Fundamentals oF IndustrIal electronIcs doc

The Industrial Electronics Handbook
S E C O N D E D I T I O N
Fundamentals oF
IndustrIal electronIcs
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
The Industrial Electronics Handbook
S E C O N D E D I T I O N
Fundamentals oF IndustrIal electronIcs
Power electronIcs and motor drIves
control and mechatronIcs
IndustrIal communIcatIon systems
IntellIgent systems
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
e Electrical Engineering Handbook Series
Series Editor
Richard C. Dorf
University of California, Davis
Titles Included in the Series
e Avionics Handbook, Second Edition, Cary R. Spitzer
e Biomedical Engineering Handbook, ird Edition, Joseph D. Bronzino
e Circuits and Filters Handbook, ird Edition, Wai-Kai Chen
e Communications Handbook, Second Edition, Jerry Gibson
e Computer Engineering Handbook, Vojin G. Oklobdzija
e Control Handbook, Second Edition, William S. Levine
CRC Handbook of Engineering Tables, Richard C. Dorf
Digital Avionics Handbook, Second Edition, Cary R. Spitzer
e Digital Signal Processing Handbook, Vijay K. Madisetti and Douglas Williams
e Electric Power Engineering Handbook, Second Edition, Leonard L. Grigsby
e Electrical Engineering Handbook, ird Edition, Richard C. Dorf
e Electronics Handbook, Second Edition, Jerry C. Whitaker

e Engineering Handbook, ird Edition, Richard C. Dorf
e Handbook of Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Mohammad Ilyas
e Handbook of Formulas and Tables for Signal Processing, Alexander D. Poularikas
Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering, and Technology, Second Edition,
William A. Goddard, III, Donald W. Brenner, Sergey E. Lyshevski, and Gerald J. Iafrate
e Handbook of Optical Communication Networks, Mohammad Ilyas and
Hussein T. Mouah
e Industrial Electronics Handbook, Second Edition, Bogdan M. Wilamowski
and J. David Irwin
e Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, John G. Webster
e Mechanical Systems Design Handbook, Osita D.I. Nwokah and Yidirim Hurmuzlu
e Mechatronics Handbook, Second Edition, Robert H. Bishop
e Mobile Communications Handbook, Second Edition, Jerry D. Gibson
e Ocean Engineering Handbook, Ferial El-Hawary
e RF and Microwave Handbook, Second Edition, Mike Golio
e Technology Management Handbook, Richard C. Dorf
Transforms and Applications Handbook, ird Edition, Alexander D. Poularikas
e VLSI Handbook, Second Edition, Wai-Kai Chen
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
The Industrial Electronics Handbook
S E C O N D E D I T I O N
Fundamentals oF
IndustrIal electronIcs
Edited by
Bogdan M. Wilamowski
J. David Irwin
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the
accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products
does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular

use of the MATLAB® software.
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Fundamentals of industrial electronics / editors, Bogdan M. Wilamowski and J. David Irwin.
p. cm.

“A CRC title.”
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4398-0279-3 (alk. paper)
1. Industrial electronics. I. Wilamowski, Bogdan M. II. Irwin, J. David. III. Title.
TK7881.F86 2010
621.381 dc22 2010019980
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

and the CRC Press Web site at

© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
vii
Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Editorial Board xv
Editors xvii
Contributors xxi
PART I Circuits and Signals
1 DC and Transient Circuit Analysis 1-1
Carlotta A. Berry and Deborah J. Walter
2 AC Circuit Analysis 2-1
Carlotta A. Berry and Deborah J. Walter
3 ComputationalMethods in Node and Loop Analyses 3-1
Stephen M. Haddock and J. David Irwin
4 Transistor Operation and Modeling 4-1
Tina Hudson
5 Application of Operational Amplifiers 5-1
Carlotta A. Berry and Deborah J. Walter
6 Frequency Response and Bode Diagrams 6-1

omas F. Schubert, Jr. and Ernest M. Kim
7 Laplace Transforms 7-1
Dalton S. Nelson
PART II Devices
8 Semiconductor Diode 8-1
Bogdan M. Wilamowski
9 Bipolar Junction Transistor 9-1
Bogdan M. Wilamowski and Guofu Niu
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
viii Contents
10 Field Effect Transistors 10-1
Bogdan M. Wilamowski and J. David Irwin
11 Noise in Semiconductor Devices 11-1
Alicja Konczakowska and Bogdan M. Wilamowski
12 Physical Phenomena Used in Sensors 12-1
Tiantian Xie and Bogdan M. Wilamowski
13 MEMS Devices 13-1
José M. Quero, Antonio Luque, Luis Castañer, Angel Rodríguez,
AdrianIonescu,Montserrat Fernández-Bolaños, Lorenzo Faraone,
andJohnM. Dell
14 MEMS Technologies 14-1
Antonio Luque, José M. Quero, and Carles Cané
15 Applications of MEMS 15-1
Antonio Luque, José M. Quero, Robert Lempkowski, and Francisco Ibáñez
16 Transistors in Switching Circuits 16-1
Tina Hudson
17 Transistors in Amplifier Circuits 17-1
Tina Hudson
18 A Simplistic Approach to the Analysis of Transistor Amplifiers 18-1
Bogdan M. Wilamowski and J. David Irwin

