New resource additions to the IDEAS Maternal and Child Health library during June to September 2012 ppt

New resource additions to the IDEAS Maternal and Child Health library
during June to September 2012

Below are brief details of the 184 new resources that have been added to the IDEAS Maternal and
Newborn Health Library: A library of around 2,000 resources relating to Maternal and Newborn Health
and other topics relevant to the work of IDEAS e.g. economic evaluation, scale-up and diffusion etc.

Where the full text is available through Open Access, there is a note after the URL. Other URLs give
access to abstracts. IDEAS Technical Resource Centre members can access some resources via ideas-
trc.lshtm.ac.uk.

There are a number of access schemes that make academic journals and papers available to people in
low- and middle-income countries through which you may be able you to access the full text of
resources that are otherwise available through subscription.

“Scale” and “Scaling-up”: A CORE Group Background Paper on “Scaling-Up” Maternal, Newborn and
Child Health Services. (2005).
Core GroupThis paper briefly summarizes definitions, approaches, and challenges to achieving “scale” in
community-focused health programs as discussed at the 2005 CORE spring meeting and the USAID child
survival and health grants program mini-university.


[Management Sciences for Health] Ten dimensions of scaling up reproductive health programs: an
introduction. [2002].
This is the introduction to a series of issue papers for family planning and reproductive health program
managers that consider: change, capacity, strategy, impact, sustainability, access, supply and demand,
cost, resources and timing.

Abhulimhen-Iyoha, B. I. and M. O. Ibadin Determinants of cord care practices among mothers in Benin
City, Edo State, Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract (2012). 15(2): 210-213
The objective of this study was to determine the factors that influence cord care practices among
mothers in Benin City.
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Abimbola, S., U. Okoli, et al. The Midwives Service Scheme in Nigeria. PLoS Med (2012). 9(5): 5.
Nigeria, with more than 140 million people, including 31 million women of childbearing age and 28
million children under the age of five, is by far the most populous African country. However, the
maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in Nigeria is 545/100,000 live births, as only one in three births in
Nigeria is attended by skilled personnel, less than 20% of children are fully immunised at age one, and
36% of pregnant women do not receive antenatal care (ANC). Thus, strengthening these services is an
urgent imperative.


Aday, L. A. and R. Andersen A framework for the study of access to medical care. Health Services
Research (1974). 9(3): 208-220.
Definitions and aspects of the concept of access to medical care are reviewed and integrated into a
framework that views health policy as designed to affect characteristics of the health care delivery
system and of the population at risk in order to bring about changes in the utilization of health care
services and in the satisfaction of consumers with those services.


Adebowale, A. S., B. O. Yusuf, et al. Survival probability and predictors for woman experience
childhood death in Nigeria: Analysis of north-south differentials. BMC Public Health (2012). 12(430)
There is dearth of information on the comparison of childhood mortality probability and its causal
factors in the Northern and Southern Nigeria. This study was designed to fill these gaps.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
( which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and

reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Adebowale, S. A., F. A. Fagbamigbe, et al. Contraceptive use: implication for completed fertility, parity
progression and maternal nutritional status in Nigeria. Afr J Reprod Health (2011). 15(4): 60-67
This study identified socio-demographic factors influencing contraceptive use while using nutritional
status, completed fertility and parity progression as key variables.
o/index.php/ajrh/article/viewFile/74794/65397

Adegoke, A. A., M. Campbell, et al. Community study of maternal mortality in South West Nigeria: How
applicable is the sisterhood method. Matern Child Health J (2012).
This paper reports the first community based study that measures the incidence of maternal mortality in
Ibadan, Nigeria using the indirect sisterhood method and explores the applicability of this method in a
community where maternal mortality is not a rare event.


Aggarwal, R. and A. Thind. Effect of maternal education on choice of location for delivery among Indian
women. National Medical Journal of India (2011). 24(6 ): 328-334
A study of the effect of maternal education on the choice of location for delivery in the Indian
population.


Ahmed, T., M. Mahfuz, et al. Nutrition of children and women in Bangladesh: trends and directions for
the future. J Health Popul Nutr (2012). 30(1): 1-11
Although child and maternal malnutrition has been reduced in Bangladesh, the prevalence of
underweight children aged less than five years is still high (41%). Nearly one-third of women are
undernourished with body mass index of <18.5 kg/m2. The prevalence of anaemia among young infants,
adolescent girls, and pregnant women is still at unacceptable levels. Despite the successes in specific
programmes, such as the Expanded Programme on Immunization and vitamin A supplementation,
programmes for nutrition interventions are yet to be implemented at scale for reaching the entire
population.

Alvord, S. H., L. D. Brown, et al. Social Entrepreneurship and Societal Transformation. The Journal of
Applied Behavioral Science (2004). 40(3): 260-282
This study provides a comparative analysis of 7 cases of social entrepreneurship that have been widely
recognized as successful. The article suggests factors associated with successful social entrepreneurship,
particularly with social entrepreneurship that leads to significant changes in the social, political, and
economic contexts for poor and marginalized groups.


Amoran, O. E. A comparative analysis of predictors of teenage pregnancy and its prevention in a rural
town in Western Nigeria. International Journal for Equity in Health (2012). 11(37)
Teenagers younger than 15 are five times more likely to die during pregnancy or childbirth than women
in their twenties and mortality rates for their infants are higher as well. This study was therefore
designed to determine the recent prevalence and identify factors associated with teenage pregnancy in
a rural town in Nigeria.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
( which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Assefa, N., Y. Berhane, et al. Wealth status, mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) and antenatal care
(ANC) are determinants for low birth weight in Kersa, Ethiopia. PLoS One (2012). 7(6): e39957
Low Birth Weight (LBW) is one of the major risk factor for death in early life. However, little is known
about predictors of LBW in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, the aim of this study was to measure the
incidence and determinants of LBW in a rural population of Ethiopia.


Assefa, N., Y. Berhane, et al. The hazard of pregnancy loss and stillbirth among women in Kersa, East
Ethiopia: A follow up study. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare (2012). 3(3): 107-112

Although pregnancy loss causes considerable challenge to women’s health, population-based studies in
rural areas are not widely available in low-income countries. This study aims to determine the hazard of
pregnancy loss and related factors in the rural communities of Ethiopia.


Atun, R., T. de Jongh, et al. Integration of targeted health interventions into health systems: a
conceptual framework for analysis. Health Policy and Planning (2010). 25(2): 104-111
The proposed conceptual framework and the analytical approach are intended to facilitate analysis in
evaluative and formative studies of—and policies on—integration, for use in systematically comparing
and contrasting health interventions in a country or in different settings to generate meaningful
evidence to inform policy.


Baker, U., G. Tomson, et al. How to know what you need to do: a cross-country comparison of
maternal health guidelines in Burkina Faso, Ghana and Tanzania. Implementation Science (2012).
7(31): 13
The study was a multiple case study design of clinical practice guidelines, consisting of cross-country
comparisons using document review and key informant interviews. A conceptual framework to aid
analysis and discussion of results was developed, including selected domains related to guidelines'
implementability and use by health workers in practice in terms of usability, applicability, and
adaptability.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
( which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Batson, A. Sustainable introduction of affordable new vaccines: the targeting strategy. Vaccine (1998).
16 (Suppl): S93–S98
The successes and failures in introducing a 'new' vaccine like hepatitis B vaccine into the world have
clearly illustrated that it is economics and not epidemiology which dictates introduction of the vaccine

into national immunization programmes. UNICEF and the WHO Global Programme for Vaccines and
Immunization (GPV) have now developed and adopted a framework which differentiates countries
based on their capacity to be financially self-sufficient for their vaccine needs. This framework forms the
basis of strategies designed to co-ordinate the actions of governments, donors, agencies and vaccine
manufacturers in order to ensure all countries have rapid access to affordable vaccines.


