Test 10.Pdf

PRACTICE TEST
Part 1: Mark letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to the following question.
1. When you carry _____ your responsibilities in the family, you are letting the family members know that
you love them and that they can depend on you.
A. away
B. out
C. along
D. on
2. Mr. Putin won a fourth term as Russia's president, picking up more than three-quarters of the vote with
______ of more than 67 percent.
A. an outcome
B. a turnout
C. an output
D. a turnup
3. I ______ the living room by the time Dad comes home. He will be surprised.
A. will have painted
B. have painted
C. will paint
D. am painting
4. He was accused of theft, but then he ______ as the real thief confessed to the police.
A. caught himself red-handed
B. cleared his name
C. appeared in broad daylight
D. kept it up his sleeve
5. Jim usually looks happy, but today he has a long ______. He must have had a quarrel with his best friend.
A. nose
B. face
C. expression
D. chin
6. Having been selected to represent the company, ______.
A. the members applauded him

B. he gave a short speech
C. the members congratulated him
D. a speech had to be given by him
7. "It seems a bit harsh to give football players a yellow card for removing their shirt when they score?" ~
"_______ pointless it is, the rule has to be adhered to."
A. Whatever
B. Though
C. However
D. How
8. My uncle's always had a _______ spot for children. He really likes them.
A. soft
B. gentle
C. warm
D. kind
9. We attended the inauguration of the cruise company's latest ship last week, ___ the mayor of Paris gave a
speech.
A. in which case
B. during that
C. during which
D. in which event
10. ______ get themselves into trouble because they're such curious animals.
A. The cats
B. The cat
C. A cat
D. Cats
11. We took Peter ______ for two months after the fire at his home. It was no trouble as we have the extra
bedroom up in the converted loft.
A. in
B. out
C. up

D. off
12. Please let me know if you can take on the role of Blanche. ______, we'll have to hold a new audition.
A. If anything
B. If so
C. If not
D. If in doubt
13. The resignation of the chairman of the board came like a bolt from ______.
A. the blue
B. the sky
C. above
D. the red
14. She is ______ aware that there should be a need to obey the rules of the competition.
A. far
B. much
C. greatly
D. well
Mark letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined words in the
following question.
15. Parents play a crucial role in a child's upbringing in the formative years. They are really the driving
force behind whatever the children do.
A. progress
B. completion
C. satisfaction
D. motivation
Mark letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word in the
following question.
16. Don’t get angry with such a little thing. It’s only a storm in a teacup.
A. serious problem
B. commercial tension
C. financial issue

D. trivial thing
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to complete each
of the following exchanges.
17. Mary: "Thank you, Peter. I wouldn't have been able to succeed without your help."
Peter: "_______."


A. You're right
B. That's too good to be true.
C. No big deal.
D. None of your business.
Part 2: Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in
the same line. Write your answers in the box provided
Until comparatively recent times science and technology performed
different and separate functions, the progress of one so often
completely (1) ___________ to the progress of the other.
1. RELATE
(2) ___________ have established that, since the earliest times, the
2. HISTORY
improvements in our way of life have resulted from an empirical
approach, that is a process of trial and error, by which equipment and
tools are made to satisfy important needs. It is to this approach that we
3. PHILOSOPHY
owe the evolution of technology. Our modern concept of science, both
(3) ___________ and pragmatic in approach, stems from the
4. TAKE
seventeenth century, when extensive investigations into the natural laws
5. REVOLUTION
governing the behavior of matter were (4) ___________. It was this (5)
___________ style of thought which led to a science-based technology.