19 Analog and Digital VLSI Design 19-1
Vishal Saxena and R. Jacob Baker
PART III Digital Circuits
20 Digital Design—Combinational Logic 20-1
Buren Earl Wells and Sin Ming Loo
21 Digital Design—Sequential Logic 21-1
Sin Ming Loo and Arlen Planting
22 Soft-Core Processors 22-1
Arlen Planting and Sin Ming Loo
23 Computer Architecture 23-1
Victor P. Nelson
24 FPGAs and Reconfigurable Systems 24-1
Juan J. Rodriguez-Andina and Eduardo de la Torre
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
Contents ix
PART IV Digital and Analog Signal Processing
25 Signal Processing 25-1
James A. Heinen and Russell J. Niederjohn
26 Analog Filter Synthesis 26-1
Nam Pham and Bogdan M. Wilamowski
27 Active Filter Implementation 27-1
Nam Pham, Bogdan M. Wilamowski, and John W. Steadman
28 Designing Passive Filters with Lossy Elements 28-1
Marcin Jagiela and Bogdan M. Wilamowski
PART V Electromagnetics
29 Electromagnetic Fields I 29-1
Sadasiva M. Rao, Tyler N. Killian, and Michael E. Baginski
30 Propagating Electromagnetic Fields 30-1
Michael E. Baginski, Sadasiva M. Rao, and Tyler N. Killian
31 Transmission Line Time-Domain Analysis and Signal Integrity 31-1

Edward Wheeler, Jianjian Song, and David R. Voltmer
Index Index-1
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
xi
Preface
e eld of industrial electronics covers a plethora of problems that must be solved in industrial practice.
Elec
tronic
syst
ems
cont
rol
many proc
esses
that begi
n
with the cont
rol
of rela
tively
simpl
e
devi
ces
like
elec
tric
motor
s,
thro

ugh
more comp
licated
devi
ces
such as robo
ts,
to the cont
rol
of enti
re
fabr
ication

proc
esses.
An indu
strial
elec
tronics
engi
neer
deal
s
with many physi
cal
phen
omena
as well as the sens
ors

that are used to meas
ure
them
.
us, the know
ledge
requ
ired
by this type of engi
neer
is not only tra-
d
itional
elec
tronics
but also spec
ialized
elec
tronics,
for exam
ple,
that requ
ired
for high
-power
appl
ica-
tions.
e impo

rtance
of elec
tronic
circ
uits
exte
nds
well beyo
nd
thei
r
use as a nal prod
uct
in that they
are also impo
rtant
buil
ding
bloc
ks
in larg
e
syst
ems,
and thus the indu
strial
elec
tronics
engi
neer

must
also poss
ess
know
ledge
of the area
s
of cont
rol
and mech
atronics.
Sinc
e
most fabr
ication
proc
esses
are
rela
tively
comp
lex,
ther
e
is an inhe
rent
requ
irement
for the use of comm
unication

syst
ems
that not only
link the vari
ous
elem
ents
of the indu
strial
proc
ess
but are also tail
or-made
for the spec
ic
indu
strial

envi
ronment.
Fina
lly,
the eci
ent
cont
rol
and supe
rvision
of facto
ries

requ
ire
the appl
ication
of inte
lli-
gent
syst
ems
in a hier
archical
stru
cture
to addr
ess
the need
s
of all comp
onents
empl
oyed
in the prod
uc-
tion
proc
ess.
is is acco
mplished
thro
ugh

the use of inte
lligent
syst
ems
such as neur
al
netw
orks,
fuzz
y

syst
ems,
and evol
utionary
meth
ods.
e Indu
strial
Elec
tronics
Hand
book
addr
esses
all thes
e
issu
es
and

does so in ve boo
ks
out
lined
as fol
lows:
1. Fund
amentals of Industrial Electronics
2. Powe
r Electronics and Motor Drives
3. Cont
rol and Mechatronics
4. Indu
strial Communication Systems
5. Inte
lligent Systems
e
edito
rs
have gone to grea
t
leng
ths
to ensu
re
that this hand
book
is as curr
ent
and up to date as pos-

si
ble.
us, this book clos
ely
foll
ows
the curr
ent
rese
arch
and tren
ds
in appl
ications
that can be foun
d

in IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics.
is journ
al
is not only one of the larg
est
engi
neering

publ
ications
of its type in the worl
d,

but also one of the most resp
ected.
In all tech
nical
cate
gories
in
whic
h
this journ
al
is eval
uated,
its worl
dwide
rank
ing
is eith
er
numbe
r
1 or numbe
r
2 depe
nding
on
cate
gory.
As a resu
lt,

we beli
eve
that this hand
book,
whic
h
is writ
ten
by the worl
d’s
lead
ing
rese
archers

in the eld
,
pres
ents
the glob
al
tren
ds
in the ubiq
uitous
area comm
only
know
n
as indu

strial
elec
tronics.
Fundamentals of Industrial Electronics
deal
s
with the fund
amental
area
s
that form the basis for
the eld of indu
strial
elec
tronics.
Beca
use
of the brea
dth
of this eld
,
the know
ledge
requ
ired
span
s
a
wide spec
trum

of tech
nology,
whic
h
incl
udes
anal
og
and digi
tal
circ
uits,
elec
tronics,
elec
tromagnetic

mach
ines,
and signa
l
proc
essing.
e know
ledge
gain
ed
here is then appl
ied
in Powe

r Electronics and
Motor Drives,
Cont
rol and Mechatronics,
Indu
strial Communication Systems,
and Inte
lligent Systems,

and in tota
l
for
m
the Ind
ustrial
Ele
ctronics
Han
dbook.
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
xii Preface
For MATLAB
•
and Simulink
•
product information, please contact
e
Mat
hWorks,
Inc

.
3
App
le
Hil
l
Dri
ve
Natick,
MA, 017
60-2098
USA
T
el:
508
-647-7000
Fax:
508
-647-7001
E-mail:
inf

