sonia hyline com eng

SONIA
W-36 COMMERCIAL LAYERS

Management Guide

SONIA

2016


USE OF THE MANAGEMENT GUIDE
The genetic potential of Hy-Line Sonia Commercial can only be realized if good poultry husbandry practices and
management are used. This management guide outlines successful flock management programs for Hy-Line Variety Sonia
Commercial based on field experience compiled by Hy-Line International and using an extensive commercial layer flock
database of Hy-Line flocks from all parts of the world. Hy-Line International Management Guides are periodically updated
as new performance data and/or nutrition information become available.
The information and suggestions contained in this management guide should be used for guidance and educational
purposes only, recognizing that local environmental and disease conditions may vary and a guide cannot cover all possible
circumstances. While every attempt has been made to ensure that the information presented is accurate and reliable at
the time of publication, Hy-Line International cannot accept responsibility for any errors, omissions or inaccuracies in such
information or management suggestions. Further, Hy-Line International does not warrant or make any representations or
guarantees regarding the use, validity, accuracy, or reliability of, or flock performance or productivity resulting from the
use of, or otherwise respecting, such information or management suggestions. In no event shall Hy-Line International be
liable for any special, indirect or consequential damages or special damages whatsoever arising out of or in connection
with the use of the information or management suggestions contained in this management guide.
Visit www.hyline.com for an interactive online management guide.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Summary of Performance Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Midnight Feeding / Lighting Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Performance Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–3

Heat Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Cage Brooding Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–5

Water Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Lighting During Brooding Period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Air Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Drinking Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Calcium Particle Size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Beak Treatment / Trimming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Feed Particle Size (Grist). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Growth and Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Vitamins and Trace Minerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Rearing Body Weights, Feed Consumption
and Uniformity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Phase Feeding to Meet the Sonia’s Nutritional Needs. . . . 19

Space Guidelines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Transfer to Laying House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Feather Color. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Vaccination Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Management Events for Commercial Layers . . . . . . . . . 11–12
Good Lighting Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Light Program for Light-Controlled Housing. . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Customized Lighting Programs for Open-Sided Housing. . 14
Use of Shades in Open-Sided Housing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Rearing Period Nutritional Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . 20
Transition Period from Rear to Peak Egg Production. . . . . 21
Production Period Nutritional Recommendations . . . . . . . 22
Dietary Nutrient Concentrations for Production Period. . . 23
Disease Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Performance Graph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Egg Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Egg Size Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26–30
Molting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Feed Ingredient Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31–32


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HY-LINE SONIA COMMERCIAL LAYERS

Summary of Performance Standards
REARING PERIOD (TO 17 WEEKS):
Livability

98%

Feed Consumed

5.59–6.33 kg

Body Weight at 17 Weeks

1.46–1.48 kg

LAYING PERIOD (TO 90 WEEKS):
Percent Peak

95–97%

Hen-Day Eggs to 60 Weeks
Hen-Day Eggs to 90 Weeks

256–263
425–434

Hen-Housed Eggs to 60 Weeks
Hen-Housed Eggs to 90 Weeks

254-260
416-425

Livability to 60 Weeks
Livability to 90 Weeks
Days to 50% Production (from hatch)

Average Egg Weight at 26 Weeks
Average Egg Weight at 32 Weeks
Average Egg Weight at 70 Weeks
Total Egg Mass per Hen-Housed (18–90 weeks)
Body Weight at 32 Weeks
Body Weight at 70 Weeks

98%
94%
143 days
59.0–61.0 g/egg
61.2–63.2 g/egg
63.8–65.8 g/egg
26.6 kg
1.84–1.89 kg
2.01–2.06 kg

Freedom From Egg Inclusions

Excellent

Shell Strength

Excellent

Shell Color at 38 Weeks
Shell Color at 56 Weeks
Shell Color at 70 Weeks
Haugh Units at 38 Weeks
Haugh Units at 56 Weeks

Haugh Units at 70 Weeks
Average Daily Feed Consumption (18–90 weeks)

52
48
46
95.0
87.0
83.0
101–106 g / day per bird

Feed Conversion Rate, kg Feed/kg Eggs (20–60 weeks)
Feed Conversion Rate, kg Feed/kg Eggs (20–90 weeks)

1.88–1.97
1.88–1.99

Feed Utilization, kg Egg/kg Feed (20–60 weeks)
Feed Utilization, kg Egg/kg Feed (20–90 weeks)

0.48–0.50
0.47–0.48

Feed Consumption per Dozen Eggs (20–60 weeks)
Feed Consumption per Dozen Eggs (20–90 weeks)
Skin Color
Condition of Droppings
Feather Color

1.42–1.45 kg

1.31–1.45 kg
Yellow
Dry
Varies (see note below)

Feather color can vary from white to dark brown and in various patterns. Hy-Line does not select for feather color or
feather pattern; as a consequence, a wide range in feather color and patterns is observable. See photo on p. 10.
Performance Summary data is based on results obtained from customers around the world. Please send your
results to An easy to use record-keeping program, Hy-Line International EggCel, can be found at
www.hylineeggcel.com.

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HY-LINE SONIA COMMERCIAL LAYERS

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Performance Tables
Rearing Period

AGE MORTALITY
Cumulative
(weeks)
(%)

WATER
FEED

CUMULATIVE
CONSUMPINTAKE
FEED INTAKE
TION
(g / bird per day)
(g to date)
(ml / bird/ day)

BODY
WEIGHT
(kg)

1

0.5

0.07 – 0.08

12 – 14

84 – 98

18 – 28

2

0.7

0.11 – 0.12

18 – 22

210 – 252

27 – 44

3

0.8

0.19 – 0.20

23 – 27

371 – 441

35 – 54

4

0.9

0.28 – 0.29

27 – 31

560 – 658

41 – 62

5

1.0

0.38 – 0.39

31 – 35

777 – 903

47 – 70

6

1.1

0.49 – 0.50

35 – 39

1022 – 1176

53 – 78

7

1.2

0.59 – 0.60

39 – 43

1295 – 1477

59 – 86

8

1.2

0.71 – 0.72

43 – 49

1596 – 1820

65 – 98

9

1.3

0.81 – 0.82

48 – 54

1932 – 2198

72 – 108

10

1.3

0.91 – 0.92

52 – 60

2296 – 2618

78 – 120

11

1.4

1.01 – 1.02

57 – 65

2695 – 3073

86 – 130

12

1.5

1.11 – 1.12

62 – 70

3129 – 3563

93 – 140

13

1.6

1.18 – 1.19

66 – 74

3591 – 4081

99 – 148

14

1.7

1.24 – 1.25

69 – 77

4074 – 4620

104 – 154

15

1.8

1.31 – 1.32

71 – 79

4571 – 5173

107 – 158

16
17

1.9
2.0

1.38 – 1.39
1.44 – 1.45

72 – 82
73 – 83

5075 – 5747
5586 – 6328

108 – 164
110 – 166

UNIFORMITY
(Cage)
>85%

>80%

>85%

>90%

Laying Period
% HENAGE
DAY
(weeks) Current

HEN-DAY
EGGS
Cumulative

MORTHEN-HOUSED ALITY
EGGS
Cumulative
Cumulative
(%)

BODY
WEIGHT
(kg)

FEED

INTAKE
(g / bird / day)

HENAVG.
WATER
HOUSED
EGG
CONSUMPEGG MASS WEIGHT2
TION1
(ml / bird / day) Cumulative (kg) (g / egg)