Batson, A. The problems and promise of vaccine markets in developing countries. Health Aff
(Millwood) (2005). 24(3): 690-693
Major barriers to private investment in the development and production of vaccines exist for markets in
developing countries. These include the risks of uncertain funding and demand and the difficulties
created by historically low pricing. A number of promising and innovative approaches nonetheless are
being explored to increase the incentives and reduce the risks of investing in vaccines for developing
countries. These innovations are fuelled by the growing recognition of powerful stakeholders that
vaccines are a critical technology for ensuring global health.


Battista, R. N. Innovation and diffusion of health-related technologies. A conceptual framework. Int J
Technol Assess Health Care (1989). 5(2): 227-248
The development and diffusion of health-related technologies constitute an extremely complex process.
This article examines the phenomenon of technological innovation; discusses the factors determining
the diffusion of high, medium, and low technologies; and suggests strategies for controlling the diffusion
of these technologies.
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Bedell, R. The art and the science of scaling-up needle and syringe programmes. Addiction (2007).
102(8): 1179-1180
This paper highlights some of the challenges encountered in conceptualizing and evaluating availability
and coverage of needle and syringe programmes (NSPs) in 25 countries surveyed in Central and Eastern
Europe and Central Asia (CEECA).

Bedford, J., M. Gandhi, et al. 'A normal delivery takes place at home': A qualitative study of the
location of childbirth in rural Ethiopia. Matern Child Health J (2012).
A study to identify reasons why women who access health facilities and utilise maternal newborn and
child health services at other times, do not necessarily deliver at health facilities.


Bertrand, J. T. Diffusion of innovations and HIV/AIDS. J Health Commun (2004). 9 Suppl 1: 113-121
As the HIV/AIDS epidemic continues its relentless spread in many parts of the world, DOI provides a
useful framework for analyzing the difficulties in achieving behavior change necessary to reduce HIV
rates. This article describes the attributes of this preventive innovation in terms of relative advantage,
compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability. It reviews studies that incorporated DOI into
HIV/AIDS behavior change interventions, both in Western countries and in the developing world. Finally,
it discusses possible reasons that the use of DOI has been fairly limited to date in HIV/AIDS prevention
interventions in developing countries.

Bhandari, N., A. K. Kabir, et al. Mainstreaming nutrition into maternal and child health programmes:
scaling up of exclusive breastfeeding. Matern Child Nutr (2008). 4 Suppl 1: 5-23
This review examines programme efforts to scale up exclusive breastfeeding in different countries and
draws lesson for successful scale-up. Opportunities and challenges in scaling up of exclusive
breastfeeding into Maternal and Child Health programmes are identified.


Bharati, P., M. Pal, et al. Prevalence and causes of low birth weight in India. Malaysian Journal of
Nutrition (2011). 17(3): 301-313
The aims of this study are (i) to understand inter-zone and interstate variation of low birth weight (LBW)
and (ii) to determine the key variables to reduce LBW in India.

Blencowe, H., S. Cousens, et al. National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in
the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: a systematic analysis and
implications. Lancet (2012). 379(9832): 2162-2172
Preterm birth is the second largest direct cause of child deaths in children younger than 5 years. Yet,
data regarding preterm birth (<37 completed weeks of gestation) are not routinely collected by UN
agencies, and no systematic country estimates nor time trend analyses have been done. We report
worldwide, regional, and national estimates of preterm birth rates for 184 countries in 2010 with time
trends for selected countries, and provide a quantitative assessment of the uncertainty surrounding
these estimates.


Bowen, S. and A. B. Zwi. Pathways to “evidence-informed” policy and practice: A framework for action.
PLoS Med (2005). 2(7): 600-605
In this article, we propose that an “evidence-informed policy and practice pathway” can help both
researchers and policy actors navigate the use of evidence. The pathway illustrates different types of
evidence and their uses in health policymaking, and proposes that specific capacities, such as an
individual's skills, experience, and participation in networks, influence the adoption and adaptation of
evidence in practice.


Brooten, D., J. M. Youngblut, et al. Disseminating our breakthroughs: enacting a strategic framework.
Nurs Outlook (1999). 47(3): 133-137
A comprehensive framework to diffuse research findings is presented and its implementation by the
Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing is illustrated.


Bueno de Mesquita, J. and E. Kismodi. Maternal mortality and human rights: landmark decision by
United Nations human rights body. Bull World Health Organ (2012). 90(2): 79-79A
Reducing the world’s maternal mortality ratio by three quarters between 1990 and 2015 is one objective
of Millennium Development Goal 5. However, progress towards this objective has been slow, despite

global commitment and the fact that the majority of maternal deaths, 99% of which occur in developing
countries, can be prevented through well known interventions. So what more is needed to get on track?


Central Statistical Agency, C. and I. International. Ethiopia demographic and health survey 2011.
(2012). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia & Calverton, Maryland, USA, CSA
This is the third comprehensive demographic survey conducted in Ethiopia as part of the worldwide
Demongraphic and Health Surveys project. It includes chapters on Infant and child mortality, Maternal
health and Child health.


CGIAR – NGO Committee and Global Forum for Agricultural Research Going to Scale: Can we bring
benefits to more people more quickly? [Draft]. Going to Scale workshop. (2000). 10-14 April 2000,
International Institute of Rural Reconstruction
Silang, Cavite, Philippines: 41
The general objective of this GOING TO SCALE Workshop (the Philippine Workshop) was to “generate
guideposts and a list of available/emerging tools for use in scaling up efforts.”


Chabalgoity, J. A. Paving the way for the introduction of new vaccines into developing countries.
Expert Rev Vaccines (2005). 4(2): 147-150
Most of the new developments in vaccines are being conceived to target the market of industrialized
countries and it is foreseeable that their introduction in low-to-middle income countries will be difficult
if at any time possible. Strengthening their own capacities for R&D and production is likely to be the
most reasonable avenue to ensure that new vaccines will become a sustainable reality for developing
countries. Concerted efforts that draw together local capacities (industry and academy) with the
experience of large global manufacturers, could have a major impact and provide a great example of an
effective partnership to achieve this.
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Chatterjee, A. and M. Sharma. Moving from a project to programmatic response: scaling up harm
reduction in Asia. Int J Drug Policy (2010). 21(2): 134-136
The response to the HIV epidemics among people who inject drugs in Asia began to emerge in the early
to mid 1990s, with the rather hesitant implementation of small-scale needle syringe programmes and
community care initiatives aiming to support those who were already living with the virus. Since then
Asia has seen a significant scaling up of harm reduction, despite very limited resources and difficult
policy and legislative environments Several models of scale up have been noted in Asia.


Chauhan, D. and A. Mason.Factors affecting the uptake of new medicines in secondary care - a
literature review. J Clin Pharm Ther (2008). 33(4): 339-348 The rate of uptake of new medicines in the
UK is slower than in many other OECD countries. The majority of new medicines are introduced initially
in secondary care and prescribed by specialists. However, the reasons for relatively low precribing levels
are poorly understood. This review explores the determinants of uptake of new medicines in secondary
care.


Chico, R. M., P. Mayaud, et al. Prevalence of malaria and sexually transmitted and reproductive tract
infections in pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. JAMA (2012). 307(19): 2079-2086
The context for this review is that malaria and sexually transmitted infections/reproductive tract
infections (STIs/RTIs) in pregnancy are direct and indirect causes of stillbirth, prematurity, low birth
weight, and maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality.


Chopra, M. and N. Ford. Scaling up health promotion interventions in the era of HIV/AIDS: challenges
for a rights based approach. Health Promotion International (2005). 20(4): 383-390
This paper briefly reviews different approaches to scaling up health promotion interventions, some of
the key obstacles in scaling up and then suggests some possible solutions with a focus on a human rights
based approach.

Clemens, J. and L. Jodar. Introducing new vaccines into developing countries: obstacles, opportunities
and complexities. Nat Med (2005). 11(4 Suppl): S12-15 Infectious diseases are thought to account for
nearly 25% of all deaths worldwide, and extract a disproportionate toll in developing countries.
Moreover, infectious diseases are now appreciated to be major causes of the poverty and economic
underdevelopment that characterize the world's poorest countries. Development and deployment of
new vaccines to prevent infectious diseases in developing countries have therefore become high
priorities in the global health agenda.