Web:
www
.mathworks.com
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
xiii
Acknowledgments
e editors wish to express their heartfelt thanks to their wives Barbara Wilamowski and Edie Irwin for
thei

r
hel
p
and sup
port
dur
ing
the exe
cution
of thi
s
pro
ject.
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
xv
Editorial Board
Jake Baker
Boise
Stat
e
Uni
versity
Boise,
Ida
ho
Alicja Konczakowska
Gdansk
Uni
versity
of Tec

hnology
Gdansk,
Pol
and
Victor P. Nelson
Auburn
Uni
versity
Auburn,
Ala
bama
Guofu Niu
Auburn
Uni
versity
Auburn,
Ala
bama
John W. Steadman
University
of Sou
th
Ala
bama
Mobile,
Ala
bama
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
xvii
Editors

Bogdan M. Wilamowski received his MS in computer engineering in
1966
,
his PhD in neur
al
comp
uting
in 1970
,
and Dr. habi
l.
in inte
grated

circ
uit
desi
gn
in 1977
.
He rece
ived
the titl
e
of full prof
essor
from the
pres
ident
of Pola

nd
in 1987
.
He was the dire
ctor
of the Inst
itute
of
Elec
tronics
(197
9–1981)
and the chai
r
of the soli
d
stat
e
elec
tronics

depa
rtment
(198
7–1989)
at the Tech
nical
Univ
ersity
of Gdan

sk,

Pola
nd.
He was a prof
essor
at the Univ
ersity
of Wyom
ing,
Lara
mie,

from 1989 to 2000
.
From 2000 to 2003
,
he serve
d
as an asso
ciate

dire
ctor
at the Micr
oelectronics
Rese
arch
and Tele
communication

Inst
itute,
Univ
ersity
of Idah
o,
Mosc
ow,
and as a prof
essor
in the elec
-
trical
and comp
uter
engine
ering
depa
rtment
and in the comp
uter
sci-
en
ce
depa
rtment
at the same univ
ersity.
Curr

ently,
he is the dire
ctor

of ANMS
TC—Alabama
Nano
/Micro
Scien
ce
and Tech
nology
Center
,
Aubu
rn,
and an alum
na
prof
essor

in the elec
trical
and comp
uter
engine
ering
depa
rtment
at Aubu

rn
Univ
ersity,
Alab
ama.
Dr.
Wilamowski

was with the Comm
unication
Inst
itute
at Toho
ku
Univ
ersity,
Japa
n
(196
8–1970),
and spent one year at
the Semic
onductor
Rese
arch
Inst
itute,
Senda
i,
Japa

n,
as a JSPS fell
ow
(197
5–1976).
He was also a visi
ting

scho
lar
at Aubu
rn
Univ
ersity
(198
1–1982
and 1995
–1996)
and a visi
ting
prof
essor
at the Univ
ersity
of
Ariz
ona,
Tucso
n
(198

2–1984).
He is the auth
or
of 4 text
books,
more than 300 refer
eed
publ
ications,
and
has 27 paten
ts.
He was the prin
cipal
prof
essor
for abou
t
130 grad
uate
studen
ts.
His main area
s
of inter
est

include semiconductor devices and sensors, mixed signal and analog signal processing, and computa-
tional
inte

lligence.
Dr.
Wilam
owski
was the vice presi
dent
of the IEEE Comp
utational
Inte
lligence
Soci
ety
(200
0–2004)

and the presi
dent
of the IEEE Indu
strial
Elec
tronics
Soci
ety
(200
4–2005).
He serv
ed
as an asso
ciate
edi-

to
r
of IEEE
Transactions on Neural Networks,
IEEE
Transactions on Education,
IEEE
Transactions on
Industrial Electronics,
the Jour
nal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems,
the Jour
nal of Computing,
and the
Inte
rnational Journal of Circuit Systems and IES Newsletter.
He is curr
ently
serv
ing
as the edito
r
in chie
f

of IEE
E Transactions on Industrial Electronics.
Professor
Wilam
owski

is an IEEE fell
ow
and an hono
rary
membe
r
of the Hung
arian
Acad
emy
of
Scie
nce.
In 2008
,
he was awar
ded
the Comm
ander
Cros
s
of the Orde
r
of Meri
t
of the Repu
blic
of Pola
nd

for outs
tanding
serv
ice
in the prol
iferation
of inte
rnational
scie
ntic
coll
aborations
and for achi
eve-
ments
in the are
as
of mic
roelectronics
and com
puter
sci
ence
by the pre
sident
of Pol
and.
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
xviii Editors
J. David Irwin received his BEE from Auburn University, Alabama,

in 1961
,
and his MS and PhD from the Univ
ersity
of Tenn
essee,

Knox
ville,
in 196
2
and 196
7,
res
pectively.
In
1967
,
he joine
d
Bell Tele
phone
Labo
ratories,
Inc., Holm
del,
New
Jers
ey,
as a membe

r
of the tech
nical
sta and was made a supe
rvisor

in 1968
.
He then joine
d
Aubu
rn
Univ
ersity
in 1969 as an assis
tant

prof
essor
of elec
trical
engi
neering.
He was made an asso
ciate
prof
es-
sor
in 1972
,

asso
ciate
prof
essor
and head of depa
rtment
in 1973
,
and
prof
essor
and head in 1976
.
He serv
ed
as head of the Depa
rtment
of
Elec
trical
and Comp
uter
Engi
neering
from 1973 to 2009
.
In19
93,

he was name

d
Earl
e
C. Willi
ams
Emin
ent
Scho
lar
and Head
.
From
1982 to 1984
,
he was also head of the Depa
rtment
of Comp
uter
Scie
nce
and Engi
neering.
He is curr
ently

theEa
rle
C. Will
iams
Emi

nent
Sch
olar
in Ele
ctrical
and Com
puter
Eng
ineering
at Aub
urn.
Dr.
Irwi
n
has serv
ed
the Inst
itute
of Elec
trical
and Elec
tronic
Engi
neers,
Inc. (IEE
E)
Comp
uter

