Bài thực hành 5 CT178 Nguyên lý hệ điều hành

Bài tập
In [1]:
%%bash
cd /root
cd /var
cd local
pwd
cd ..
pwd
cd /usr/bin
pwd
cd ..
pwd
cd
pwd
touch vidub2004746
ls -l vidub2004746
cat /etc/passwd | more
cat /etc/group
ls /bin > file1
ls /bin >> file1
echo "Hello World!"
echo "Hello World" > helloword.txt
ls -l helloword.txt
/var/local
/var
/usr/bin
/usr
/root
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 1 14:24 vidub2004746
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin
bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/usr/sbin/nologin
sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync
games:x:5:60:games:/usr/games:/usr/sbin/nologin
man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/usr/sbin/nologin
lp:x:7:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/usr/sbin/nologin
mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/usr/sbin/nologin
news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/usr/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:10:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/usr/sbin/nologin
proxy:x:13:13:proxy:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
www-data:x:33:33:www-data:/var/www:/usr/sbin/nologin
backup:x:34:34:backup:/var/backups:/usr/sbin/nologin
list:x:38:38:Mailing List Manager:/var/list:/usr/sbin/nologin
irc:x:39:39:ircd:/var/run/ircd:/usr/sbin/nologin
gnats:x:41:41:Gnats Bug-Reporting System (admin):/var/lib/gnats:/usr/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
_apt:x:100:65534::/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
systemd-network:x:101:104:systemd Network Management,,,:/run/systemd/netif:/usr/sbin/nolo
gin
systemd-resolve:x:102:105:systemd Resolver,,,:/run/systemd/resolve:/usr/sbin/nologin
messagebus:x:103:107::/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
nvidia-persistenced:x:104:108:NVIDIA Persistence Daemon,,,:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
root:x:0:
daemon:x:1:
bin:x:2:
sys:x:3:
adm:x:4:
tty:x:5:
disk:x:6:

lp:x:7:
mail:x:8:
news:x:9:
uucp:x:10:


uucp:x:10:
man:x:12:
proxy:x:13:
kmem:x:15:
dialout:x:20:
fax:x:21:
voice:x:22:
cdrom:x:24:
floppy:x:25:
tape:x:26:
sudo:x:27:
audio:x:29:
dip:x:30:
www-data:x:33:
backup:x:34:
operator:x:37:
list:x:38:
irc:x:39:
src:x:40:
gnats:x:41:
shadow:x:42:
utmp:x:43:
video:x:44:
sasl:x:45:

plugdev:x:46:
staff:x:50:
games:x:60:
users:x:100:
nogroup:x:65534:
ssh:x:101:
rdma:x:102:
systemd-journal:x:103:
systemd-network:x:104:
systemd-resolve:x:105:
input:x:106:
messagebus:x:107:
nvidia-persistenced:x:108:
Hello World!
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12 May

1 14:24 helloword.txt

In [2]:
!bash
bash: cannot set terminal process group (58): Inappropriate ioctl for device
bash: no job control in this shell
/content# cat > vuphuong <> vu
> phuong
> OK
/content# cat vuphuong
vu
phuong
/content# exit

exit
In [3]:
%%bash
ls -l | wc -l
ps -ef | tee file_process | grep root
3
root
1
0 0 14:23 ?
00:00:00 /sbin/docker-init -- /datalab/run.sh
root
7
1 0 14:23 ?
00:00:00 /tools/node/bin/node /datalab/web/ap
p.js
root
18
0 0 14:23 ?
00:00:00 tail -n +0 -F /root/.config/Google/D
riveFS/Logs/dpb.txt /root/.config/Google/DriveFS/Logs/drive_fs.txt
root
29
7 2 14:24 ?
00:00:06 [python3] <defunct>
root
30
7 0 14:24 ?
00:00:00 python3 /usr/local/bin/colab-fileshi
m.py
root