Clemens, J. D. Thinking downstream to accelerate the introduction of new vaccines for developing
countries. Vaccine (2003). 21 Suppl 2: S114-115 Introduction of new vaccines into public health
programs in developing countries requires 'translational research', initiated even during the phase of
vaccine development, to generate the evidence base necessary for rational public health decision-
making. Translational research encompasses assessments of the local disease burden, demonstration
projects of vaccines in realistic public health programs, analysis of the economic impact of vaccine
introduction, assessment of community and policy-maker perceptions about the importance of a
disease and the need to vaccinate against it, and identification of distribution channels and financial
mechanisms for deploying and paying for a new vaccine. In the absence of this background information,
even a successful vaccine may risk substantial difficulties and delays in its introduction into programs for
the poor in developing countries.


Coburn, C. E. Rethinking Scale: Moving Beyond Numbers to Deep and Lasting Change. Educational
Researcher (2003). 32(6): 3-12
The issue of “scale” is a key challenge for school reform, yet it remains under-theorized in the literature.
Definitions of scale have traditionally restricted its scope, focusing on the expanding number of schools
reached by a reform. Such definitions mask the complex challenges of reaching out broadly while
simultaneously cultivating the depth of change necessary to support and sustain consequential change.
This article draws on a review of theoretical and empirical literature on scale, relevant research on

reform implementation, and original research to synthesize and articulate a more multidimensional
conceptualization.


Coltart, C. E., J. P. Souza, et al. Prioritizing WHO normative work on maternal and perinatal health: a
multicountry survey. Reprod Health (2011). 8: 30
WHO develops evidence-based guidelines for setting global standards and providing technical support to
its Member States and the international community, as a whole. There is a clear need to ensure that
WHO guidance is relevant, rigorous and up-to date. A key activity is to ascertain the guidance needs of
the countries. This study provides an international comparison of priority guidance needs for maternal
and perinatal health. It incorporates data from those who inform policy and implementation strategies
at a national level, in addition to targeting those who use and most need the guidance at grassroots
level.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
( which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Curry, L., L. Taylor, et al. Experiences of leadership in health care in sub- Saharan Africa. Human
Resources for Health (2012). 10(33)
Leadership is widely regarded as central to effective health-care systems, and resources are increasingly
devoted to the cultivation of strong health-care leadership. Nevertheless, the literature regarding
leadership capacity building has been developed primarily in the context of high-income settings. Less
research has been done on leadership in low-income settings, including sub-Saharan Africa, particularly
in health care, with attention to historical, political and sociocultural context. We sought to characterize
the experiences of individuals in key health-care leadership roles in sub-Saharan Africa.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
( which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Darmstadt, G. L., D. A. Oot, et al. Newborn survival: changing the trajectory over the next decade.
Health Policy & Planning (2012). 27(Suppl. 3: A decade of change for newborn survival, policy and
programmes (2000–2010): A multi-country evaluation of progress towards scale: 1-5
This editorial introduces the journal supplement in which the seven articles present 'a comprehensive
analysis of the changes in newborn care and survival over the last decade at global level, as well as five
detailed country assessments undertaken by over 60 experts from governments and multiple
organizations, in order to better understand the process of taking solutions to scale and how to
accelerate progress towards reductions in mortality and morbidity'.


Dees, G., B. B. Anderson, et al. Scaling social impact: Strategies for spreading social innovations.
Stanford Social Innovation Review Stanford (2004). 1(4): 24-33
"If we are serious about tackling social problems on a large scale, we need to develop more effective
tools to address this challenge We hope to expand their conception of the possibilities by encouraging
social entrepreneurs to consider different ways of both defining and spreading their innovations before
determining whether and how to proceed. Our goal is to help them find the most promising strategies
for achieving widespread and timely impact."


Defo, B. K. The importance for the MDG4 and MDG5 of addressing reproductive health issues during
the second decade of life: review and analysis from times series data of 51 African countries. Afr J
Reprod Health (2011). 15(2): 9-30 Addressing adolescent sexual and reproductive health issues are
central to efforts for reducing childhood and maternal mortality embedded in MDG4 and MDG5. This
paper reviews these issues in Africa and uses statistical methods for measuring changes to analyze
recent and comparable time series data from 51 African countries.


DeJong, J. A Question of Scale? The Challenge of Expanding the Impact of Non-Governmental
Organisations' HIV/AIDS Efforts in Developing Countries. (2001). Horizons Program International

HIV/AIDS Alliance
" This publication draws on a draft that was written to inform debate at an international seminar held in
Windsor, UK, in September 2000 on scaling up NGO HIV/AIDS programmes. Twelve NGOs from around
the world attended the seminar and presented their own experiences of scaling up. The report
addresses issues such as whether there is a trade-off between expansion and quality, proposes a
typology of scaling up in relation to HIV/AIDS, and discusses the risks entailed and special challenges. It
incorporates case studies presented at the seminar."


Di Fabio, J. L. and C. de Quadros. Considerations for combination vaccine development and use in the
developing world. Clin Infect Dis (2001). 33 Suppl 4: S340-345
As more vaccines are developed and become available, combination vaccines will provide a way of
delivering multiple antigens to avoid multiple injections and complications in the regular immunization
schedules. The advantages of combination vaccines are that they decrease the discomfort of vaccine
recipients and parents and also reduce the delivery cost of vaccines. We address some of the issues
related to the use of combination vaccines in the developing world. Which vaccines are needed? Do
developing countries have the appropriate infrastructure to deliver them? Can vaccines become
affordable for countries with low incomes? And what is really needed to achieve the goal of providing
developing countries with new vaccines of epidemiologic significance in a timely fashion?


Diamond-Smith, N., M. Campbell, et al. Misinformation and fear of side-effects of family planning.
Culture, Health & Sexuality (2012). 14(4): 421-433
Fears about the side-effects from family planning are well-documented barriers to use. Many fears are
misinformation, while others reflect real experience, and understanding of these is not complete. Using
qualitative interviews with women in three countries, this study examines what women feared, how
they acquired this knowledge, and how it impacted on decision-making. We aimed to understand
whether women would be more likely to use family planning if they were counselled that the side-
effects they feared were inaccurate.

Doctor, H. V., S. E. Findley, et al. Using community-based research to shape the design and delivery of
maternal health services in Northern Nigeria. Reproductive Health Matters (2012). 20(39): 104-112
Maternal mortality ratios in northern Nigeria are among the worst in the world, over 1,000 per 100,000
live births in 2008, with a very low level and quality of maternity services. In 2009, we carried out a
study of the reasons for low utilisation of antenatal and delivery care among women with recent
pregnancies, and the socio-cultural beliefs and practices that influenced them.


Duclos, P., J M. Okwo-Bele, et al. Global immunization: status, progress, challenges and future. BMC
International Health and Human Rights (2009). 9 (Suppl 1)(S2)
The Global Immunization Vision and Strategy (GIVS) was developed by WHO and UNICEF as a framework
for strengthening national immunization programmes and protect as many people as possible against
more diseases by expanding the reach of immunization, including new vaccines, to every eligible person.
This paper briefly reviews global progress and challenges with respect to public vaccination
programmes.

This is an Open Access article in the spirit of the BioMed Central Open Access Charter
without any waiver of WHO’s privileges and
immunities under international law, convention or agreement. This article should not be reproduced for
use in association with the promotion of commercial products, services or any legal entity. There should
be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organisation or products. The use of the WHO logo is
not permitted. This notice should be preserved along with the article’s original URL

Dynes, M., S. T. Buffington, et al. Strengthening maternal and newborn health in rural Ethiopia: Early
results from frontline health worker community maternal and newborn health training. Midwifery
(2012).
This paper describes early results from the Community Maternal and Newborn Health (CMNH) training
programme of the Maternal and Newborn Health in Ethiopia Partnership (MaNHEP) project.