Soci

ety
as a membe
r
of the Educ
ation
Comm
ittee
and as educ
ation
edito
r
of Comp
uter.
He has serv
ed

as chai
rman
of the Sout
heastern
Asso
ciation
of Elec
trical
Engi
neering
Depa
rtment
Head
s

and the
Nati
onal
Asso
ciation
of Elec
trical
Engi
neering
Depa
rtment
Head
s
and is past presi
dent
of both the
IEEE Indu
strial
Elec
tronics
Soci
ety
and the IEEE Educ
ation
Soci
ety.
He is a life membe
r
of the IEEE
Indu

strial
Elec
tronics
Soci
ety
AdCo
m
and has serv
ed
as a membe
r
of the Ocea
nic
Engi
neering
Soci
ety

AdCom. He served for two years as editor of IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. He has served
on the Exec
utive
Comm
ittee
of the Sout
heastern
Cent
er
for Elec
trical
Engi

neering
Educ
ation,
Inc.,
and was presi
dent
of the orga
nization
in 1983
–1984.
He has serv
ed
as an IEEE Adho
c
Visito
r
for ABET
Accr
editation
team
s.
He has also serv
ed
as a membe
r
of the IEEE Educ
ational
Acti
vities
Boar

d,
and
was the accr
editation
coor
dinator
for IEEE in 1989
.
He has serv
ed
as a membe
r
of nume
rous
IEEE com-
m
ittees,
incl
uding
the Lamm
e
Meda
l
Awar
d
Comm
ittee,
the Fell
ow
Comm

ittee,
the Nomi
nations
and
Appo
intments
Comm
ittee,
and the Admi
ssion
and Adva
ncement
Comm
ittee.
He has serv
ed
as a mem-
b
er
of the boar
d
of dire
ctors
of IEEE Pres
s.
He has also serv
ed
as a membe
r
of the Secr

etary
of the Army
’s

Advi
sory
Pane
l
for ROTC Aai
rs,
as a nomi
nations
chai
rman
for the Nati
onal
Elec
trical
Engi
neering

Depa
rtment
Head
s
Asso
ciation,
and as a membe
r
of the IEEE Educ

ation
Soci
ety’s
McGr
aw-Hill/Jacob

Mill
man
Awar
d
Comm
ittee.
He has also serv
ed
as chai
r
of the IEEE Unde
rgraduate
and Grad
uate

Teac
hing
Awar
d
Comm
ittee.
He is a membe
r
of the boar

d
of gove
rnors
and past presi
dent
of Eta Kapp
a

Nu, the ECE Hono
r
Soci
ety.
He has been and cont
inues
to be invo
lved
in the mana
gement
of seve
ral

inte
rnational
conf
erences
spon
sored
by the IEEE Indu
strial
Elec

tronics
Soci
ety,
and serv
ed
as gene
ral

coch
air
for IEC
ON’05.
Dr.
Irwi
n
is the auth
or
and coau
thor
of nume
rous
publ
ications,
pape
rs,
pate
nt
appl
ications,
and

pres
entations,
incl
uding
Basi
c Engineering Circuit Analysis,
9th edit
ion,
publ
ished
by John Wiley &
Sons
,
whic
h
is one amon
g
his 16 text
books.
His text
books,
whic
h
span a wide spec
trum
of engi
neering

subje
cts,

have been publ
ished
by Macm
illan
Publ
ishing
Comp
any,
Pren
tice
Hall Book Comp
any,
John
Wiley & Sons Book Comp
any,
and IEEE Pres
s.
He is also the edito
r
in chie
f
of a larg
e
hand
book
pub-
l
ished
by CRC Pre
ss,

and is the ser
ies
edi
tor
for Ind
ustrial
Ele
ctronics
Han
dbook
for CRC Pre
ss.
Dr.
Irwi
n
is a fell
ow
of the Amer
ican
Asso
ciation
for the Advan
cement
of Scie
nce,
the Amer
ican

Soci
ety

for Engi
neering
Educ
ation,
and the Inst
itute
of Elec
trical
and Elec
tronic
Engi
neers.
He
rece
ived
an IEEE Cent
ennial
Medal in 1984
,
and was awar
ded
the Blis
s
Medal by the Soci
ety
of
Amer
ican
Mili
tary

Engi
neers
in 1985
.
He rece
ived
the IEEE Indu
strial
Elec
tronics
Soci
ety’s
Anth
ony

J. Hornf
eck
Outs
tanding
Serv
ice
Awar
d
in 1986
,
and was name
d
IEEE Regi
on
III (U.S

.
Sout
heastern

Regi
on)
Outs
tanding
Engi
neering
Educ
ator
in 1989
.
In 1991
,
he rece
ived
a Merit
orious
Serv
ice