43
7 0 14:24 ?
00:00:01 /usr/bin/python3 /usr/local/bin/jupy
ter-notebook --ip="172.28.0.2" --port=9000 --FileContentsManager.root_dir="/" --MappingKe


ter-notebook --ip="172.28.0.2" --port=9000 --FileContentsManager.root_dir="/" --MappingKe
rnelManager.root_dir="/content"
root
44
7 0 14:24 ?
00:00:00 /usr/local/bin/dap_multiplexer --dom
ain_socket_path=/tmp/debugger_299nkik1v2
root
58
43 1 14:24 ?
00:00:03 /usr/bin/python3 -m ipykernel_launch
er -f /root/.local/share/jupyter/runtime/kernel-27147c8d-50ac-471b-b4e8-6477fb597537.json
root
81
1 0 14:24 ?
00:00:00 /usr/bin/python3 /usr/local/lib/pyth
on3.7/dist-packages/debugpy/adapter --for-server 39261 --host 127.0.0.1 --port 19021 --se
rver-access-token 33ecdfb2648812a46f77f0d2b41bbe67faeedc1bf2b728076626f83ed565502f
root
98
7 0 14:24 ?
00:00:02 node /datalab/web/pyright/pyright-la
ngserver.js --stdio --cancellationReceive=file:9b13cad50a04cc9bdfd9098488ecf7bac3da39993b
root

158
58 0 14:28 ?
00:00:00 bash
root
161
158 0 14:28 ?
00:00:00 ps -ef
root
162
158 0 14:28 ?
00:00:00 tee file_process
root
163
158 0 14:28 ?
00:00:00 grep root

Bài tập 1
In [4]:
%%bash
cd
pwd
ls -l -d /root
/root
drwx------ 1 root root 4096 May

1 14:28 /root

Thư mục mục home của người dùng hiện tại đang làm việc là: /root. Trong đó:
d: Cho biết đây là thư mục
rwx: Chủ sở hữu root có quyền: Đọc, ghi, thực thi

---: Nhóm sở hữu root khơng có bất cứ quyền nào
---: Người dùng khác khơng có bất cứ quyền nào
1: Số liên kết đến thư mục
root: Chủ sở hữu của thư mục /root là root
root: Nhóm sở hữu của thư mục /root là root
4096: Kích thước của thư mục
Apr 9 05:48 : Thời gian của thư mục được sửa đổi sau cùng
/root: Tên của thư mục là root

Bài tập 2
In [5]:
%%bash
ls -l /
total 96
drwxr-xr-x
1 root root 4096
drwxr-xr-x
2 root root 4096
drwxr-xr-x
1 root root 4096
drwxr-xr-x
1 root root 4096
drwxr-xr-x
5 root root 360
drwxr-xr-x
1 root root 4096
drwxr-xr-x
2 root root 4096
drwxr-xr-x
1 root root 4096

drwxr-xr-x
2 root root 4096
drwxr-xr-x
1 root root 4096
drwxr-xr-x
2 root root 4096
drwxr-xr-x
2 root root 4096
drwxr-xr-x
1 root root 4096
dr-xr-xr-x 172 root root
0
drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 4096
drwx-----1 root root 4096
drwxr-xr-x
1 root root 4096

Apr
Apr
May
Apr
May
May
Apr
Apr
Apr
Apr
Nov
Nov
Apr

May
Apr
May
Apr

29
24
1
29
1
1
24
29
29
29
19
19
29
1
29
1
29

03:10
2018
14:28
03:34
14:23
14:23
2018

03:11
02:58
02:57
2020
2020
03:13
14:23
03:12
14:28
03:01

bin
boot
content
datalab
dev
etc
home
lib
lib32
lib64
media
mnt
opt
proc
python-apt
root
run

drwxr-xr-x
drwxr-xr-x
drwxr-xr-x
dr-xr-xr-x
drwxr-xr-x
drwxrwxrwt
drwxr-xr-x
drwxr-xr-x
drwxr-xr-x

