Báo cáo khoa học: Về tư duy nghệ thuật của thơ Đường docx

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nvimssmrn'mmv^
C
ulg
vdi nhieu each ti ep can
^jpn
hpc mdi,
each
tiep can
van hpe tfl van hda dang ngay
cang te ra ed nhieu flu diem trong viec
kham pha nhflng sac thai van hda phong
phfl dflde the hien trong tae pham van
hpc;
hay giai ma nhflng phfl hieu, bieu
tflpng van hda, ham an muon van ldp
nghia trdm tfch ngan nam trong van ban
van hpc cu the; hoac qua ldp be mat cua
ngdn ngfl tac pham, tren cd sd so sanh
hien thflc va lich sif, cd the di sau kham
pha ndi ham tam ly van hda va hat nhan
van hda tiem dn trong tac pham. Tfl dd'i
chieu tdng the tren nhieu binh dien,
nhieu gdc dp, nha nghien
eflu
ed the
danh gia het cai hay cai dep cua tac
pham van hpe va y nghia quan trpng cua
nd ddi vdi cudc sd'ng cua nhan loai.
Thd Dfldng
vdi

tu each la met trao
lUu
van hpc phong phfl va ddc dao, la ket
qua sinh ddng cua thdi
dai
bflng nd van
hda manh me ddi Dfldng. Da cd biet bao
nha tham binh thd ca
vdi
nhieu
each
tiep
can khac nhau viet va
If
giai
eai
hay cai
dep cua rieng thd Dfldng, song cd le vdn
cdn chfla thda man vdi ngfldi dpc ngan
nam nay. Trong bai viet nay, chflng tdi
tfl gdc dp van hda hpc tim hieu eai hay
PGS.TS TRAN LE BAO
Trudng Dgi hgc
Sit
phgm Hd Ngi
eai dep cua thd Dfldng; tfl
each
tiep can
lien nganh, tren cd sd nhflng bai thd lau
nay van dflpc coi la thO Dfldng luat, di

sau vao
If
giai tfl duy nghe thuat
ciia
cac
nha thd ddi Dfldng.
Tfl duy nghe thuat la mpt loai hinh tfl
duy tham mi cua mpt cdng ddng (ke cd
cua mpt tac gia), dflpc sinh ra trong dieu
kien lich sfl cu the. Tfl duy nghe thuat
bao gdm ca npi dung va phfldng thflc
chiem linh cung nhfl
each
thflc the hien
hien thflc cudc sdng. Cd' nhien tfl duy
phai gan lien vdi ngdn ngfl, va khdng
chi
ngdn ngfl, nd cdn ham chfla nhflng quan
niem triet hpc, tap tue tdn giao, phong
each dao dflc va hflng thfl tham
mi ,
trd
thanh san vat eua lieh sfl, cd the bien ddi
va phat trien tuy theo thdi dai. Tuy
nhien, trong trfldng ki lieh sif, tfl duy
nghe thuat cd tfnh dn dinh tfldng dd'i,
da ngflng tu lai va thdm thau vao tam li
van hda dan toe, cau thanh mpt loai vd
thflc tap the trong tdng sau cua ket cau
van hda dan tdc. Nd chang nhflng bao

Iflu
nhflng gia tri van hda dan tdc ma
cdn cd sflc manh to ldn, chi phd'i tnic tiep
hoac gian tiep den tfl duy va hanh vi van
hda ciia mpi ngfldi sd'ng trong cac thdi
dai khac nhau.
54
NGHIEN CUU TRUNG
QUOC sd
8(96)
-
2009
Ve tif duy nghe thuat.
1.
Dac trflng ddu tien cua tfl duy nghe
thuat thd Dfldng la sfl ke thfla nhflng tfl
duy tham mi cd dai phfldng Ddng. Dd la
mdt kieu tfl duy mdi la, ddy cam tinh
vdi
nhflng phfldng thflc da dang, anh hfldng
den toan bd ddi sd'ng tam hnh cflng nhfl
tfl duy cu a ca c dan t dc phfldng Ddng .
Nhin chung, tfl duy thdm my phfldng
Ddng
CO
bd'n dac trflng la tfnh cu the,
tfnh tfldng trflng, tfnh toan dien va tfnh
tinh cam. Tuy nhien, d day chflng tdi
Iflu
y tdi sfl ke thfla hai dac trflng tfl

duy
phfldng Ddng la tfnh cu the va
tlah
tfldng trflng treng tfl duy thd Dfldng.
1.1 Tinh cu the cua
tii
duy thdm my
trong thg Diidng.
Tfl duy cu the la
ldi
tfl duy, dfla vad
ngdai hinh ca biet, cu the cua sfl vat hay
sfl van ddng bien ddi cfla sfl vat de nhan
thflc sfl vat khach quan. Trong qua trinh
tfl duy eu the nay. nhflng hinh tfldng sfl
vat cu the dflpc het sflc
cei
trpng. Dac
diem cd ban cua loai tfl duy nay la dem
tat ca nhflng cai phd bien, cai trflu tflpng,
nhflng quan niem cd' gang chuyen hoa
thanh hinh tflpng ca biet, cam tinh,
mfldn phfldng thflc
dd'i
chieu tnic tiep
cua hinh tfldng de
bieu
dat tfl duy. Ldai
phfldng thflc tfl duy dflng hinh tfldng
cam tfnh cu the ca biet de bieu hien

nhflng y niem ed tfnh phd quat, cd tfnh
quan niem, ve ban chat la phfldng thflc
bieu dat cua nghe thuat, la phfldng thflc
the hien cai dep. .
Xet ve lich sfl
thi
ca Trung Qud'c, tfl
nhflng tac phdm xa xfla nhfl Kinh Thi,
Ly Tao cua Khuat Nguyen, che den Han
phfl, ngdn ngfl thd deu chiu anh hfldng
tnic
tiep
tfl tfl duy cu the. Trong Kinh
Thi cd den hang chuc ten chim mudng,
cay ed,
nfli
sdng; den Ly Tao cua Khuat
Nguyen ngfldi dpc lai tfldng chflng lac
vao vfldn hoa tram thfl la; tiep den Hdn
phu thi tinh trang xa hoa ngdn ngfl cu
the tdi mflc phd trfldng nham ndi len cai
hoa le cua da't trdi. Nhflng den thd
Dfldng, hien tfldng ngdn ngfl cua tfl duy
cu the va xa hea da khdng cdn
nfla.
Bad
nhieu ldai chim cu the trdng Kinh Thi
chi cdn mdt ldai "dieu" khai quat trong
thd Dfldng. Bad nhieu ldai hda trdng
Ly