Cita
tion
from the IEEE Educ
ational
Activ
ities
Boar

d,
the 1991 Euge
ne
Mitt
elmann
Achie
vement

Awar
d
from the IEEE Indu
strial
Elec
tronics
Soci
ety,
and the 1991 Achie
vement
Awar
d
from the IEEE
Educ
ation
Soci
ety.
In 1992
,
he was name
d
a Dist

inguished
Aubu
rn
Engi
neer.
In 1993
,
he rece
ived
the
IEEE Educ
ation
Soci
ety’s
McGra
w-Hill/Jacob
Mill
man
Awar
d,
and in 1998 he was the reci
pient
of the
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
Editors xix
IEEE Undergraduate Teaching Award. In 2000, he received an IEEE ird Millennium Medal and
the IEEE Rich
ard
M. Embe
rson

Awar
d.
In 2001
,
he rece
ived
the Amer
ican
Soci
ety
for Engi
neering

Educ
ation’s
(ASE
E)
ECE Dist
inguished
Educ
ator
Awar
d.
Dr. Irwi
n
was made an hono
rary
profe
s-
sor,

Inst
itute
for Semi
conductors,
Chin
ese
Acade
my
of Scie
nce,
Beij
ing,
Chin
a,
in 2004
.
In 2005
,
he
rece
ived
the IEEE Educ
ation
Soci
ety’s
Merit
orious
Serv
ice
Awar

d,
and in 2006
,
he rece
ived
the IEEE
Educ
ational
Activ
ities
Boar
d
Vice Pres
ident’s
Reco
gnition
Awar
d.
He rece
ived
the Dipl
ome
of Honor
from the Univ
ersity
of Patr
as,
Gree
ce,
in 2007

,
and in 2008 he was awar
ded
the IEEE IES Tech
nical

Comm
ittee
on Facto
ry
Auto
mation’s
Life
time
Achie
vement
Awar
d.
In 2010
,
he was awar
ded
the elec
-
trical
and comp
uter
engi
neering
depa

rtment
head
’s
Robe
rt
M. Jano
wiak
Outs
tanding
Lead
ership
and
Serv
ice
Awar
d.
In addi
tion,
he is a memb
er
of the foll
owing
hono
r
soci
eties:
Sigm
a
Xi, Phi Kapp
a

Phi,
Tau Beta Pi, Eta Kapp
a
Nu, Pi Mu Epsi
lon,
and Omic
ron
Delt
a
Kapp
a.
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
xxi
Contributors
Michael E. Baginski
Department
of Ele
ctrical
and Com
puter

Engi
neering
Auburn
Uni
versity
Auburn,
Ala
bama
R. Jacob Baker

Department
of Ele
ctrical
and Com
puter

Engi
neering
Boise
Stat
e
Uni
versity
Boise,
Ida
ho
Carlotta A. Berry
Department
of Ele
ctrical
and Com
puter

Engi
neering
Rose-Hulman
Ins
titute
of Tec
hnology

Terre
Hau
te,
Ind
iana
Carles Cané
National
Mic
roelectronics
Cen
ter
Barcelona,
Spai
n
Luis Castañer
Department
of Ele
ctronic
Eng
ineering
Polytechnic
Uni
versity
of Cat
alonia
Catalonia,
Spai
n
John M. Dell
Microelectronics

Res
earch
Gro
up
University
of Wes
tern
Aus
tralia
Perth,
Wes
tern
Aus
tralia,
Aus
tralia
Lorenzo Faraone
Microelectronics
Res
earch
Gro
up
University
of Wes
tern
Aus
tralia
Perth,
Wes
tern

Aus
tralia,
Aus
tralia
Montserrat Fernández-Bolaños
Ecole
Pol
ytechnique
Féd
érale
de Lau
sanne
Lausanne,
Swi
tzerland
Stephen M. Haddock
Department
of Ele
ctrical
and Com
puter

Engi
neering
Auburn
Uni
versity
Auburn,
Ala
bama

James A. Heinen
Department
of Ele
ctrical
and Com
puter

Engi
neering
Marquette
Uni
versity
Milwaukee,
Wisc
onsin
Tina Hudson
Department
of Ele
ctrical
and Com
puter

Engi
neering
Rose-Hulman
Ins
titute
of Tec
hnology
Terre

Hau
te,
Ind
iana
Francisco Ibáñez
European
Com
mission
Brussels,
Bel
gium
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
xxii Contributors
Adrian Ionescu
Ecole
Pol
ytechnique
Féd
érale
de Lau
sanne
Lausanne,
Swi
tzerland
J. David Irwin
Department
of Ele
ctrical
and Com
puter

Engi
neering
Auburn
Uni
versity
Auburn,
Ala
bama
Marcin Jagiela
Faculty
of App
lied
Inf
ormatics
University
of Inf
ormation
Tec
hnology

andMa
nagement
in Rze
szów
Rzeszów,
Pol
and
Tyler N. Killian
Department

of Ele
ctrical
and Com
puter

Engi
neering
Auburn
Uni
versity
Auburn,
Ala
bama
Ernest M. Kim
Department
of Eng
ineering
University
of San Die
go
San
Die
go,
Cal
ifornia
Alicja Konczakowska
Faculty
of Ele
ctronics,
Tel

ecommunications

andIn
formatics
Gdansk
Uni
versity
of Tec
hnology
Gdansk,
Pol
and
Robert Lempkowski
Motorola
Appl
ied
Resea
rch
and Tech
nology
Cent
er
Schaumburg,
Ill
inois
Sin Ming Loo
Department
of Ele
ctrical
and Com

puter

Engi
neering
Boise
Stat
e
Uni
versity
Boise,
Ida
ho
Antonio Luque
Department
of Ele
ctronic
Eng
ineering
University
of Sev
ille
Sevilla,
Spai
n
Dalton S. Nelson
Department
of Ele
ctrical
and Com
puter