Ebuehi, O. M. and I. Akintujoye. Perception and utilization of traditional birth attendants by pregnant
women attending primary health care clinics in a rural Local Government Area in Ogun State, Nigeria.
Int J Womens Health (2012). 4: 25-34
In developing countries, most childbirth occurs at home and is not assisted by skilled attendants. This
situation increases the risk of death for both mother and child and has severe maternal and neonatal
health complications. The purpose of this study was to explore pregnant women's perceptions and
utilization of traditional birth attendant services in a rural Local Government Area in Ogun State,
southwest Nigeria.
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Evansa, W. D., L. C. Abromsa, et al. Mobile health evaluation methods: The text4baby case study.
Journal of Health Communication: International Perspectives (2012). 17(1): 22-29
Mobile phones have been shown effective in several public health domains. However, there are few
evaluations of the effectiveness of mobile health in health promotion This evaluation has a theoretical
model of behavior change and measures mediators as well as behavioral outcomes. Results will inform
how behavioral theory works within mobile health programs.


Fayehun, O. A., O. O. Omololu, et al. Sex of preceding child and birth spacing among Nigerian ethnic
groups. Afr J Reprod Health (2011). 15(2): 79-89
In seeking for more effective ways of fertility control and improvement of maternal and child health
through birth spacing in a predominantly patrilineal society like Nigeria, this study explores how the sex
of a previous child affects birth interval among ethnic groups, controlling for demographic and
socioeconomic variables.

This article is available through Open Access, via BioOnline, but permission is needed to copy and
distribute it.

Ferdous, J., A. M. Ahmed, et al. Occurrence and determinants of postpartum maternal morbidities and

disabilities among women in Matlab, Bangladesh. Journal of Health Population and Nutrition (2012).
30(2): 143-158
This study aims at identifying the consequences of pregnancy and delivery in the postpartum period,
their association with acute obstetric complications, the sociodemographic characteristics of women,
mode and place of delivery, nutritional status of the mother, and outcomes of birth.


Feysia, B., C. H. Herbst, et al. The health workforce in Ethiopia: Addressing the remaining challenges.
(2012). Washington DC, World Bank
This document reviews the current human resources for health situation in Ethiopia, summarizes the
evidence on population use of select health services, and offers relevant policy options to assist the
government finalize its new human resources strategy and address remaining health challenges.


Fisher, J., M. Cabral de Mello, et al. Prevalence and determinants of common perinatal mental
disorders in women in low- and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review. Bull World
Health Organ (2012). 90(2): 139G-149G
The objective of this study was to review the evidence about the prevalence and determinants of non-
psychotic common perinatal mental disorders (CPMDs) in World Bank categorized low- and lower-
middle-income countries.


Fraser, S. W. Accelerating the spread of good practice : a workbook for healthcare. (2002). Kingsham
Press.
This workbook combines theories, methodologies and concepts at developing tools and techniques for
promoting the spread of good practice within healthcare. It consists of 5 parts: an overview, sending,
receiving, implementing and putting it together.

Garces, A., E. M. McClure, et al. Training traditional birth attendants on the WHO Essential Newborn
Care reduces perinatal mortality. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand (2012). 91(5): 593-597

An evaluation of the impact of birth attendant training using the World Health Organization Essential
Newborn Care (ENC) course among traditional birth attendants, with a particular emphasis on the effect
of acquisition of skills on perinatal outcomes.


Garenne, M. Estimating obstetric mortality from pregnancy-related deaths recorded in demographic
censuses and surveys. Stud Fam Plann (2011). 42(4): 237-246
Demographic surveys and censuses often record pregnancy-related deaths, defined as those occurring
during the maternal risk period (pregnancy, delivery, and six weeks postpartum), but do not include
cause of death. This study presents a method for estimating obstetric mortality from pregnancy-related
deaths data.


Gausia, K., D. Ryder, et al. Obstetric complications and psychological well-being: experiences of
Bangladeshi women during pregnancy and childbirth. Journal of Health Population and Nutrition
(2012). 30(2): 172-180
This study aimed to (a) describe the pregnancy and childbirth experiences among women in Bangladesh
during normal childbirth or obstetric complications and (b) examine the relationship between these
experiences and their psychological well-being during the postpartum period.


Gaziano, T. A., G. Galea, et al. Scaling up interventions for chronic disease prevention: the evidence.
Lancet (2007). 370(9603): 1939-1946
Interventions to prevent morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases need to be cost effective and
financially feasible in countries of low or middle income before recommendations for their scale-up can
be made. We review the cost-effectiveness estimates on policy interventions (both population-based
and personal) that are likely to lead to substantial reductions in chronic diseases in particular,
cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory disease.

Gebremariam, M. B. Perspectives on optimization of vaccination and immunization of Ethiopian
children/women: what should and can we further do? Why and how" Ethiop Med J. (2012). 50(2): 167-
184
Vaccination and immunization of children and child-bearing women, in particular, is uniquely important
public health intervention Ethiopia inclusive. In spite of the promising progresses, much is desired
toward the ultimate optimization, effectiveness and protection. This analytical discourse-recourse piece
of work aimed at flagging the optimization perspectives on the basis of readily available information.


Geoghegan, T. M. E. Nutrition in the first 1,000 days: State of the world's mothers 2012. (2012). Save
the Children
The focus of this year's report is on the 171 million children globally who do not have the opportunity to
reach their full potential due to the physical and mental effects of poor nutrition in the earliest months
of life. This report shows which countries are doing the best – and which are doing the worst – at
providing nutrition during the critical window of development that starts during a mother’s pregnancy
and goes through her child’s second birthday. It looks at six key nutrition solutions, including
breastfeeding, that have the greatest potential to save lives, and shows that these solutions are
affordable, even in the world’s poorest countries.
/>9bd0df91d2eba74a%7D/STATEOFTHEWORLDSMOTHERSREPORT2012.PDF

Gilmore, K. and T. A. Gebreyesus. What will it take to eliminate preventable maternal deaths? The
Lancet (2012). 380(9837): 87-88
When the UN Commission on the Status of Women met in March, 2012, it adopted a ground-breaking
resolution calling for the elimination of preventable maternal mortality. With this important goal in
mind, Saifuddin Ahmed and colleagues’ results documented in The Lancet suggest that contraceptive
use can avert more than half of maternal deaths. The investigators used data from three 2010 databases
(UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group, UN World Contraceptive Use, and UN World
Population Prospects) to estimate the number of maternal deaths averted by contraceptive use in 172
countries with a counterfactual approach. Using a second model, they made the same estimation for
167 countries and estimated the effect of meeting the unmet need for family planning. The methods

used are well described and seem robust, and the findings are consistent with earlier work.


Girard, A. W., C. Dzingina, et al. Public health interventions, barriers, and opportunities for improving
maternal nutrition in Northeast Nigeria. Food & Nutrition Bulletin (2012). 33(2 Suppl): S51-70
This study explored the gaps, barriers, and opportunities for maternal nutrition policy and programming
in Nigeria, a country with a disproportionate share of the global burden of maternal and child mortality.


Gloyd, S., P. Montoya, et al. Scaling up antenatal syphilis screening in Mozambique: transforming
policy to action. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (2007). 34(7 Suppl): S31-36
This paper examines the decade-long scale-up process of antenatal syphilis screening through
Mozambique's National Health System. The primary goal is to provide lessons learned in the provision of
integrated antenatal care resource-poor settings and identify key challenges to successful scale-up.
/>6.aspx

Godal, T. and L. Quam. Accelerating the global response to reduce maternal mortality. The Lancet
(2012). 379(9831): 2025-2026
A preview for the Global Health Transition conference, held in Norway, to consider how to "develop
effective health-care systems led and sustained by countries rather than a fragmented web of donors.
Maternal death and perinatal mortality are 'the canary in the coal mine' for assessing the strength of
health-care systems. To get a drop in maternal mortality requires a medical health-care system that is
responsive to the 24-hour technical needs of a woman in labour and the ability to transport a woman to
the site where she can access care 24 hours a day".


