TOPIC 6 ECONOMIC REFORMS

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TOPIC 6: ECONOMIC REFORMS
I. FAMILY WORDS

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.

11.

Economy (n)
Economist (n)
Economic (adj)
Economical (adj)
Economize ( on something) (v)
Commitment (n) sự cam kết
Commit (v) cam kết

/ɪˈkɒnəmi/
/ɪˈkɒnəmɪst/
ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/
/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪkl/
/ɪˈkɒnəmaɪz/
/kə'mitmənt/
/kəˈmɪt/



One of the most important measures to be
taken to promote the development of a
country is to constantly carry out economic
reforms



We believe that with the strong
commitment of our Party and Government
to Doi Moi, we will gain greater
achievements and build a better life for our
people.
they eliminated government subsidies; they
shifted economic priority from heavy
industry to three major economic
programmes, namely, production of food,
production of consumer goods and
production of exports
The
Government

expands
more
opportunities for farmers, and encourages
both domestic and foreign private
investment.
It is illegal for anyone under 18 to possess
fireworks in a public place.
Before Doi Moi, inflation was present in
all branches of the national economy.

Eliminate (v) loại bỏ, loại trừ
/ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt/
eliminate
something
from
something
Elimination (n) sự loại bỏ
elimination (of something) from
something
expand (v): mở rộng
/ɪkˈspænd/
expansion (n) sự mở rộng
/ɪkˈspænʃn/
expanse (n) dải đất rộng
/ɪkˈspæns/



illegal (adj): bất hợp pháp
#legal (adj) hợp pháp

inflation /( n): lạm phát
inflate (v) lạm phát
inflated (adj) cao hơn mong đợi
reform (v) cải cách /
(n) cuộc cải cách



/ɪˈliːɡl/
/ˈliːɡl/
in'flei∫n/
/ɪnˈfleɪt/
/ɪnˈfleɪtɪd/
/ri'fɔ:m/







renovation (n) sự đổi mới
/,renə'vei∫n/
renovate (v) cải cách/ đổi mới/ /ˈrenəveɪt/
nâng cấp
production (n) sản xuất
/prəˈdʌkʃn/
product (n) sản phẩm
/ˈprɒdʌkt/
produce (v) sản xuất

/prəˈdjuːs/
reproduce (v) tái sản xuất
/ˌriːprəˈdjuːs/
productivity (n) năng suất
/ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvəti/
productive (adj) có năng suất
/prəˈdʌktɪv/
achievement (n) thành tựu
/əˈtʃiːvmənt/
achieve (v) đạt được



Initiation (n) sự khởi đầu/ đề xướng



/ɪˌnɪʃiˈeɪʃn/





the Vietnamese Communist Party initiated
an overall economic reform, commonly
known as “Doi Moi” (Renovation).
One of the renovation measures is Opening
trade relations with all countries in the
world
Shifting economic priority from heavy

industry to three major economic programs
: production of food, production of
consumer goods and production of exports
We believe that with the strong
commitment of our Party and Government
to Doi Moi, we will gain greater
achievements and build a better life for our
people.
Doi Moi was initiated by the Vietnamese


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12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

TOPIC 6: ECONOMIC REFORMS

Initiator (n) người khởi đầu
initiate (v) khởi đầu, đề xướng
efficiently (adv):có hiệu quả, hiệu
nghiệm
efficient (adj) hiệu quả # inefficient
(adj)
efficiency (n) sự hiệu quả
export (v, n): xuất khẩu
# import (n,v): nhập khẩu

/ɪˈnɪʃieɪtə(r)/
/ɪˈnɪʃieɪt/
/i'fi∫əntli/

industry (n): công nghiệp
industrialize (v) công nghiệp hóa
industrialization (n) sự cơng nghiệp
hóa
industrial (adj) thuộc cơng nghiệp
industrious (adj) = hard-working =
diligent (adj)
agriculture (n): nông nghiệp
agricultural (adj) thuộc về nông
nghiệp
agriculturally (adv)
agriculturalist (n) nhà nông học
develop (v) phát triển

development (n) sự phát triển
developed country
developing country
under-developed country: nước
kém phát triển
Inhabit (v) ở/ sống
Inhabitant (n) người dân = resident
= citizen
Habitat (n) môi trường sống
Modern (adj) hiện đại
= contemporary (adj)
Modernization (n) sự hiện đại hóa
Modernize (v) hiện đại hóa=
update
Reaffirm (v) tái xác nhận
Reaffirmation (n) sự tái xác nhận

/ˈɪndəstri/
/ɪnˈdʌstriəlaɪz/

Restructure (v) tái cơ cấu

Government

/ɪnˌdʌstriəlaɪ
ˈzeɪʃn/
/ɪnˈdʌstriəl/
/ɪnˈdʌstriəs/
/ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃə(r)/
/ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəl/

1986.



I was impressed by the efficiency with
which she handled the crisis.



Since Doi Moi, our country has undergone
substantial changes: productivity and
agricultural exports have constantly
increased
The Government has just introduced the
policy with regard to future industrial
development

/ɪˈfɪʃnt/
/ɪˈfɪʃnsi/
/ˈekspɔːt/
/ˈɪmpɔːt/

in





farmers have enjoyed land use rights and

(have) had greater choice on how to use
their agricultural land;



Economic reform is the most important
measure to be taken to promote the
development
of
a
country.



77% of the inhabitants lived in the
countryside.



The company is investing $9 million to
modernize its factories.

/ˈmɒdənaɪz/
/ˌriːəˈfɜːm/
/ˌriːˌæfəˈmeɪʃn/



/ˌriːˈstrʌktʃə(r)/



The subsequent National Congresses of the
Vietnamese Communist Party held in 1991,
1996, and 2001 continued to reaffirm its
commitment to Doi Moi, and called for
more administrative and economic reforms
The aim of Doi Moi was to restructure the
economy of Vietnam and to raise the living
standards of the people

/ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəlɪst/
/dɪˈveləp/
/dɪˈveləpmənt/

/ɪnˈhæbɪt/
/ɪnˈhæbɪtənt/
/ˈhæbɪtæt/
/ˈmɒdn/
/ˌmɒdənaɪˈzeɪʃn/


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21.
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25.

26.
27.
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TOPIC 6: ECONOMIC REFORMS

Dominate (v) chế ngự/ trội hơn
Domination (n) sự chế ngự
Recognize (v) công nhận/ nhận ra
Recognition (n) sự công nhận
Recognizable (adj) dễ nhận ra
Investment (n) sự đầu tư
investment in something
Invest in (v) đầu tư
drug (n): ma tuý, thuốc
drugtaking (n) sự dụng ma túy
drug taker (n) người sự dụng ma
túy
Immigrate (v) nhập cư
Immigrant (n) dân nhập cư
Migrate (v) di cư (tạm thời)
Migrant (n) người di trú
Emigrate (v) di cư (vĩnh viễn)
Emigrant (n) người di cư vĩnh viễn

/ˈdɒmɪneɪt/
/ˌdɒmɪˈneɪʃn/
/ˈrekəɡnaɪz/
/ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃn/
/ˈrekəɡnaɪzəbl/

/ɪnˈvestmənt/





This country
education.

/drʌg/



He does not smoke or take drugs.

/ˈɪmɪɡreɪt/
/ˈɪmɪɡrənt/
/maɪˈɡreɪt/
/ˈmaɪɡrənt/
ˈemɪɡreɪt/
/ˈemɪɡrənt/



My grandparents were Italian emigrants
who settled in New York in the 1920s.



II. COLOCATION AND IDIOM:

woo foreign investment (v) thu hút đầu /wuː/
tư nước ngoài
impose restriction on s.th (v) áp đặt hạn /ɪmˈpəʊz /rɪˈstrɪkʃn/
chế với….
domestic market (N) thị trường nội địa
/dəˈmestɪk/

The economy was under-developed and
dominated by traditional agriculture;
After so many years she was still instantly
recognizable.





29.

economic liberalization (n) sự tự do hóa /ˌlɪbrəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/
kinh tế



30.

enterprises law (n.p): luật doanh nghiệp

/ˈentəpraɪz/ /lɔː/



31.

in ruins (idiom): trong tình trạng hư hại

/ˈruːɪn/



32.

modernize the economy (v) hiện đại hóa
nền kinh tế
State/ government intervention (n) sự /,intə'ven∫n/
can thiệp của nhà nước
reaffirm the primacy of the state (v) tái
xác nhận vai trò chủ đạo của nhà nước
subsidy (n) sự bao cấp/ sự trợ cấp
/'sʌbsidi/

33.
34.
35.






needs

investment

in

The Government wants to woo more
foreign investment
The government has agreed to
impose restriction on export
Output consists of both exports and
sales on the domestic market.
economic liberalization was carried
out by the Government with the aim
of the economic development
The
Government
introduced
enterprises laws to protect the
companies’ right
The Prime Minister made speeches
on the TV warning them about the
drug, but nobody look any notice,
and before long the economy of the
country was in ruins
Unfortunately we lack the resources
to modernize the economy
We should call for government
intervention to save the steel industry
It is necessary to reaffirm the primacy
of the state

Eliminating government subsidies
was one of the renovation measures


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TOPIC 6: ECONOMIC REFORMS

36.

National Congress (n) đại hội toàn quốc



37.

living standard = the standard of living
(n) điều kiện sống



38.



41.
42.

policy (n) chính sách
/ˈpɒləsi/

open-door policy : chính sách mở cửa
economic reform policy (n) chính sách
cải cách kinh tế
construction /kən'strʌk∫n/(n): nghành
xây dựng
fishery /'fi∫əri/(n): nghề cá, ngành thủy
sản
forestry /'fɔristri/(n): lâm nghiệp
Have a (few) butterflies in the stomach
(idiom) lo lắng, bồn chồn
Be based on (v) được dữa trên
Make a living (v) kiếm sống

43.

Out of touch : không nắm bắt thông tin



44.

On a massive/ large/ global scale : ở quy
mô lớn
Keep the lid on something (v) kiểm sốt
cái gì



39.

40.

45.

46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.

III.PHRASAL VERB:
Look down on # look up to
Use up : sử dụng hết












Carry on= go on= keep on : tiếp tục
Catch on : trở nên phổ biến
Compete with/ against someone ( in

something) : cạnh tranh với/ thi đấu với
Get rid of = remove (v) loại bỏ
Keep an eye out for = watch out for : để
mắt / chú ý đến





Keep an eye on someone = take care of






Being aware of this, in December
1986, at its Sixth National Congress,
the Vietnamese Communist Party
initiated an overall economic reform,
commonly known as “Doi Moi”
(Renovation)
Its aim was to re-structure the
national economy and to raise the
living standard of the people.
The company operates a strict nosmoking policy.

I had butterflies in my stomach as I
went to get my exam results.
The maps are based on satellite data.

It must be hard to make a living away
from home.
Unfortunately, the people making the
decisions are out of touch with the
real world.
They export this produce on a
massive scale
The government is keeping the lid on
inflation

We should not look down on any person
Making soup is a good way of using up leftover
vegetables.
Carry on until you get to the junction, then turn left.
He invented a new game, but it never really caught on.
Small independent bookshops find it difficult to
compete with the online stores.
We got rid of all the old furniture.
Police have asked residents to keep an eye out for
anything suspicious.
We've asked the neighbours to keep an eye on the house


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53.
54.
55.
56.
57.

TOPIC 6: ECONOMIC REFORMS
for us while we are away
Sales have levelled off after a period of rapid growth.
The charity relies solely on donations from the public.
Laziness can result in the failure

Level off : chững lại

Rely on = depend on

Result in = cause = lead to= bring about : 
dẫn đến
Settle down : ổn định cuộc songs
 When are you going to get married and settle down?
Stick to = concentrate on= focus on
 Let's stick to the original plan
I. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the
others:
1. a. major b. standard c. stagnant d. carry
2. a. cues b. care c. coke d. cite
3. a. health b. leader c. heavy d. measure
4. a. structure b. subsidy c. number d. success
5. a. renovate b. state c. private d. dominate
II. Choose the word which is stressed differently from the rest:
6. a. economic b. experience c. entertainment d. introduction
7. a. achievement b. communist c. constantly d. government
8. a. heavy b. major c. program d. reform
9. a. production b. consumer c. domestic d. business
10. a. hospital b. inflation c. policy d. constantly

III. Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c or d - that best completes the sentence or substitutes
for the underlined word or phrase:
11. Economic reforms are often carried _______ to promote the developing of a country.
a. out b. on c. for d. in
12. Being aware _____ the importance of economic reforms, the Vietnamese Communist Party
initiated an overall economic reform policy.
a. for b. at c. of d. in
13. For more than ten years, we have seen the significant _______ in the economy of our
country.
a. develop b. developments c. developers d. developed
14. Henry was a studious student. He needed no _______ to work hard.
a. encourage b. encouraging
c. encouragement d. encouraged
15. During the time of economic reforms, the economy has grown _______ with only a few
major setbacks.
a. constant b. constantly c. constants d. constancy
16. The introduction of appropriate farming practices to Vietnam farmers can help them achieve
a higher output.
a. productivity b. renovation c. guideline d. achievement
17. This development project could be of great help to the _______ Vietnamese population.
a. major b. living c. rural d. domestic
18. In the South, _______ development concentrated on rice cultivation, and nationally, rice and
rubber were the main items of export.
a. industrial b. agricultural c. mining d. textile
19. Our new neighbors are quite nice _______ they are sometimes talkative.
a. despite b. in spite of the fact c. though d. as though
20. _______ of the difficulty, they managed to climb to the top of the mountain.


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TOPIC 6: ECONOMIC REFORMS

a. In spite b. Despite c. But d. Although
IV. Add although, though, in spite, despite, but, because to complete the following
sentences:
21. Ronaldo is in good shape physically ________ he gets a lot of exercise.
22. _________ of the terrible food, he ate it anyway.
23. This letter was delivered even _________ it din’t have enough postage.
24. Becks ate a large dinner _______ he is still hungry.
25. ________ I turned on the air conditioner, it is still hot in here.
IV. Find one mistake that needs correcting:
26. The term economic reform refers to policies directing by the government to
achieve improvements in economic efficiency.
27. Economic reform usually refers to actions of the government to improve efficiency
in economy markets.
28. Economic reform has dominated Australian economic policy from the early 1980s until the
end of the 20th century.
29. The goal of Chinese economic reform was to generating sufficient surplus value to finance
the modernization of the mainland Chinese economy.
30. Economic reforms started since 1986 in Vietnam have helped millions of people to be out
of poverty and bringing the poverty rate down.
Mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the word CLOSEST in meaning
to the underlined word in each of the following questions:
31. the sharp increase in the percentage of children living with single parents that began around
1960 has levelled off and was about the same in 2003 as it had been in 1990
A. remained stable B. increase slightly C. reduce quickly
D. fluctuated
32. all you need to do to get rid of a few butterflies in the stomach is just relax. Laughing with,
or talking to, others about your stress can help reduce it

A, happiness B. joyfulness C. disappointment
D. nervousness
33. understanding the need for change is essential for the ability to successfully cope with these
challenges
A. get rid of
B. focused on
C. relied on
D. deal with
Mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the word OPPOSITE in
meaning to the underlined word in each of the following questions:
34. It is only quite recently that the long-lasting and devastating effects of such chemicals on
wildlife have come to light
A. durable
B. effective
C. transient
D. flexible
35. it turned out that they had spent days and nights at Internet cafes, one after the other until
their money was used up
A. run out of
B. invested C. conserved
D, consumed
36. as a southerner, he did not want to move north, fearing that he might never settle down in the
provinces
A. inhabit
B. navigate
C. colonize
D. migrate
V. Read the passage carefully and choose the correct answer:
Vietnam is a densely-populated, developing country that in the last 30 years has had to recover
from the ravages of war. Substantial progress was achieved from 1986 to 1997 in moving

forward from an extremely low level of development and significantly reducing poverty.


7

TOPIC 6: ECONOMIC REFORMS

Since 2001, Vietnamese authorities have reaffirmed their commitment to economic liberalization
and international integration. They have moved to implement the structural reforms needed to
modernize the economy and to produce more competitive, export-driven industries.
Vietnam’s membership in the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and entry into force of the USVietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement in December 2001 have led to even more rapid changes in
Vietnam’s trade and economic regime. Vietnam’s exports to the US doubled in 2002 and again in
2003.
Vietnam joined the WTO (World Trade Organization) in January 2007, following over a decade
long negotiation process. This should provide ail important boost to the economy and should
help to ensure the continuation of liberalizing reforms.
Vietnam is working to create jobs to meet the challenge of a labor force that is growing by more
than one million people every year. Vietnamese authorities have tightened monetary and fiscal
policies to stem high inflation. Hanoi is targeting an economic growth rate of 7.5-8% during the
next five years.
37. Vietnam’s economy is _______________.
a. decreasing b. facing crisis c. developing d. backward
38. According to the text, Vietnam __________________.
a. used to be well-developed before 1986
b. Vietnam is still in extreme poverty
c. could recover from the consequences of the war soon
d. has been modernizing the economy
39. Vietnam ______________________.
a. does not export anything to the US
b. exported to the US in 2003 twice as much goods as in 2002

c. did not export goods to the US in 2002
d. did not export goods to the US in 2003
40. The word This refers to ___________________.
a. Vietnam’s joining the WTO
b. the WTO
c. the negotiating process
d. the Vietnamese economy
41. The word stem has a close meaning to _______.
a. succeed b. stop c. originate d. increase
VI. Finish the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, beginning
with the given words or phrases:
42. It was cold. However, James and his friends still went swimming.
Although __________________________________________________.
43. Even though his grades were low, he was admitted to college.
In spite ____________________________________________________.
44. He has a vast fortune. Nevertheless, he is unhappy.
Even ______________________________________________________.
45. They went jogging in the park despite the hot weather.
Though ____________________________________________________.
46. In spite of the hard work, they enjoyed themselves.
Although __________________________________________________.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word or
phrase that best fits each the numbered blanks.


8

TOPIC 6: ECONOMIC REFORMS

Setting up and running a car company was an expensive business and required a lot of workers.

A company that makes its money out of a smart app requires less capital, doesn't have to pay (47)
_____ storage or transport in the way that car companies do and (48) _____ virtually no extra
costs as the number of users increases. In the jargon of economics, the marginal costs per unit of
output tend towards zero and the returns to scale are high. This explains why tech entrepreneurs
can get very rich very young.
Technological change has always been (49) _____. There was a polarization of income and
wealth in the first wave of industrialization at the beginning of the 19 th century, and this gave rise
to political and institutional change over the 100 years between 1850 and 1950: the spread of
democracy, the emergence of trade unions; progressive taxation and the development of social
safety nets. These helped create bigger markets for the consumer goods that were spawned by the
second Industrial Revolution: TVs, radios, vacuum cleaners and the like. (50) _____ over the
past four decades a political model that
both facilitated the spread of technology and provided some protection against its disruptive
consequences has come under attack. Welfare states have become less generous, levels of longterm unemployment are much higher, taxation has become less progressive, and politics has
increasingly been dominated by those with the deepest pockets (51) _____ can lobby the loudest.
47. A. with
B. for
C. off
D. on
48. A. give
B. involve
C. incur
D. take
49. A. disruptive
B. disrupt
C. disruption
D. disruptively
50. A. however
B. therefore C. otherwise
D. but

51. A. what
B. who
C. whi ch
D. that