Engi
neering
e
Uni
versity
of Ala
bama
at Bir
mingham
Birmingham,
Ala
bama
Victor P. Nelson
Department
of Ele
ctrical
and Com
puter

Engi
neering
Auburn
Uni
versity
Auburn,
Ala
bama
Russell J. Niederjohn (deceased)
Department

of Ele
ctrical
and Com
puter

Engi
neering
Marquette
Uni
versity
Milwaukee,
Wisc
onsin
Guofu Niu
Department
of Ele
ctrical
and Com
puter

Engineering
Auburn
Uni
versity
Auburn,
Ala
bama
Nam Pham
Department
of Ele

ctrical
and Com
puter

Engi
neering
Auburn
Uni
versity
Auburn,
Ala
bama
Arlen Planting
Department
of Ele
ctrical
and Com
puter

Engi
neering
Boise
Stat
e
Uni
versity
Boise,
Ida
ho
José M. Quero

Department
of Ele
ctronic
Eng
ineering
University
of Sev
ille
Sevilla,
Spai
n
Sadasiva M. Rao
Department
of Ele
ctrical
and Com
puter

Engi
neering
Auburn
Uni
versity
Auburn,
Ala
bama
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
Contributors xxiii
Angel Rodríguez
Department

of Ele
ctronic
Eng
ineering
Polytechnic
Uni
versity
of Cat
alonia
Catalonia,
Spai
n
Juan J. Rodriguez-Andina
Department
of Ele
ctronic
Tec
hnology
University
of Vig
o
Vigo,
Spai
n
Vishal Saxena
Department
of Ele
ctrical
and Com
puter

Engi
neering
Boise
Stat
e
Uni
versity
Boise,
Ida
ho
omas F. Schubert, Jr.
Department
of Eng
ineering
University
of San Die
go
San
Die
go,
Cal
ifornia
Jianjian Song
Department
of Ele
ctrical
and Com
puter

Engi
neering
Rose-Hulman
Ins
titute
of Tec
hnology
Terre
Hau
te,
Ind
iana
John W. Steadman
College
of Engineering
University
of Sou
th
Ala
bama
Mobile,
Ala
bama
Eduardo de la Torre
Center
of Ind
ustrial
Ele
ctronics
Polytechnic

Uni
versity
of Mad
rid
Madrid,
Spai
n
David R. Voltmer
Department
of Elec
trical
and Comp
uter

Engi
neering
Rose-Hulman
Ins
titute
of Tec
hnology
Terre
Hau
te,
Ind
iana
Deborah J. Walter
Department
of Ele
ctrical

and Com
puter

Engi
neering
Rose-Hulman
Ins
titute
of Tec
hnology
Terre
Hau
te,
Ind
iana
Buren Earl Wells
Department
of Ele
ctrical
and Com
puter

Engineering
e
Uni
versity
of Ala
bama
in Hun
tsville

Huntsville,
Ala
bama
Edward Wheeler
Department
of Elec
trical
and Comp
uter

Engi
neering
Rose-Hulman
Ins
titute
of Tec
hnology
Terre
Hau
te,
Ind
iana
Bogdan M. Wilamowski
Department
of Ele
ctrical
and Com
puter

Engi

neering
Auburn
Uni
versity
Auburn,
Ala
bama
Tiantian Xie
Department
of Elec
trical
and Comp
uter

Engi
neering
Auburn
Uni
versity
Auburn,
Ala
bama
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
1-1
1.1 Introduction
Direct current (DC) circuit analysis is the study of circuits with a constant voltage or current source. e
most popu
lar
exam
ple

of a DC circ
uit
is a batt
ery
and a ligh
t
bulb
.
A DC circ
uit
cont
ains
an acti
ve circuit

elem
ent
(i.e
.,
batt
ery)
capa
ble
of gene
rating
elec
tric
ener
gy.
ese elec

tric
sour
ces
conv
ert
none
lectric

ener
gy
to elec
tric
ener
gy
(i.e
.,
a volt
age
or curr
ent).
Inde
pendent
elec
tric
sour
ces
prod
uce
a cons
tant

volt
age
or curr
ent
in the circ
uit
rega
rdless
of the curr
ent
thro
ugh
or volt
age
acro
ss
the sour
ce.
e sym-
b
ols
for an idea
l
DC volt
age
and curr
ent
sour
ce

are show
n
in Figu
re
1.1. It shou
ld
be note
d
that an idea
l

volt
age
and curr
ent
sour
ce
can deli
ver
or abso
rb
powe
r
to an elec
tric
circ
uit.
An exam
ple
of an idea

l

volt
age
sou
rce
abs
orbing
pow
er
is a rec
hargeable
bat
tery.
Dependent
sour
ces
esta
blish
a volt
age
or curr
ent
in a circ
uit
that is base
d
upon the valu
e
of a volt

age

or curr
ent
else
where
in the circ
uit.
One use of depe
ndent
sour
ces
is to mode
l
oper
ational
ampl
iers
and
tran
sistors.
Tab
le
1.1 pre
sents
a sum
mary
of the fou
r
typ

es
of dep
endent
sou
rces.
A
passi
ve
circ
uit
elem
ent
mode
ls
devi
ces
that cann
ot
gene
rate
elec
tric
ener
gy
such as a ligh
t
bulb
.

e most comm

on
passi
ve
circ
uit
elem
ents
are indu
ctors,
capa
citors,
and resis
tors.
e volt
age–current

rela
tionships
for the
se
dev
ices
wil
l
be des
cribed
in the sub
sequent
sec
tion.