Gupta, I., M. Trivedi, et al. The introduction of new health technologies in India. (2007). The
introduction of new technologies includes the formal government decision to approve the product or
service and the implementation of programs necessary for its distribution. This study reviews the
experience of several health technologies introduced in India: hepatitis B vaccine, the Universal

Immunisation Programme (UIP), no scalpel vasectomy (NSV), voluntary counselling and testing (VCT),
and antiretroviral treatment (ART), to identify lessons that might inform the future adoption and
implementation of AIDS vaccines.
/>Center/Publications/Documents/IAVI_THE_INTRODUCTION_OF_NEW_HEALTH_TECHNOLOGIES_IN_INDI
A_RWP_2007_ENG.pdf

Hadis, M., A. Woyessa, et al. Prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in rural Ethiopia: an evidence-
based policy brief. (2012)
As in many African countries postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a serious problem in rural Ethiopia.
Reaching rural mothers through Health Extension Workers and/or Traditional Birth Attendants by using
appropriate technologies like misoprostol and oxytcin in Uniject TM could address this problem. The
objective of this policy brief is to summarize the best available evidence describing the problem and
potential solutions for addressing the problem of PPH in rural Ethiopia where there are no health care
facilities and skilled attendants.


Hailegiorgis, S. E., S. V. Harlan, et al. Ethiopia family planning / reproductive health inofrmation needs
assessment. (2012). Addis Ababa
In Ethiopia, K4Health sought to explore the current family planning/reproductive health (FP/RH)
knowledge management system; examine information flows and barriers at different levels of the health
system; and identify areas to strengthen health information sharing and use.


Haile-Mariam, A., N. Tesfaye, et al. Assessing the health system's capacity to conduct neonatal
resuscitation in Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J (2012). 50(1): 43-55
Globally and nationally approximately a quarter of neonatal deaths and an unknown number of
intrapartum stillbirths are attributed to intrapartum complications known as birth asphyxia. Simple
stimulation and resuscitation can save many of these lives.
To describe the capacity of the Ethiopian health system to provide neonatal resuscitation with bag and
mask.

Hausdorff, W. P. Prospects for the use of new vaccines in developing countries: cost is not the only
impediment. Vaccine (1996). 14(13): 1179-1186
Global immunization programs represent a great public health success story. Evidence from every region
documents substantial reductions in morbidity and mortality following widespread use of vaccines
developed years ago. Development and introduction of new vaccines and vaccine combinations aimed
at the industrialized world market are occurring at a fast pace. A number of political and economic
factors will influence the rate at which developing country immunization programs incorporate those
new vaccines that could have a major public health impact. Perhaps the greatest determinant of this
rate is the extent to which international and bilateral agencies and national governments appreciate the
potential value of new vaccines.


Helfrich, C. D., B. J. Weiner, et al. Determinants of implementation effectiveness: adapting a
framework for complex innovations. Med Care Res Rev (2007). 64(3): 279-303
Many innovations in the health sector are complex, requiring coordinated use by multiple organizational
members to achieve benefits. Often, complex innovations are adopted with great anticipation only to
fail during implementation. The health services literature provides limited conceptual guidance to
researchers and practitioners about implementation of complex innovations. In the present study, we
adapt an organizational framework of innovation implementation developed and validated in a
manufacturing setting and explore the extent to which it aptly characterizes implementation in health
sector organizations.


Herzlinger, R. E. Why innovation in health care is so hard. Harvard Business Review (2006)
Health care—in the United States, certainly, but also in most other developed countries—is ailing and in
need of help. Yes, medical treatment has made astonishing advances over the years. But the packaging
and delivery of that treatment are often inefficient, ineffective, and consumer unfriendly Despite this
enormous investment in innovation and the magnitude of the opportunity for innovators to both do

good and do well, all too many efforts fail, losing billions of investor dollars along the way So why is
innovation so unsuccessful in health care? To answer, we must break down the problem, looking at the
different types of innovation and the forces that affect them, for good or ill.


Hoque, M. E., T. Powell-Jackson, et al. Costs of maternal health-related complications in Bangladesh.
Journal of Health Population and Nutrition (2012). 30(2): 205-212
This paper assesses both out-of-pocket payments for healthcare and losses of productivity over six
months postpartum among women who gave birth in Matlab, Bangladesh.


Horne, R., V. Cooper, et al. Patients' perceptions of highly active antiretroviral therapy in relation to
treatment uptake and adherence: the utility of the necessity-concerns framework. J Acquir Immune
Defic Syndr (2007). 45(3): 334-341
This study aimed to test the utility of the necessity-concerns framework in predicting highly active
antiretroviral therapy (HAART) uptake and adherence.


Iyengar, K. Early postpartum maternal morbidity among rural women of Rajasthan, India: a
community-based study. Journal of Health Population and Nutrition (2012). 30(2): 213-225
The first postpartum week is a high-risk period for mothers and newborns. Very few community-based
studies have been conducted on patterns of maternal morbidity in resource-poor countries in that first
week. An intervention on postpartum care for women within the first week after delivery was initiated
in a rural area of Rajasthan, India. The intervention included a rigorous system of receiving reports of all
deliveries in a defined population and providing home-level postpartum care to all women, irrespective
of the place of delivery.


Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Use of mobile technology in creating demand for
and sustaining use of contraceptives among marginalized urban populations of Uttar Pradesh. (2009).

Urban Health Initiative – India
This document describes several examples of mHealth interventions globally and proposes potential
adaptation for achieving the Urban Health Initative's objectives. It then goes on to describe JHUCCP’s
proposed steps for conducting a feasibility assessment for the use of mobile technology in urban Uttar
Pradesh for improving the use of family planning among target audiences.
-
india.org.in/20may/Mobile%20Technology%20%20Approach%20and%20Research%20Needs.pdf

Kapadia-Kundu, N., T. M. Sullivan, et al. Understanding health information needs and gaps in the health
care system in Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Health Communication (2012). 17(sup2): 30-45
Health information and the channels that facilitate the flow and exchange of this information to and
among health care providers are key elements of a strong health system that offers high-quality
services,yet few studies have examined how health care workers define, obtain, and apply information
in the course of their daily work. To better understand health information needs and barriers across all
of levels of the health care system, the authors conducted a needs assessment in Lucknow, Uttar
Pradesh, India.


Kausar, F., J. Morris, et al. Nurses in low resource settings save mothers' lives with non-pneumatic anti-
shock garment. MCN, American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing (2012). 37(5): 308-316
This article discusses the role of nurses and nurse-midwives in preventing and treating postpartum
hemorrhage (PPH) from uterine atony in developing countries and examine the role of a new device, the
Non-pneumatic Anti-Shock Garment (NASG), in improving the outcomes for these patients.


Kayode, G. A., V. T. Adekanmbi, et al. Risk factors and a predictive model for under-five mortality in
Nigeria: evidence from Nigeria demographic and health survey. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth (2012). 12:
10
Under-5 mortality is a major public health challenge in developing countries. It is essential to identify
determinants of under-five mortality (U5M) childhood mortality because these will assist in formulating

appropriate health programmes and policies in order to meet the United Nations MDG goal. The
objective of this study was to develop a predictive model and identify maternal, child, family and other
risk factors associated U5M in Nigeria.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
( which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Khan, A., M. V. Kinney, et al. Newborn survival in Pakistan: a decade of change and future implications.
Health Policy & Planning (2012). 27(Suppl 3: A decade of change for newborn survival, policy and
programmes (2000–2010): A multi-country evaluation of progress towards scale): 72-87
Pakistan has the world’s third highest national number of newborn deaths (194 000 in 2010). Major
national challenges over the past decade have affected health and development including several large
humanitarian disasters, destabilizing political insurgency, high levels of poverty and an often hard-to-
reach predominately rural population with diverse practices. As part of a multi-country analysis, we
examined changes for newborn survival between 2000 and 2010 in terms of mortality, coverage and
health system indicators as well as national and donor funding.


Kirk, E. and H. Standing Institutional issues in scaling up programmes for meeting the health related
needs of the very poor [Background paper]. What Works for the Poorest: Knowledge, Policies, Practices:
International Conference. (2006). BRAC, Rajendrapur 3-5 December 2006: 18
This paper reviews current strategies for scaling up successful interventions to meet the health-related
needs of the poorest in developing countries. Findings show that all mechanisms for targeting the
poorest suffer from elements of leakage, as well as weak institutional and governance structures.
However, these problems are outweighed by the distributive benefits of some schemes. Demand-driven
financing (involving the provision of resources to supply services for a distinct group) also has potential
for reaching the poorest. However, parallel interventions on the supply side are needed to ensure
quality is raised in addition to coverage.

Knowledge for Health (K4Health) project. Maternal Infant Young Child Nutrition - Family Planning
(MIYCN-FP) integration [Toolkit]. Retrieved 14 June, 2012.
This website looks at the global evidence on the relationship between maternal, infant, and young child
nutrition and family planning; why, how, when and where to integrate MIYCN and FP; advocacy on the
key messages about MIYCN-FP; integrating nutrition and family planning social and behavior change
communication (SBCC) activities; capacity building and training; monitoring & evaluation; and country
experiences


Koblinsky, M., M. E. Chowdhury, et al. Maternal morbidity and disability and their consequences:
Neglected agenda in maternal health. Journal of Health Population and Nutrition (2012). 30(2): 124-130
This special issue of JHPN aims to address the information vacuum about maternal morbidities and
disabilities and their consequences based on findings of research from rural areas in Bangladesh and
Rajasthan in India.


Kumar, C., P. K. Singh, et al. Under-five mortality in high focus states in India: a district level geospatial
analysis. PLoS One (2012). 7(5): e37515
This paper examines if, when controlling for biophysical and geographical variables (including rainfall,
productivity of agricultural lands, topography/temperature, and market access through road networks),
socioeconomic and health care indicators help to explain variations in the under-five mortality rate
across districts from nine high focus states in India.


Lane, C., Y. M. Joof, et al. Promoting healthy timing and spacing of pregnancy with young married
women in Northern Nigeria: A short report. African Journal of Reproductive Health (2012). 16(2)
The persistence of early and closely spaced pregnancies in Northern Nigeria contributes to maternal and
child morbidity and mortality. A technical working group to WHO recommended that following a birth, a
woman should space her next pregnancy by at least 24 months, and following a miscarriage or abortion,

a woman space her next pregnancy by at least six months. UNICEF, UNFPA and WHO also recommend
that a woman delay her first pregnancy until 18. These recommendations comprise the concept of
Healthy Timing and Spacing of Pregnancy (HTSP). The Extending Service Delivery Project (ESD) partnered
with the Federation of Muslim Women Association of Nigeria and religious leaders to educate
communities about the benefits of using family planning to practice HTSP in five local government areas.
o/vol16_no2/16_2_article19.pdf

Larkin, M. E., C. A. Griffith, et al. Promoting research utilization using a conceptual framework. J Nurs
Adm (2007). 37(11): 510-516
Since the early 1990s, evidence-based practice has gained momentum, but barriers persist between
knowledge development and application in practice. The Massachusetts General Hospital re-engineered
the Nursing Research Committee as one vehicle for promoting research-based practice. Using the
Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services framework, the mission and methods
(context) to advance research-based practice are explicated. Characteristics of the membership,
leadership, and practice environment that facilitate research utilization are delineated.
/>&type=abstract

Lawn, J. and H. Blencowe. Born too soon: The global action report on pre-term birth. (2012). A podcast
of a lecture delivered at LSHTM on 30 May 2012.
This report shows that rapid change is possible and presents actions for policy, programs and research
by all partners - from governments to NGOs to the business community that if acted upon, will
substantially reduce the toll of preterm birth, especially in high-burden countries.
:8080/ess/echo/presentation/fc6a08ba-64dc-4d28-b5ce-f95fc740273d

Lawn, J. E., M. V. Kinney, et al. Newborn survival: a multi-country analysis of a decade of change.
Health Policy & Planning (2012). 27(Suppl. 3: A decade of change for newborn survival, policy and
programmes (2000–2010): A multi-country evaluation of progress towards scale [Supplement]): 6-18
Neonatal deaths account for 40% of global under-five mortality and are ever more important if we are
to achieve the Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4) on child survival. We applied a results
framework to evaluate global and national changes for neonatal mortality rates (NMR), healthy

behaviours, intervention coverage, health system change, and inputs including funding, while
considering contextual changes.


Maher, D., A. D. Harries, et al. A global framework for action to improve the primary care response to
chronic non-communicable diseases: a solution to a neglected problem. BMC Public Health (2009). 9:
355
Although in developing countries the burden of morbidity and mortality due to infectious diseases has
often overshadowed that due to chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), there is evidence now of a
shift of attention to NCDs. A framework for a programmatic "public health approach" has the potential
to improve on the current unstructured approach to primary care of people with chronic NCDs.
Research to establish the cost, value and feasibility of implementing the framework will pave the way
for international support to extend the benefit of this approach to the millions of people worldwide with
chronic NCDs.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
( which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Mahila Swasthya Adhikar Manch (Women's Health Rights Forum). Monitoring free maternal health
services in 11 districts of Uttar Pradesh, 2012.
Recognizing that out-of-pocket and informal payments act as a deterrent to women seeking institutional
maternal care, the central government of India launched a scheme called Janani Shishu Suraksha
Karyakram (JSSK) in June 2011.
With the aim of implementing the JSSK scheme successfully, the government of Uttar Pradesh invited
the Development Partners’ Forum in the State (of which SAHAYOG is a part) to monitor the scheme and
provide feedback. SAHAYOG has monitored the scheme in 11 districts of UP in collaboration with the
Mahila Swasthya Adhikar Manch and 11 partner organisations.
/>dists-UP-2012.pdf

Mahoney, R. T., A. Krattiger, et al. The introduction of new vaccines into developing countries. IV:
Global Access Strategies. Vaccine (2007). 25(20): 4003-4011
This paper offers a framework for managing a comprehensive Global Access Strategy for new vaccines in
developing countries. It is aimed at strengthening the ability of public-sector entities to reach their
goals.


Mahoney, R. T. and J. E. Maynard. The introduction of new vaccines into developing countries. Vaccine
(1999). 17(7-8): 646-652
The development and introduction of new vaccines is a costly and time consuming process.
Unfortunately, those most in need individuals in developing countries are the last to receive these
powerful disease preventing products. From the time a vaccine is first licensed in a developed country to
the time most of the poor in developing countries have access to the vaccine can be 20-30 years. This
delay is unacceptable. There is a great need to reduce this time span. This paper examines five ways of
reducing the time span. Each of the five is essential and achieving success on all five will require a
heightened level of international effort and coordination.


Mahoney, R. T., A. Pablos-Mendez, et al. The introduction of new vaccines into developing countries.
III. The role of intellectual property. Vaccine (2004). 22(5-6): 786-792
The development of new vaccines that address the particular needs of developing countries has been
proceeding slowly. A number of new public sector vaccine research and development initiatives have
been launched to address this problem. These new initiatives find that they often wish to collaborate
with the private sector and, in collaborating with the private sector, they must address issues of
intellectual property (IP) management. It has not been well understood why IP management is
important and how such management by public sector groups can best be conducted This paper
suggests some strategies that might be used by the public sector to help achieve its public health goals,
especially for the poor.

Malaju, M. T. and G. D. Alene. Assessment of utilization of provider-initiated HIV testing and
counseling as an intervention for prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV and associated
factors among pregnant women in Gondar town, North West Ethiopia. BMC Public Health (2012).
12(226)
Detection of maternal HIV infection early in pregnancy is critical for prevention of mother to child
transmission of HIV/AIDS. Most efforts have focused on VCT as the primary means of encouraging
people to become aware of their HIV status. However, its uptake is low in many parts of sub-Saharan
Africa including Ethiopia Little is known about its acceptance and associated factors among pregnant
women in the country and particularly in the present study area – Gondar town.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
( which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Mansoor, O. Vaccine introduction guidelines: Adding a vaccine to a national immunization
programme: decision and implementation. (2005). Geneva, Expanded Programme on Immunization of
the Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization (WHO)
To assist national policy-makers with whether a vaccine should be added to a national immunization
programme and to assist immunization programme managers with how to introduce a vaccine, WHO
has developed a general vaccine introduction document which covers the key issues that should be
addressed when considering and implementing a new vaccine. The document includes information
useful to ensure smooth introduction of a new vaccine, monitor implementation, evaluate impact,
calculate vaccine supplies, and manage the cold chain.


Mason, J. B., L. S. Saldanha, et al. Opportunities for improving maternal nutrition and birth outcomes:
synthesis of country experiences. Food & Nutrition Bulletin (2012). 33(2 Suppl): S104-137
BACKGROUND: Undernutrition in women in poor countries remains prevalent and affects maternal,
neonatal and child health (MNCH) outcomes. Improving MNCH outcomes requires better policies and
programs that enhance women's nutrition.

Results of a global literature review on program effectiveness, and from case studies in Ethiopia, India,
and Nigeria, were synthesized.


Massey, P. Reducing maternal mortality in Senegal: using GIS to identify priority regions for the
expansion of human resources for health. World Health Popul. (2011). 13(2): 13-22
In 2005, Senegal had an estimated maternal mortality ratio of 980 deaths per 100,000 live births, well
above the global average of 400. The concentration of health workers has been shown to be associated
with improved health outcomes, including maternal mortality. To explore this relationship, this paper
uses geographic information systems (GIS) to examine the regional distribution of human resources for
health and related maternal health indicators in Senegal.


Mazumdar, S., A. Mills, et al. Financial incentives in health: New evidence from India's Janani Suraksha
Yojana. (2012). 53 (The paper was delivered in May 2012, as part of the 3ie-LIDC Seminar Series).
This paper studies the health effects of one of the world’s largest demand-side financial incentive
programmes – India’s Janani Suraksha Yojana.


Mbonye, A. K., M. Sentongo, et al. Newborn survival in Uganda: a decade of change and future
implications. Health Policy & Planning (2012). 27(Suppl 3: A decade of change for newborn survival,
policy and programmes (2000–2010): A multi-country evaluation of progress towards scale): 104-117
Each year in Uganda 141 000 children die before reaching their fifth birthday; 26% of these children die
in their first month of life. In a setting of persistently high fertility rates, a crisis in human resources for
health and a recent history of civil unrest, Uganda has prioritized Millennium Development Goals 4 and
5 for child and maternal survival. As part of a multi-country analysis we examined change for newborn
survival over the past decade through mortality and health system coverage indicators as well as
national and donor funding for health, and policy and programme change.

Menter, H., K. S, et al. Scaling up. In: Scaling Up and Out: Achieving Widespread Impact through
Agricultural Research. D. Pachico and S. Fujisaka. (2004). Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical
(CIAT): 9-23
This chapter provides an overview of basic issues addressed in the scaling up litrature. Within
agricultural and natural resources management research, scale is understood to mean magnitude. It is a
management issue and is about how to manage projects to ensure that positive impact is maximised. In
research in social and biophysical sicence, scale is generally understood in the terms of a hierarchy of
levels of analysis. Research results relating to hierarchical scale can be very useful in the management of
a process of scaling up, but the meaning of scale in the two contexts is different.


Metgud, C. S., V. A. Naik, et al. Factors affecting birth weight of a newborn – A community based study
in rural Karnataka, India. PLoS One (2012). 7(7): e40040
Low birth weight (LBW) is a major public health problem in many developing countries, especially so in
India. Although we do not know all the causes of LBW, maternal and environmental factors appear to be
significant risk factors in its occurrence. The objective of this study was to explore the factors affecting
the birth weight of a newborn and to estimate the prevalence of LBW.



Microsoft Scaling framework. ([N.D.]).
An interactive tutorial to help people think more deeply about scale


Moges, Z. and A. Amberbir. Factors associated with readiness to VCT service utilization among
pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Northwestern Ethiopia: A health belief model
approach. Ethiop J Health Sci (2011). 21(Suppl 1): 107-115
One of the consequences of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection in women is the transmission of
the virus to their children. Voluntary counseling and testing is an entry point for prevention of mother to
child transmission. This study therefore, investigated readiness to voluntary counseling and testing

service utilization and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics using
a health belief model.


Moran, A. C., K. Kerber, et al. Benchmarks to measure readiness to integrate and scale up newborn
survival interventions. Health Policy & Planning (2012). 27(Suppl 3: A decade of change for newborn
survival, policy and programmes (2000–2010): A multi-country evaluation of progress towards scale):
29-39
Neonatal mortality accounts for 40% of under-five child mortality. Evidence-based interventions exist,
but attention to implementation is recent. Nationally representative coverage data for these neonatal
interventions are limited; therefore proximal measures of progress toward scale would be valuable for
tracking change among countries and over time. We describe the process of selecting a set of
benchmarks to assess scale up readiness or the degree to which health systems and national
programmes are prepared to deliver interventions for newborn survival. A prioritization and consensus-
building process was co-ordinated by the Saving Newborn Lives programme of Save the Children,
resulting in selection of 27 benchmarks.


Moree, M. and S. Ewart. Policy challenges in malaria vaccine introduction. American Jouranl of Tropical
Medicine and Hygiene (2004). 71(2 (Supplement: Breman JG, Alilio MS, Mills A, editors. The Intolerable
Burden of Malaria II: What's New, What's Needed)): 248–252
This article draws attention to the importance of research to inform policy decisions and to minimize
delays in the introduction of a new malaria vaccine.


Morrison, S. J. and S. Brundage. Advancing health in Ethiopia: with fewer resources, an uncertain GHI
strategy, and vulnerabilities on the ground. (2012). Washington, D.C., Centre for Strategic and
International Studies (CSIS)
Over the last decade the United States' health partnership with Ethiopia has contributed to significant
health gains in the country. This is a report of three visits to Ethiopia in 2011 by senior officials from

Washington and the Global Fund in Geneva to investigate what the expectations might be for continued
engagement in health in Ethiopia and what core considerations should guide future US efforts.


Munira, S. L. and S. A. Fritzen. What influences government adoption of vaccines in developing
countries? A policy process analysis. Social Science & Medicine (2007). 65(8): 1751-1764
This paper proposes a framework for examining the process by which government consideration and
adoption of new vaccines takes place, with specific reference to developing country settings.


Munishi, G. K. Intervening to address constraints through health sector reforms in Tanzania. Journal of
International Development (2003). 15: 115-131.
This paper describes two projects designed to address health sector constraints: The Community Health
Fund [was set up] to create a community-owned and community-managed prepayment scheme [and]
the Dar Urban Health Project, aimed to improve various dimensions of health service quality, and
provide a model which can be replicated elsewhere. Copyright: 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Myers, R. G. Going to scale. Second Inter-Agency Meeting on Community-based Child Development
(1984). New York: 20
A paper prepared for UNICEF by The Consultative Group on Early Childhood Care and Development to
provide a basis for discussing issues associated with the process of "Going to Scale"1 with programmes
of early childhood development.


Nanda, P., P. Achyut, et al. Measurement, learning & evaluation of the Urban Health Initiative: Uttar
Pradesh, India, baseline survey 2010. (2011).
The Measurement, Learning & Evaluation (MLE) project is the evaluation component of the Urban
Reproductive Health Initiative, a multi-country program in India, Kenya, Nigeria and Senegal that aims to
improve the health of the urban poor. A key objective of the project is to undertake a rigorous impact

evaluation of the country programs, identifying the most effective and cost-efficient programmatic
approaches to improving contraceptive use among the urban poor.
This report presents baseline survey results from samples in six cities in Uttar Pradesh, India.
/>Uttar-Pradesh.pdf

Narayanan, P., K. Moulasha, et al. Monitoring community mobilisation and organisational capacity
among high-risk groups in a large-scale HIV prevention programme in India: selected findings using a
Community Ownership and Preparedness Index. J Epidemiol Community Health. (2012). (1470-2738
(Electronic))
In a participatory approach to health and development interventions, defining and measuring
community mobilisation is important, but it is challenging to do this effectively, especially at scale. A
cross-sectional, participatory monitoring tool was administered in 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 across a
representative sample of 25 community-based groups (CBGs) formed under the Avahan India AIDS
Initiative, to assess their progress in mobilisation, and to inform efforts to strengthen the groups and
make them sustainable.