1
1
2
13
3
1
1
1
1

root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root

root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root

4096
4096
4096
0
4096
4096
4096
4096
4096

Apr
May
Nov
May
Apr
May
Apr
Apr
May

29
1
19
1
29
1
29
29
1

03:01
14:23
2020
14:23
03:32
14:27
03:34
03:13
14:23

run
sbin
srv
sys
tensorflow-1.15.2
tmp
tools
usr
var

Thư mục /bin:
Nội dung: Chứa các tập tin nhị phân (chương trình) cần cho việc khởi động hệ thống hoặc làm việc trong
chế độ người dùng đơn để duy trì hệ thống
Quyền: rwxr-xr-x
Thư mục /boot:
Nội dung: Chứa các kernel image và các tập tin cấu hình khi khởi động
Quyền: rwxr-xr-x
Thư mục /dev:
Nội dung: Chứa các tập tin đặc biệt được sử dụng để tương tác với các thiết bị phần cứng
Quyền: rwxr-xr-x
Thư mục /etc:
Nội dung: Chứa các tập tin cấu hình hệ thống
Quyền: rwxr-xr-x
Thư mục /home:
Nội dung: Chứa các thư mục home người dùng
Quyền:rwxr-xr-x
Thư mục /lib:
Nội dung: Chứa các module thư viện được dùng bởi các câu lệnh
Quyền: rwxr-xr-x
Thư mục /mnt:
Nội dung: Chứa các thư mục trỏ đến các thiết bị lưu trữ
Quyền: rwxr-xr-x
Thư mục /proc:
Nội dung: Một hệ thống tập tin giả lập cho việc chuyển đổi dữ liệu giữa các tiến trình
Quyền: r-xr-xr-x
Thư mục sbin:
Nội dung: Chứa các câu lệnh cần thiết cho việc quản trị hệ thống
Quyền: rwxr-xr-x
Thư mục /tmp:
Nội dung: Chứa các tập tin tạm thời (temporary files)

Quyền: rwxrwxrwt
Thư mục /usr:
Nội dung: Chứa các tập tin chương trình, các thư viện, các tài liệu,… được dùng bởi những người dùng
(normal users)
Quyền: rwxr-xr-x
Thư mục /var:
Nội dung: Chứa các tập tin dữ liệu thường xuyên thay đổi như: các tập tin log hệ thống, mail và các tập tin


Nội dung: Chứa các tập tin dữ liệu thường xuyên thay đổi như: các tập tin log hệ thống, mail và các tập tin
ghi nhận in ấn…
Quyền: rwxr-xr-x

Bài tập 3
drwxr-xr-- 2 abc users 1024 Mar 7 12:35 ddd
Giải thích:
d: Cho biết đây là thư mục
rwx: Chủ sở hữu có quyền: Đọc, ghi, thực thi
r-x: Nhóm sở hữu có quyền: Đọc, thực thi, khơng có quyền ghi
r--: Người dùng khác có quyền: Đọc, khơng có quyền ghi và thực thi
2: Số liên kết đến thư mục
abc: Chủ sở hữu của thư mục ddd là abc
users: Nhóm sở hữu của thư mục ddd là users
1024: Kích thước của thư mục
Mar 7 12:35 : Thời gian của thư mục được sửa đổi sau cùng
ddd: Tên của thư mục là ddd

Bài 4
Trong hệ thống tập tin linux, thư mục chứa các tập tin cấu hình hệ thống là thư mục: /etc

Bài 5
Hai thư mục trong hệ thống tập tin linux có chứa các tập tin thư viện lệnh: lib và lib32

Bài 6
Thư mục /: Là thư mục gốc(root) chứa tất cả các thư mục khác và chứa luôn cả thư mục /root
Thư mục /root: Là thư mục home của root user

Bài tập 7
In [6]:
%%bash
pwd
cd ~
pwd
cd .
pwd
cd ..
pwd
cd root
pwd
/content
/root
/root
/
/root


Bài tập 8
In [7]:
%%bash
cd /var/spool

pwd
cd mail
pwd
cd ../../spool/mail
pwd
/var/spool
/var/spool/mail
/var/spool/mail

Bài tập 9
1.
In [8]:
%%bash
apt install tree
Reading package lists...
Building dependency tree...
Reading state information...
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
libnvidia-common-460 nsight-compute-2020.2.0
Use 'apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following NEW packages will be installed:
tree
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 42 not upgraded.
Need to get 40.7 kB of archives.
After this operation, 105 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 bionic/universe amd64 tree amd64 1.7.0-5 [40.7 kB]
Fetched 40.7 kB in 1s (48.1 kB/s)
Selecting previously unselected package tree.
(Reading database ... 155202 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../tree_1.7.0-5_amd64.deb ...

Unpacking tree (1.7.0-5) ...
Setting up tree (1.7.0-5) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.3-2ubuntu0.1) ...
WARNING: apt does not have a stable CLI interface. Use with caution in scripts.

In [9]:
%%bash
cd /var
tree -d | tail -1
155 directories
2.
In [10]:
%%bash
cd /var
ls /sbin
ls -l -d /sbin
agetty
badblocks
blkdiscard
blkid


blockdev
cfdisk
chcpu
ctrlaltdel
debugfs
depmod
docker-init
dumpe2fs

e2fsck
e2image
e2label
e2undo
fdisk
findfs
fsck
fsck.cramfs
fsck.ext2
fsck.ext3
fsck.ext4
fsck.minix
fsfreeze
fstab-decode
fstrim
getty
halt
hwclock
init
initctl
insmod
installkernel
isosize
killall5
ldconfig
ldconfig.real
logsave
losetup
lsmod
mke2fs

mkfs
mkfs.bfs
mkfs.cramfs
mkfs.ext2
mkfs.ext3
mkfs.ext4
mkfs.minix
mkhomedir_helper
mkswap
modinfo
modprobe
mount.fuse
pam_extrausers_chkpwd
pam_extrausers_update
pam_tally
pam_tally2
pivot_root
poweroff
raw
reboot
resize2fs
rmmod
runlevel
runuser
sfdisk
shadowconfig
shutdown
start-stop-daemon
sulogin
swaplabel

swapoff
swapon
switch_root
sysctl


telinit
tune2fs
ub-device-create
udevadm
unix_chkpwd
unix_update
wipefs
zramctl
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 May

1 14:23 /sbin

Hiển thị nội dung của thư mục /sbin, khơng có thơng báo lỗi. Vì theo như các phân quyền của thư mục /sbin
thì tất cả các người dùng đều có quyền đọc(read) thư mục /sbin.
3.
In [11]:
%%bash
cd /var
mkdir userxxx
In [12]:
%%bash
ls -l -d /var
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 May

1 14:32 /var

Khơng có thơng báo gì hiển thị. Vì mình đang là người dùng root mà chủ sở hữu của thư mục /var là root và
có quyền ghi(write) vào thư mục /var.
4.
In [13]:
%%bash
cd /var
cd
mkdir vuphuong
In [14]:
%%bash
ls -l -d /root
drwx------ 1 root root 4096 May

1 14:33 /root

Không có thơng báo gì hiển thị. Vì mình đang là người dùng root. Mà theo như các quyền trên thư mục /root
thì chủ hữu của thư mục là người dùng root và có tồn quyền trên thư mục /root.
5.
In [15]:
%%bash
cd /var
cd
cd vuphuong
pwd
echo '"This is a message"' > fffff
/root/vuphuong
Kết quả: Tập tin fffff tạo thành công

6.
In [16]:
%%bash
cd /var
cd ~/vuphuong
pwd
rmdir ~/vuphuong
/root/vuphuong
rmdir: failed to remove '/root/vuphuong': Directory not empty
Thông báo lỗi được hiển thị: rmdir: failed to remove '/root/vuphuong': Directory not empty. Tại vì lệnh rmdir
chỉ xóa được các thư mục rỗng, trong khi thư mục vuphuong đang có chứa file fffff nên từ đó ta khơng thể
xóa được.

Bài tập 10
Liệt kê tất cả các tập tin trong thư mục home của người dùng hiện đang làm việc:
In [17]:
%%bash
cd
ls -l -a
total 76
drwx-----drwxr-xr-x
-rw-------r-xr-xr-x
drwxr-xr-x
drwxr-xr-x
-rw-r--r-drwxr-xr-x
-rw-r--r-drwxr-xr-x
drwx-----drwxr-xr-x
drwxr-xr-x
drwxr-xr-x

-rw-r--r--r-xr-xr-x
-rw-r--r-drwxr-xr-x

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
5
2
2
1
4
1
1
1
2

Các tập tin ẩn:
.bashrc
.cache
.config
.gsutil
.ipython
.jupyter
.keras

.local

root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root

root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root

root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root

4096
4096
52
1169
4096
4096
1694
4096
12
4096
4096
4096
4096
4096
148
254
0
4096

May

May
May
Jan
Apr
Apr
May
Apr
May
Apr
Apr
May
Apr
Apr
Aug
Jan
May
May

1
1
1
1
29
29
1
29
1
29
29
1

29
29
17
1
1
1

14:33
14:23
14:28
2000
03:35
03:34
14:24
03:19
14:24
03:34
03:34
14:24
03:34
03:34
2015
2000
14:24
14:33

.
..
.bash_history
.bashrc

.cache
.config
file1
.gsutil
helloword.txt
.ipython
.jupyter
.keras
.local
.npm
.profile
.tmux.conf
vidub2004746
vuphuong


.npm
.profile
.tmux.conf

Bài tập 11
1
In [18]:
%%bash
tail -4 /etc/passwd
systemd-network:x:101:104:systemd Network Management,,,:/run/systemd/netif:/usr/sbin/nolo
gin
systemd-resolve:x:102:105:systemd Resolver,,,:/run/systemd/resolve:/usr/sbin/nologin
messagebus:x:103:107::/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
nvidia-persistenced:x:104:108:NVIDIA Persistence Daemon,,,:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin

2
In [19]:
%%bash
tail -6 /etc/group
systemd-journal:x:103:
systemd-network:x:104:
systemd-resolve:x:105:
input:x:106:
messagebus:x:107:
nvidia-persistenced:x:108:
3
In [20]:
%%bash
tail -8 /etc/login.defs
#
#
#
#

CLOSE_SESSIONS
LOGIN_STRING
NO_PASSWORD_CONSOLE
QMAIL_DIR

4
In [21]:
%%bash
tail -20 /etc/login.defs
#CHFN_AUTH
#CHSH_AUTH

#FAIL_DELAY
################# OBSOLETED #######################
#
#
# These options are no more handled by shadow.
#
#
#
# Shadow utilities will display a warning if they #
# still appear.
#
#
#


#
#
###################################################
#
#
#
#

CLOSE_SESSIONS
LOGIN_STRING
NO_PASSWORD_CONSOLE
QMAIL_DIR

Nhận xét: Lệnh tail -20 /etc/login.defs đếm luôn cả những dòng trống trong file.

Bài tập 12
1
In [22]:
%%bash
cd
pwd
touch one two three four five r1 r2
ls -l
/root
total 12
-rw-r--r--rw-r--r--rw-r--r--rw-r--r--rw-r--r--rw-r--r--rw-r--r--rw-r--r--rw-r--r--rw-r--r-drwxr-xr-x

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2

root
root
root
root
root
root

root
root
root
root
root

root 1694 May
root
0 May
root
0 May
root
12 May
root
0 May
root
0 May
root
0 May
root
0 May
root
0 May
root
0 May
root 4096 May

1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

14:24
14:36
14:36
14:24
14:36
14:36
14:36
14:36
14:36
14:24
14:33

file1
five
four
helloword.txt
one
r1
r2
three
two

vidub2004746
vuphuong

Các tập tin one, two, three, four, five, r1 và r2:
Chủ sở hữu root: Có quyền đọc(read), ghi(write) nhưng khơng có quyền thực thi(execute)
Nhóm sở hữu root: Chỉ có quyền đọc
Người dùng khác: Chỉ có quyền đọc
2
In [23]:
%%bash
cd
cd /var
touch one two three four five r1 r2
ls one two three four five r1 r2
ls -l -d /var
whoami
five
four
one
r1
r2
three
two
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 May
root

1 14:37 /var


Các tập tin được tạo thành công như ở câu 1, vì chủ sở hữu thư mục /var là người dùng root và có tồn

quyền trên thư mục /var, mà người dùng mặc định hiện tại đang làm việc là người dùng root --> Các tập tin
tạo thành công
3
In [24]:
%%bash
cd
cp .profile bprofile
ls -l -a
total 80
drwx-----drwxr-xr-x
-rw-------r-xr-xr-x
-rw-r--r-drwxr-xr-x
drwxr-xr-x
-rw-r--r--rw-r--r--rw-r--r-drwxr-xr-x
-rw-r--r-drwxr-xr-x
drwx-----drwxr-xr-x
drwxr-xr-x
drwxr-xr-x
-rw-r--r--rw-r--r--rw-r--r--rw-r--r--rw-r--r--r-xr-xr-x
-rw-r--r--rw-r--r-drwxr-xr-x

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
3
1
5
2
2
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2

root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root

root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root

root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root

root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root

4096
4096
52
1169
148
4096
4096
1694
0
0
4096
12
4096
4096
4096
4096
4096
0

148
0
0
0
254
0
0
4096

May
May
May
Jan
May
Apr
Apr
May
May
May
Apr
May
Apr
Apr
May
Apr
Apr
May
Aug
May
May

May
Jan
May
May
May

1
1
1
1
1
29
29
1
1
1
29
1
29
29
1
29
29
1
17
1
1
1
1
1

1
1

14:37
14:23
14:28
2000
14:37
03:35
03:34
14:24
14:36
14:36
03:19
14:24
03:34
03:34
14:24
03:34
03:34
14:36
2015
14:36
14:36
14:36
2000
14:36
14:24
14:33

.
..
.bash_history
.bashrc
bprofile
.cache
.config
file1
five
four
.gsutil
helloword.txt
.ipython
.jupyter
.keras
.local
.npm
one
.profile
r1
r2
three
.tmux.conf
two
vidub2004746
vuphuong

root 148 May
root 1694 May
root

0 May
root
0 May
root
12 May
root
8 May
root
0 May
root
0 May
root
0 May
root
0 May
root
0 May
root
0 May
root 4096 May

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1

14:37
14:24
14:36
14:36
14:24
14:37
14:36
14:36
14:36
14:36
14:36
14:24
14:33

bprofile
file1
five
four
helloword.txt
lbprofile -> bprofile
one
r1
r2
three
two

vidub2004746
vuphuong

4
In [25]:
%%bash
cd
ln -s bprofile lbprofile
ls -l
total 16
-rw-r--r--rw-r--r--rw-r--r--rw-r--r--rw-r--r-lrwxrwxrwx
-rw-r--r--rw-r--r--rw-r--r--rw-r--r--rw-r--r--rw-r--r-drwxr-xr-x

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2

root
root
root

root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root

Ta có bprofile là một tập tin bình thường. Cịn lbprofile là một liên kết tượng trưng (Symbolic Link), là đường
dẫn trỏ đến vị trí của file bprofile.


5
In [26]:
%%bash
cd
cp one two three four five r1 r2 /tmp
ls /tmp
dap_multiplexer.fe5015685734.root.log.INFO.20220501-142402.44
dap_multiplexer.INFO
debugger_299nkik1v2
five
four
initgoogle_syslog_dir.0
one
pyright-98-6cgBTblL49yN
pyright-98-POKeQwuqAXob

python-languageserver-cancellation
r1
r2
three
two
6
In [27]:
%%bash
cd
cp one two three four five r1 r2 /root
ls /root
bprofile
file1
five
four
helloword.txt
lbprofile
one
r1
r2
three
two
vidub2004746
vuphuong
cp:
cp:
cp:
cp:
cp:
cp:

cp:

'one' and '/root/one' are the same file
'two' and '/root/two' are the same file
'three' and '/root/three' are the same file
'four' and '/root/four' are the same file
'five' and '/root/five' are the same file
'r1' and '/root/r1' are the same file
'r2' and '/root/r2' are the same file
Khi chép 7 tập tin (one two three four five r1 r2) đến thư mục /root thì nhận được lỗi “….are the same file”.
Kết quả câu 5: Chép thành cơng, cịn câu 6: Chép khơng thành cơng --> Vì các tập tin one, two, three, four,
five, r1 và r2 đã tồn tại bên trong thư mục /root.

7
In [28]:
%%bash
cd
cp /etc/passwd ~
ls -l passwd
ls -l /etc/passwd


-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1247 May 1 14:37 passwd
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1247 Apr 29 03:09 /etc/passwd
Quyền tương tác trên tập tin passwd vừa được sao chép với tập tin /etc/passwd là như nhau. Vì user đang
dùng hiện tại là user root.
8
In [29]:
%%bash
cd

mkdir dir1 dir2
mkdir -p dir2/dir2a
Quyền trên các thư mục vừa tạo:
In [30]:
%%bash
cd
ls -l -d dir1
ls -l -d dir2
ls -l -d dir2/dir2a
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 May
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May
9
In [31]:
%%bash
cd
mv one dir1
ls dir1
one
10
In [32]:
%%bash
cd
mv f* dir2
ls dir2
dir2a
file1
five
four
11

In [33]:
%%bash
cd
mv r1 r2 dir2/dir2a
ls dir2/dir2a
r1
r2

1 14:37 dir1
1 14:37 dir2
1 14:37 dir2/dir2a


12
In [34]:
%%bash
rm -d -r ~/dir2/dir2a

Bài tập 13
1
In [35]:
%%bash
cd
touch hello
2
In [36]:
%%bash
cd
touch reply
3

In [37]:
%%bash
cd
ls -l hello reply
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May

1 14:38 hello
1 14:38 reply

4
In [38]:
%%bash
cd
./hello
./reply
bash: line 2: ./hello: Permission denied
bash: line 3: ./reply: Permission denied
Kết quả: Khi chạy hai chương trình trên đều báo lỗi: Permission denied. Nguyên nhân: Do hai chương trình
này chưa được cấp quyền thực thi(execute).
5
In [41]:
%%bash
cd
chmod 755 hello
chmod 755 reply
./hello
./reply
Kết quả: Hai chương trình thực thi thành cơng. Nhận xét: Khi tạo một shell script thì nhớ phải cấp quyền

thực thi cho shell script.
6
In [42]:
%%bash
cd
ls -l hello reply
chmod 700 hello
chmod 700 reply
ls -l hello reply
-rwxr-xr-x
-rwxr-xr-x
-rwx------rwx------

1
1
1
1

root
root
root
root

root
root
root
root

0

0
0
0

May
May
May
May

1
1
1
1

14:38
14:38
14:38
14:38

hello
reply
hello
reply

root
root
root
root

0

0
0
0

May
May
May
May

1
1
1
1

14:38
14:38
14:38
14:38

hello
reply
hello
reply

7
In [43]:
%%bash
cd
ls -l hello reply
chmod 750 hello

chmod 750 reply
ls -l hello reply
./hello
./reply
-rwx------rwx------rwxr-x---rwxr-x---

1
1
1
1

root
root
root
root

8
In [44]:
%%shell
useradd -m phuong748
passwd phuong748
Enter new UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:
passwd: password updated successfully
Out[44]:

In [45]:
%%bash
cd
chown phuong748 hello

ls -l hello
rm hello
-rwxr-x--- 1 phuong748 root 0 May

1 14:38 hello

Kết quả: Xóa thành cơng file hello. Vì mình đang là người dùng root
9
In [46]:
%%bash


cd
touch hello1
ls -l hello1
echo "echo Hello1" > hello1
chmod 744 hello1
ls -l hello1
./hello1
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 1 14:43 hello1
-rwxr--r-- 1 root root 12 May 1 14:43 hello1
Hello1
Người dùng khác khi chạy tập tin hello1 sẽ không thể chạy được. Vì họ chưa được cấp quyền thực thi trên
file hello1
10
Để tập tin hello1 có thể chạy được bởi người dùng nào đó trong hệ thống thì cần phải cấp quyền thực thi
cho NHÓM: Người dùng khác. Giải pháp: Cấp quyền thực thi cho nhóm người dùng khác cho file hello1
bằng: chmod 745 hello1 hoặc chmod 747 hello1 hoặc chmod 741 hello1
11
Để người dùng nào đó trong hệ thống (user1 chẳng hạn) cấp quyền thực thi cho người dùng khác (user2

chẳng hạn) thì địi hỏi người dùng user1 phải là chủ sở hữu của tập tin đó hoặc user1 là người dùng root
hoặc user1 phải có đặc quyền sudo.
Ví dụ:
chmod 755 hello1
12
In [47]:
%%bash
cd
mv hello1 rm
rm reply
Tập tin reply xóa thành cơng. Vì khi dùng lệnh

rm reply thì hệ thống sẽ ưu tiên hiểu rằng ta đang dùng

lệnh rm(remove) với đối số reply
-> File reply xóa thành cơng

Bài tập 14
1. Lệnh more: Dùng để xem nội dung của tệp tin theo trang
In [48]:
%%bash
more /etc/passwd
::::::::::::::
/etc/passwd
::::::::::::::
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin
bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/usr/sbin/nologin
sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync

sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync
games:x:5:60:games:/usr/games:/usr/sbin/nologin
man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/usr/sbin/nologin
lp:x:7:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/usr/sbin/nologin
mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/usr/sbin/nologin
news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/usr/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:10:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/usr/sbin/nologin
proxy:x:13:13:proxy:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
www-data:x:33:33:www-data:/var/www:/usr/sbin/nologin
backup:x:34:34:backup:/var/backups:/usr/sbin/nologin
list:x:38:38:Mailing List Manager:/var/list:/usr/sbin/nologin
irc:x:39:39:ircd:/var/run/ircd:/usr/sbin/nologin
gnats:x:41:41:Gnats Bug-Reporting System (admin):/var/lib/gnats:/usr/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
_apt:x:100:65534::/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
systemd-network:x:101:104:systemd Network Management,,,:/run/systemd/netif:/usr/sbin/nolo
gin
systemd-resolve:x:102:105:systemd Resolver,,,:/run/systemd/resolve:/usr/sbin/nologin
messagebus:x:103:107::/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
nvidia-persistenced:x:104:108:NVIDIA Persistence Daemon,,,:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
phuong748:x:1000:1000::/home/phuong748:/bin/sh
1. Lệnh less: Dùng để xem nội dung của tệp tin, cho phép di chuyển lên xuống và tìm kiếm
In [49]:
%%bash
less /etc/group
root:x:0:
daemon:x:1:
bin:x:2:

sys:x:3:
adm:x:4:
tty:x:5:
disk:x:6:
lp:x:7:
mail:x:8:
news:x:9:
uucp:x:10:
man:x:12:
proxy:x:13:
kmem:x:15:
dialout:x:20:
fax:x:21:
voice:x:22:
cdrom:x:24:
floppy:x:25:
tape:x:26:
sudo:x:27:
audio:x:29:
dip:x:30:
www-data:x:33:
backup:x:34:
operator:x:37:
list:x:38:
irc:x:39:
src:x:40:
gnats:x:41:
shadow:x:42:
utmp:x:43:
video:x:44:

sasl:x:45:
plugdev:x:46:
staff:x:50:
games:x:60:
users:x:100:
nogroup:x:65534:
ssh:x:101:
rdma:x:102:
systemd-journal:x:103:


systemd-network:x:104:
systemd-resolve:x:105:
input:x:106:
messagebus:x:107:
nvidia-persistenced:x:108:
phuong748:x:1000:
1. Lệnh head: Dùng để xem những dòng đầu của tệp tin (theo mặc định là 10 dòng đầu tiên)
In [50]:
%%bash
head /etc/shadow
root:*:18585:0:99999:7:::
daemon:*:18585:0:99999:7:::
bin:*:18585:0:99999:7:::
sys:*:18585:0:99999:7:::
sync:*:18585:0:99999:7:::
games:*:18585:0:99999:7:::
man:*:18585:0:99999:7:::
lp:*:18585:0:99999:7:::
mail:*:18585:0:99999:7:::

news:*:18585:0:99999:7:::
1. Lệnh tail: Dùng để xem những dòng cuối của tệp tin(theo mặc định là 10 dùng cuối cùng)
In [51]:
%%bash
tail /etc/gshadow
nogroup:*::
ssh:!::
rdma:!::
systemd-journal:!::
systemd-network:!::
systemd-resolve:!::
input:!::
messagebus:!::
nvidia-persistenced:!::
phuong748:!::
1. Lệnh cat: Dùng để hiển thị toàn bộ nội dung của tập tin ra màn hình cửa sổ dòng lệnh
In [52]:
%%bash
cat /proc/partitions
major minor
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

8
8
8
8
253

#blocks
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0

name

115343360
89128960
84776943
16384
2097152

16384
2097152
0
0
16384
0
0
8192
32768
2038784

loop0
sda
sda1
sda2
sda3
sda4
sda5
sda6
sda7
sda8
sda9
sda10
sda11
sda12
dm-0


Bài tập 15
1

In [53]:
!find / -type f -name "*.html"
Kết quả truyền trực tuyến bị cắt bớt đến 5000 dòng cuối.
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/search/all_77.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/search/all_69.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/search/variables_72.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/search/groups_61.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/search/variables_69.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/search/variables_66.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/search/variables_6c.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/search/groups_68.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/search/all_6a.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/search/all_7a.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/search/variables_6e.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/search/groups_65.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/search/all_78.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/search/variables_77.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/search/all_6e.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/search/variables_79.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/search/pages_69.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/search/variables_6f.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/search/all_73.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/search/all_32.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/search/groups_62.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/search/all_31.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/group__image__filter__sharpen.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/group__signal__conversion__functions.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/nppi_8h_source.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/group__image__filter__column.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/group__image___l1__norm.html

/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/group__signal__initialization.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/group__image__abs.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/group__image__resize__square__pixel.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/group__signal__mean.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/group__image__morph.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/group__image__average__relative__error.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/group__image__or.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/nppi__support__functions_8h_source.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/group__image__dilate__border.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/group__signal__divcrev.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/group__backwards__affine__transform.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/group__signal__exp.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/group__image__copy__operations.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/nppi__compression__functions_8h_source.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/group__image__div.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/npps_8h_source.html
/usr/local/cuda-10.1/doc/html/export/npp/group__image__filter__high__pass__border.html
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