1.1.1 Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s law states that the voltage (V) dierence across a resistor is linearly related to the current (I)
thro
ugh
the resi
stor
(se
e
Equ
ation
1.1
):

V IR
=

(1.1)
1
DC and Transient
Circuit Analysis
1.1 Introduction 1-1
Ohm’s Law • Inductors and Capacitors • Kirchho’s
Current Law • Kirchho’s Voltage Law • Series and Parallel
Relationships • Voltage and Current Divider Rule • Delta–Wye
(Δ–Y) Transformations
1.2 Systematic Circuit Analysis Techniques 1-7
Node-Voltage Method • Mesh-Current Method • Superposition
1.3 Circuit Modeling Techniques 1-16
Source Transformations • evenin and Norton Equivalent
Circuits • Maximum Power Transfer

1.4 Transient Analysis 1-19
First-Order Circuits • Second-Order Circuits
1.5 Conclusions 1-36
Bibliography 1-36
Carlotta A. Berry
Rose-Hulman Institute
of Tec
hnology
Deborah J. Walter
Rose-Hulman Institute
of Tec
hnology
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
1-2 Fundamentals of Industrial Electronics
where R is the resistance of the resistor in Ohms (Ω). e conductance
(G)of a resistor is the inverse of the resistance (1/R) and is in units of
Siemens (S). Resistors always absorb power, so the standard way to rep-
resent
a resistive element is to draw the resistor in the passive sign con-
vention
(see Figure 1.2). If the resistor is not drawn in the passive sign
convention, then V = −IR.
1.1.2 Inductors and Capacitors
As previously stated, the other two passive circuit elements are inductors and capacitors. Both the
inductor and the capacitor have the ability to store energy. Inductors store energy in the form of current
and capacitors store energy in the form of voltage. e energy stored in these elements is released back
into the circuit when a DC source is removed. erefore, these two elements exhibit behavior that is a
function of time. e analysis of these types of circuits is transient analysis that will be addressed later
in this chapter. Table 1.2 describes the current–voltage relationship for inductors and capacitors where
the inductance (L) is in henrys (H), capacitance (C) is in farads (F), and time (t) is in seconds (s).

1.1.3 Kirchhoff’s Current Law
e law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only trans-
ferred.
Another way to state this law is for any electric circuit, the total power delivered by the elements
must be equal to the total power absorbed by the elements. Kirchho’s current law (KCL) is based upon
the law of conservation of energy. A node in a circuit is any point at which two or more circuit elements
are connected. KCL states that the sum of currents entering a node is zero (i.e., current in = current out).
KCL can be applied to any node in a closed circuit. e circuit in Figure 1.3 has three branch currents:
I
1
, I
2
, and I
3
. Since all of these currents are leaving Node A, KCL at this node yields Equation 1.6:

I I I
1 2 3
0
+ + =

(1.2)
TABLE 1.1 Summary of Dependent Sources
Element Description Symbols
Current-controlled

current source (CCCS)
Establishes a current in the
circuit based upon the
value of controlling

variable, I
x
, and the gain α
αI
x
Voltage-controlled
voltage source (VCVS)
Establishes a voltage in the
circuit based upon the
value of controlling
variable, V
x
, and the gain β
+
βV
x
–
Voltage-controlled
current source (VCCS)
Establishes a current in the
circuit based upon the
value of controlling
variable, V
x
, and the gain μ
μV
x
Current-controlled
voltage source (CCVS)
Establishes a voltage in the

circuit based upon the
value of controlling
variable, I
x
, and the gain ρ
ρ
I
x
+
–
V
s
(a)
I
s
(b)
FIGURE 1.1 Ideal DC
sources. (a) Voltage source.
(b) Current source.
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
DC and Transient Circuit Analysis 1-3
1.1.4 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
Kirchho’s voltage law (KVL) is also based upon the law of conservation
of energy. A loop is any closed path in a circuit. KVL states that the sum
of the voltages around a loop is zero (i.e., sum of the voltage drops=
sum of the voltage rises). KVL is applied to the loop shown in Figure 1.4.
Note that the direction of the loop goes from the negative terminal to the
I
+ V
R

–
FIGURE 1.2 Resistor.
TABLE 1.2 Inductor and Capacitor Current–Voltage Relationships
Element Circuit Symbol Relationship
Inductor
i
+ –
v
L
v L
di
dt
=

(1.3)
i
L
v dt i
t
= +
∫
1
0
0
( )

(1.4)
Capacitor
i
+ –

V
C
i C
dv
dt
= (1.5)
v
C
i dt v
t
= +
∫
1
0
0
( ) (1.6)
V
s
+
–
I
1
I
2
I
3
R
1
R
2

R
3
A
FIGURE 1.3 KCL at Node A.
V
s
V
1
Loop A
R
1
R
2
R
3
V
2
+
+
+
–
–
–
FIGURE 1.4 KVL applied around Loop A.
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
1-4 Fundamentals of Industrial Electronics
positive terminal on the voltage source, which indicates it is a voltage rise. For the KVL expression in
Equation 1.7, voltage rises are negative and voltage drops are positive:

− + + =V V V

s 1 2
0

(1.7)
Example 1.1: DC Circuit Analysis with Independent Sources
For the circuit shown in Figure 1.5, apply Ohm’s law, KVL, and KCL to solve for the labeled voltages and
currents.
The rst step in the analysis is to apply KCL at Node A and KVL at the left and right loop. These equa-
tions are provided in Equations 1.8 through 1.10:
KCL at Node A : − + + =I I I
s 2 3
0 (1.8)