Tao cua Khuat Nguyen, nay chi cdn mdt
ldai "hda" - hda khai quat.
Ngdn ngfl thd Dfldng la ngdn ngfl
khai quat, ngdn ngfl y niem. Dieu nay
mdt mat do yeu cdu cfla dac diem tfl duy
thdi dai, mdt mat dd yeu edu the leai cua
thd Dfldng luat vd'n ft tfl (56 hdac 20 tfl),
nen khdng the dflng nhidu ngdn ngfl cu
the ma
phai
dflng ngdn ngfl khai quat.
Nhflng phdng, hoa, tuyet, nguyet, sdn
thuy, dien vien la nhflng hinh tfldng
ngdn ngfl
khai
quat tran ngap trong thd
Dfldng.
Tuy nhien, ban chat ngdn ngfl thd cdn
cdn tfnh bieu cdm de trflc tiep tac ddng,
kfch thi'ch vao
giac
quan ngudi dpc, vi
vay khdng the khdng cd tfnh cu the cfla
hinh tUdng ngdn ngfl. Bdng cfl la ben
canh ngdn ngfl khai quat, trong thd
Dfldng van edn nhflng ngdn ngfl cu the.
Dd la khi
cdn
sfl vat cd chflc nang ngfl
nghia cu the, khdng the thay the, budc

cac nha thd phai
liia
chpn ngdn ngfl cu
the vi vay ben canh "dieu" (chim) khai
quat cdn cd heang li (vang anh), thanh
dieu
(chim
xanh) hay anh vfl (cen vet)
NGHIEN
CUU
TRUNG QUOC so 8(96)
-
2009
55
TRAN LE BAO
rat cu the, mdi loai mdt chflc nang ngfl
nghia khac nhau. Hinh tflpng "anh vfl"
trong bai thd Cung Td cua Chu Khanh
Dfl la loai chim eu the, khdng the thay
the mdt loai chim nao khac vao day dfldc:
"Ham"
tinh due thuyet cung trung sfl
Anh vfl tien ddu bat cam ngdn"
Vi sao nhflng cung nhan rat mudn ndi
chuyen trong cung ma lai phai ngam
mieng? Bdi vi cd con anh vfl d trfldc mat.
Anh vu hay con vet la loai chim nghe
hieu va biet nhai lai tieng ngfldi vi vay
nhflng cung nhan khdng the va khdng
dam ndi ra chuyen trong cung. Cho dfl

khdng ndi ra nhflng ngfldi dpc cung ed
the hieu, chac chan khdng phai la nhflng
ldi ngdi ca nha vua, ma la nhflng ldi oan
gian cao dp. Neu nhfl hai eau ddu ndi ve
sfl giam cam the xac nhflng cung nhan
dep,
thi hai cau cud'i vdi hinh dnh con
vet hieu va biet nhai tieng ngfldi, chang
khac nao "ten gian diep" cua nha vua
"xam xoi" ehi em cung nhan du ea mfldi
hai canh gid. Chdng len ndi dau the xac
hi giam cdm la ndi dau tinh than ludn hi
khd'ng che, vay bua cua ngfldi cung nfl.
Rd rang d day khdng mdt loai chim nao
khac thay the dflpc ehflc nang
eiia
mdt
cen vet lam dieu.
Mat khac, de dat dfldc tfnh cu the
ngdn ngfl thd Dfldng, dac
biet
la danh tfl,
thfldng
phai
ket hpp
vdi
nhflng danh tfl
khac thee quy luat cua tfl duy "dflng
minh dd vat", kieu nhfl dflng cae bd phan
cd the ngfldi de phan anh sfl vat nhfl:

Sdn dinh, sdn ddu, sdn mach, giang ddu,
giang
VI,
giang tam Ben canh dd, danh
tfl thfldng di lien vdi nhflng tfnh tfl de
tao them mau sae tfnh chat cu the cho
sfl vat hien tfldng kieu nhfl: mi nhan,
han vfl, Ifldng phong, minh nguyet,
thanh tuyen, khdng sdn, bach van, hdng
diep,
xich thdng, thien thu tuyet, van
li
thuyen
Hai cau thd sau trong bai Tuyet cu
cua Do Phu
"LUdng ca hoang li minh thuy lieu,
Nha't hang bach
Id
thudng thanh
thien"
(Hai cai oanh vang keu lieu biec,
Mdt hang cd trang vut trdi xanh)
chang nhflng la mdt minh chflng ve sfl
ket hpp hai hda gifla ngdn ngfl khai quat
va cu the, da tao ra bflc tranh thien
nhien tfldi dep ddy sflc sd'ng, phdng
khoang md rdng tfl mat da't tdi bau trdi
xanh, cd du mau sac tfldi sang cua hoang
li,
bach

Id,
thuy lieu, thanh thien, cd am
thanh ed hoat ddng, lai mang dam tinh
ngfldi, ma cdn tham dam tinh yeu thien
nhien, yeu cupc sd'ng cua nha thd.
Them nfla, dac trflng tfl duy cu the
nguyen thuy da thflc day manh me nang
life
tfl duy hinh tflpng va nang
life
nhan
thflc tham my cua cac dan tdc phfldng
Ddng, trong dd cd eac nha thd ddi Dfldng.
d mdt trinh dp nha't dinh, loai tfl duy nay
da quy dinh va coi trpng each thflc md
phdng sfl vat khach quan cua nghe thuat
phfldng Ddng; mat khac nd tao ra sfl
thdm thau, dan xen va tdng hdp gifla cac
loai hinh nghe thuat phfldng Ddng nhfl:
"thfl - hoa tfldng thdng" (tfldng thdng eua
thfl phap va hpi hoa), "thi - nhac - vfl
nha't the" (thd ca- am nhac- vfl dao gdm
mdt the), "thi trung hflu hoa, hoa trung
56
NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUdC so 8(96)
-
2009
Ve
tdduy
nghe thuat.