Neogi, S. B., S. Malhotra, et al. Challenges in scaling up of special care newborn units - Lessons from
India. Indian Pediatrics (2011). 48: 931-935
Neonatal mortality rate in India is high and stagnant. Special Care Newborn Units (SCNUs) are being set
up to provide quality level II newborn care services in district hospitals of several districts to meet this
challenge A recently concluded evaluation of these units indicates that it is possible to provide quality
level II newborn care in district hospitals. However, there are critical constraints Scaling up these units
would require squarely addressing these constraints.


Nizova, N., Z. Shabarova, et al. Scale-up strategy for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of
HIV/AIDS in resource-limited settings in Eurasia. XV Intenational AIDS Conference. (2004). Bangkok.
This poster presentation describes a strategy for preventing mother-to-child-transmission of HIV, using
the Odessa Model, which has been designed to be effective in resource poor settings.

www.aiha.com/en/ResourceLibrary/Products/Posters/pdf/ScalingUp_%20Bangkok.pdf

Nolan, K., M. W. Schall, et al. Using a framework for spread: The case of patient access in the Veterans
Health Administration. Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety (2005). 31(6): 339-347
Experience indicates that an effective operational system will spread much more slowly than, for
example, a new antinausea drug. The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) used a Framework for
Spread to spread improvements in access to more than 1800 outpatient clinics between April 2001 and
December 2003. The framework identifies strategies and methods for planning and guiding the spread
of new ideas or new operational systems, including the responsibilities of leadership, packaging the new
ideas, communication, strengthening the social system, measurement and feedback, and knowledge
management.


Noznesky, E. A., U. Ramakrishnan, et al. A situation analysis of public health interventions, barriers,
and opportunities for improving maternal nutrition in Bihar, India. Food Nutr Bull. (2012). 33(2 (2
Suppl)): S93-103
Maternal underweight and anemia are highly prevalent in Bihar, especially among adolescent girls aged
15 to 19 years. Although numerous programs and platforms exist for delivering efficacious interventions
for improving maternal nutrition, the coverage and quality of these interventions are low. This study
examines existing interventions for reducing maternal undernutrition in Bihar and identify barriers to
and opportunities for expanding their coverage and quality.


Ogwang, S., R. Najjemba, et al. Community involvement in obstetric emergency management in rural
areas: a case of Rukungiri district, Western Uganda. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (2012). 12(20): 10
Maternal mortality is a major public health problem worldwide especially in low income countries. Most
causes of maternal deaths are due to direct obstetric complications. Maternal mortality ratio remains
high in Rukungiri district, western Uganda estimated at 475 per 100,000 live births. The objectives of this
descriptive study were to identify types of community involvement and examine factors influencing the
level of community involvement in the management of obstetric emergencies.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
( which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Oladeinde, B. H., R. Omoregie, et al. Prevalence of malaria and anemia among pregnant women
attending a traditional birth home in Benin City, Nigeria. Oman Medical Journal (2012). 27(3): 232-236
The objectice of this study was to determine the prevalence of malaria and anemia among pregnant
women attending a traditional birth center as well as the effect of herbal remedies, gravidity, age,
educational background and malaria prevention methods on their prevalence.


Oladokun, A., R. Oladokun, et al. Knowledge and utilization of malaria control measures by pregnant
and newly delivered mothers in Ibadan, Nigeria. Afr Health Sci (2011). 11(4): 573-577
The World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines for the control of malaria during pregnancy include
prompt and effective case management of malaria combined with prevention of infection by insecticide-
treated nets (ITNs) and intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp). Despite this the uptake is
poor. This study aims to describe the malaria prevention measures utilized by these women in this
environment.


Olagbuji, B. N., M. C. Ezeanochie, et al. Stillbirth in cases of severe acute maternal morbidity.
International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics (2012). 119(1): 53-56
OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence and correlates of stillbirths among women with severe acute
maternal morbidity (SAMM).
METHODS: In an observational study of 728 women who had SAMM between January 2007 and
December 2010 at a referral tertiary health facility in Benin, Nigeria, the incidence of stillbirth, and the
clinical and demographic correlates of stillbirth were evaluated.

Oliveira-Cruz, V., K. Hanson, et al. Approaches to overcoming constraints to effective health service
delivery: A review of the evidence. Journal of International Development (2003). 15: 41-65
This paper reviews the current evidence base regarding efforts to overcome constraints to effective
health service delivery in low and middle-income countries.


Oliveira-Cruz, V., C. Kurowski, et al. Delivery of priority health services: Searching for synergies within
the vertical versus horizontal debate. Journal of International Development (2003). 15(1): 67-86
A key issue in the expansion of access to priority health services is how best to implement scaling up
efforts. In this paper, we explore the relative merits of vertical and
horizontal delivery modes; review the literature on the impact of vertical programmes on health
systems and on experiences of integrating these programmes; and analyse health interventions in terms
of their different modes of delivery within the health system infrastructure. We conclude that expanding
access to priority health services requires the concerted use of both modes of delivery, according to the
capacity of health systems as it changes over time. Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Olusanya, B. O., C. V. Ezeaka, et al. Paediatricians' perspectives on global health priorities for newborn
care in a developing country: a national survey. BMC International Health and Human Rights (2012).
12(9)
An understanding of the perception of paediatricians as key stakeholders in child healthcare delivery
and the degree of congruence with current investment priorities is crucial in accelerating progress
towards the attainment of global targets for child survival and overall health in developing countries.
This study therefore elicited the views of paediatricians on current global priorities for newborn health
in Nigeria as possible guide for policy makers.

Full text Open Access: permanently available online. Unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in
any medium is permitted, provided the article is properly cited.

Onarheim, K. H., S. Tessema, et al. Prioritizing child health interventions in Ethiopia: Modeling impact

on child mortality, life expectancy and inequality in age at death. PLoS ONE (2012). 7(8): e41521
The fourth Millennium Development Goal calls for a two-thirds reduction in under-5 mortality between
1990 and 2015. Under-5 mortality rate is declining, but many countries are still far from achieving the
goal. Effective child health interventions that could reduce child mortality exist, but national decision-
makers lack contextual information for priority setting in their respective resource-constrained settings.
We estimate the potential health impact of increasing coverage of 14 selected health interventions on
child mortality in Ethiopia (2011–2015). We also explore the impact on life expectancy and inequality in
the age of death (Ginihealth).


Onoka, C. A., O. E. Onwujekwe, et al. Sub-optimal delivery of intermittent preventive treatment for
malaria in pregnancy in Nigeria: influence of provider factors. Malaria Journal (2012). 11(137)
The level of access to intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in pregnancy (IPTp) in Nigeria is still
low despite relatively high antenatal care coverage in the study area. This paper presents information on
provider factors that affect the delivery of IPTp in Nigeria.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work
is properly cited.

Onwujekwe, O., K. Hanson, et al. Examining inequities in incidence of catastrophic health expenditures
on different healthcare services and health facilities in Nigeria. PLoS ONE (2012). 7(7): e40811
There is limited evidence about levels of socio-economic and other differences in catastrophic health
spending in Nigeria and in many sub-Saharan African countries. The study estimated the level of
catastrophic healthcare expenditures for different healthcare services and facilities and their
distribution across socioeconomic status (SES) groups.


Otto, K. Do m-Health tools really work? Testing the impact of mobile technology on maternal and child

health care. Retrieved 19 September, 2012, from(2012).
With the proliferation of innovative mHealth tools across the developing world, there comes an inspiring
enthusiasm for health system reform. But mHealth raises a critical question as well: how do we know
mHealth tools are actually changing health outcomes for the better?