18

2–4

0.1 – 0.3

0.1 – 0.3

0.0

1.45 – 1.50

73 – 84

102 – 140

0.0

45.0

19

11 – 15

0.9 – 1.3

0.9 – 1.3

0.1

1.47 – 1.52

81 – 88

120 – 164

0.1

47.0

20

30 – 40

3.0 – 4.1

3.0 – 4.1

0.1

1.52 – 1.57

89 – 91

134 – 182

0.2

50.0

21

65 – 70

7.6 – 9.0

7.5 – 9.0

0.2

1.59 – 1.64

94 – 96

141 – 192

0.4

52.5

22

83 – 88

13.4 – 15.2

13.3 – 15.2

0.2

1.70 – 1.75

98 – 100

147 – 200

0.8

55.0

23

90 – 94

19.7 – 21.8

19.6 – 21.7

0.2

1.72 – 1.77

100 – 104

150 – 208

1.1

56.5

24

91 – 95

26.0 – 28.4

26.0 – 28.3

0.3

1.74 – 1.79

101 – 105

152 – 210

1.5

58.0

25

92 – 96

32.5 – 35.1

32.4 – 35.0

0.3

1.76 – 1.81

102 – 107

153 – 214

1.9

59.0

26

94 – 97

39.1 – 41.9

38.9 – 41.8

0.4

1.78 – 1.83

103 – 108

155 – 216

2.3

60.0

27

94 – 97

45.6 – 48.7

45.5 – 48.6

0.4

1.79 – 1.84

104 – 109

156 – 218

2.7

60.5

28

94 – 97

52.2 – 55.5

52.0 – 55.3

0.4

1.80 – 1.85

104 – 109

156 – 218

3.1

61.0

29

95 – 97

58.9 – 62.3

58.7 – 62.1

0.5

1.81 – 1.86

104 – 109

156 – 218

3.5

61.5

30

95 – 97

65.5 – 69.1

65.3 – 68.8

0.5

1.82 – 1.87

104 – 109

156 – 218

3.9

61.7

31

94 – 97

72.1 – 75.9

71.8 – 75.6

0.6

1.83 – 1.88

104 – 109

156 – 218

4.3

62.0

32

94 – 96

78.7 – 82.6

78.4 – 82.3

0.6

1.84 – 1.89

104 – 109

156 – 218

4.7

62.2

33

94 – 96

85.3 – 89.3

84.9 – 88.9

0.6

1.85 – 1.90

104 – 109

156 – 218

5.1

62.4

34

94 – 96

91.8 – 96.0

91.4 – 95.6

0.7

1.86 – 1.91

104 – 109

156 – 218

5.6

62.6

35

94 – 95

98.4 – 102.7

97.9 – 102.2

0.7

1.86 – 1.91

104 – 109

156 – 218

6.0

62.8

36

94 – 95

105.0 – 109.3

104.5 – 108.8

0.8

1.87 – 1.92

104 – 109

156 – 218

6.4

63.0

37

93 – 95

111.5 – 116.0

110.9 – 115.4

0.8

1.87 – 1.92

104 – 109

156 – 218

6.8

63.2

38

93 – 95

118.0 – 122.6

117.4 – 122.0

0.9

1.88 – 1.93

104 – 109

156 – 218

7.2

63.3

39

93 – 94

124.5 – 129.2

123.8 – 128.5

0.9

1.89 – 1.94

104 – 109

156 – 218

7.6

63.4

40

93 – 94

131.0 – 135.8

130.3 – 135.0

1.0

1.90 – 1.95

104 – 109

156 – 218

8.0

63.5

41

92 – 94

137.5 – 142.4

136.6 – 141.5

1.0

1.91 – 1.96

103 – 108

155 – 216

8.4

63.6

42
43

92 – 94
92 – 94

143.9 – 149.0
150.4 – 155.5

143.0 – 148.0
149.4 – 154.5

1.1
1.1

1.92 – 1.97
1.93 – 1.98

103 – 108

103 – 108

155 – 216
155 – 216

8.8
9.3

63.7
63.8

The chart shows an expected range of feed and water consumption at normal environmental temperatures of 21–27°C. As the environmental temperature
increases above this range, water consumption may increase up to double the amounts shown.
2
Egg weights after 40 weeks of age assume phase feeding of protein to limit egg size.
1

2

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Performance Tables (continued)
% HENAGE
DAY
(weeks) Current

44
92 – 94
45
91 – 93
46

91 – 93

HEN-DAY
EGGS
Cumulative
156.8 – 162.1
163.2 – 168.6

MORTHEN-HOUSED ALITY
EGGS
Cumulative
Cumulative
(%)
155.7 – 161.0
1.2
162.0 – 167.5
1.2

BODY
WEIGHT
(kg)
1.94 – 1.99
1.95 – 2.00

FEED
INTAKE
(g / bird / day)
103 – 108
103 – 108

HENAVG.
WATER
HOUSED
EGG
CONSUMPEGG MASS WEIGHT2
TION1
(ml / bird / day) Cumulative (kg) (g / egg)
155 – 216
63.9
9.7
10.1
155 – 216
64.0

169.5 – 175.1

168.3 – 173.9

1.96 – 2.01

103 – 108

155 – 216

10.5

1.3

64.1

47

91 – 93

175.9 – 181.7

174.6 – 180.3

1.3

1.97 – 2.02

102 – 108

153 – 216

10.9

64.2

48

90 – 91

182.2 – 188.0

180.8 – 186.6

1.4

1.98 – 2.03

102 – 108

153 – 216

11.3

64.3

49

90 – 91

188.5 – 194.4

187.0 – 192.9

1.4

1.99 – 2.04

102 – 108

153 – 216

11.7

64.4

50

90 – 91

194.8 – 200.8

193.2 – 199.1

1.5

1.99 – 2.04

102 – 108

153 – 216

12.1

64.5

51

89 – 90

201.0 – 207.1

199.4 – 205.3

1.5

1.99 – 2.04

102 – 108

153 – 216

12.5

64.5

52

89 – 90

207.3 – 213.4

205.5 – 211.5

1.6

1.99 – 2.04

102 – 108

153 – 216

12.9

64.5

53

89 – 90

213.5 – 219.7

211.6 – 217.7

1.7

1.99 – 2.04

102 – 108

153 – 216

13.3

64.5

54

88 – 89

219.7 – 225.9

217.7 – 223.8

1.8

1.99 – 2.04

102 – 108

153 – 216

13.7

64.5

55

88 – 89

225.8 – 232.1

223.7 – 230.0

1.8

1.99 – 2.04

102 – 108

153 – 216

14.1

64.5

56

88 – 89

232.0 – 238.4

229.7 – 236.1

1.9

2.00 – 2.05

102 – 108

153 – 216

14.5

64.6

57

87 – 88

238.1 – 244.5

235.7 – 242.1

2.0

2.00 – 2.05

102 – 108

153 – 216

14.9

64.6

58

87 – 88

244.2 – 250.7

241.7 – 248.1

2.0

2.00 – 2.05

102 – 108

153 – 216

15.2

64.6

59

87 – 88

250.3 – 256.8

247.6 – 254.2

2.1

2.00 – 2.05

102 – 108

153 – 216

15.6

64.6

60

86 – 87

256.3 – 262.9

253.5 – 260.1

2.2

2.01 – 2.06

102 – 108

153 – 216

16.0

64.6

61

86 – 87

262.3 – 269.0

259.4 – 266.1

2.3

2.01 – 2.06

101 – 107

152 – 214

16.4

64.7

62

86 – 87

268.3 – 275.1

265.3 – 272.0

2.4

2.01 – 2.06

101 – 107

152 – 214

16.8

64.7

63

85 – 86

274.3 – 281.1

271.1 – 277.9

2.4

2.01 – 2.06

101 – 107

152 – 214

17.2

64.7

64

85 – 86

280.2 – 287.1

276.9 – 283.8

2.5

2.01 – 2.06

101 – 107

152 – 214

17.5

64.7

65

85 – 86

286.2 – 293.2

282.7 – 289.6

2.6

2.01 – 2.06

101 – 107

152 – 214

17.9

64.7

66

84 – 85

292.0 – 299.1

288.4 – 295.4

2.7

2.01 – 2.06

101 – 107

152 – 214

18.3

64.8

67

84 – 85

297.9 – 305.1

294.1 – 301.2

2.8

2.01 – 2.06

101 – 107

152 – 214

18.7

64.8

68

84 – 85

303.8 – 311.0

299.8 – 306.9

3.0

2.01 – 2.06

101 – 107

152 – 214

19.0

64.8

69

83 – 84

309.6 – 316.9

305.4 – 312.6

3.1

2.01 – 2.06

101 – 107

152 – 214

19.4

64.8

70

83 – 84

315.4 – 322.8

311.1 – 318.3

3.2

2.01 – 2.06

101 – 107

152 – 214

19.8

64.8

71

83 – 84

321.2 – 328.7

316.7 – 324.0

3.3

2.01 – 2.06

100 – 107

150 – 214

20.1

64.9

72

82 – 83

327.0 – 334.5

322.2 – 329.6

3.4

2.01 – 2.06

100 – 107

150 – 214

20.5

64.9

73

82 – 83

332.7 – 340.3

327.7 – 335.2

3.5

2.01 – 2.06

100 – 107

150 – 214

20.9

64.9

74

82 – 83

338.5 – 346.1

333.3 – 340.8

3.7

2.01 – 2.06

100 – 107

150 – 214

21.2

64.9

75

81 – 82

344.1 – 351.8

338.7 – 346.3

3.8

2.01 – 2.06

100 – 107

150 – 214

21.6

64.9

76

81 – 82

349.8 – 357.6

344.2 – 351.9

3.9

2.01 – 2.06

100 – 107

150 – 214

21.9

64.9

77

81 – 82

355.5 – 363.3

349.6 – 357.4

4.0

2.01 – 2.06

100 – 107

150 – 214

22.3

64.9

78

80 – 81

361.1 – 369.0

355.0 – 362.8

4.2

2.01 – 2.06

100 – 107

150 – 214

22.6

64.9

79

80 – 81

366.7 – 374.6

360.3 – 368.2

4.3

2.01 – 2.06

100 – 107

150 – 214

23.0

64.9

80

79 – 80

372.2 – 380.2

365.6 – 373.6

4.4

2.01 – 2.06

100 – 107

150 – 214

23.3

65.0

81

79 – 80

377.7 – 385.8

370.9 – 378.9

4.6

2.01 – 2.06

99 – 106

149 – 212

23.7

65.0

82

78 – 79

383.2 – 391.4

376.1 – 384.2

4.7

2.01 – 2.06

99 – 106

149 – 212

24.0

65.0

83

78 – 79

388.6 – 396.9

381.3 – 389.4

4.8

2.01 – 2.06

99 – 106

149 – 212

24.3

65.0

84

77 – 78

394.0 – 402.4

386.4 – 394.6

5.0

2.01 – 2.06

99 – 106

149 – 212

24.7

65.0

85

77 – 78

399.4 – 407.8

391.5 – 399.8

5.1

2.01 – 2.06

99 – 106

149 – 212

25.0

65.0

86

76 – 77

404.7 – 413.2

396.6 – 404.9

5.3

2.01 – 2.06

99 – 106

149 – 212

25.3

65.0

87

76 – 77

410.1 – 418.6

401.6 – 410.0

5.4

2.01 – 2.06

99 – 106

149 – 212

25.7

65.0

88

75 – 76

415.3 – 423.9

406.5 – 415.0

5.6

2.01 – 2.06

99 – 106

149 – 212

26.0

65.0

89
90

75 – 76
74 – 75

420.6 – 429.2
425.7 – 434.5

411.5 – 420.0
416.4 – 425.0

5.7
5.9

2.01 – 2.06
2.01 – 2.06

99 – 106
99 – 106

149 – 212
149 212

26.3
26.6

65.0
65.0

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Cage Brooding Recommendations
Transportation to the Farm
• Use a truck designed for transportation of chicks from hatchery to farm.
• Truck should be environmentally controlled, maintaining 26–29°C at 70% relative humidity (measured inside chick box);
with a minimum air flow of 0.7 m3 per minute.
• Provide space between stacks of chick boxes for air flow.

Chick Placement
• Unload boxes quickly and gently place chicks in brooding area.
• Brood chicks in groups from similar aged breeder flocks.
• Start chicks in upper tiered cages which are usually warmer and brighter. Ensure there are no shadows on drinkers.
• Chicks from young breeder flocks should be placed in warmer and brighter areas of the house.

House Preparation before Arrival of Chicks
• Brooder house should be completely cleaned and disinfected well in advance of chick delivery. Confirm effectiveness of

cleaning and disinfection with environmental swabs.
• Allow 2 weeks minimum downtime between flocks.
• For more information on house preparation and brooding management, see the “Growing Management of Commercial
Pullets” technical update at www.hyline.com.
• Establish proper house temperature of 32–35°C (air temperature measured at chick level) and 60% humidity
24 hours before chick placement.
• Pre-heat brooding houses prior to chick placement: 24 hours in normal climates, 48 hours in cool climates and 72 hours
in cold climates.
• Fill automatic feed line to its highest level and adjust chick guards. Allow access to the automatic feeder from the first
day.
• Bright light (30–50 lux) during 0–7 days helps chicks quickly find feed and water and adapt to the new environment.

Brooding Management
• Place feed on cage paper 0–3 days to encourage consumption. For beak-treated chicks, feed on paper for 0–7 days.
• Place feed in front of permanent feeder to train chicks to move toward feeders.
• Remove paper at 7–14 days of age to avoid build-up of feces.
• Find optimum balance of temperature, humidity and ventilation rate for chick comfort.
• Cage floors should not be slippery or sloped.
• Use vitamins and electrolytes in chicks’ water (avoid sugar-based products to prevent growth of microorganisms).
• Chicks’ body weight should double between arrival and 7 days of age.
• Brood chicks in groups from similar aged breeder flocks.
• Modify temperature as needed to meet chicks’ comfort needs.
• Adjust brooding temperature according to relative humidity. Lower temperature should be used with higher relative
humidity.
• For every 5 percentage point increase above 60% relative humidity, reduce brooding temperatures by 1°C.
• After the first week, reduce temperature weekly 2–3°C until reaching 21°C.
• Do not give cold water to chicks. Be careful when flushing water lines for chicks. Allow water time to warm up in the
house so chicks are comfortable drinking.
100% paper over wire floor

Fiber trays for cocci
vaccine recycling
for 0–28 days

Nipple or
cup drinker

Chick guard
Automatic feeder

Chick guard adjusted to allow access to
feeder from first day

4

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Automatic feeder

Place feed on paper near automatic feeder
to train chicks


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Cage Brooding Recommendations

Automatic feeder

Automatic feeder

Automatic feeder

CORRECT
Chicks evenly distributed in cage,
active and sounding content

(continued)

COLD
Chicks gathered into groups
sounding distressed

UNEVEN VENTILATION
Chicks congregated in one part
of cage, avoiding drafts, noise or
uneven light d
 istribution

0–3 days

AGE
AIR TEMP.
(CAGE)
AIR TEMP.
(FLOOR)
LIGHT
INTENSITY

32–33°C

4–7 days

33–35°C

30–32°C

8–14 days

30–50 lux

31–33°C

28–30°C

15–21 days

30–50 lux

29–31°C

26–28°C

22–28 days

25 lux

27–29°C

23–26°C

29–35 days

20 hours

25 lux

24–27°C

21–23°C

36–42 days

19 hours

25 lux

22–24°C

21°C

18 hours

5–15 lux

21°C

17 hours

5–15 lux

22 hours or
Intermittent
Program

LIGHT
HOURS

Relative
humidity

21 hours or
Intermittent
Program

HATCHING
80%

16 hours

CROP FILL –
ARE THE CHICKS EATING?

TRANSPORTATION
TO FARM
70%
BROODING
PERIOD

(0–7 days)

GROWING
40%

60%

minimum

Low humidity

LAYING
40%

• Reduces bird comfort
minimum
• Increases dehydration
• May result in pasty vents
in chicks
• May increase agitation and
possibility of pecking
• Adversely affects feather cover
• Increases dust

Excessive
humidity
• May cause
wet litter
• Increases ammonia
• Causes poor air

quality

Hours after
chick
placement

Chicks
with feed
in crop

6

75%

12

85%

24

100%

Chick with
starter feed
in crop

Chick without
starter feed
in crop

Brooding temperatures that are too low or too high will
decrease the percentage of chicks with crop fill.

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Lighting During Brooding Period
• An intermittent lighting program is preferred. If not using an intermittent lighting program from 0–7 days, then use 22
hours of light from 0–3 days and 21 hours of light from 4–7 days.
• Do not use 24 hours of light.
• Bright light (30–50 lux) during 0–7 days helps chicks quickly find feed and water and adapt to the new environment.
• After the first week, reduce light intensity and begin slow step-down lighting program (see Light Program for LightControlled Housing).

INTERMITTENT LIGHTING PROGRAM FOR CHICKS
2 hours
4 hours

4 hours

2 hours

2 hours
4 hours

4 hours
2 hours

• Preferred lighting technique
• Use from 0–7 days (can be used up to 14
days of age)
• Intermittent dark periods provide rest
periods for chicks
• Synchronizes chicks’ activities and feedings
• Establishes more natural behavior of rest
and activity
• May improve 7 day livability and pullet body
weight
• May improve antibody response from
vaccinations
• Some dark periods may be shortened or
removed to accommodate work schedules

Drinking Systems
• The type of drinkers used during rearing should be the same as in the layer house. Also use the same nipple type in
rearing and laying house (vertical vs. 360° nipples).
• Drinking water should be tested periodically for quality and cleanliness from source and end of the water line.
• Flush water lines prior to chick arrival.
• Flush water lines weekly during rearing and production periods.
• Nipple drinkers should deliver minimum 60 ml per minute / nipple, with easy activation of the drinkers by chicks.
• Record daily flock water consumption. A drop in water consumption is often the first sign of a serious problem in the
flock.

Nipple drinkers

Cup drinkers

Nipple level
with chick’s head

360°

Cup level with
chick’s back

• Cup drinkers should be manually filled during 0–3
days to train chicks to drink.
• Open drinkers (bell, plasson, supplemental chick
drinkers, trough) are easily contaminated and
should be cleaned daily.

6

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ã Adjust nipple water system pressure to create hanging drop
to help chicks find water for 0–3 days and in layer house at
transfer.
• Splash cups are useful during brooding period and in hot
climates.
• 360° activated nipples make drinking easy for chicks.
• Use only 360° activated nipples for hatchery beak-treated
chicks.

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Beak Treatment / Trimming
(Check local regulations concerning use of beak trimming)
• Hy-Line Sonia commercial layer is most successfully beak trimmed at hatch by infrared beak treatment or between 7–10
days of age by precision beak trimming. If necessary, re-trim at 6 weeks or 12–14 weeks of age.
• Hatchery beak treatment or 7–10-day beak trimming reduces feed wastage and leaves the beak less damaging to other birds.

HATCHERY INFRARED BEAK TREATMENT (IRBT)
• This provides efficient,
uniform beak treatment.
• Beak remains intact until
21–28 days of age when
treated portion separates.
• Use only 360° activated
nipples for IRBT chicks, as
well as supplemental chick
drinkers.
Infrared beak treatment can
• For IRBT chicks, feed on paper be modified according to local
conditions.
for 0–7 days.
• For more information, see the
“Infrared Beak Treatment” technical
update at www.hyline.com.

Immediately following infrared 7 days after infrared beak
beak treatment on day of hatch treatment

PRECISION BEAK TRIMMING
• Cauterize beak for 2 seconds at 650°C.
Photo
– When cauterizing blade is not hot
courtesy of
enough or cauterization time is < 2
seconds, beak will continue to grow
Lyon
unevenly.
Technologies, Inc.
– If cauterizing blade is too hot or
cauterization time is > 2 seconds, sensitive neuromas
may form.
• Use a pyrometer to measure blade temperature, which
should be approximately 650°C.
• Cauterizing blade color may be used as an approximate
indicator of temperature.

< 650°C

650°C

> 650°C

• Blade temperature variation of up to 40°C is common
due to external influences and cannot be detected by the
human eye.
• Use a template with guide plate holes for precision beak
trim of different size chicks.

• Check that beaks have been properly and evenly
trimmed.
Cauterizing blade
(650ºC, cherry red color)

Guide holes
correspond to
different size
and age of
chicks
•3.56 mm
•4.00 mm
•4.37 mm

Template with
guide holes

Pyrometer indicating proper blade
temperature of 650°C.

Properly trimmed beaks

Precautions when using IRBT or beak trimming
birds:
• Water intake is the most important factor in the success of
IRBT/beak trimming. Chicks require immediate and easy
access to water.
• Do not beak-trim sick or stressed birds.
• Do not hurry; handle chicks carefully.
• Provide vitamins and electrolytes containing vitamin K

in drinking water 2 days before and 2 days after beak
trimming.
• Watch chicks after beak trimming to assess stress. Raise
ambient temperature until birds appear comfortable and
active.
• Keep feed at the highest level for several days after beak
trimming.
• Use only well-trained crews.
• Use 360° activated nipples, supplemental chick drinkers and
splash cups to encourage drinking.

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Growth and Development
• Focus on pullet rearing programs to optimize growth and
development.
• The best predictor of future laying performance is the
pullet’s body weight and body type at the point of lay.
• A pullet flock entering into egg production at the correct
body weight (1.44–1.45 kg) with uniformity higher than
90% performs best in the production period.
• It is important to achieve 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 week
body weight targets to ensure optimum development

of the bird’s body.
• Manage feeding to achieve body weights 0–12 weeks
in the upper range of the body weight standard. This
will ensure good musculoskeletal and GIT development.
Avoid high rates of body weight gains after 12 weeks to
prevent excessive abdominal fat development.

1 week

3 weeks

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

5

6 weeks

10

1st
MOLT

12 weeks

18 weeks

WEEKS OF AGE
20

15

2nd
MOLT

25

24 weeks

30

35

40

3rd
MOLT
Ovary

Immune &
Digestive Systems

• Change rearing diets only when recommended body
weight is attained. Suggested ages are a guide if target
weights are achieved.
• Delay diet change if birds are underweight or have poor
body weight uniformity.
• Anticipate rapid rise in ambient temperature and adjust
bird’s diet accordingly. Birds will eat less when exposed
to a rapid temperature increase. (See the “Understanding
Heat Stress in Layers” technical update at www.hyline.com.)

• Stress periods require a change in diet formulation to
ensure proper nutrient intake.
• Increasing dietary fiber to 5–6% beginning with developer
diet can increase crop, gizzard and intestine development
and capacity.

Muscles

Reproductive Tract
Fat Cells

Cortical Bone / Skeletal Growth

Medullary Bone

Skeletal frame developed Sexual maturity –
reddening of comb and wattles

Physical maturity

2400

120

2000

100
Body weight (g)

1600

80

1200

60

800

40

400
0
5

10

IDEAL
BREAST
MUSCLE
SCORE

15

1–2

20
WEEKS OF AGE

25

2

30

35

2–3

1

2

3

Layers with good muscle development are better able to sustain high egg production
JANUARY 2018 ã â HY-LINE INTERNATIONAL

0
40

3

BREAST MUSCLE SCORING

0
8

20

Approximate
weekly weight gain (g)


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Rearing Body Weights, Feed Consumption
and Uniformity
Weigh 100 birds weekly to
AGE
(weeks)

BODY
WEIGHT
(g)

1

68 – 72

2

110 – 120

3

185 – 195

4

275 – 285

5

375 – 385

6

485 – 495

7

585 – 595

8

705 – 715

9

805 – 815

10

905 – 915

11

1005 – 1015

12

1105 – 1115

13

1175 – 1185

14

1235 – 1245

15

1305 – 1315

16
17

1375 – 1385
1435 – 1445

WATER
• Monitor body weights
FEED
30 weeks of age
CONSUMP- UNIFORMITY
weekly from 0–30 weeks

INTAKE
TION
(Cage)
and before scheduled diet
(g / bird per day) (ml / bird/ day)
changes.
12 – 14
18 – 28
•
Body weight gains
18 – 22
27 – 44
>85%
and uniformity may
23 – 27
35 – 54
be negatively affected
by inappropriate diet
27 – 31
41 – 62
changes, bird handling,
31 – 35
47 – 70
vaccination and transfer.
35 – 39
53 – 78
• Using multiple hatch
39 – 43
59 – 86
dates, causing a range of

43 – 49
65 – 98
>80%
chick ages, will negatively
48 – 54
72 – 108
affect uniformity.
52 – 60
78 – 120
• Flocks should be at 90%
uniformity at the time
57 – 65
86 – 130
of transfer to the laying
62 – 70
93 – 140
facility.
66 – 74
99 – 148
• During the transfer of
69 – 77
104 – 154
birds from rearing to
>85%
71 – 79
107 – 158
laying facilities, there will
Weigh birds separately after
72 – 82
108 – 164

be some loss of body
3 weeks using a digital scale
weight.
73 – 83
110 – 166
>90%
that calculates uniformity.

Space Guidelines (check local regulations)
WEEKS OF AGE

3

17

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

CONVENTIONAL AND COLONY CAGES

Floor Space
100–200 cm2
(50–100
birds / m2)

310 cm2 (32 birds / m2)

490 cm2 (20 birds / m2) – 750 cm2 (13 birds / m2)

1 / 8 birds

1 / 12 birds or access to 2 drinkers

8 cm / bird

7–12 cm / bird

Nipple/Cup
1 / 12 birds

Feeders
5 cm / bird

Requirements vary with type of equipment used and environmental conditions.

Transfer to Laying House
• Transfer the flock to the production facility by 16 weeks
of age or after administration of the last live vaccines.
• Delayed transfer results in overcrowding in rearing cages
and loss of flock uniformity and body condition.

• It is important that rearing and production cages use
similar feed and water systems, to minimize stress.
• Any sex slips (males) should be removed around 7 weeks
and at transfer.
• Supportive care to reduce stress, such as water-soluble
vitamins, probiotics, vitamin C and increased dietary
density, should be used 3 days before and 3 days after
transfer.
• Weigh prior to transfer and monitor weight loss during
transfer.

• Monitor flock water consumption frequently after
transfer. Pre-transfer water consumption should be
achieved within 6 hours after transfer to the laying house.
• Brighten the lights for three days after transfer until birds
settle in their new environment.
• Inspect the flock and remove mortality daily.
• If mortality exceeds 0.1% per week, perform necropsies
and other diagnostics to determine cause(s) of mortality.
• Transfer birds quickly to laying house. Transfer all birds
the same day. Move early in the morning so birds can
keep to a normal daily routine.

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Feather Color

The feather color of the Hy-Line Sonia commercial hen varies. The birds in this photo demonstrate the acceptable range
of feather color.

Vaccination Recommendations
For more information on vaccination programs, see the Vaccination Recommendations technical update at www.hyline.com.

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HY-LINE SONIA COMMERCIAL LAYERS

Management Events for Commercial Layers
AGE
0
1 day
2 days
3 days
4 days
5 days
6 days

1 week

8 days
9 days
10 days
11 days
12 days
13 days

2 weeks
3 weeks

CAGE REARING

Bird Handling—BE GENTLE

24-48 hours before chicks arrive
Pre-heat the brooding house.

7-10 days
Conduct precision beak trimming if not done in
the hatchery (check local regulations).

2 weeks
Cage paper should be removed by this time. Birds should
be divided into cages on different levels to provide more
space.

• Proper handling of birds during
body weight measurements,
blood collection, selection,
vaccination, and transfer will

reduce bird stress and prevent
injuries.
• Hold birds by both legs or both
wings.
• Return birds to cage or floor
gently.
• Use experienced personnel that
have been trained in proper
procedures of bird handling.
• Continually observe crews for
proper handling.

4 weeks
5 weeks
6 weeks

7 weeks
8 weeks

7-13 weeks
Remove sex-slips (males) during vaccination
handling.

9 weeks
10 weeks
11 weeks
12 weeks
13 weeks

14 weeks

15 weeks

16 weeks

17 weeks
18 weeks
19 weeks
20 weeks

21 weeks

{

14-16 weeks
Increase light intensity in the house two weeks before
transfer. Match layer house light intensity by transfer.
16 weeks
Transfer to the lay house early to allow birds to become
familiar with the new environment and increase space.

Hold no more than three birds in
one hand.

17 weeks
Begin light stimulation when pullets reach 1.44–1.45 kg
body weight. In flocks using multiple pullet source flocks
with a range of hatch ages, begin light stimulation with
the youngest pullets. In flocks with poor uniformity, begin
light stimulation with the lightest pullets.

21 weeks
Monitor egg weights every 2 weeks. Start controlling egg weight
through feed formulation and house temperature changes when the
average egg weight is within 2 g of the target.

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Management Events for Commercial Layers
WEEKS OF AGE
0
5

10

AGES OF BODY WEIGHT MEASUREMENTS
• Weigh separate groups of birds on each cage level due to temperature and
environmental differences.
• Identify cages from the beginning and end of feed lines.
• Mark cages and use the same cage every time body weight is monitored.
• Weigh birds on the same day of the week and at the same time of day.
0–3 weeks
• Bulk weigh 10 boxes of 10 chicks.

15

20

4–29 weeks
• Weigh 100 birds individually every week.
• Weigh birds in the same cages each time for best accuracy.
• Calculate uniformity.
30–90 weeks

25

• Weigh 100 birds individually every 5 weeks.
• Weigh birds in the same cages each time for best accuracy.
• Calculate uniformity.

30

When handling birds for body weights, assess:

35

• Keel bone—straightness and firmness
• Breast muscle score
• Body fat
• External parasites
• Clinical symptoms of disease

CALCULATING UNIFORMITY
• Use individual bird weights.

• Uniformity calculation tool is
available at www.hyline.com.

40
AGES OF SERA COLLECTION
45

For more information, see the “Proper Collection and Handling of Diagnostic Samples”
technical update at www.hyline.com.

50

Collect 10–20 sera samples per flock for titer determination.
8 weeks

55

• Assess early vaccination technique and disease exposure.
15 weeks

60

65

70

75

• Collect sera before transfer to lay house to assess possible c hange in disease exposure.
• It is common to not send sera to the laboratory and freeze for future analysis in event of

disease outbreak on lay farm.
16–24 weeks
• Collect sera at least 4 weeks after final inactivated vaccination to measure postvaccination antibody response.
• It is useful to assess disease challenge after transfer to lay farm.
30–80 weeks
• Collect sera every 10 weeks.
• It is useful for assessing disease exposure during the laying period.

AGES TO MONITOR EGG WEIGHTS
80

Weigh 100 eggs collected from egg belts in front of randomly selected cages (may be the
same cages used for body weight monitoring) to ensure even distribution of egg samples.
Monitor egg weights on a specific day of the week within the same 3-hour time frame.

85

90

12

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Good Lighting Practices
• Measure minimum light intensity at feeder on bottom tier cages, mid-way between lights.

• Keep light bulbs clean to prevent loss of light intensity.
• Prevent dark areas caused by too much distance between lights or burned-out light bulbs.
• Position lights to minimize bright and dark areas in the house.
• Shiny or white surfaces reflect light and increase light intensity.
• Take local conditions into account which may require adaptations of lighting programs.
• Light hours of rearing and production houses should be matched at transfer.
• Light intensity should gradually increase 2 weeks before flock is transferred to the laying house (but not prior to 14
weeks of age). Final rearing house light intensity should match the laying house intensity.
• Begin light stimulation when flock reaches the body weight target (1.44–1.45 kg). Delay light stimulation if the flock is
underweight or has poor uniformity.
• Light stimulation period should extend into the peaking period. Achieve 16 hours of light at approximately 30 weeks.
• Alternating the height of lights improves light distribution to all cage levels.

TIME OF DAY

Light Program for Light-Controlled Housing
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

Gradual light increases up to 30 weeks of age,
16 hour maximum to end of lay

off
on
off
on
20

19

18

17

16

15

14 13½ 13 12ẵ 12

off

12

12

12 12 12 13 13ẳ 13ẵ 13ắ 14 14ẳ 14ẵ 14ắ 15 15ẳ 15ẵ 15ắ 16
HOURS OF LIGHT

16

16

on
off
Transfer flock to
laying house

on
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Light stimulation at Ideal
Body Weight (1.44–1.45 kg)

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
WEEKS OF AGE

24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

LIGHT INTENSITY
30-50
lux

25 lux

5-15 lux

20-25
lux

30 lux

• Light-controlled houses are those which use light traps around fans and air inlets and complete prevent the ingress of
light from the outside. Houses that are not light controlled should use lighting programs for open-sided housing.
• An intermittent lighting program for chicks is preferred. If not using an intermittent lighting program from 0–7 days, then
use 22 hours of light from 0–3 days and 21 hours of light from 4–7 days.
• “Lights on” time can be varied between houses in laying flocks to facilitate egg collection on multiple flock complexes.

• If the laying flock has a large spread in hatch ages and/or poor uniformity, light stimulate the flock based on the youngest
hatch date or lightest birds.
• Use warm lights (2700–3500 K) in laying flocks to ensure sufficient red spectrum light.
• For more information on poultry lighting, see the “Understanding Poultry Lighting” and “Impact of Tarp Color on Poultry
Lighting technical update at www.hyline.com.

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Customized Lighting Programs for
Open-Sided Housing (www.hyline.com)
The Hy-Line International Lighting Program can create custom lighting programs for your location, hatch date, and variety.

• On the first screen—enter e-mail address
and select language.
• On the second screen, use dropdowns for
“Select Location of Flock”, “Hatch Date”,
“Variety Standards” and “Housing Style.”
• Click on “Create Lighting Spreadsheet.”
• Results will be e-mailed to you.
Lighting Program for : IOWA / DALLAS CENTER 93° 56' W 41° 43' N
Variety:
House Type:
Hatch Date:

Weeks of Age
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36+

Same lighting program with sunrise and
sunset represented by yellow and red lines and
suggested artificial day length indicated by blue
bars

11:00
10:00

Open grow to open lay

11:45

11:45

11:45

Date
1-Sep-16
8-Sep-16
15-Sep-16
22-Sep-16

29-Sep-16
6-Oct-16
13-Oct-16
20-Oct-16
27-Oct-16
3-Nov-16
10-Nov-16
17-Nov-16
24-Nov-16
1-Dec-16
8-Dec-16
15-Dec-16
22-Dec-16
29-Dec-16
5-Jan-17
12-Jan-17
19-Jan-17
26-Jan-17
2-Feb-17
9-Feb-17
16-Feb-17
23-Feb-17
2-Mar-17
9-Mar-17
16-Mar-17
23-Mar-17
30-Mar-17
6-Apr-17
13-Apr-17
20-Apr-17

27-Apr-17
4-May-17

Sunrise
5:42
5:49
5:56
6:03
6:11
6:18
6:26
6:34
6:42
6:50
6:59
7:08
7:16
7:23
7:30
7:36
7:40
7:42
7:42
7:41
7:38
7:33
7:26
7:18
7:09
6:59

6:48
6:37
6:25
6:13
6:01
5:49
5:38
5:27
5:17
5:08

16:15

16:15

16:15

16:15

16:15

16:15

16:15

16:15

16:00

15:45

15:30

15:15

15:00

14:45

14:30

14:15

14:00

O
f
f

O
n

7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00

O
f
f

3:00
2:00

O
n

1:00
0:00

Age (weeks)
0

1

1-Sep-16

14

2

3

4

5

29-Sep-16

6

7

8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36+

27-Oct-16

24-Nov-16

22-Dec-16

19-Jan-17

JANUARY 2018 ã â HY-LINE INTERNATIONAL

Lights Off
22:45
22:15
21:45
21:15
20:45
20:15
19:45
19:15
18:45
18:30
18:15
18:00

18:00
18:00
18:00
18:00
18:00
18:30
18:45
19:00
19:15
19:15
19:30
19:30
19:45
19:45
20:00
20:00
20:15
20:15
20:15
20:15
20:15
20:15
20:15
20:15
20:15

Sunset
18:48
18:36
18:24

18:12
17:59
17:48
17:36
17:25
17:15
17:07
16:59
16:53
16:48
16:45
16:45
16:46
16:49
16:53
16:59
17:07
17:15
17:24
17:32
17:41
17:50
17:59
18:07
18:15
18:23
18:31
18:39
18:46
18:54

19:02
19:09
19:17

better fit local conditions. Please email for further questions or technical assistance.

9:00
8:00

Lights on
1:45
2:15
2:45
3:15
3:45
4:15
4:45
5:15
5:30
5:45
6:00
6:15
6:15
6:15
6:15
6:15
6:15
5:45
5:30
5:15

5:15
5:00
5:00
4:45
4:45
4:30
4:30
4:15
4:15
4:00
4:00
4:00
4:00
4:00
4:00
4:00
4:00

Total Hours of
Total Sunlight
Light
21:00
13:06
20:00
12:47
19:00
12:28
18:00
12:09
17:00

11:48
16:00
11:30
15:00
11:10
14:00
10:51
13:15
10:33
12:45
10:17
12:15
10:00
11:45
9:45
11:45
9:32
11:45
9:22
11:45
9:15
11:45
9:10
11:45
9:09
12:45
9:11
13:15
9:17
13:45

9:26
14:00
9:37
14:15
9:51
14:30
10:06
14:45
10:23
15:00
10:41
15:15
11:00
15:30
11:19
15:45
11:38
16:00
11:58
16:15
12:18
16:15
12:38
16:15
12:57
16:15
13:16
16:15
13:35
16:15

13:52
16:15
14:09
16:15

This lighting program is created from a formula based on global location and housing style. This program may need to be further adapted to
Hatch
Date: 01-Sep-16

Total Hours of Light

13:45

13:15

Sunset

11:45

12:00

11:45

O
n

13:00

12:15

14:00

11:45

Time of day (hours)

15:00

13:15

O
f
f

12:45

16:00

15:00

17:00

14:00

18:00

17:00

O
n

19:00

16:00

20:00

19:00

21:00

18:00

22:00

21:00

23:00

Sunrise

O
f
f

20:00

24:00

Sonia Commercial

12:45

Hy-Line Lighting Program

Sonia Commercial
Open grow to open lay
01-Sep-16
Standard daylight time

16-Feb-17

16-Mar-17

13-Apr-17


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HY-LINE SONIA COMMERCIAL LAYERS

Use of Shades in Open-Sided Housing

• Shades are an effective way to decrease light intensity in an open-sided house.
• Shades must be porous to allow air flow through the curtain.
• Keep shades clean and free of dust to allow air flow.
• Use stir fans when using shades.
• Avoid direct sunlight on birds by using shades or roof overhangs.
• Black shades are preferred.

Midnight Feeding / Lighting Program
• Optional lighting technique that promotes greater feed consumption
• Used whenever more feed intake is desired in rearing or laying flocks
• Increases calcium absorption during night when most egg shell is formed
• Useful to increase feed intake during peak egg production
• Helps maintain feed consumption in hot climates
• Midnight feeding may increase feed intake
2–5 g / day per bird

16 hours

Good Practices
• Initiate the program by turning lights on for 1–2 hours in
the middle of the dark period.
• Fill feeders before lights are turned on.
• There must be at least 3 hours of dark before and after
START OF DAY
the midnight feeding.
• Light provided during the midnight feeding is in addition
to regular day length (i.e. 16 hours + midnight feeding).
• If midnight feeding is removed, reduce light gradually
at a rate of 15 minutes per week.

3 hours

3 hours

END OF DAY
Midnight
Feeding

or Dark

Midnight
Feeding
1 hour

Heat Stress
For information on management of layers in heat stress conditions, see the “Understanding Heat Stress in Layers”
technical update at www.hyline.com.

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15


HY-LINE SONIA COMMERCIAL LAYERS

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Water Quality
• Good quality water must be available to birds at all times.
• Water and feed consumption are directly related—when
birds drink less, they consume less feed and production
quickly declines.
• As a general rule, healthy birds will consume 1.5–2.0
times more water than feed. This ratio increases in high
ambient temperatures.
• Test water quality at least 1 time per year. The water
source will determine the regularity of water testing.
– Surface water requires more frequent testing, as it is

more affected by season and rainfall patterns.
– Closed wells taking water from aquifers or deep
artesian basins will be more consistent in water quality,
but are generally higher in dissolved mineral content.
• The presence of coliform bacteria is an indicator that
the water source has been contaminated with animal or
human waste.

• When collecting a well water sample, let the water run for
2 minutes prior to collecting the sample. Water samples
should be kept below 10°C and submitted to the lab in less
than 24 hours.
• Some water sources contain high levels of dissolved
minerals such as calcium, sodium and magnesium. When
this occurs, amounts of these minerals in water have to be
considered when formulating feed.
• Ideal water pH is 5–7 to promote good water sanitation,
increase feed consumption and improve upper
gastrointestinal health.
• Less than optimum water quality can have a significant
impact on intestinal health, which will lead to under
utilization of nutrients in feed.
• A decrease in flock water consumption is often the first
sign of health problems and production drops.

MAXIMUM
CONCENTRATION
(ppm or mg/L)*

ITEM

Nitrate NO3ˉ 1

25

Nitrate Nitrogen (NO3-N) 1

6

Nitrite NO2

4

Nitrite Nitrogen (NO2-N ) 1

1

- 1

Total dissolved solids 2
Chloride (Cl -)

1000

Older birds will tolerate higher levels up to 20 ppm. Stressed or diseased challenged
birds may be more sensitive to effects of Nitrate.
Nitrite is considerably more toxic than Nitrate, especially for young birds where 1 ppm
Nitrite may be considered toxic.
Levels up to 3000 ppm may not affect performance but could increase manure
moisture.
Levels as low as 14 mg may be problematic if sodium is higher than 50 ppm.

1

250

- 1

Sulfate (SO4 )

250

Higher levels may be laxative.

Iron (Fe) 1

<0.3

Higher levels result in bad odor and taste.
Higher levels may be laxative. Levels above 50 ppm may be problematic if sulphate
levels are high.
Higher levels may be acceptable depending on sodium level, alkalinity and pH.
Higher concentration is acceptable but concentrations above 50 ppm should be
avoided if high levels of chloride, sulphate or potassium exist.
Higher levels may be laxative.

Magnesium (Mg) 1

125

Potassium (K)

2

20

Sodium (Na) 1,2

50

Manganese (Mn) 3

0.05

Arsenic (As) 2
Fluoride (F - ) 2
Aluminum (Al) 2

0.5
2
5
5

Boron (B) 2
Cadmium (Cd)

2

1

Cobalt (Co) 2

Copper (Cu)

0.02

1

Lead (Pb) 1
Mercury (Hg)

2

0.6

Higher levels result in bitter taste.

0.02

Higher levels are toxic.

0.003

Higher levels are toxic.

1.5

Zinc (Zn) 1
pH 1

6.3–7.5

Total bacteria counts 3

1000 CFU/ml

Total Coliform bacteria 3

50 CFU/ml

Fecal Coliform bacteria 3

0 CFU/ml

Oxygen Reduction Potential
(ORP) 3

650–750 mEq

Higher levels are toxic.
Birds may adapt to lower pH. Below pH 5 may reduce water intake and corrode metal
fittings. Above pH 8 may reduce intake and reduce effectiveness of water sanitation.
Likely to indicate dirty water.

The ORP range at which 2–4 ppm of free chlorine will effectively sanitize water at a
favorable pH range of 5–7.

*Limits may be lower as interactions exist between magnesium and sulphate; and between sodium, potassium, chloride and sulphate.
1
Carter & Sneed, 1996. Drinking Water Quality for Poultry, Poultry Science and Technology Guide, North Carolina State University Poultry Extension Service. Guide
no. 42
2

Marx and Jaikaran, 2007. Water Analysis Interpretation. Agri-Facts, Alberta Ag-Info Centre. Refer to for online Water
Analysis Tool
3
Watkins, 2008. Water: Identifying and Correcting Challenges. Avian Advice 10(3): 10-15 University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service, Fayetteville

16

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HY-LINE SONIA COMMERCIAL LAYERS

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Air Quality
Air Movement (m3 / hour per 1000 birds)
• Production house should be at 18–25°C and
40–60% humidity.

WEEKS OF AGE

AMBIENT
TEMP.
(°C)

1

3

6

12

18

19+

32

340

510

1020

2550

5950

4650–9350

21

170

255

510

1275

2550

4250–5100

10

120

170

340

680

1870

2550–3400

0

70

130

230

465

1260

850–1300

-12

70

100

170

340

500

600–850

– Provide each bird with an adequate supply of
oxygen

-23

70

100

170

340

500

600–680

– Remove carbon dioxide produced by birds

Acknowledgment: Dr. Hongwei Xin, Professor, Department of Agriculture and Biosystems
Engineering and Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA

• The general rule for determining required fan
capacity—4 m3 of air movement / kilogram of
body weight per hour.
• Ventilation is essential to:
– Remove moisture from house
– Remove excessive heat

– Remove dust particles
– Dilute aerosolized pathogenic organisms
• Allowable levels of gases at floor level in the
house are: ammonia (NH3) < 25 ppm; carbon
dioxide (CO2) < 5000 ppm; carbon monoxide
(CO) < 50 ppm.

Calcium Particle Size
PARTICLE
SIZE

STARTER,
GROWER,
DEVELOPER

PRE-LAY

WEEKS
17–37

WEEKS
38–48

WEEKS
49–62

WEEKS
63+

Fine (0–2 mm)

100%

50%

50%

45%

40%

35%

Coarse (2–4 mm)

–

50%

50%

55%

60%

65%

• The appropriate particle size depends on the solubility of limestone.
• Dietary calcium levels may need to be adjusted based on limestone solubility.
• Limestone dark in color is geologically older, containing more impurities (typically magnesium) and is generally lower in
solubility and calcium availability.
• Oyster shell and other marine shells are good sources of soluble calcium.

Fine calcium (0–2 mm)

Coarse calcium (2–4 mm)

Photos courtesy of Longcliff Quarries Ltd.

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17

HY-LINE SONIA COMMERCIAL LAYERS

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Feed Particle Size (Grist)
A sieve shaker separates feed sample into categories based on particle size.
• Use on the farm to check feed particle size from the feed mill—sample taken on delivery or from feed bins.
• Use to assess the uniformity of feed particle size throughout the feeding system—samples are taken from various points.

Too many fine feed particles:
• Feed intake and nutrient absorption decreases
• Dust in house increases

Too many coarse feed particles:
• Birds selectively eat large particles
• Risk of feed separation increases

Hy-Line Sieve Shaker

OPTIMAL FEED PARTICLE PROFILE
PARTICLE SIZE

STARTER

< 1 mm
1–2 mm
2–3 mm

1–3 mm diameter,
crumble feed should

contain < 10% fine feed
particles

> 3 mm

GROWER

DEVELOPER

PRODUCTION

< 15%

< 15%

< 15%

45–60%

25–35%

20–30%

10–25%

25–40%

30–40%

–

5–10%

10–15%

For more information, see the “Feed Granulometry” technical update at www.hyline.com.

Best Practices
• A 3–4 hour gap between mid-day feedings allows birds to consume fine particles. Daily consumption of fine feed
particles is important for a balanced nutrient intake.
• Add a minimum of 0.5% liquid oil/fat in mash diets to incorporate and retain small particles in feed.
• Use larger particle size meal or crumble to increase intakes in hot climates.

Vitamins and Trace Minerals

• As the vitamin / trace mineral premix is often found in fine feed particles, a minimum level of 0.5% added liquid oil / fat
in mash diets binds small particles in feed.
IN 1000 KG COMPLETE DIET
Rearing Period
Laying Period

ITEM 1, 2, 3, 4
Vitamin A, IU
5

Vitamin D3 , IU
Vitamin E, g

10,000,000

8,000,000

3,300,000

3,300,000

25

20

Vitamin K (menadione), g

3.5

2.5

Thiamin (B1), g

2.2

2.5

Riboflavin (B2), g

6.6

5.5

Niacin (B3) , g

40

30

Pantothenic acid (B5), g

10

8

Pyridoxine (B6), g

4.5

4

Biotin (B7), mg

6

100

75

Folic acid (B9), g

1

0.9

Cobalamine (B12), mg

23

23

Manganese , g

90

90

Zinc7, g

85

80

Iron , g

30

40

15

8

7

7

Copper , g
7

Iodine, g
Selenium7, g

18

1.5

1.2

0.25

0.22

JANUARY 2018 ã â HY-LINE INTERNATIONAL

Minimum recommendations for
rearing and laying periods. Local
regulations may limit dietary content
of individual vitamins or minerals.
2
Store premixes according to
supplier’s recommendations and
observe ‘use by’ dates to ensure
vitamin activity is maintained.
Inclusion of antioxidant may improve

premix stability.
3
Vitamin and mineral
recommendations vary according to
activity.
4
Where heat treatment is applied to
diet, higher levels of vitamins may
be required. Consult with vitamin
supplier regarding stability through
individual production processes.
5
A proportion of Vitamin D3 can
be supplemented as 25-hydroxy
D3 according to supplier’s
recommendations and applicable
limits.
6
Higher levels of Niacin are
recommended in non-cage systems.
7
Greater bioavailability and
productivity may be possible with
use of chelated mineral sources.
1


HY-LINE SONIA COMMERCIAL LAYERS

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100

HEN-DAY EGG PRODUCTION (%)
AVERAGE EGG WEIGHT (g)

LAYER 4
(Less than 85%)

LAYER 3
(89–85%)

Change diet based on % of production and egg size
4000

Hen-day egg production (%)

90

3600

80

3200
Average egg weight (g)

70
60

2800

2400

Body weight (g)

50

2000

40

1600

30

1200

20

800

10

400

0

3

6

12 15 17

38
48
WEEKS OF AGE

65

90

BODY WEIGHT (g)

Change diet based
on body weight

LAYER 2
(2% below peak to 90%)

PEAKING
(First egg until production
drops 2% below peak)

PRE-LAY (1435–1445 g)

DEVELOPER (1305–1315 g)

GROWER (1105–1115 g)

STARTER 2 (485–495 g)

STARTER 1 (185–195 g)

FEEDING PHASE

Change diet at (a body weight of)
or (a production level of)

Phase Feeding to Meet the Sonia’s
Nutritional Needs

0

HOUSE TEMPERATURE: Use temperature to control feed consumption and egg size

Brooding

18–21°C

20–25°C

Only change 1° every 2 weeks

Only change 1° every 2 weeks

FEED FORM:

Crumble
or mash *

Mash

* Crumble may be fed longer to encourage body weight gain

Control of Ambient House Temperature

Controlling Egg Weight

• At housing, an ambient temperature of 18–20°C is
desired. Increase house temperature about 1°C every 2
weeks until reaching 25°C, assuming ventilation systems
are able to maintain adequate air quality at these
temperatures.
• Lower (colder) house temperatures after peak will lead
to greater feed intakes and may be counterproductive to
egg-weight control, as well as optimal feed efficiency and
adult hen body weights.
• Place temperature sensors to measure temperature
inside of cage. The temperature in walkways is
significantly colder than the temperature inside cages,
especially in stack deck belted house systems.
• High environmental temperatures have a depressing
effect on feed intake.

• Closely monitor egg weight of each flock and make
nutritional changes as needed to ensure optimal egg
weight.
• If smaller eggs are desired, egg weight should be
controlled at an early age.
• Egg-weight control is achieved by limiting amino acid
consumption and ensuring that feed intake is not too
high.

• Monitor egg weight every 2 weeks until 35 weeks of age,
then every 5 weeks. Start controlling egg weight when
average egg weight is within 2 g of target.
• For more information, see the “Optimizing Egg Size in
Layers” technical update at www.hyline.com.

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19


HY-LINE SONIA COMMERCIAL LAYERS

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Rearing Period Nutritional Recommendations1
STARTER 2
485–495 g

GROWER
1105–1115 g

DEVELOPER9 PRE-LAY2,9
1305–1315 g 1435–1445 g
120
105

1400

BODY WEIGHT (g)

Body weight (g)
1200

90

1000

75
60

800
Feed consumption
(g / day per bird)

600

45

400

30

200

15

0
WEEKS OF AGE 0

0
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

Change diet based on body weight
RECOMMENDED NUTRIENT
NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION
CONCENTRATION
RECOMMENDED

NUTRITION
NUTRITION
3
Metabolizable
Metabolizable energy
energy3,, kcal/kg
kcal/kg
Metabolizable energy33, MJ/kg
Metabolizable energy , MJ/kg

Lysine, %
Lysine, %
Methionine, %
Methionine, %
Methionine+Cystine, %
Methionine+Cystine,%
Threonine, %
Threonine,
Tryptophan, %

%
Tryptophan,
Arginine, %
Arginine, %
Isoleucine,
Valine, %
Isoleucine,

2756–2999
2756–2999
11.54–12.55
11.54–12.55
1.00 / 1.09
1.00 / 1.09
0.45 / 0.48
0.45 / 0.48
0.73 / 0.82
0.73 / 0.82
0.66 / 0.78
0.66 // 0.20
0.78
0.17
0.17
/
0.20
1.07 / 1.15
1.07 // 0.75
1.15
0.70
0.72

/
0.79
0.70 / 0.75

2756–2999
2734–2999
2734–2999
2756–2999
2734–2999
2734–2999
11.54–12.55
11.44–12.55
11.44–12.55
11.54–12.55
11.54–12.55
11.54–12.55
4
Standardized Ileal Digestible Amino Acids / Total Amino Acids
Standardized Ileal Digestible Amino Acids / Total Amino Acids4
0.91 / 1.00
0.82 / 0.90
0.69 / 0.76
0.91 / 1.00
0.82 / 0.90
0.69 / 0.76
0.41 / 0.44
0.38 / 0.41
0.32 / 0.35
0.41 / 0.44
0.38 / 0.41

0.32 / 0.35
0.68 / 0.77
0.64 / 0.72
0.57 / 0.65
0.68 / 0.77
0.64 / 0.72
0.57 / 0.65
0.61 / 0.72
0.56 / 0.66
0.48 / 0.56
0.61 // 0.20
0.72
0.56
0.48 // 0.16
0.56
0.16
0.16 // 0.66
0.19
0.14
0.16
/
0.20
0.16
/
0.19
0.14
/
0.16
0.97 1.05
0.88 0.94

0.74 0.79
0.97 / 0.70
1.05
0.88
0.74 / 0.56
0.79
0.66
0.61 / 0.94
0.65
0.52
0.67
/
0.74
0.64
/
0.71
0.55
/
0.61
0.66 0.70
0.61 0.65
0.52 0.56

2734–2999
2734–2999
11.44–12.5
11.54–12.55
0.73 / 0.80
0.73 / 0.80
0.34 / 0.37

0.34 / 0.37
0.60 / 0.68
0.60 / 0.68
0.51 / 0.60
0.51 // 0.18
0.60
0.15
0.15
/
0.18
0.78 / 0.84
0.78 // 0.63
0.84
0.58
0.62
/
0.68
0.58 / 0.63

Valine,5, %
Crude protein
%
Crude
protein6,5,%%
Calcium
7
Phosphorus (available)
%
Calcium6,, %
Phosphorus

(digestible),
7 %
Phosphorus (available) , %
Sodium, %
Phosphorus (digestible), %
Chloride, %
Sodium, %
Linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6)8, %
Chloride, %

0.72
/ 0.79
20.00
20.00
1.05
0.48
1.05
0.44
0.48
0.18
0.44
0.18
0.18
1.00
0.18

0.67
/ 0.74
19.00
18.25

1.00
0.47
1.00
0.43
0.47
0.18
0.43
0.18
0.18
1.00
0.18

0.64
/ 0.71
17.50
17.50
0.95
0.45
0.95
0.41
0.45
0.18
0.41
0.18
0.18
1.00
0.18

0.55
/ 0.61

15.50
16.00
0.90
0.40
0.90
0.36
0.40
0.18
0.35
0.18
0.18
1.00
0.18

0.62
/ 0.68
16.00
16.50
2.50
0.43
2.50
0.38
0.43
0.18
0.38
0.18
0.18
1.00
0.18

Linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6)8, %

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

All nutrient requirements are based on the feed ingredient table at the back of this guide.
Do not feed Pre-Lay Diet earlier than 15 weeks of age. Do not feed Pre-Lay later than first egg as it contains insufficient calcium to support egg
production. Implementing a pre-lay diet can be challenging in mixed-age flocks. If it’s not possible to use the Pre-Lay diet, the calcium content of the
last stage rearing diet (developer) must be increased to 1.4%.
3
Recommended energy range is based on raw material energy values shown in feed ingredient table at back of this guide. It is important that target
concentrations of dietary energy are adjusted according to energy system applied to raw material matrix.
4
Recommendation for Total Amino Acids is only appropriate to corn and soybean meal diet. Where diets utilize other ingredients, recommendations for
Standardized Ileal Digestible Amino Acids must be followed.
5
Diets should always be formulated to provide required intake of amino acid. Concentration of crude protein in diet will vary with raw material used.
Crude protein value provided is an estimated typical value only.
6
Calcium should be supplied as fine calcium carbonate (mean particle size less than 2 mm). Coarse limestone (2–4 mm)
can be introduced in Pre-Lay Diet at up to 50% of total limestone.
7
Where other phosphorus systems are used, diets should contain recommended minimum level of available phosphorus.

8
Oil levels can be increased to 2.0% in starter diets when given as a mash to control dust and increase feed palatability.
9
Avoid excessive body weight gain after 12 weeks.
1
2

20

JANUARY 2018 ã â HY-LINE INTERNATIONAL

FEED CONSUMPTION (g / day per bird)

CHANGE DIET AT A
BODY WEIGHT OF
1600

STARTER 1
185–195 g


HY-LINE SONIA COMMERCIAL LAYERS

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Transition Period from Rear to Peak
Egg Production
Frequently formulate to changing feed consumption
during transition period until feed consumption is consistent.

115 / 2000

100

Hen-day egg production (%)

110 / 1900

90

Body weight (g)
80

Feed consumption
(g / day per bird)

100 / 1700

70
Egg weight (g)

95 / 1600

60

90 / 1500

50

85 / 1400

40

80 / 1300

30

75 / 1200

20

70 / 1100

10

65 / 1000

HEN-DAY EGG PRODUCTION (%)
EGG WEIGHT (g)

FEED CONSUMPTION (g / day per bird)
BODY WEIGHT (g)

105 / 1800

0

WEEKS OF AGE 15 16

17

18

19

20

21

Pre-Lay Pre-Peaking Ration
Ration

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

Peaking Ration

Pre-Lay Ration

Transition Period

• Plan to feed for a
maximum of 10–14
days before point of lay.
• Feed when most pullets
show reddening of
combs.
• It is important to
increase medullary
bone reserves.
• Begin introducing large
particle calcium in PreLay Diet.
• Discontinue pre-lay

feeding with the
commencement of egg
production.

• Avoid excessive weight gain during
• Formulations for low
• Birds should continue to
the transition period.
feed intakes (88–95
grow during peaking period.
g/ day/bird) should
Poor nutrition during this
• Body weight gain from 18–25 weeks
be given as the flock
period can lead to loss of
should not exceed 22%.
enters egg production
body weight and soft bones.
• Occurring during the transition
to
better
meet
nutrient
• Feed intake may be reduced
period:
requirements.
if birds are not accustomed
– Rapidly increasing egg production
• Begin Pre-Peaking Diet
to extra large particle

– Increasing egg size
with onset of lay (1%
calcium (i.e. not using a
– Increasing body weight
egg production).
Pre-Lay Diet).
• Feed consumption may increase
• Pre-Peaking Diet is
• Monitor keel bone
slowly during transition:
given until average feed
development during
consumption reaches
the peaking period. For
– In underweight birds
95 g/day/bird.
more information on
– In flocks lacking uniformity
keel bone scoring, see
– During high environmental
the “Understanding the
temperatures
Role of the Skeleton in
• Poor uniformity prolongs the
Egg Production” technical
transition period and may result in
update at www.hyline.com.
low peak and poor persistency of egg
production.
• Monitor feed intake carefully during

transition and adjust dietary nutrient
concentration according to actual feed
intakes.

Pre-Peaking Ration

Peaking Ration

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Production Period Nutritional Recommendations1,2
FEEDING PHASE

PRODUCTION

HEN-DAY EGG PRODUCTION (%)
AVERAGE EGG WEIGHT (g)
CUMULATIVE EGG MASS (kg)

100

PEAKING3
First egg until production

drops 2% below peak

90

LAYER 2
2% below
peak to 90%

LAYER 3
89–85%

LAYER 4
Less than 85%

Hen-day egg production (%)

80
70
60

Average egg weight (g)

50
40
30
20

Cumulative egg mass (kg)

10

0
WEEKS OF AGE 18 20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

Change diet based on % of production and egg size

NUTRITION
NUTRITION

RECOMMENDED
DAILY
NUTRIENT
INTAKE
RECOMMENDED
NUTRIENT
INTAKE

Metabolizable energy4, kcal/kg
Metabolizable
kcal/kg
4
Metabolizable
energy
,
MJ/kg
Metabolizable energy4, MJ/kg

2778–2867
2778–2867
11.63–12.00
11.63–12.00

Lysine, mg/day
Lysine, mg/day
Methionine, mg/day
Methionine, mg/day
Methionine+Cystine, mg/day
Methionine+Cystine,
Threonine, mg/day
mg/day
Threonine,
Tryptophan, mg/day
mg/day
Arginine, mg/day
mg/day
Tryptophan,
Isoleucine,
mg/day
Arginine, mg/day
Valine, mg/day
mg/day
Isoleucine,

810 / 887
810 / 887
397 / 427
397 / 427
664 / 749
664/ 667
/ 749
567
567

/
667
170 / 203
867
170/ 932
/ 203
640
/
688
867 / 932
729
640/ 804
/ 688

6
CrudeValine,
proteinmg/day
, g/day
Sodium, mg/day
Crude protein6, g/day
Chloride, mg/day
Sodium,
mg/day
Linoleic acid (C18:2
n-6),
g/day
Chloride,
Choline, mg/day
mg/day
Linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6), g/day

17.50
729 / 804
180
17.50
180
180
1.00
180
100

Choline, mg/day
Calcium7,8, g/day
Phosphorus (available)7,9, mg/day
Calcium Particle Size
(fine:coarse) (see page 17)

Weeks 18–32

2756–2867
2756–2867
11.54–12.00
11.54–12.00

2701–2867
2701–2867
11.31–12.00
11.31–12.00

2701–2867

2701–2867

11.31–12.00
11.31–12.00

Standardized Ileal Digestible Amino Acids / Total Amino Acids5
775 / 849
740 / 810
775 / 849
740 / 810
357 / 383
340 / 366
357 / 383
340 / 366
605 / 682
570 / 643
605//638
682
570//609
643
543
518
543
/
638
518
/
609
163 / 195
155 / 186

829
792
163//892
195
155/ /851
186
612
/
658
585
/
629
829 / 892
792 / 851
698
/
769
666
612 / 658
585//735
629

Standardized Ileal Digestible Amino Acids / Total Amino Acids5

17.00
698
/ 769
180
17.00
180

180
1.00
180
100

705 / 772
705 / 772
317 / 341
317 / 341
529 / 596
529
494/ /596
581
494
148/ /581
177
754/ /177
811
148
557/ /811
599
754
635/ /599
700
557

16.00
666
/ 735
180

16.00
180
180
1.00
180
100

15.00
635
/ 700
180
15.00
180
180
1.00
180
100
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS
PARTICLE SIZE CHANGES BASED
100
100AND LIMESTONE 100
100ON AGE

Weeks 17-37
Weeks 38-48
CALCIUM

AND
PHOSPHORUS
4.00
4.25

Calcium
485
Phosphorus Phosphorus470
Calcium7,8
Particle
Size
(available)7,9 (digestible)
45% :(fine
55% : coarse)
g/day 50% : 50%
mg/day
mg/day
(see p. 17)
4.00
447
401
40% : 60%

Weeks 33–55

4.15

421

381

35% : 65%

Weeks 56–72

4.30

395

356

30% : 70%

Weeks 73–85

4.45

369

334

25% : 75%

Weeks 86+

4.60

344

309

25% : 75%

Weeks
49-62
1

Weeks 63-90

All nutrient requirements are based on the feed ingredient
table
at the back of this guide.
4.45
4.60
2
Crude
protein,
methionine+cystine,
fat, linoleic acid, and /
450
400
or energy may be changed to optimize egg size.
3 40% : 60%
35% : 65%
Peaking nutrient levels are calculated
for birds at peak
egg production. Prior to achieving peak egg production,
the nutrient requirements will be lower.
4
A good approximation of the influence of temperature

on energy needs is that for each 0.5°C change higher or
lower than 22°C, subtract or add about 1.8 kcal /bird /day,
respectively.
5
Recommendation for Total Amino Acids is only appropriate
to corn and soybean meal diet. Where diets utilize other
ingredients, recommendations for Standardized Ileal
Digestible Amino Acids must be followed.

Diets should always be formulated to provide required intake of amino acid. Concentration of crude protein in diet will vary with raw material used.
Crude protein value provided is an estimated typical value only.
7
Calcium and available phosphorus requirements are determined by flock age. When production remains higher and diets are fed for longer than ages
shown, it is recommended to increase to calcium and phosphorus concentrations of next feeding phase.
8
Calcium carbonate particle size recommendation varies throughout lay. Refer to Calcium Particle Size Table. Dietary calcium levels may need to be
adjusted based on limestone solubility.
9
Where other phosphorus systems are used, diets should contain recommended minimum level of available phosphorus.
6

22

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Dietary Nutrient Concentrations for
Production Period1,2 (According to Phase and Feed Intake)
FEEDING PHASE
PRODUCTION

PEAKING3

First egg until
production drops 2%
below peak

NUTRITION

LAYER 2

LAYER 3

LAYER 4

2% below peak to 90%

89–85%

Less than 85%

RECOMMENDED CONCENTRATION

Metabolizable energy4, kcal/kg

2778–2867

Metabolizable energy , MJ/kg

11.63–12.00

4

2756–2867

2701–2867

2701–2867

11.54–12.00

11.31–12.00

11.31–12.00

FEED CONSUMPTION (*Typical Feed Consumption)
g/day per bird

90

95 100* 105 110 100 105 110* 115 120 100 105 110* 115 120 100 105 110* 115 120

Standardized Ileal Digestible Amino Acids
Lysine, % 0.90 0.85 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.78 0.74 0.70 0.67 0.65 0.74 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.62 0.71 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.59
Methionine, % 0.44 0.42 0.40 0.38 0.36 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.28 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.26
Methionine+Cystine,% 0.74 0.70 0.66 0.63 0.60 0.61 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.50 0.57 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.53 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44

Threonine, % 0.63 0.60 0.57 0.54 0.52 0.54 0.52 0.49 0.47 0.45 0.52 0.49 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.49 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41
Tryptophan, % 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12
Arginine, % 0.96 0.91 0.87 0.83 0.79 0.83 0.79 0.75 0.72 0.69 0.79 0.75 0.72 0.69 0.66 0.75 0.72 0.69 0.66 0.63
Isoleucine, % 0.71 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.58 0.61 0.58 0.56 0.53 0.51 0.59 0.56 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.56 0.53 0.51 0.48 0.46
Valine, % 0.81 0.77 0.73 0.69 0.66 0.70 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.58 0.67 0.63 0.61 0.58 0.56 0.64 0.60 0.58 0.55 0.53

Total Amino Acids5
Lysine, % 0.99 0.93 0.89 0.84 0.81 0.85 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.70 0.68 0.77 0.74 0.70 0.67 0.64
Methionine, % 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.38 0.36 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.28
Methionine+Cystine,% 0.83 0.79 0.75 0.71 0.68 0.68 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.57 0.64 0.61 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.60 0.57 0.54 0.52 0.50
Threonine, % 0.74 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.64 0.61 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.61 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.48
Tryptophan, % 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.15
Arginine, % 1.04 0.98 0.93 0.89 0.85 0.89 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.74 0.85 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.68
Isoleucine, % 0.76 0.72 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.66 0.63 0.60 0.57 0.55 0.63 0.60 0.57 0.55 0.52 0.60 0.57 0.54 0.52 0.50
Valine, % 0.89 0.85 0.80 0.77 0.73 0.77 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.74 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.58
Crude protein6, % 19.44 18.42 17.50 16.67 15.91 17.00 16.19 15.45 14.78 14.17 16.00 15.24 14.55 13.91 13.33 15.00 14.29 13.64 13.04 12.50
Sodium, % 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15
Chloride, % 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15
Linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6), % 1.11 1.05 1.00 0.95 0.91 1.00 0.95 0.91 0.87 0.83 1.00 0.95 0.91 0.87 0.83 1.00 0.95 0.91 0.87 0.83

CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS CHANGES BASED ON FEED INTAKE
Weeks 18–32
Weeks 33–55
Weeks 56–72
Weeks 73–85
Weeks 86+

Feed Consumption, 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 95 100 105 110 115 95 100 105 110 115 95 100 105 110 115 95 100 105 110 115
g/day per bird
Calcium7,8, % 4.71 4.44 4.21 4.00 3.81 3.64 3.48 4.37 4.15 3.95 3.77 3.61 4.53 4.30 4.10 3.91 3.74 4.68 4.45 4.24 4.05 3.87 4.84 4.60 4.38 4.18 4.00

Phosphorus (available) 7,9, % 0.53 0.50 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.44 0.42 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.42 0.39 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.36 0.34 0.33 0.31 0.30
Phosphorus (digestible), % 0.47 0.45 0.42 0.40 0.38 0.36 0.35 0.40 0.38 0.36 0.35 0.33 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.27

All nutrient requirements are based in the feed ingredient table at the back of this guide.
Crude protein, methionine+cystine, fat, linoleic acid, and / or energy may be changed to optimize egg size.
3
Peaking nutrient levels are calculated for birds at peak egg production. Prior to achieving peak egg production, the nutrient requirements will be lower.
4
A good approximation of the influence of temperature on energy needs is that for each 0.5°C change higher or lower than 22°C, subtract or add about 2 kcal
/bird /day, respectively.
5
Recommendation for Total Amino Acids is only appropriate to corn and soybean meal diet. Where diets utilize other ingredients, recommendations for
Standardized Ileal Digestible Amino Acids must be followed.
6
Diets should always be formulated to provide required intake of amino acid. Concentration of crude protein in diet will vary with raw material used. Crude
protein value provided is an estimated typical value only.
7
Calcium and available phosphorus requirements are determined by flock age. When production remains higher and diets are fed for longer than ages
shown, it is recommended to increase to calcium and phosphorus concentrations of next feeding phase.
8
Calcium carbonate particle size recommendation varies throughout lay. Refer to Calcium Particle Size Table. Dietary calcium levels may need to be adjusted
based on limestone solubility.
9
Where other phosphorus systems are used, diets should contain recommended minimum level of available phosphorus.
1
2

JANUARY 2018 ã â HY-LINE INTERNATIONAL

23