hflu thi" (trong thd cd bflc tranh, trong
bflc tranh cd thd) r.'
1.2. Tinh tiidng triing cua
tii
duy
thdm
my trong thd Diidng.
Tfl duy tfldng trflng la loai tfl duy
dflng mdt sfl vat nao dd de bieu dat mdt
sfl vat khac cd dac trflng tfldng tfl. Ve
ban chat tfldng trflng la "ta du", la mpt
loai hinh tfl duy mfldn sfl vat hien tfldng
da biet de so sanh, giai thfch sfl vat chfla
biet. Thdi vien cd, tat ca dd'i tfldng tfl
nhien dflpc con ngfldi sflng bai, ve
bd'i
chat deu la vat tfldng trflng. Con
ngi
di
thdng qua quan he tfldng tfl cua vat nay
vdi vat khac de nhan biet sfl vat. Vi vay
tfldng trflng la mdt trong nhflng thao tac
cua tfl duy ra ddi rat sdm giflp con ngfldi
nhan thflc, cung la phfldng phap rat sdm
cua nhan thflc tham my.
Tflpng trflng khdng phai la loai tfl duy
dpc hflu
ciia
thd Dfldng. Song do yeu cdu
cua tfl tfldng tham mi "y tai ngdn ngoai"

(y d ngoai ldi), "ngdn tan y bat tan" (ldi
het ma y khdng cflng) va yeu cdu cua
' the loai thd luat Dfldng nen thd Dfldng
cang cdn tfl duy tflpng trflng. Trdng thd
Dfldng, ngfldi ta ludn bat gap nhflng
uObi tfldng tfldng trflng, ham an nhieu
ldp nghia. De bieu dat con ngfldi, cac nha
thd cd thfldng dflng tfl nhien: nhfl sdng
nui (nhan gid nhao sdn
tri
gia nhao thuy
- ngfldi cd dflc nhan hpc theo nfli, ngfldi
cd dflc trf hpc theo nfldc); cay cd nhfl
tflng cue trflc mai, dieu thfl nhfl dai
bang, phfldng hoang, manh hd, en se ,
lai cd the dflng ca nhan vat, sfl kien, dia
danh de the hien. De
chi
thdi gian, cac
nha thd thfldng dflng cay cd, am thanh
ehl mfla vu, nhat nguyet nam thang
chi
thdi gian tudn
hoan
Chang han bieu tfldng "dfldng lieu
sac"
(sac dfldng lieu) treng bai thd Khue
odn cua Vfldng Xfldng Linh:
"Hdt kien mach ddu dfldng lieu sac,
Hdi giad phu te mich phong hdu"

(Nhac trdng ve
lieu
ben dfldng,
Phong hau nghi dai sui chang kiem chi),
da gdi ra bao ldp nghia cho ngfldi dpc
xfla nay. Dfldng lieu trfldc het tfldng
trflng cho ngfldi phu nfl mem yeu, tfldng
trflng cho mfla xuan, lai la vat gdi nhac
sfl chia li (khi chia tay ngfldi Trung Qud'c
cd phong tuc be canh lieu trao nhau). Lai
them "sac dfldng lieu" chi thdi gian tudn
hdan trdi chay, nhac nhd ngfldi thieu
phu dang "bat tri sdu" (khdng biet budn),
gid day dang canh "xuan xanh" nha't
dinh se den lflc "thu tan". Tudi xuan se
het, ddi ngfldi phdi pha nhfl mdt quy luat
khac nghiet cua tao h da, mdt t rd dfla
nghiet nga cfla thdi gian. Va "sdc" trong
triet hpc Phat giao la hien hflu dd'i lap
vdi "khdng" la hfl vd. Cai "sdc sdc khdng
khdng" kia bat day vang vpng nhfl tieng
ehudng hfl khdng oanh tinh ngfldi thieu
phu hay tran trpng dd'i
vdi'
hanh phflc
hien hflu ndi trdn the.
Chinh
vi
vay
ma

mdi chi "hot kien" - chdt nhin thay, cai
"sdc mau dfldng
lidu"
kia, da khien ngfldi
thieu phu bflng
tinh.
Cai "hd't
kien"
kia
nhfl mdt lan set xe toang tam man do
tfldng day had quang
vinh
hda vd'n lau
nay bung bit, che phu
ngudi
thieu phu,
nay dot ngdt bflng sang
tinh
ngp, thay
ddi han quan niem sd'ng: hd'i han vi
da bao chdng di kiem an phong hdu.
Khao khat hanh phflc that manh
liet.
NGHIEN
CIJU
TRUNG QUOC so 8(96)
-
2009
57
TRAN LE BAO

nhflng sfl the hien that kin dao va tinh
te chi qua cai thoang nhin mdu dfldng
lieu day
bieu
y tUpng trUng. Khdng can
nhieu ldi, chi qua hinh anh tUpng trUng
"dUdng lieu sdc" VUdng XUdng Linh
da ddn nen vad dd bad tU tudng, tinh
cam dam chat nhan van.
2.
Song dieu dac biet nha't cua tU duy
thd Dudng la tU duy quan he
2.1 Tu duy quan he la
leai
tU duy sif
dung cac quan he de phan anh. chiem
linh hien thiic khach quan. Tu duy nay
lam nen cai dec dad cfla thd Dudng. Nha
nghien eflu Phan Ngpc da nhan dinh
chfnh xac ve loai tfl duy quan he nay:
"cai hay cua thd Dfldng la d each kham
pha hien thflc, li
giai
hien thflc. hay ndi
mdt
each
triet hpc, each chiem linh hien
thflc.
Dd la
each

xac lap tfnh ddng nha't
cua nhflng hien tflpng ma giac quan cho
la dd'i lap
nhau"'^'.
Cac nha thd Dfldng khdng ve sfl vat
ma tao ra cac quan he ddng nha't hda
gifla sfl vat nay vdi sfl vat khac, nhdm
dem lai eho ngfldi dpc sfl chiem hflu thfl
vi va cd dfldc hanh phuc nhd viec tfl
tham gia kham pha eac quan he treng
thd. Vi vay thfldng thflc thd Dfldng la
phai
tim ra cac quan he ay; dpc thd
Dfldng khdng phai dpc bdng mdt ma dpc
bdng quan he. Cd the
ndi
day la dac
diem tfl duy eua thd Dfldng va cflng la cd
sd de khu biet eua ne vdi the bai thd
khac trfldc va sau ddi Dfldng, rdng hdn la
khu biet ca vdi thd phfldng Ddng va
phfldng Tay.
Nguyen nhan cua
hien
tfldng tfl duy
quan he nay trfldc he't phai ke tdi triet
hpc cd dai Trung Qud'e, trong dd cd each
58
nhan thflc tfl cac mat dd'i lap cua Lao
Tii;

Id'i
tfl duy dat dau bdng gifla cac hien
tfldng dd'i lap
ciia
Trang Tfl va dac biet d
quan niem am dfldng khi coi mpi sfl vat
deu la sfl thd'ng nha't ciia hai mat dd'i lap
la am va dfldng, la trong am cd dfldng
trong dfldng cd am da anh hfldng sau
sac tdi each tfl duy cfla cac hpc gid Trung
Qud'e ngan nam. Vi vay ndi tfl duy thd
Dfldng la tfl duy quan he, ndi thd Dfldng
la tho cua cae mdi quan he, thd am
dfldng cung khdng ed gi la qua. Ben canh
dd ddi Dfldng la thdi dai khai phdng va
phuc hflng van hda, vfla ke thfla tfl duy
truyen thd'ng lai vfla tiep nhan tfl duy
ngoai lai eua Phat giao - mdt thfl tdn
giao hoai nghi cao dp vao cai hflu hinh,
vao cai van hda do eon ngfldi sang tao ra.
Nd da triie tiep gdi ra "cai trdng khdng"
cua nghe thuat vdi ca phfldng thflc
truyen dat "vd ngdn", "tnic ehi truyen
tam" ddy chat am du va cflc ki cd dpng,
cflng da in dam dau an vao thd Dfldng.
Trong thdi dai nay, ca ba tfl tfldng Nho,
Dao,
Phat cflng dflpc song hanh tuyen
truyen, da dem lai nhieu ddi mdi treng
quan niem, nhan thflc va ca tfl duy ve vfl

tru va nhan sinh cua ngfldi Trung Qud'c
ddi Dfldng.
Nguyen nhan thfl hai khdng kem
phdn quan trpng la yeu cdu cua hinh
thflc the loai thd Dfldng, dac biet thd
Dfldng luat vd'n la loai thd nhd be. Hien
thflc eude sd'ng vd'n rdng ldn, thien hinh
van trang lam sao cd the dung nap vao
mdt the thd nhd be, ma lai phai ndi len
dflpc nhflng van de rung ddng ldng ngfldi
ngan nam. thi khdng the chay theo
Id'i
mieu ta. d day chi cd the gpi va each
liia
NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 8(96)
-
2009
Ve ta duy nghe
thi^.
chpn td't nhat la cac nha thd ddi Dudng
phai diing len cac mdi quan he. Tfl cac
md'i quan he nay, ngfldi dpc cd the kham
pha ra ban chat sau
kin
cua sfl vat hien
tfldng, cflng nhflng ky thfl cua nghe
thuat thd.
2.2 Tfl duy quan he nay da chi phd'i
toan bd td chflc nghe thuat thd Dfldng,
dac biet la thd Dfldng luat, tfl cap dp vi

md de'n vi md.
.,
,,
J.
Ndi den td chflc nghe thuat thd Dfldng,
ngfldi ta hay ndi tdi tinh can dd'i.
Tfrih
can dd'i nay dfldc the hien d niem, luat,
van, dd'i. Cd niem, luat, van, dd'i deu the
hien ro tfl duy quan he theo kieu "ket
cau song hanh dd'i xflng phi dd'i xflng",
vd'n la bieu hien cua md'i quan he cd ban
gifla am va dfldng. Sfl dan xen va chuyen
hda gifla thanh bang va trac, ca trong
Id'i
gieo vdn, trong cac ddng thd va cau thd
da tad nen cau trflc chat che va tudn
hean
tfl cau 1 den cau 8 rdi lai tfl cau 8
trd ve cau 1 nhfl met cau trflc toan ven
va chinh the trong qu an nie m tfl duy
Trung Hoa.
Ban chat cfla thd ca vd'n da gan lien
vdi tfnh a m nhac , eho nen thd Dfldng
cflng cd tfnh am nhac. Cac nha thd ddi
Dfldng lam thd de dpc va dpc cho nhau
nghe chfl khdng phai de xuat ban nhfl
ngay nay. Ma da dpc thi khdng the
khdng quan tam tdi tfnh nhac. Mac dfl
ngdn ngfl thd Dfldng khdng phdng phfl,

phdn ldn la ngdn ngfl khai quat, lai them
nhiing
ti
lay de tao nen tfnh nhac bi
luy crnr
Dl
thalih dieJ'lc?t
h|p
vdi nhflng khoang trdng trong ddng thd
da tao thanh nhip dieu cd lflc reo rat, ed
lflc lang dpng, dem lai sflc cud'n hflt cfla
tfnh am nhac trong ldi thd Dfldng. Ngfldi
nghe tfl hien tflpng red rat cfla am thanh
cd the kham pha hien thflc met each mdi
me.
Cai thanh khi cua nha thd dflpc the
hien treng thanh dieu, tiet tau cua bai
thd va dflpc cdng hfldng trdng ldng ddc
gia ngan nam. Ngfldi Trung Qud'c van cd
cau: "Ddng thanh tfldng flng ddng khi
tfldng cdu" la nhfl vay.
Tfnh can dd'i cua tfl duy thd Dfldng
the hien re ret trdng ca ndi dung va hinh
thflc dd'i eua thd. Dd la sfl the hien ddc
dao cua tfl duy quan he va la phfldng
tien hflu hieu phan anh hien thflc cua
cac nha thd ddi Dfldng.
Tfl duy Trung Qud'c vd'n cd sfl can dd'i
trong dien dat, nhflng chi den ddi Dfldng
mdi cd cau dd'i thd. Ndi nhfl nha nghien

eflu Phan Ngpc: "cau
dd'i
thd la dd nhu
cdu ndi tam, khdng cd d ddu ddi Han.
Cai nhu cdu thay niinh thd'ng nha't vdi
ngeai gidi ddi hdi mdt sfl the hien nghe
thuat ma neu khdng cd thi khdng the
nao bpc
Id
dfldc"'^'.
Cau
dd'i
*iy^.iuyi|
thd
Dfldng da la mpt minh
chfln^^^fd
che
tfl duy quan he eua cac
y^'^Hi
'^di
Dfldng. Cd leai dd'i hoan ehinh nhfl met
cap am dfldng can dd'i cfla cdng dd'i, cd
loai dd'i ngay trong mdi ddng thd vfla
dd'i
xflng lai khdng dd'i xflng eua tieu dd'i,
cflng cd leai dd'i y ddng tren trflpt thdng
xud'ng ddng dfldi nhfl kieu
dd'i Iflu
thuy
cd the

nj(|
hinh thflc cau dd'i thd trong
SIT^
miff yPpng
nhaf
eac ma t dd'i la p cua sfl
vai
nien
tflpng. Mac dfl thd Dfldng khdng dflng he
NGHIEN
CIJU
TRUNG QUOC so 8(96)
-
2009
59
TRAN LE BAO
thd'ng suy luan, song nhd cac kieu cau
ddi thd phong phfl da thuc day ngfldi dpc
phai suy luan.
Hai cau thd dd'i rat chinh trong bai
"Thfldng Sdn tao hanh" (Di sdm d
Thfldng Sdn) eua Vi Trang lau nay dfldc
coi la "thdn cfl":
"Ke minh mao diem nguyet,
Nhan tfch ban kieu sflOng"
(Tieng ga gay, trang tren leu tranh;
Dau chan ngfldi in tren sfldng cdu gd).
De the hien "eai thdn" cua sfl kien di
that sdm, tac gia da sfl dung tai tinh cae
yeu td' dd'i: danh dd'i vdi danh, ngfldi dd'i

vdi vat, thdi tiet dd'i vdi thdi tiet, that
can dd'i hoan chinh.
Chi
den khi ngfldi
dpc tham gia vao suy luan, dfla vao cac
quan he: tieng ga gay va trang la tin
hieu ehl thdi gian trdi cdn chfla sang.
Cflng vdi thdi gian la khdng gian da e
biet, khoanh khde dau chan ngfldi ddu
tien in d tren sfldng dpng dam dac nha't
ndi cdu gd; cai than cua sfl kien di that
sdm mdi hien ra. Rd rang tac gia
chi
gdi
thdng qua cac quan he dd'i
l^p,
song lai
thflc day ngifdi dpc phai tham gia suy luan
mdi cd hanh phflc ciia sfl kham pha. Nhfl
vay dpc thd Dfldng theo tfl duy quan he
khdng phai la dpc d cac ddng thd ma la
dpc gifla cac ddng thd de tim quan he.
Ve mat ngdn ngfl, cflng vi tfl duy
quan he tao ra sfl ddng nha't cac mat dd'i
lap,
cflng vdi yeu edu nghiem ngat
ciia
the loai, cho nen nhflng hfl tfl the hien
sfl ddng nha't hay thd'ng nhat deu cd tdn
so'

xuat hien cao. Dd la he hfl tfl cdng,
tfldng, dfl (nghia cua chflng dai loai la
cflng nhau). Va de ndi len sU thd'ng nhat
60
ciia
cai ddn nhat vdi tdng the, thUdng
ngUdi ta dung he hfl tii co, dpc , nha't
Hai cau thd ndi tieng cua Vfldng Bpt:
"Lac ha dfl cd 16 te phi
Thu thiiy cong trfldng thien nhat sac"
(Canh cd bay vdi rang sa
Nfldc thu cflng vdi trdi xa mpt mdu)
da la mpt minh chflng ve viec sd dung
cd hieu qua cac he hfl tfl nay gdm "dfl",
"te",
"cdng" va "nha't". Hai ddng thd cd
den bd'n hfl tfl. Ben canh dd la nhflng
hinh anh nhfl cd pham, cd thdn, cd van,
cd nguyet van con dpng trong ldng
ngfldi dpc ngan nay, khi nd la tie'ng long
ciia ca the tieu vfl tru mud'n hda vao dai
vfl tru. Ngflpc lai nhiing hfl tfl mang
mau sdc chflng minh hay tao ra mpi bien
phap suy luan kieu nhfl: chi, hd, gia,
da dfldng nhfl vang bdng trong cac bai
thd Dfldng luat. Bdi le quan niem cua tfl
duy quan he trong thd Dfldng la cdn sfl
ddng nha't trflc tie'p cac mat dd'i lap, chfl
khdng can chflng minh va suy luan.
3.

Cau tfl nghe thuat .
,115 p
3.1 Cau tfl nghe thuat la each thflc td
chflc eua mdt tac pham nghe thuat, la
pham trfl tham my quan trpng
ciia
nghe
thuat. Nd la thfldc do cua chat Ifldng thi
ca, khi nd dem lai cho dpc gia nhflng
hflng thfl va hfldng thu thdm mi vd han,
cung la khat vpng cua thflc tien sang tao
nghe thuat d mdi nha thd.
Dieu dac biet la cd nhieu nha thd ddi
Dfldng cung viet ve mpt de tai nhfl: sdn
thiiy dien vien, bien tai, chien tranh,
cung nfl, chinh phu song mdi bai lai cd
mpt
each
thflc the
hifin
dpc
dfeo
khac
nhau. Dieu nay la do cau tfl mdi bai
NGHIEN
CUU
TRUNS
QUOC
sa
8(96)

-
2009
Ve
tdduy
nghe thuat
khac nhau. Dd la each sang tao trong
qua trinh kham pha va the hien cudc
sd'ng cfla mdi nha thd, lam nen sflc hap
dan va sfl trfldng tdn cfla thd Dfldng .
Ddng gdp eho sflc hap dan va trfldng tdn
ay khdng the khdng ndi tdi tfl duy quan
he xac lap tfnh ddng nha't cac mat
ddi
lap - met loai tfl duy sinh ra trong ddi
Dfldng.
Cau tfl (cdn gpi la tfl thd) la each
kham pha va the
hien
cudc sd'ng met
each
ddc dao nha't cfla tflng nha thd
trdng tflng bai thd. Gan nghia
vdi
cau tfl
thd, mi hpc Trung Qud'e cd khai niem "y
canh" hay "y canh nghe thuat" "cdnh gidi
nghe thuat". Dd la sfl ket hdp hai hda
gifla tfl tfldng tinh cam chfl quan cua tac
gia vdi mdi trfldng canh vat khach quan
tao thanh hinh tfldng mang ham nghia

phong phu,
klicu
gdi tri tfldng tfldng cua
ddc gid. Nhfl vay eau tfl va y canh deu
phai dflng tdi thae tac tfl duy va dac biet
d day la " sU ket hdp
hai
hda gifla tfl
tfldng tinh cam chu quan cua tac gia vdi
mdi trfldng canh vat khach quan", mdt
kieu
tfl duy quan he lam nen cai ddc dao
treng cau tfl cua thd Dfldng.
Tren cd sd
md'i
quan he cd ban cua
triet hpc am dfldng, cac nha thd Dfldng
da tad dflng vd van cae mdi quan he the
hien tfl thd.
Tieu
bieu nha't la quan he
gifla ngfldi vdi ngfldi bad gdm tram md'i
quan he chdng chit, gifla ngfldi vdi vat
va gifla vat vdi vat, nhflng vat d day van
la de thay the cen ngfldi, chu yeu la
quan he gifla con ngfldi vdi thien nhien
gifla tinh va canh. O day cdn
Iflu
y nha
nghien eflu Nhfl Thanh nhan manh leai

quan he ddc hflu cua thd Dfldng la quan
he ddng nhat gifla eac mat, cac hien
tfldng ma giac quan che la ddi lap. Nhfl
vay tim hieu tfl thd Dfldng thflc chat la
phat hien cac quan he. tim
hieu
va li giai
cac ldp y nghia cua cac quan he ay.
3.2 Xet tfl gdc dp cfla tfl duy quan he,
phat trien kien giai ve tfl thd Dfldng cfla
nha nghien
eflu
Phan Ngpc , ta cd the
thay each thflc cau tfl cua thd Dfl dng
luat theo ba kieu quan he cd ban. Mdt la
ddng nha't gifla cac mat
ddi
lap, hai la
dflng mat nay ndi mat kia tren cd sd hai
mat dd'i lap, ba la tad ra cac cdnh hudng
nghe thuat.
a. Kieu cau tfl thfl nha't la ddng nhat
cac mat dd'i lap, tieu bieu trong nhflng
bai
thd: Thu hflng (Dd Phfl), De dd thanh
nam trang (Thdi Hp), Xuan tfl (Lf Bach),
Lflng Tay hanh (Trdn Dao) trong
nhflng bai thd nay cd dfl
loai
ddng nha't

gifla ngfldi va canh, gifla qua khfl va
hicn tai mat va cdn, gifla sd'ng va chet
Chang han bai Xuan tfl cua Lf Bach
da the hien cao dp cua nhflng ddng nhat
nay:
Yen thdo nhfl
bi'ch
ty
Tdn tang de luc
Dfldng quan hoai quy nhat
Thi thiep dean trfldng thi
Xuan phong bat tfldng thflc
Ha sfl nhap la vi.
Dich thd
Cd Yen nhfl sdi td xanh
Dau Tdn xanh ngat ru canh sum sue
Khi chang tudng nhd ngay ve
Chfnh la khi thiep
tai
te treng ldng
Gid xuan dau biet chi cflng
NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 8(96)
-
2009
61
TRAN LE BAO
Cd sao len ldi vao trong man la
Ndi tdi tfl thd xuan la ndi tdi sfl md
ddu cua nam, sfl doan tu cua mpi ngfldi
va hanh phuc

Ifla
ddi.
Hai cau md ddu la sfl ddng nhat cua
thdi gian mfla xuan va dd'i lap ve khdng
gian xa each gifla da't Yen va dat Tan.
Dflng sfl phat trien khac nhau
ciia
cay
ed'i trong thdi diem mfla xuan de the hien
sfl xa each qua ldn ve khdng gian, cung la
de gidi thieu sfl each trd qua ldn
ciia
ddi
Ifla
ke chinh phu ngfldi ehinh phu.
Hai
cau tiep la met cap
Iflu
thfly dd'i
the
hien
ndi nhd thfldng thfldng tnic
ndi
Cdn
tim
cfla
ddi Ifla
xa
each
kia. dfldng

nhfl cd thdn
giao
each cam. cfl chang ndi
bien
tai nhd ngay ve la thiep ndi que nha
dau den dflt rudt. Va ngfldi dpc
lai
thay
sfl ddng nha't ve tam trang treng sfl dd'i
lap ve khdang each khdng gian.
Hai cau cudi la sfl ddng nha't ngfldi
chmh phu
vdi
gid xuan de rdi lai dd'i lap
vdi gid xuan. Lan
gid
xuan da gpi len
hanh phflc
Ifla
doi trong long ngfldi
chinh phu. Gid xuan cung tfl de dn ao
chang
ai
ngan nd'i. nhfl
ndi
ldng ngfldi
chinh phu khdn ngudi nhd thfldng da
diet ke ehinh phu ndi
Ifl
thfl. Nhflng lan

gid xuan khdng quen biet kia chui vao
man cflng lam ngfldi chinh phu giat
minh canh
giac.
Cau cud'i la mdt cau hdi
cua ngfldi chmh phu -
hei
gid hay tfl hdi
minh de
rdi
khdng dinh sfl kien trinh
trong trang cua ngfldi chinh phu.
Rd rang thdng qua viec ddng nha't cac
mat dd'i lap Lf Bach da tao dflng dfldc
mpt tfl thd trong sang va dam tinh ngfldi.
b.
Kieu cau tfl thfl hai la dung mat
nay ndi mat kia tren cd sd hai mat dd'i
lap.
Ben canh nhflng tfl thd ddng nha't
cac mat ddi lap, cac nha thd Dfldng cdn
hay dflng ddng ndi
tinh
nhfl "Dieu minh
gidn" (Vfldng Duy), dung mdng ndi thflc
nhfl "Xuan oan" (Kim Xfldng Tfl), dung
canh ndi tinh la mpt quan he cd ban va
phd bien cua thd Dfldng, tieu bieu nhfl
"Hoang hac lau td'ng Manh Hao Nhien
chi Quang Lang"

(Li
Bach)
Hai cau thd cud'i trong bai "Hoang hac
lau td'ng Manh Hao Nhien chi Quang
Lang" cua Lf Bach viet:
"Cd pham vien dnh bfch khdng tan,
Duy kien Trfldng Giang thien te
Iflu"
(Bdng budm da khuat bdu khdng,
Trdng theo
chi
thay ddng sdng lflng trdi).
Hai eau thd nay hdu nhfl chi ed cdnh.
Nhflng trong cai cdnh kia da the hien
chan chfla tinh cua nha thd hp Lf trong
eudc dfla tien nay thdng qua hai nhan tfl
la "cd" va "duy". Trong bai thd "Dieu
minh gian" (Khe chim keu)
ciia
Vfldng
Duy - nha thd Phat, tfl thd chu yeu dfldc
tao nen nhd quan he dung dpng ta
tinh
that tinh te. Yen tinh dfldc nha thd mieu
ta ngay cang tang tien. Ddu tien la sfl
yen tinh
eiia
"ngfldi nhan" trong dem
vang nghe dfldc ca "tieng ddng" cfla hoa
que nhe rdi. Yen tinh dflpc nang len de'n

trinh dp tuyet dd'i tdi mflc ngpn nfli vao
mfla xuan cung nhfl nhoe tan bien vao
dat trd i - "xuan sdn khdng". Yen t inh
cflng lam cho anh tra ng vfla
Ide
sang
da hi chuyen ddi chflc nang thanh sflc
manh cua am thanh khien cho chim nfli
kinh hai va cud'i cflng la khe nui cang
62
NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 8(96)
-
2009
Ve tif
duy nghe thuat.
yen tinh hdn khi tieng chim keu dem
vang len, lai tdt lim di, de rdi tra lai cho
ndi day sfl yen tinh cang dam dac hdn,
cung nhfl trong dem den chi cdn mdt anh
Ifl Ide
len rdi lai tat chi lam cho mdu den
ciia dem them dam dac hdn ma thdi. Ca
bai thd la chfl "tinh" tuyet dd'i cua Thien
dfldc the hien bang nhan td'"ddng" dd'i lap.
c. Kieu cau tfl thfl ba la dflng len cac
"canh hud'ng" ham chfla ddy mau thudn.
Rat nhieu bai thd Dfldng khdng he cd
canh de the hien tinh, cflng chdng tha'y
cd sfl ddng nha't cac mat dd'i lap, ma
chi

tha'y nha thd dflng len nhflng canh
hud'ng dac biet vdi nhflng quan he phi
logic.
Cdn ngfldi se dfldc "ddn ngp" khi
rdi vao nhflng canh hud'ng nay. Kieu cau
tfl nay rat gdn vdi "cdng an Thien". Dd la
each
dflng hinh thflc ldi day de dfla ra
phep tu tap trflc tiep cua cac thien sfl vi
dai ddi Dfldng, giflp eac de tfl cua minh
den ngp trflc tiep, be qua nhieu khau
trung gian. Legic cua cdng an Thien la
Idgic
cua cai ph i li . Ne be gay nhflng
chuan mflc quen thupc cfla le phdi thdng
thfldng, pha tan tang bang vinh eflu cua
"If
tfnh phd thdng", de rdi sau dd, khi can
bang dfldc tren nhflng manh vd nay la sfl
den ngd. Nhflng bai thd tieu bieu cho
kieu cau tfl nay la: Dang U Chau dai ca
(Trdn
Tii
Ngang), Hdi hfldng ngdu thfl
(Ha Tri Chfldng), Dp Tang Can
(Gid
Dao),
Tan gia nfldng (Vfldng Kien)
Trong canh hud'ng Trdn Tfl Ngang dflng
tren Dai U Chau nhin trfldc, nhin sau

chang thay ai, ngam trdi dat ma rdi le.
Cd cam nhan dfldc sfl trdng vang vd cflng
gifla thdi gian va khdng gian cfla mdt ca
the nhd nhoi trong dai vfl tru bao la, mdi
tha'y het dflpc ndi dau cd ddc tuyet
ddi
cua nha thd. Hdi hfldng ngdu thfl lai la
mdt cdnh hud'ng dac biet khac eua Ha
Tri Chfldng. Tinh hud'ng dae biet nay
da tao nen net ddc dao "ngu bi fl hai"
(gifi cai bi vao cai hai) ciia bai thd. Hdn
tam mfldi nam mdi ve que, ban be, hp
hang cflng trang
Ifla
khdng cdn nen nha
thd vd'n la "chfl" lai bi bien thanh
"khach" trfldc nhflng chau be tfldi cfldi
ma "xa la". Nu cfldi cang hdn nhien ma
ngay thd cua nhflng chau be lai cang
lam
cho ndi budn, that vpng cua nha thd cang
tang len trong tinh hud'ng den sflng sd
nay. Va Dp Tang Can lai la mdt khoanh
khac dd'n ngp khi rdi Tinh Chau ndi
Iflu
trfl da mfldi nam. Mfldi nam lam khach
Tinh Chau, long khdng ngudi nhd que
nha. Nhflng hdm nay qua ben Tang Can,
nhin lai Tinh chau da thanh cd' hfldng.
That bat ngd, tfldng nhfl phi