KVL at left loop : − + + =120 0
1 2
V V

(1.9)

KVL at right loop : − + + =V V V
2 3 4
0

(1.10)
Next, use Ohm’s law to rewrite Equations 1.9 and 1.10 in terms of the branch currents and resistor values.
These equations are shown in Equations 1.11 and 1.12:

KVL at left loop: 50 100 120
2
I I

s
+ =

(1.11)

KVL at right loop: − + + =100 20 80 0
2 3 3
I I I

(1.12)
Solving the simultaneous set of equations, (1.8), (1.11), and (1.12) yields

I I I
s
= = =1 2 0 6 0 6
2 3
. , . , .A A A

(1.13)
The results in (1.13) and Ohm’s law can be used to nd the unknown voltages:

V I
s1
50 60= = V

(1.14)

V I
2
100 60= =

2
V

(1.15)

V I
3
V = 20 = 12
3

(1.16)

V I
4
= 80 = 48 V
3

(1.17)
120 V
+ –
–
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
I
2

I
3
I
s
V
1
A
50 Ω 20 Ω
80 Ω
100 Ω
V
3
V
2
V
4
FIGURE 1.5 DC circuit with independent sources.
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
DC and Transient Circuit Analysis 1-5
1.1.5 Series and Parallel Relationships
At times, it is useful to simplify resistive networks by combining resistors in series and parallel into an
equivalent resistance. Exactly two resistors that are connected at a single node share the same current
and are said to be connected in series. It is important to note that the equivalent resistance of series resis-
tors
is larger than each of the individual resistances. Resistors that are connected together at a pair of
nodes (“single node pair”) have the same voltage and are said to be connected in parallel. e equivalent
conductance of resistors in parallel is the sum of the conductances of the individual resistors. erefore,
the reciprocal of the equivalent resistance is the sum of the individual conductances. Note that the
equivalent resistance of parallel resistors is smaller than each of the individual resistances. Figure 1.6a
provides an example of a circuit with series resistors and the equivalent resistance seen by the voltage

source. Figure 1.6b provides an example of a circuit with parallel resistors and the equivalent resistance
seen by the current source.
Example 1.2: Analysis of Example 1.1 by Combining Resistors
It is possible to analyze the circuit in Example 1.1, to nd the source current, I
s
. The rst step is to recognize
that the 80 and 20 Ω resistors are in series and combine to yield 100 Ω. This simplied circuit is shown
in Figure 1.7.
The next step is to note that the two 100 Ω resistors are in parallel. Combine these two resistors to
yield the equivalent resistance of 50 Ω (see Figure 1.8).
The last simplication is to note that the 50 Ω resistors in Figure 1.8 are in series and yield the equiva-
lent resistance of 100 Ω (see Figure 1.9).
V
s
+
–
16 Ω 12 Ω
4 Ω
(a) (b)
I
s
96 Ω
120 Ω 80 Ω
R
eq
= 16 + 12 +4= 32 Ω
1
+
96
R

eq
=
1
(–1)
= 32 Ω
80
1
+
120
FIGURE 1.6 Resistors in (a) series and (b) parallel.
120 V
+
–
I
s
50 Ω
100 Ω 100 Ω
FIGURE 1.7 Circuit in Example 1.1 simplied by putting 80 W in series with 20 W.
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
1-6 Fundamentals of Industrial Electronics
Finally, the last step is to use Ohm’s law to solve I
s
, which yields

I
s
= =
120
100
1 2. A

(1.18)
Note that this result is consistent with the answer to Example 1.1.
1.1.6 Voltage and Current Divider Rule
Given a set of series resistors with a voltage sourced across them,
the voltage across each individual resistor divides in direct pro-
portion
to the value of the resistor. is relationship is referred to
as the voltage divider rule and it can be derived from KVL. Given
a set of parallel resistors with a current sourced through them, the
current through each individual resistor divides inversely pro-
portional
to the value of the resistor. is relationship is dened
as the current divider rule and it can be derived from KCL. ese
two rules are shown for the circuits in Figure 1.6 and are shown
in Figure 1.10.
Example 1.3: Analysis of Example 1.1 Using Voltage and Current Divider
For the circuit in Figure 1.5, given that I
s
= 1.2 A, use the current divider to nd I
2
and the voltage divider to
nd V
4
. The rst step in the analysis is to recognize that the 100 Ω resistor is in parallel with the 80 and 20
Ω series combination. The current divider relationship to nd I
2
is shown in Equation 1.19:

I I

s2
100 80 20
100
0 6=
+
=
( )
. A

(1.19)
120 V
+
–
I
s
50 Ω
50 Ω
FIGURE 1.8 Circuit in Figure 1.7 simpli-
ed
by putting 100 W resistors in parallel.
120 V
+
–
I
s
100 Ω
FIGURE 1.9 Circuit in Figure 1.8
simplied by putting 50 W resistors in
series.
8 V

+
–
16 Ω
12 Ω
4 Ω
48 mA
96 Ω 120 Ω 80 Ω
16
(16 + 12 + 4)8
V
16Ω
= = 4 V
16
(16 + 12 + 4)8
V
12Ω
= = 3 V
4
(16 + 12 + 4)8
V
4Ω
= = 1 V
(a)
96||120||80
96
I
96Ω
= 48 =16 mA
96||120||80
120

= 48 =12.8 mA
96||120||80
80
= 48 =19.2 mA
I
120Ω
I
80Ω
(b)
FIGURE 1.10 Voltage and current divider rule for circuits in Figure 1.6. (a) Series circuit (voltage divider).
(b)Parallel circuit (current divider).
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC