MỤC LỤC
MỤC LỤC................................................................................................................................................................1
BÀI GIẢNG ƠN THI KIỂM TỐN BTC 2020....................................................................................................1
UNIT 1: TÌM HIỂU FORMAT ĐỀ THI VÀ BÀI THI MẪU..............................................................................1
TỔNG HỢP CÁC KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP CẦN ÔN TẬP.............................................................................8
UNIT 2: LOẠI TỪ MANG NGHĨA TỪ VỰNG...................................................................................................9
2.1. VERBS: ĐỘNG TỪ...........................................................................................................................................9
2.2. ADJECTIVES..................................................................................................................................................10
2.3. ADVERBS.......................................................................................................................................................11
2.4. NOUNS............................................................................................................................................................12
UNIT 3: TỪ MANG NGHĨA NGỮ PHÁP..........................................................................................................16
3.1. MẠO TỪ XÁC ĐỊNH VÀ MẠO TỪ KHÔNG XÁC ĐỊNH...........................................................................16
3.2. QUANTIFIERS................................................................................................................................................17
3.3. LIKING WORDS (TỪ NỐI)............................................................................................................................18
3.4. ANOTHER AND OTHER...............................................................................................................................21
3.5. PREPOSITIONS..............................................................................................................................................22
UNIT 4: TYPES OF QUESTIONS......................................................................................................................25
4.1. Yes/No Questions.............................................................................................................................................25
4.2. Question Word Questions.................................................................................................................................25
4.3. Tag Questions...................................................................................................................................................27
UNIT 5: TENSES (THỜI)....................................................................................................................................33
5.1. PRESENT SIMPLE - HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN............................................................................................................33
5.2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS - HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN......................................................................................34
5.3. PAST SIMPLE – QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN.................................................................................................................36
5.5. PAST CONTINUOUS – QUÁ KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN............................................................................................37
5.6. CÁC DẠNG TƯƠNG LAI...............................................................................................................................38
5.7. PRESENT PERFECT - HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH........................................................................................39
UNIT 6: CÁC DẠNG VIẾT LẠI CÂU SAO CHO NGHĨA KHÔNG THAY ĐỔI..........................................43
6.1.CONDITIONALS.............................................................................................................................................43
6.1.1.Câu điều kiện loại 1 – Conditional (TYPE I) Công thức:...............................................................................43
6.1.2.Câu điều kiện loại 2 – Conditional (TYPE II)................................................................................................44
6.1.3. Câu điều kiện loại 3 – Conditional (TYPE III)..............................................................................................44
6.2.BỊ ĐỘNG - THE PASSIVE..............................................................................................................................45
6.3.ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS IN COMPARISION.....................................................................................48
6.4REPORTED SPEECH........................................................................................................................................49
MỘT SỐ CẤU TRÚC CƠ BẢN...........................................................................................................................54
TỪ THEO CHỦ ĐIỂM.........................................................................................................................................58
1
BÀI GIẢNG ƠN THI KIỂM TỐN BTC 2020
UNIT 1: TÌM HIỂU FORMAT ĐỀ THI VÀ BÀI THI MẪU
Yêu cầu:
Đề thi gồm 2 phần: đọc hiểu và viết. Thời gian làm bài 120 phút. Nội dung đề là kiến
thức phổ thông về chính trị, kinh tế, tài chính, kế tốn, văn hoá và xã hội.
Nội dung:
Nội dung
Điểm
Phần I: (Part I): Đọc hiểu (Reading) (40 điểm)
Bài 1: (Section 1): Cho 20 - 25 từ hoặc cụm từ không đánh dấu A. 1.0 điểm
B. C) và cho sẵn 15 câu chưa hoàn chỉnh, thí sinh chọn 1 cho mỗi
từ hoặc cụm từ thích hợp cho ở trên điền vào chỗ trống để câu đúng
hoàn thành câu. Hoặc dạng bài Multiple choice.
Bài 2: (Section 2): Cho 2 bài đọc, mỗi bài khoảng 80 - 100 từ, sau
mỗi bài đó cho 5 câu hỏi. Thí sinh đọc và trả lời hoặc chọn
câu trả lời đúng.
Bài 3: (Section 3): Cho 1 bài đọc khoảng 150 từ, trong đó có 10
chỗ trống. Thí sinh tự tìm từ hoặc cụm từ thích hợp điền
vào chỗ trống để thành bài đọc.
1.5 điểm
cho mỗi
câu đúng
1,0 điểm
cho mỗi
câu đúng
Phần II: (Part II): Viết (Writing) (40 điểm)
Bài 1: (Section 1): Dùng dạng thích hợp của từ cho sẵn trong 1.0 điểm
ngoặc điền vào chỗ trống để hồn thành câu. Có câu mẫu. cho mỗi
Tổng số 5 câu.
câu đúng
Tổng
30
15
10
5
Bài 2: (Section 2): Dựng câu có hướng dẫn (guided sentence) theo 1.5 điểm
các từ cho sẵn. Có câu mẫu. Tổng số 10 câu.
cho mỗi
câu đúng
Bài 3: (Section 3): Viết lại câu nhưng phải giữ ngun ý chính 1.0 điểm
của câu cho sẵn. Có câu mẫu. Tổng số 5 câu.
cho mỗi
câu đúng
15
Bài 4: (Section 4): Cho 5 câu tiếng Việt và 5 câu tiếng Anh. Mỗi 1.5 điểm
câu khoảng 15 - 20 từ. Thí sinh dịch 5 câu tiếng Việt ra cho mỗi
tiếng Anh, 5 câu tiếng Anh ra tiếng Việt
câu đúng
15
Tổng điểm:
100
10
1
HỘI ĐỒNG THI KIỂM TOÁN
VIÊN VÀ KẾ TOÁN VIÊN
HÀNH NGHỀ NĂM
ĐỀ THI VIẾT
MƠN THI: ANH VĂN TRÌNH ĐỘ C
(Thời gian làm bài 120 phút)
Họ và tên thí sinh: ............................................................................................
Số báo danh: .......................................
Phòng thi số: ..............................
Ngày sinh: ........../ ........./ ...................
Nơi sinh: ....................................
Họ tên & chữ ký giám thị 1
Họ tên & chữ ký giám thị 2
Số phách
..............................................................................................................................................
Họ tên & chữ ký người chấm thi 1Họ tên & chữ ký người chấm thi 2 Số phách
Điểm:
Phần Đọc hiểu
Bài 1: ………….
Bài 2: ………….
Bài 3: ………….
Cộng: …………
Phần Viết
Bài 1: ………….
Bài 2: ………….
Bài 3: ………….
Bài 4: …………
Cộng: …………
PART I: READING
Section 1: Choose the correct word or phrase in the box to complete each
of the following sentences. Each word or phrase is usedONCE only.
making
despite
under
product
external
evaluation
for
similar
without
audited
production
universe
afford
invested
has taken
estimation
although
had taken
building
accurate
which
to build
make
who
inside
1. An audit is an independent …………….. of the company's financial
records.
2. His idea for a ………………… was a genius one, but he didn't have
enough money to make or produce it on his own.
3. The auditor ensures that all statements made in the company’s
financial statements are …………….. and truthful.
4. I had experience of working to deadlines and working ……………..
pressure.
5. ………………. I do not have work experience in finance, I have
experience in working in an office environment.
6. Many European airlines have recently ………………. in American
companies
7. One-off production is the activity of ………………. unique
products.
8. He…………….the accounting course before he became an
independent auditor.
9. He suggested ……………. a double railway tunnel.
10. Clara wanted to buy the coat, but it cost more than she could
……..
2
11. I sometimes take John’s coat instead of my own, because the two of them look
so…………
12. Sometimes the role of internal and …………….. auditors can be confused.
13. It’s unwise to buy new shoes and sandals …………… first trying them on.
14. External auditors are certified public accountants, or CPAs, ………………. work as
independents of a business or organization
15. It is a legal requirement for all financial statements from public companies to be
………………. by a third-party accountant.
1 ……………
6 ……………..
2 ……………
7 …………….
3 ……………
8 ……………
4 ……………
9 …………….
5 ……………
10 …………..
11……………...
12 ……………..
13 ……………..
14 …………….
15 ……………..
Section 2: Read the following passages and do the tasks follow:
Passage 1: Read the following text and select the best answer A, B, C or D for each
question after the text
Computer programmer David Jones earns £ 35,000 a year designing computer games, yet
he cannot find a bank prepared to let him have a cheque card. Instead, he has been told to
wait another two years, until he is 18. The 16-year-old works for a small firm in
Liverpool, where the problem of most young people of his age is finding a job. David’s
firm releases two new games for the expanding home computer market each month.
But David biggest headache is what to do with his money. Despite his salary, earned by
inventing new programs within tight schedules, with bonus payments and profit-sharing,
he cannot drive a car, take out a mortgage, or obtain credit cards. He lives with his
parents in their council house in Liverpool, where his father is a bus driver. His company
has to pay £ 150 a month in taxis fares to get him the five miles to work and back every
day because David cannot drive.
David got his job with the Liverpool-based company four months ago, a year after
leaving school with six O-levels and working for a time in a computer shop. “I got the
job because the people who run the firm knew I had already written some programs,” he
said. “I suppose £ 35,000 sounds a lot but actually that’s being pessimistic. I hope it will
come to more than that this year” he spends some of his money on records and clothes,
and gives his mother £20 a week. But, most of his spare time is spent working.
“Unfortunately, computing was not part of our studies at school,” he said. “But I had
been studying it in books and magazines for four years in my spare time. I knew what I
wanted to do and never considered staying on at school. Most people in this business are
fairly young, anyway.” David added: “I would like to earn a million and I suppose early
retirement is a possibility. You never know when the market might disappear.”
1. Why is David different from other young people of his age?
A. he earns on extremely high salary
B. he is not unemployed
C. he does not go out much
D. he lives at home with his parents
2. David’s great problem is
A. making the banks treat him as an adult
B. inventing computer games
C. spending his salary
D. learning to drive
3. He was employed by the company because
A. he had worked in a computer shop
B. he had written some computer programs
C. he works very hard
D. he had learnt to use computers at school
3
24. He left school after taking O-levels because
A. he did not enjoy school
B. he wanted to work with computers and staying at school did not help him
C. he was afraid of getting too old to start computing
D. he wanted to earn a lot of money
5. Why does David think he might retire early?
A. you have to be young to write computer programs
B. he wants to stop working when he is a millionaire
C. he thinks computer games might not always sell so well
D. he thinks his firm might go bankrupt
Passage 2: Read the following text and answer the questions followed the text.
The Train’n Wheels program, an Environmental Defense Fund project, has finally
arrived in southeast Los Angeles where it is assisting low-income communities with a
gas-fueled shuttle service. The shuttle consists of eight vehicles that transport people
from home or work to the nearest train stations. The service has several benefits. It
allows the citizens more mobility, eases congestion, reduces pollution, and increases job
retention by easing the commute for low-income workers.
According to economic analyst Michael Cameron, many of the low-income residents are
not able to get to certain jobs because they cannot afford to own a car. Train’n Wheels
gives these people access to jobs that were hitherto out of their reach.
The EDF had two goals in mind when it created the shuttle plan: to pool commuters,
thereby reducing pollution and the use of resources, and to provide transportation
improvements that would not increase cost to low-income commuters. By determining
where most of the shuttle riders would come from, the EDF is, in fact, helping the
primary sponsor, the Southeast Community Development Corporation, find the sources
that will financially back up this community outreach program.
1. What does EDF stand for?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
2. How many vehicles does the shuttle have?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
3. How can the service increase job retention?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Why can’t many of the low-income residents get to certain jobs?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
5. What is one of the goals of the EDF when creating the shuttle plan?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Section 3: Read the letter below and think of ONE word which best fits each space.
Marks & Spencer, the British food and clothes company, is the most famous British shop
in the world. At the moment, there (1) ………….. 283 M&S shops in Britain, and other
(2) ……………. in France, Belgium, Holland, Spain, and Portugal. Currently, they are
building a large new store (3) ………….. Paris on the rue de Rivoli. In North America,
the (4) …………….. owns Brooks Brothers and there are about fifty stores in Canada.
More and more people, from Hong Kong to Lisbon, are (5) ……………. their clothes
and food from M&S.
4
The company (6) ……………….. about 50,000 people worldwide. Sales have increased
by 80% over the last ten years, mainly due (7) ………….. expansion overseas. Many of
the shops abroad are franchises. Owners of (8) …………… buy all their stock from
Marks & Spencer and pay the company a percentage of their turnover.
The clothes vary from country to country. In Thanland, for (9) ……………., M&S sell
more short-sleeved skirts bescause of the climate. In Japan, they sell smaller sizes
because of the average size of the population. In Austria, (10) ……………. stock very
large clothes. Food departments sell typically British food: tea, cake, biscuits, etc., and
the shops in Paris are very popular at lunchtime for the sale of sanwiches.
1 ……………
2 ……………
3 ……………
4 ……………
5 ……………
6 ……………..
7 …………….
8 ……………
9 …………….
10 …………..
Part II. WRITING
Section 1: The words in brackets can be used to form words that fit into the following
sentences.
Example:
I ......... this morning, and I was late for work. (SLEEP)
Answer:
I oversleptthis morning, and I was late for work.
1. The company should seek to build customer ………………………, promote its
website and add value.
(AWARE)
2. The more …………………………. you have about each college, the better choice you
can make. (INFORM)
3. It is the ………………………….. of these committees to protect consumers.
(RESPONSIBLE)
4. They are going to give their regular customer an ………………….. discount.
(ADDITION)
5. There has been a ……………………… of 10% in the amount of money available for
buying new books. (REDUCE)
Section 2: Make all the changes and additions necessary to produce complete
sentences from the following sets of words and phrases.
Example:
I / use / live / this / house / when / young.
Answer:
I used to live in this house when I was young.
1. When/ decide/ future career/ a lot/ people/ not/ give/ accountancy/ a second thought.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
2. Accounting/ be/ backbone/ any organization/ offer/ a wide number of attractive careers
within it.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
3. Working/ auditor/ be/ very different/ other accountancy work/ as/ there/ be/ no routine.
..........................................................................................................................................
4. Tax advisors/ can/ help/ clients/ lower/ tax bill/ thanks to/ their/ in-depth knowledge/
taxation law.
..........................................................................................................................................
5
..........................................................................................................................................
5. A friend/ mine/ who/ recently/ return/ England/ advise me/ write/ you.
..........................................................................................................................................
6. I/ hope/ come/ England/ next year/ spend/ some months/ Oxford
..........................................................................................................................................
7. In/ today’s/ paper/ it/ say/ we/ have/ election/ next year.
..........................................................................................................................................
8. I/ have to/ pay/ customs duty/ a carpet/ I/ bring in/ through/ Customs today.
..........................................................................................................................................
9. It/ be/ long/ film/ I/ have ever/ see/ :/ it/ last/ three hours.
..........................................................................................................................................
10. In/ memo/ all department managers/ ,/ the employees/ request/ more flexible/
working/ hour.
..........................................................................................................................................
Section 3: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly
the same as the sentence printed before it.
Example:
I haven’t enjoyed myself so much for years.
Answer:
It’s years since I enjoyed myself so much.
1. You need to submit your report by tomorrow morning.
It’s necessary …………………………………………………………………………………
2. I’ve just received a very nice gift from one of my suppliers.
One of my suppliers…………………………………………………………………………
3. We stopped ordering from them, because their products were badly designed
Because of…………………………………………………………………………………...
4. The project was so unviable that the bank decided not to give them a loan.
It was such ………………………………………………………………………………….
5. I have never been to such a long meeting.
This is ……………………………………………………………………………………….
Section 4: Translate the following sentences into Vietnamese or English
1. A lot of smaller companies use bookkeepers for their daily accounting needs.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Accounting graduates salaries are still rising with an average salary of $42,500.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
3.In the next 8 years the number of accounting jobs will rise from 1.2 million to 1.4
million in the US.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Prices have fallen in the food business because of advances in the food production and
distribution technology.
6
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
5. The student market in the UK is estimated to be worth £13 billion of spending power
in a year.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Có lẽ cách thức hiệu quả nhất để quảng bá sản phẩm tới số đông công chúng là quảng
cáo.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Các công ty tuyển dụng trả phí cho Monster.com để đọc những bộ sơ yếu lí lịch và
đăng tải thơng báo tuyển dụng.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Các siêu thị lớn có thể cung cấp thực phẩm với mức giá thấp hơn bởi họ có thể mua
vào với số lượng lớn.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Buenos Aires có nền kinh tế vững mạnh. Thương mại quốc tế đóng vai trị quan trọng
đối với sự phát triển của thành phố.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Chúng tôi tin rằng công ty của chúng tôi đã thành công; chúng tôi đạt lợi nhuận mỗi
năm kể từ năm đầu tiên.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
7
TỔNG HỢP CÁC KIẾN THỨC NGỮ PHÁP CẦN ÔN TẬP
1>PARTS OF SPEECH – LEXICAL WORDS (Loại từ mang nghĩa từ vựng)
1.1. Động từ (Verbs)
1.2. Tính từ (Adjectives)
1.3. Trạng từ (Adverbs)
1.4. Danh từ (Nouns)
2> PARTS OF SPEECH – GRAMMATICAL WORDS (Loại từ mang nghĩa ngữ
pháp)
2.1. Defintie and Indefinite articles
2.2. Determiners and quantifiers
2.3. Conjunctions
2.4. Another and other
2.5. Prepositions
3> WORD FORMATION (Cấu tạo từ mới từ từ gốc)
3.1. Verbs → Nouns
3.1. Adjectives → Nouns
3.3. Nouns → Verbs
3.4. Adjectives → Verbs
3.5. Nouns → Adjectives
3.6. Verbs → Adjectives
4> TYPES OF QUESTIONS (Loại câu hỏi cho bài đọc hiểu)
4.1. Yes/No Questions
4.2. Question Word Questions
4.3. Tag Questions
5> TENSES - CÁC THỜI CƠ BẢN(cần thiết cho phần viết câu – dịch câu)
5.1. Present simple - Hiện tại đơn
5.2. Present continuous - Thời hiện tại tiếp diễn
5.3. Past simple – Quá khứ đơn
5.4. Past continuous – Quá khứ tiếp diễn
5.5. Future Simple – Tương lai đơn
5.6. Present perfect - Hiện tại hoàn thành
5.7. Past perfect – Quá khứ hoàn thành
6> CÁC DẠNG VIẾT LẠI CÂU SAO CHO NGHĨA KHÔNG THAY ĐỔI
6.1: CONDITIONALS
6.1.1. Câu điều kiện loại 1 – Conditional (TYPE I)
6.1.2. Câu điều kiện loại 2 – Conditional (TYPE II)
6.1.3. Câu điều kiện loại 3 – Conditional (TYPE III)
6.2. Câu bị động
6.3. Câu so sánh
6.4. Trực tiếp – Gián tiếp
8
UNIT 2: LOẠI TỪ MANG NGHĨA TỪ VỰNG
2.1. VERBS: ĐỘNG TỪ
Ví dụ:
I ama learner of English.
She isa computer technician .
We often go to work at 7 o’clock.
Vietnam exportsa lot of rice to some countries in the world.
Last year, our company importeda thousand cars from Japan.
Note: Vị trí của động từ sau chủ ngữ và dạng luôn biến đổi theo thời, ngôi và số của
chủ ngữ
A. Classes of verbs: Loại động từ
1. The auxiliaries - trợ động từ: to be, to have, to do; can, could, may, might, must,
ought, shall, should, will, would; to need,
can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, would + động từ nguyên thể
to be, to have, to do: biến đổi dạng theo thời
to need: need to do/ need doing
2. All other verbs, which we may call ordinary verbs:
to work, to sing, to play
B. Dạng phủ định
Thêm not vào trợ động từ
does not/ doesn't or do not/ don't; did not/ didn’t; have not/ haven't or has not/ hasn't
C.Dạng phủ định khác
never, no (adjective), none, nobody, no one, nothing, hardly, hardly ever etc. được dùng
với động từ dạng khẳng định.
Ví dụ:
He didn't eat anything
or
He ate nothing.
He doesn't ever complain or
He never complains.
We haven't seen anyone
or
We have seen no one.
They didn't speak much
or
They hardly speak at all/ They hardly ever
speak.
BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
Which of the four alternatives completes the sentences in the correct or most likely way?
Sometimes more than one alternative is possible.
1. Each July we ---------- to Turkey for a holiday.
a. are going
b. go
c. went
2. The growing number of visitors ---------- the footpaths.
a. is damaging
b. damages
c. are damaging
3. Jane --------- just a few minutes ago.
a. left
b. has left
c. leaves
4. Timpson---------- 13 films and I think her latest is the best.
a. made
b. had made
c. has made
d. were going
d. was damaging
d. had left
d. was making
9
5. --------- Robert lately?
a. Did you see
b. Have you seen
c. Do you see
6. When I was a child ----------the violin.
a. I was playing
b. I’m playing
c. I play
7. --------- until midnight last night
a. I have been
b. I read
c. I was reading
reading
8. He---------for the national team in 65 matches so far.
a. has played
b. has been playing c. played
9. Sorry we're late, we--------- the wrong turning.
a. had taken
b. were taking
c. took
10. She---------- from flu when she was interviewed
a. was suffering
b. had been
c. had suffered
suffering
d. Are you seeing
d. I played
d. I have read
d. is playing
d. are taking
d. suffered
2.2. ADJECTIVES
A. Kinds of adjectives - Loại tính từ
1. The main kinds are:
(a) Demonstrative: this, that, these, those
(b) Distributive: each, every, either, neither
(c) Quantitative: some, any, no; little/few; many, much; one, twenty
(d) Interrogative: which, what, whose
(e) Possessive: my, your, his, ...
Vị trí: đi trước danh từ: this book, which boy, my dog
(f) Of quality: clever, dry, fat, golden, good, heavy, square
(g) Participles: V-ing or V-ed:
Chủ động: amusing, boring, tiring etc.,
Bị động: amused, bored, tired etc., .
Ví dụ:
The play was boring.
I was bored with the film.
Vị trí:
Đi sau một số động từ:
Be + adj: chỉ tính chất sự vật, sự việc; chỉ tính cách con người, chỉ màu sắc, …
Become/ get/ grow/ turn + adj: trở nên, trở thành
She gets more and more beautiful.
Stand/ stay/ keep + adj:
The store stays open late in the evening.
You should keep your room tidy.
seem, appear + adj: có vẻ như, hình như
feel, look, smell, sound, taste, turn + adj
make + sth/sbd + adj
Tom felt cold.
He made her happy.
The idea sounds interesting.
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Đi trước danh từ:
A beautiful girl/ an interesting film/ a golden ring/ …
Các tính từ dạng phân từ (V-ed) thường được dùng kết hợp với giới từ trong các cụm cố
định như:
interested in
bored with
Be tired of
frightened of
terrified of
ashamed of
embarrassed by
attracted by
Be impressed by
fascinated by
worried about
well-prepared for
surprised at/ about
satisfied with
Be pleased with
disappointed with
crowded with
based on
2.3. ADVERBS
Dạng của trạng từ
Adj + ly/y/ally/ily → Adv
expensive/ expensively
dramatic/dramatically
full/fully
day/daily
Dạng tính từ (adj) và trạng từ (adv) giống nhau:
hard
early
fast
late
weekly
monthly
quarterly far
Dạng đặc biệt: good → well
daily
Phân biệt cách dùng của tính từ và trạng từ
ADJECTIVE: There has been a significantimprovement in the economy.
ADVERB:
The economy has improved significantly.
Cách dùng khác của trạng từ
ADVERB + ADJECTIVE: We have got relatively good year.
ADVERB + PAST PARTICIPLE: Their products are always attractivelypackaged.
ADVERB + ADVERB: She does her job extremely well.
BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
I> Điền từ trong hộp vào chỗ trống. Thêm phần cần thiết vào tính từ để hình thành
trạng từ.
heavy
punctual
late
quarter
patient
safe
public
silent
1. When you get to New York, give me a ring to let me know you’ve arrived ……..
2. The Economic Review is published ……………….., and comes out in March, June,
September, and December.
3. Trains in Japan arrives so ……………… that you can set your watch by them.
4. The train to the airport arrived ………………., and as a result I very nearly missed the
plane.
5. Most stockbrokers will buy and sell shares in …………….-quoted companies.
6. Before privatization, many nationalized industries were …………….. subsidized by
the government.
7. He was not in a hurry, so he waited …………….. until the client was ready to see him.
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8. The new T motor is very quiet, and at most speeds it operates almost …………..
II> Adjective vs adverbs
Look at the graph showing trends in the share price of a telecoms company. Rewrite the
sentences using verbs and adverbs.
1. There was a sudden fall in the shares in March.
In March the shares fellsuddenly.
2. There was a brief recovery in April
In April they .
3. In June there was a dramatic collapse.
In June they .
4. There was a considerable fall in July.
In July they __________________.
5. There was only a slight fall in August.
In August they only ___________________.
6. There was a steady improvement in September and October.
In September and October they ______________________.
7. There was a gradual improvement from mid-November.
From mid-November, they _________________________.
2.4. NOUNS
1. Loại danh từ và chức năng
There are four kinds of noun in English:
Common nouns: dog, man, table
Proper nouns: France, Madrid, Mrs Smith, Tom
Abstract nouns: beauty, charity, courage, fear, joy
Collective nouns: crowd, group, swarm, team, flock
A noun can function as:
The subject of a verb: Tom arrived
The complement of the verbs be, become, seem: Tom is an actor.
The object of a verb: I saw Tom.
The object of a preposition: I spoke to Tom.
A noun can also be in the possessive case: Tom's books.
2. Countables & Uncountables: Đếm được và không đếm được
We could see a ship in the distance.
Can I have some water?
Claire has only got one sister.
Shall we sit on the grass?
I've got a problem with the car.
The money is quite safe.
Do you like these photos?
I love music.
I'm going out for five minutes.
Would you like some butter?
3. Singulars and Plurals: Số ít và số nhiều
Danh từ có quy tắc: Danh từ số ít + s = Danh từ số nhiều
Danh từ bất quy tắc:
a> Danh từ số ít kết thúc bằng “f” hoặc “fe”
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Bỏ f/fe, thêm ves: a knife – knives, one half – two halves, my life – their lives, a wolf
– wolves.
Giữ nguyên, thêm s: one roof – roofs, a cliff – many cliffs, a safe – safes
Có thể giữ nguyên, cũng có thể bỏ f/fe thêm s: a dwarf – the seven dwarfs/
dwarves, one wharf – a few wharfs/ wharves
b> Danh từ có kết thúc bằng: “o, s, ss, sh, ch, x” ta cộng thêm “es” để trở thành
danh từ số nhiều
Ví dụ: a potato – two potatoes, a watch – two watches, a box – two boxes, …
c> Những danh từ số nhiều đặc biệt
Những danh từ số nhiều đặc biệt xuất xứ từ tiếng Anh cổ.
a man – men
a woman – women
a person -- people
a foot – feet
a goose – geese
a tooth – teeth
a child – children
an ox – oxen (castrated bulls)
a brother – brethren (in church orders), brothers (in a family)
a mouse – mice
a louse – lice
a die – dice (for playing games)
Có rất nhiều danh từ có dạng số nhiều và số ít giống nhau như:
a sheep – sheep, a deer – deer, a moose – moose
a fish – fish (fishes: dùng khi chỉ các loài cá khác nhau )
a dozen – two dozen roses, a hundred – several hundred men (nhưng có thể nói:
dozens of roses, hundreds of people)
a TV series – many TV series,
a means – two means
a species – two species
d> Danh từ luôn ở dạng số nhiều
Một số danh từ luôn ở dạng số nhiều, cho dù có kết thúc bằng “s” hay không.
The police are looking for the robbers.
I like these pants / jeans / shorts.
Use either scissors or nail clippers.
Binoculars are stronger than any glasses.
f> Danh từ kết thúc bằng “o”
Với những từ kết thúc bằng “o”, khi chuyển sang danh từ số nhiều ta thêm "s" hoặc
"es." Nếu là một nguyên âm đứng trước “o” thì chỉ cần thêm “s”, như:
Radio-radios, video-videos
Nếu trước “o” là một phụ âm thì khơng có quy tắc nhất qn:
Potato-potatoes, hero-heroes
13
Nhưng ...
Photo-photos, memo-memos
Những từ kết thúc bằng “y” thường chuyển “y” thành “i” rồi mới thêm “es”
Cry-cries, fly-flies, party-parties
ex/ix – ices
an index - indices, indexes
The matrix - matrices
appendix - appendices, appendixes
Note:
Một số danh từ không đếm được:
accommodation, baggage, behavior, equipment, fun, furniture, homework, housework,
litter, luck, luggage, progress, rubbish, scenery, traffic, travel, weather, work, advice,
money, machinery, news, trouble, cash
4. Change of meaning
Một số từ có thể vừa là đếm được vừa là không đếm được với các nghĩa khác nhau. Danh
từ không đếm được thường mang nghĩa khái quát chung
a fish (the animal)
a business ( a company)
a noise ( a specific noise)
a hair (a single piece)
a painting ( one object)
a work ( a work of art)
a loaf (a loaf of bread)
a coffee (a cup of coffee)
a paper (a newspaper)
a wood (a small forest)
an iron (for pressing clothes)
a glass (for drinking)
some fish (a portion of food)
business (in general)
noise (in general)
hair (all together)
painting (the activity/ hobby)
work (in general)
some bread (in general)
some coffee ( the material)
some paper (the material)
some wood (the material)
some iron (the material)
some glass (the material)
Examples:
I heard a strange noise.
I bought a painting last week.
Diana had a very good education.
A knowledge of boats is useful.
Can you buy a loaf from the shop?
I can’t stand noise.
Do you like painting?
Education is very important.
Knowledge is the key to success.
Can you buy some bread from the shop.
BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
I. Countable or uncountable?
Trong các cặp từ sau đây, một từ là đếm được và từ kia là không đếm được. Viết từ some
hoặc a trước mỗi từ.
14
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
A book
…………… report
…………… desk
……………. accommodation
……………. chance
……………. water
…………….. equipment
…………….. dollar
……………. cheque
……………. letter
some
literature
…………….. news
…………….. furniture
…………….. hotel
…………….. luck
…………….. litre
…………….. machine
…………….. money
…………….. cash
…………….. correspondence
II. Choose the best alternative, a) or b), to complete each sentence.
1. The fire is going to go out. Can you go and get ……….. some wood ….. ?
a) a wood
b) some wood
2. ………………………. money all over the floor!
a) There was
b) There were
3. Lemonade? Sorry, no, we haven’t got ……………….. .
a) some
b) any
4. Peter keeps ……………………….. at the bottom of his garden.
a) a chicken
b) some chicken
5. The information we were given ……………………….
a) were very useful b) was very useful
6. …………………………. people were there on the bus?
a) How many
b) How much
7. Look at Rita’s hair. ……………………..!
a) It’s green
b) They’re green
8. I’ve called the police and ………………………..
a) they’re on their way
b) it’s on its way
9. The assembly hall was full of ………………
a) a noise
b) noise
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UNIT 3: TỪ MANG NGHĨA NGỮ PHÁP
3.1. Mạo từ xác định và mạo từ không xác định
► Cách dùngcủa “a/an”:
Trước danh từ số ít lần đầu được nhắc đến:
I need a visa.
They live in a flat.
Để khái quát chung:
A car must be insured = All cars/ Any cars must be insured.
A child needs love = All children/ Any child needs love.
Trong cụm từ cố định chỉ lượng:
a lot of
a couple of
a great many of
a great deal of
a dozen
► Uses of “the”:
“the” dùng trước danh từ được nhắc lại:
We have bought a Mac and a PC. The Mac cost $2500 and the PC cost
$2100.
Trước danh từ có thơng tin xác định
Where is the file that I gave you this morning?
Trước danh từ là duy nhất trong phạm vi nào đó
Would you like to come in? The chairman will see you now.
The earth; the world; the Sun; the Moon; the President of America, etc.
Trước tính từ dạng hơn nhất (superlatives)
Coca Cola is the most famous soft drink in the world.
Trước tính từ để chỉ nhóm người
The rich do not do enough to help the poor.
Refers to rivers, mountains, seas, and names of countries that include a noun like
republic, kingdom, union, etc.
The Aral Sea in the former Soviet Union is very polluted.
The United Kingdom; the United States of America, etc
► No article (Khơng có mạo từ)
- Khái quát chung với danh từ đếm được số nhiều và không đếm được:
Money is the root of all evil.
- Trước danh từ chỉ công ty, thành phố, đường xá,…
I work for Goldman Sachs in London, and I have a house in Western Road. I
also have a holiday home in Crete and another near Lake Garda.
- Với các thành ngữ thông dụng
to/ at school
to/at college/ university
to/in class
to/in/ into church
by car/bus…
day after day
to/in bed
to/out of prison
to/at/from work
at/to sea
from top to bottom
with knife and fork
to/in/from town
at/from home
in dock
to market
for breakfast/lunch…
PRACTICE
Exercise 1: Complete this true story. Put in a/an orthe.
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A man decided to rob (1) ....................bank in the town where he lived. He walked into
(2)................... bank and handed (3) ................ note to one of (4) ............... cashiers. (5)
.......................cashier read (6) ...................... note, which told her to give (7) ................
man some money. Afraid that he might have (8) .................gun, she did as she was told.
(9)................... man then walked out of (10) .................building, leaving (11) ..................
note behind. However, he had no time to spend (12) .................. money because he was
arrested (13) .................. same day. He had made (14) .................mistake. He had written
(15) ................ note on (16) ................ back of (17) ............... envelope. And on (18)
.................. other side of (19) ................... envelope was his name and address. This clue
was quite enough for (20) ................... detectives on the case.
3.2. QUANTIFIERS
Some Notes on Quantifiers
The following quantifiers will work with count nouns:
many trees
a few trees
few trees
several trees
a couple of trees
none of the trees
The following quantifiers will work with non-count nouns:
not much dancing
a little dancing
little dancing
a bit of dancing
a good deal of dancing
a great deal of dancing
no dancing
The following quantifiers will work with both count and non-count nouns:
all of the trees/dancing
some trees/dancing
most of the trees/dancing
enough trees/dancing
a lot of trees/dancing
lots of trees/dancing
plenty of trees/dancing
a lack of trees/dancing
Much
Much of the snow has already melted.
17
How much snow fell yesterday?
Not much.
Most + N (danh từ chưa xác định)/ Most of the + N (danh từ xác định)
Most colleges have their own admissions policy.
Most students apply to several colleges.
Most of the instructors at this college have a doctorate.
Most of the water has evaporated
Many
Many a young man has fallen in love with her golden hair.
Many an apple has fallen by October.
Predeterminers :
double, twice, four/five times . . . .
one-third, three-quarters, …
both, half, and all;
quite, rather, and such.
This van holds three times the passengers as that sports car.
My wife is making double my / twice my salary.
This time we added five times the amount of water.
Charlie finished in one-fourth [of] the time his brother took.
Two-fifths of the respondents reported that half the medication was
sufficient.
This room is rather a mess, isn't it?
The ticket-holders made quite a fuss when they couldn't get in.
What an idiot he turned out to be.
Our vacation was such a grand experience.
3.3. LIKING WORDS (TỪ NỐI)
And, both, too, as well, also
And dùng để nối hai từ hay hai phần của câu. Dùng both … and để nhấn mạnh cả
hai (ai đó hoặc cái gì đó)
Helen put on her coat and picked up the suitcase.
Helen picked up both her suitcase and her umbrella.
Too, as well, as well as, also dùng để chỉ hai hành động đồng thời, chú ý vị trí của
từ trong câu
Helen picked up her suitcase and her umbrella too.
Helen picked up her suitcase and her umbrella as well.
Helen picked up her suitcase as well as her umbrella.
Helen picked up her suitcase, her coat and also her umbrella.
18
For example, such as, like
(For example có nhiều vị trí trong câu, such as và like ở giữa câu)
Diet varies from place to place. For example, in hot countries, people tend to eat more
fruit.
In hot countries, for example, people tend to eat more fruit.
In hot countries, such as/ like Greece, people tend to eat more fruit.
First (of all), secondly, etc., finally, In conclusion
Television has changed our lives in several ways. First of all, it has …. . Secondly, more
people …….. . Finally, it has changed the way that …
In conclusion, we can say that television has both good and bad features.
Một số các từ nối khác
-
As well as this, besides this,
Television has changed our lives in several ways. First of all, it has …. . Secondly,
more people …….. . As well as this, besides this, more people ………….
In fact, actually
Dave has several dogs. In fact, he’s got four.
I thought Gina was a doctor but, in fact/ actually, she’s a vet.
-
In my view, personally
Either, or
We can either go to the cinema, or stay at home.
-
Instead (of)
Instead of cooking I ordered a take-away meal.
Jill came to the party instead of her sister.
-
Except (for) (not including)
They gave presents to everyone except me.
We have painted all the house, except (for) the front door.
-
Even
Sam studies very hard. He even gets up at 5.30 to study!
This question is even harder than the last one.
-
As well as this/ besides this,
Từ chỉ thời gian nhưng cịn có nghĩa khác
Since meaning “as”
I couldn’t swim, since I had a cold.
Yet meaning “although”
No one replied to my knock, yet all the lights were on.
While meaning “although” The first two buses were full, while the next was empty.
Từ nối theo cặp
19
both / and
not only / but also
either / or
neither / nor
whether / or
Examples:
1. We talked both to her parents and her doctor.
2. Jason not only speaks Chinese, but also Japanese and Korean.
3. You can have either pie or a cake.
4. She neither liked the hotel nor the restaurant.
5. Everything depends on whether he gets the teaching job in June or the one in
September.
BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
I. Viết lại câu sao cho nghĩa khơng thay đổi có sử dụng từ in đậm
1. Megan visited both the castle and the museum.
too
……… Megan visited the castle and the museum too …………
2. Jill was the only person who came late.
3. Although I said it was raining, it isn’t!
except
fact
4. Karen hurt her leg, so she couldn’t play tennis.
5. My opinion is that smoking is bad for you.
since
view
6. I ate the chocolate cake and the apple pie.
as well as
7. Daniel played in goal, in his brother’s place. instead
8. Finally, I’d like to thank the head teacher, Ann Coles.
in
II. Chọn đáp án đúng A, B, C hoặc D điền vào chỗ trống
Solving transport problems
Nowadays there are many good reasons for using bicycles (1) …………. cars to travel in
city centres. (2) ……………, bicycles are (3) …………… silent and clean. (4)
…………… are easy to park. (5) …………….., using a bicycle (6) ……………. keeps
people fit. However, city centres must (7) …………….. have cycle lanes (8) ………….
be free of private cars completely. Some large cities, (9) …………….. Amsterdam in the
Netherlands, are already organized in this way. (10) …………….., a combination of the
use of bicycles with very cheap or free public transport solves the problem of traffic jams
and makes the city centre a more pleasant place.
1 A but
B except for
C instead of
D such as
2 AAs well
B First of all
C In fact
D Personally
3 A both
B and
C too
D as well
4 A also
B for example they C except
D and as well as this
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5 AAnd
B Yet
C While
D Secondly
6 A and
B both
C also
D too
7 A in conclusion
B either
C besides this
D both
8 A such as
B yet
C also
D or
9 A such as
B as well
C in my view
D while
10 A Personally
B Finally
C For example
D Actually
3.4. ANOTHER AND OTHER
Nếu other có “The” đi kèm theo trước: “The other” là xác định. Nếu chủ ngữ là đã biết
(được nhắc đến trước đó) thì ta có thể bỏ danh từ đi sau “another” hoặc “other”, chỉ cần
dùng “another” hoặc “other” như một đại từ là đủ. Khi danh từ số nhiều bị lược bớt
(trong cách nói tắt nêu trên) thì “other” trở thành “others”. Không bao giờ được dùng
others + danh từ số nhiều.
Dùng với danh từ đếm được
An + other + danh từ đếm được số ít = một
cái, một cái, một người nữa, một người khác
(= one more).
The other + danh từ đếm được số ít = cái
cuối cùng cịn lại (của một bộ), người cịn lại
(một nhóm), = last of the set present
The other pencil = the last pencil present
Other + danh từ đếm được số nhiều = mấy
cái nữa, mấy cái khác, mấy người nữa, mấy
người khác (= more of the set).
The other + danh từ đếm được số nhiều =
những cái còn lại (của một bộ), những người
cịn lại (của một nhóm), = the rest of the set.
The other pencils = all remaining pencils.
Dùng với danh từ không đếm được
Other + danh từ không đếm được = một chút
nữa (= more of the set).
Other water = some more water
The other + danh từ không đếm được = chỗ
cịn sót lại.
The other water = the remaining water.
I don’t want this book. Please give me another.
(Another = any other book – not specific)
I don’t want this book. Please give me the other.
(The other = the other book, specific)
This chemical is poisonous. Others are poisonous too.
(Others = the other chemicals, specific)
I don’t want these books. Please give me the others.
(The others = the other books, specific)
Trong một số trường hợp người ta dùng one hoặc ones đằng sau another hoặc
other thay cho danh từ:
1. I don’t want this book. Please give me another one.
2. I don’t want this book. Please give me the other one.
3. This chemical is poisonous. Other ones are poisonous too.
4. I don’t want these books. Please give me the other ones.
21
This hoặc that có thể dùng one nhưng these và those dùng ones, mặc dù cả 4 từ
này đều có thể dùng thay cho danh từ (với vai trị là đại từ) khi không đi với one
hoặc ones:
I don’t want this book. I want that.
MINI TEST 1
Choose the best answer
1. Did your sister get ……….. she applied for?
A. a job
B. job
C. the job
D. A & B are correct
2. These aren’t my books. Did I take ………….. of yours by mistake?
A. it
B. one
C. some
D. any
3. She saw ………… one-eyed man yesterday.
A. some
B. any
C. an
D. a
4. But nobody complained ………….?
A. didn’t he
B. didn’t anybody C. didn’t they
D. did they?
5. The pepper hit her in ………….. eyes.
A. the
B. her
C. A & B
D. no article
6. Many school leavers are looking for ………….
A. work
B. the work
C. works
D. their work
7. Would you give me ………….. advice, please?
A. any
B. much
C. some
D. many
8. ………… money has been spent on fuel.
A. few
B. many
C. a great deal of D. a large number of
9. ………… is my sister’s favourite newspaper.
A. Daily Mail
B. The Daily Mail C. Some Daily Mail D. A Daily Mail
10. You can buy meat at ………….
A. the butcher’s
B. butcher’s
C. the shop butcher’s
D. the butcher shop
11. What delighful …………..!
A. weather
B. a weather
C. the weather
D. such a weather
12. Presley, ………… , went to the Middle East in 1960.
A. a famous singer B. the famous singer
C. famous singer
D. the famous
13. The tourists are taking …………..
A. Thong Nhat
B. Thong Nhat train C. the Thong Nhat D. train of Thong Nhat
14. My sister plays ……………. very beautifully.
A. piano
B. a piano
C. the piano
D. pianos
15. I have rarely seen …………… like this.
A. something
B. everything
C. nothing
D. anything
16. ………….. tourists do not visit this part of the town.
A. A most
B. The most
C. Most of
D. Most
17. ………….. her friends live in Ho Chi Minh City.
A. Most
B. The most
C. Most of
D. A & C
18. The church is very old ……………. it was built in the 17th century.
A. All
B. Most
C. Most of
D. Some
19. “How much of this money is yours?” – “………… it”.
A. Half
B. Half of
C. All
D. Most
20. These windows are so small that the room gets …………. air.
A. few
B. little
C. a few
D. a little
3.5. PREPOSITIONS
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► Prepositions of time: at, on and in.
In + month, year, season, decade, century, time of the day
In June, May, July, etc.
In 2008, in the 1990s, in the early 1980s, in the late 1980s, etc.
In summer, winter, etc.
In the 20th century, …
in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening
On + days, dates
On Tuesday, Wednesday, etc.
On 2nd May, on New Year’s Day, etc
At + o’clock, …
At 7a.m, at ten thirty, …
At the weekend, at lunchtime, at midday, at midnight,
At night, at lunchtime, at midday, at midnight,
During is used for length of time:
Please don’t talk during the concert.
Both his brothers died during the Second World War.
Between … and/ from … to
He learned history at Oxford University between 1947 and 1950 (or from 1947 to
1950)
Exercise 1
Choose the correct preposition for each time phrase
- in/ on summer
- at/ in Christmas
- in/ during the meal
- at/ on Friday
- at/ in the afternoon
- at/ in winter
- in/ on 1901
- at/ in night
- at/ in the weekend
- at/ in midnight
- at/ in seven o’clock
- in/ on April 17th
- in/ on February
- at/ on my birthday
- at/ on 2.20 p.m
- in/ on Valentine’s Day
- at/ in the middle of the night
- at/ on Tuesday morning
- at/ during the evening
- at/ on 4th July 2001
► Prepositions of place and direction
Preposition
above
across
Use
higher than sth.
from one side to the other
side
after
one follows the other
against
directed towards sth.
in a line; from one point
to another
in a group
in a circular way
at the back of
lower than sth.
along
among
around
behind
below
Examples
The picture hangs above my bed.
You mustn't go across this road here.
There isn't a bridge across the river.
The cat ran after the dog.
After you.
The bird flew against the window.
They're walking along the beach.
I like being among people.
We're sitting around the campfire.
Our house is behind the supermarket.
Death Valley is 86 metres below sea level.
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beside
next to
between
sth./sb. is on each side
by
close to
down
from
Near
Near
from high to low
the place where it starts
the part that is in the
direction it faces
opposite of outside
entering sth.
close to
Beside
away from sth.
moving to a place
on the other side
leaving sth.
opposite of inside
above sth./sb.
going near sth./sb.
in a circle
going from one point to
the other point
in front of
inside
into
near
next to
off
onto
opposite
out of
outside
over
past
round
through
to
towards sth./sb.
towards
under
up
in the direction of sth.
below sth.
from low to high
Our house is beside the supermarket.
Our house is between the supermarket and the
school.
He lives in the house by the river.
Our house is close to the supermarket.
He came down the hill.
Do you come from Tokyo?
Our house is in front of the supermarket.
You shouldn't stay inside the castle.
You shouldn't go into the castle.
Our house is near the supermarket.
Our house is next to the supermarket.
The cat jumped off the roof.
The cat jumped onto the roof.
Our house is opposite the supermarket.
The cat jumped out of the window.
Can you wait outside?
The cat jumped over the wall.
Go past the post office.
We're sitting round the campfire.
You shouldn't walk through the forest.
I like going to Australia.
Can you come to me?
I've never been to Africa.
We ran towards the castle.
The cat is under the table.
He went up the hill.
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