If
nhflng
nghi ki lai thi tha'y rat hpp
If.
Tat ca la
nhflng canh hud'ng dac biet nay deu dfla
theo quy luat bat ngd den mflc phi legic
cua tfl duy quan he.
Cd' nhien de tim hieu het cai hay cai
dep cua thd Dfldng cdn phai quan tam
tdi nhieu yeu to' nghe thuat khac ca ben
trong va ben ngoai tac pham de cd each
tiep can tdng the, lien nganh. Song tim
hieu thd Dfldng tfl gdc dp van hda, dac
biet la tfl tfl duy quan he la mdt van de
ed tfnh then chd't va
If
thu hfla hen cd
the dem lai nhflng kien giai mdi. Tfl duy
quan he da anh hfldng manh me va sau
sac tdi qua trinh sang tad nghe thuat
cua thd Dfldng va da trd thanh mdt kieu
NGHIEN CUU TRUNG
QUOC
so 8(96)
-
2009
63
TRAN LE BAO
tfl duy doe hflu cua ddi Dfldng. Cflng vdi

nhflng ma van hda k hac, kieu tfl duy
quan he nay da dem lai cho nen van hpc
Trung Qud'c va van hpc the
-gidi
ngpn
nfli thd Dfldng sflng sflng hdn ngan nam
nay.
Trong thdi hau hien dai hdm nay, ne'u
nhfl chu nghia hau hien dai phfldng Tay
hien ra nhfl sfl tfl huy cua nen van hda
chau Au cfl, nhfl sfl tfl bd qua khfl vi dai
cfla minh thi chu nghia hau hien dai
phfldng Ddng
lai
la sfl gidi phdng va sfl
trd ve vdi chfnh ban than minh, trong
tam hdn minh. Tfl duy phfldng Tay hi
han che bdi cap dp
If
tfnh va thflc dung
khdng the nao hieu va chap nhan dflpc
tfl duy "logic sieu
If",
"tfl duy gifla nhflng
ddng chfl", "cai logic sd'ng tfl nhien" cua
phfldng Ddng. Cai logic sd'ng tfl nhien
trong tam hdn mdi eon ngfldi phfldng
Ddng, cd the ket hpp nhflng mat dd'i lap
theo each ciia minh, dflng chflng nhfl
nhflng ma so' ma

chi
nhflng ngfldi cd
cflng mdt kieu tam hdn, mpt kieu tfl duy
mdi hieu dflpc. Va tfl duy quan he vdi cac
cap ddi am - dfldng , ban chat - hien
tflpng, ki hieu
-
y nghia van edn in
dam trong trong tam thflc cac dan toe,
cae nen van hda phfldng Ddng se cd tac
dung bd khuyet che tfl duy li tinh lanh
lflng trdng tam thflc van hda phfldng
Tay dang reu ra. Ve nguyen tdc ed the
dem legic
phflOn^Ddng
than bf nay gifi
vao cac san pham hau hien dai
ciia
van
hda dai chflng rdi xuat cang sang thi
trfldng
phfl-dng
Tay. Cdn ngfldi phfldng
Tay vdn da mat di tam thflc tfl nhien,
trdng qua trinh tieu thu san pham hau
hien dai phfldng Ddng, se hap thu nhflng
Idgic phfldng Ddng tham nhudn trong dd
va se dan tfl cai tao tfl ben trong theo
nep tfl duy va nep sd'ng phfldng Ddng. Ve
mpt y nghia nao dd,

chii
nghia hau hien
dai phfldng Ddng, trong dd cd tfl duy
quan he, tfl duy sdng tfl nhien phfldng
Ddng da cd chflc nang
eflu
the ca the gidi
phfldng Tay dang chuyen tfl "van hda"
sd'ng sang "van minh" chet, bang
each
dat vao tam hdn con ngfldi phfldng Tay y
chf va Idgic
ciia
phfldng Ddng. Phai
chang day cung la sflc manh
ciia
van hda
mem phfldng Ddng.
CHU THICH:
'.'.H':
(1),
(2) Phan Ngpc: Cdi hay
ciia
thd
Diidng - Cdch gidi thich vdn hgc bdng
ngon ngd hgc. Nxb Tre, 1995, tr 116. tr
139)
. ;l (>[} •>;;•:) illitQ
TIT LifiU
THAM KHAO CHINH

1.
Trdn Le Bdo: "Nghien cdu gidng
dgy vdn hgc Trung Qudc td md vdn hda",
tr.387-396
trong "Mgt sd vdn di ve li ludn
vd lich sd vdn hgc", Nxb DHQG HN 2002
2.
Trdn Le Bao:
Y
cdnh nghe thudt
trong thd cd Trung Qudc, tap chi Nghien
eflu Trung Qudc
sd2(60)
- 2005
3.
Tran Le Bao: Gidi md vdn hda trong
tdc phdm vdn hgc (khao sat tfl van hoc
Trung Qudc), sd 2(90) - 2009
4.
S,
Kernev:
Chu nghia hdu hien dgi
phUcfng
Tdy vd ch u ng
hia
h
du
hie n dgi
phiidng
Ddng. Van hda Nghe An i49 25-5-

2009
5.
Nhfl Thanh: Thd tim hieu tU thd cua
thd Dudng, tap chf Van hec
1-1982
6. Nguyin Khdc Phi, Trdn Dinh Sfl; Ve
thi
phdp thd Diidng, Nxb Da Ndng 1997
64
NGHIEN CUU TRUNG
QUdiC
so 8(96)
-
2009