
cap nhdn vdt Soseki - Neige, cd gai tdc vang.
|pSd302
Thang
8-2009
^6t
tinh ydu ky la, mdt hdn nhdn hanh phuc
giira mdt samurai trung thdnh cia Thidn hodng
vdi mdt nghd
si
di trdn ddy, cd mdi tdc vang rye

ra
din
tri nudc Phdp.
Tinh
ydu bdt ddu tri cdi
nhin djnh mdnh: "Dd la ldn ddu tidn mpt nghd
Sl nudc ngoai trinh didn trdn xri sd cdc samu-
rai
Ong nhin vao mdt ndng vd nang cung nhin
dng say ddm. Hp khong cdn phai ndi gi thdm
niia. Ndng khe mim cudi va trong nu cudi dd,
Soseki da lac ldi" (chucmg
31).
Kit
qua cua tinh ydu va cupc hPn nhdn
Ddng - Tdy dy
Id
sy ra ddi cua cP con gai: "Co
be thria hudng lan da trdng mudt tri me va mai
toe den nhanh tri cha. Mpi ngudi gpi cd la Hoa
Xudn" (chuong 32). Hoa Xudn chinh Id nhd't
thi
ddng nhdt tri cap ddi ddng nhd't cha vd me,
phuang Ddng vd phuang Tdy, samurai vd nghd
si,
tho haiku vd nghd thudt di trdn ddy! Va tri
cap tinh nhdn d'y, tinh ydu da hda tan vao nghd
thudt: "Bdi vi tinh ydu la mdn nghd thudt khd
khan nhdt. Vilt chri, nhay mria, soan
nhae,

va
ve
ciing
diu
Id
ydu ca thdi. Gidng nhu ngudi di
trdn ddy. Khd khdn ldn
nhdt.
Id
budc ldn phia
trude ma khdng nga" (chuong 24)
Tuyet
cdn
Id
noi giao thoa, gap gd giua ve
dep cia "thi phap chdn khdng" phuong Ddng
vd ky thudt vid't vdn each tdn cua vdn hpc
phuang Tdy hidn dai. M.Fermine la mdt nhd
van tre cia nudc Phdp - dinh cao cua vdn hpc
phuang Tdy hidn dai, ndn chdc chdn dng am
hilu sdu sdc cdch vilt ddnh thric sy ddng sdng
tao d ddc gia cia vdn hpc phuang Tdy.
M.Fermine ydu tho haiku dd'n
thi
ndn chdc
chdn
dng cung am hilu tdn cung vdn hda Uuyln
thdng ddm vi thiin cia Nhdt Ban. Tuyet cd
nhring khoang trdng vdng trdn nhung ddng chu
va

giria nhihig ddng chu. Dd chinh
Id
noi hdi tu
giau cd nhdt cua thi phdp chdn khdng phuong
Ddng vd nguydn tdc bd sdt, cring nghd thudt tdy
trdng cia vdn hpc phuong Tdy hidn dai nhu
trong "tang bdng trPi" cia Hemingway.
Tuyet
kidm ngdn dd'n vd ngon, gian dj ma
khdng so sdi, ft di md khdng ngheo nan, Udng
ngdn ma khdng lanh leo. Tuyet uuyln thd'ng
qud ma cung hidn dai qud! Tuyet la noi hdi ngd
ctia
cai duy tinh, duy my cia phuang Ddng vd
SACH
HAY
NFN nocL
eai duy Iy sdc sao cia phuang Tdy Vi vdy ma
Tuyit da cang dupc mdt spi ddy ngPn tri ndi
Iiln
hai bd vdn hda.
Tuyit la tinh ydu khdng bidn gidi, ndn Tuyit
cung la noi nghd thudt Ddng - Tdy ddng nhd't,
giao thoa, gap
go.
Chi khi cd sy ddng nhd't ky la
dd, haiku mdi trd thdnh tuydt dinh cia nghd
thudt ngdn
tri.
Soseki, mdt budi sang trude ngdy

vl
vinh
cun da day Yuko bdi hpc cudi: "Yuko,
con se trd thdnh nhd tho thdt sy khi nhung ddng
chu con vilt ra chria dyng ca hdi hpa, thu phap,
dm
nhae
va nhiing didu mua. Va dae bidt khi
con da hoan thidn nghd thudt mua trdn
ddy
Tai
sao u? Bdi vi nhd tho, mdt nha tho that sy, ndm
bdt dupc nghd thudt trdn day. Vid't, dd
Id
tid'n Idn
phia trude,
tri
tilp ndi
tri,
trdn spi ddy cdi dep, spi
day cia mdt bai tho, cia mpt tac phdm, mdt cdu
chuydn cdn dn gidu trdn trang gidy. Vilt, dd Id
tiln ldn phia uudc, budc ndi tilp budc, trang nay
tiep trang khdc, trdn con dudng cua cud'n sach
Vdy dd,
diiu
khd khan nhd't, la ud thdnh nghd si
di trdn ddy ngdn tri" (chuong 40).
Cdc loai hinh nghd thudt DPng - Tdy da tao
ndn mdt gian giao hudng thdt hai hda

Uong
Tuyet.
Trdn phuang didn my hpc tinh due nu, hinh
tupng Neige Uong sudt trong tuyit trdng trdn
dinh nui cao Id noi gdp go giua tinh thdn nhdn
vdn chi nghia trong cdi ngudn vdn hda Hy Lap,
Phuc hung cia van hpc phuong Tdy vdi truyin
thd'ng ngpi ca den mric tin nguong cdi dep nhuc
thi
trong truyin thd'ng vdn hda Nhdt Ban.
"Ndng mong manh nhu mdt gidc mpng. Dd
Id mpt thilu nu chdu Au khda thdn ed mai tdc
vang dng. Nang da
chit.
Nang dang ngi dudi
mdt Idp bang" (chucmg 15). 'Thilu nu uong
bang manh mai vd dju dang nhu mpt gidc
mpng Yuko ngdm nhin, khong thdt ndn ldi,
hoan todn bj ve dep cia ndng chinh phuc
(chuong
16).
Buc tranh ngudi dep tdc vdng uong
tuyit dy khiln ta khdng
thi
khdng Iidn tudng
din
brie hpa khda thdn ndi tidng Venus ngu cia
Giorjtone thdi Phuc hung. Thilu nu khda thdn
Uong gidc ngi ndng cd
thi

xem
la
dinh cao hodn
hao nhd't ve dep nhuc
thi
cia con ngudi.
Sy gap gd my bpc tfnh
due
nri DPng - Tdy
cdn d nhung chucmg ta canh Yuko Iam tinh
vdi
Sd302
Th^ng
8-2009
THdMC TIM
VAN
H6A
NGHg THUAT
cd gai bdn dai phun trdn tuyit vd vdi Hoa Xudn
giria trdi ddm tuyit trdng. Trong truyin thdng
vdn hda Nhdt Ban, ve dep nhuc the cia ngudi
nu Id cdi dep dupc ton thd va tuyd't trdng
Id
sy
thudn khidt tuydt dd'i cria vu try trong nghi Id
Thdn dao - qud'c gido cia Nhdt Ban. Vd quan he
tfnh dye chfnh
Id
sy thdng hoa cia tinh ydu vd
cdi dep nhuc the. Cdn chi nghia nhdn vdn

phuong Tdy tri ngdn xua, da ca ngpi ve dep
nhyc
thi,
da dua nhu cdu va khd ndng trdn
thi
cia con ngudi ldn mye tidu ddu tidn cria cupc
ddu tranh vi con ngudi, vi hanh phric cd that
giua trdn gian!
Nhring phuong didn va cap dp giao thoa
trdn nhu mdt ldi giai thfch vi sao Tuyet he
nhd, mdng manh nhu vdy, md vdn nhanh
chdng trd mpt hidn tupng vdn hpc sdng gia
trong vdn hpc
thi
gidi va trong thanh tyu vdn
hpc djch Viet Nam. Vdi Tuyet, M.Fermine da
that sy bdc dupe cdy cdu ngdn ngu khdng chi
di qua bidn gidi cdc
thi
loai, cdc loai hinh
nghd thudt, ddng quy hon
hit
la da ndi
Iiln
dupe hai miln vdn hda Ddng - Tdy xua nay
vdn ft nhilu each bidt •
Hui,
thdng 4-2009
H.X.V
PHIEN

BAN
Mffl
(Tiep theo trang 96)
nam trdm tridu ngudi (Narayan vid't cdi nay vdo
nam 1971) dang sd'ng d An Dp
diu
y thric dupc
cdu chuydn (Ramayana) d mric dp nao dd".
Cdu chuydn da thdm nhap vao y thric cia
ngudi dan sinh sdng khdp chdu A mpt
each
dd
dang, ndi bat nbu Id mpt trong nhung thidn sri
thi
vl
dai nhdt cia
thi
gidi. Trude dd, cdc nha
van da
timg
vilt cac phidn ban Ramayana trong
truyin thd'ng van chucmg thdng trj cia thdi dai
hp;
vi du, Ramayana cua Kamban gdm cd
10.500 khd tho vdi nhung Idi chri thich hidn dai
xuydn sudt sdu phdn, vdi mdi phdn gdm mdt
nghin trang.
Vdi sy phat trien cria phuong tidn thong tin
dai chring vd sy chri y cia cPng chring trong
thdi gian ngdn

hem,
Andy Warthol, nghd
si
ngudi My, dy doan tri ndm 1968 rdng "tucmg
lai,
ta't ca mpi ngudi se ndi tid'ng the gidi trong
vdng mudi lam phrit". Phidn ban cria Nina
Paley phai dupc ghi nhdn, nhu la mdt phidn ban
My hidn dai cia mdt sri thi - mac du nd cd the
la dj ban thri 301 hay 3001.
Romila Thapar vilt ndm 1989: "Sy chiim
bun mpt cdu chuydn bdng each cd vd sd cdc
phidn ban thdng qua cdi ma cam hung xa hdi va
nhung mdi ban tdm vl mat tu tudng cia mdi
nhdm Id rd rdng. Cdu chuydn trong nhung phidn
ban nay bao gdm nhung dj ban quan trpng vdi
nhung thay ddi nhung quan nidm vl nhdn
vdt.
sy kidn va y nghia". Bdi bao cria Ramanujan
thao ludn mpt vai trong sd nhilu phidn ban nay:
Iramavataram
cria Kamban, mpt sy midu ta van
hpc Tamil kd't hpp vdi cdc ehd't lidu miln Nam
An Dp; cdc cdch ke cria ngudi Jaina, cung cdp
mdt cai nhin kbdng
hi
cd tinh ehd't Hindu vl
cdc sy kidn quen thudc; mpt cdu chuydn ddn
gian Kannada da dl xudt rdng Sita la con gdi
cua Ravana; Ramakirti trinh didn d Thai Lan

chdng cd
diim
gi chung vdi bat ky phidn ban
An Dp ndo.
Bdi vi cdc xa hpi da khdm phd ra Ramayana
cria ridng hp, bd phim cria Nina Paley vdi td't ca
nhirng thilu sdt va nghidn crin cd ban, cring vdn
Id kd't qua sy lidn he ca nhdn cua co vdi sy phu
phiem cia md'i quan he. Chi Id khi mpt bd
sri
thi
dupe kl va kl lai, ddc bidt mpt sri thi ddc sdc
nhu Ramayana, chinh sy trdi dao drie vdn
chuong cia nd da dupc thill lap. Thdm chi
Mohammed
Iqbal,
nha trid't hpc - nhd tho ngudi
cd nhilu cdng sric trong vide cho ra ddi
nin
tang tri thric cho Pakistan, da khdng tranh dupc
nhung anh hudng cia sri thi Ramayana va la
mdt ngudi ngudng mp Rama. Mpt trong nhung
bai tho cria dng dupe ddt tdn la
Imaam
e Hind
va mpt bai tho hai cdu cua dng nhu sau:
"Ngucfi
An Dp tu hdo vi
sU
tdn tqi

ciia
Rama/ Nhdng
tdm hdu sdng sudt coi ngdi nhu
Id
ngudi
Idnh
dqo
eiia
viing ddt"
m
V.A.S
HA DAN
dich
Ngudn:
hllp://floniiet.com/stories/2fX)90522261009200
So
302
Thang 8-2009