6. PLACE
Scientific knowledge was not in itself seen as a (6) ___________ for
7. INNOVATE
the earlier system of trial and error, but it did help the technical (7)
8. FRUIT
___________ to see which path of experimentation might be more (8)
9. STRONG
___________. With the industrialization of the nineteenth century, the
10. RELY
bond between science and technology (9) ___________. In our own
time, the mutual (10) ___________ of one discipline upon the other has
increased still further.
Answers:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Part 3: The passage below contains 10 errors. IDENTIFY and CORRECT them. (0) has been done as an
example.
(0) concerning  concerned
--(0)- concerned--People have been concerning with their hair since ancient times. In 1500 B.C., the
Assyrians, inhabiting the area known today as Northern Iraq, were the World’s first truly
hair stylists. Their skills at cutting, curling, layering and dyeing hair were known through
the Middle East. In fact, they were obsessing with their hair, which was oiled, perfumed,

and tinted. A fashionable courtier wore his hair cut in neat geometric layers. Kings,
soldiers and noblemen had their hair curl with a fire-heated iron bar, probably the world’s
first curling iron. So important was hair styling in Assyria which law dictated certain
types of hair styles according to a person’s position and employment. Facial hair was also
important. Men grew beards down from their chests and had them clipped in layers.
High-rank women in both Egypt and Assyria wore fake beards during official court
business to show their equal authority with men.
As the Assyrians, the early Greeks liked long, scented, curly hair. Fair hair was favored
over dark, so those who were not “natural blonds” lightened or reddened their hair with
soaps and bleaches. The Romans, on the other hand, favored dark hair for men for high
social or politics rank. Early Saxon men were neither blonds nor brunets but dyed their
hair and beards blue, red, green, and orange.
Since the centuries, societies have combed, curled, waved, powdered, dyed, cut, coiffed,
and sculpted their hair, or someone else’s during times of wig crazes. Churches and
lawmakers have sometimes tried to put a stop to the humans obsession with hair, but with
few success. It seems hair styling is here to stay, and the future will likely prove no
exception.
Your answers:
Line
Mistakes
Corrections
1.
2.
3.


4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.
10.
Part 3. Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each question. Write your answers in the
corresponding numbered boxes.
Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans.
As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In
addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied
by merchant capitalists. After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with
machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and
the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.
The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to working in factories did not occur easily. Before
the rise of the factory, artisans had worked within the home. Apprentices were considered part of the family,
and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them
some education and for supervising their moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill,
they could become respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the
clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time.
The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those done
by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivity. The new
methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time. Factory life necessitated a more
regimented schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant
pace. At the same time, workers were required to discard old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who
was alert, dependable, and self-disciplined. Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was
specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change
in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.
The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory
clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly
about "obedience to the ding-dong of the bell—just as though we are so many living machines." With the loss
of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community. Unlike artisan workshops in which
apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from

management. Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the
artisan's dream of setting up one's own business. Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in status.
In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and
traditional ways of life. Craftworkers such as carpenters, printers, and tailors formed unions, and in 1834
individual unions came together in the National Trades' Union. The labor movement gathered some
momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labor's strength
collapsed. During hard times, few workers were willing to strike or engage in collective action. And skilled
craftworkers, who spearheaded the union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled
factory workers and unskilled laborers. More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened
to 10 hours to most industries by the 1850's, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but these
gains had little immediate impact.
Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided
by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political
party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics. For them, the factory and industrialism were not agents of
opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives. As United
States society became more specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to appear. And as
the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing
labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.
1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage 1 about articles manufactured before 1815?
A. They were primarily produced by women.
B. They were generally produced in shops rather than in homes.


C. They were produced with more concern for quality than for speed of production.
D. They were produced mostly in large cities with extensive transportation networks.
2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the
passage 2? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly.
B. The responsibilities of the master to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade.
C. Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger

family members.
D. Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from them.
3. The word "disrupted" in the passage 3 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. prolonged
B. established
C. followed
D. upset
4. In paragraph 4, the author includes the quotation from a mill worker in order to ______.
A. support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories
B. to show that workers sometimes quit because of the loud noise made by factory machinery
C. argue that clocks did not have a useful function in factories
D. emphasize that factories were most successful when workers revealed their complaints
5. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as consequences of the new system for workers
EXCEPT a loss of ______.
A. freedom
B. status in the community
С. opportunities for advancement
D. contact among workers who were not managers
6. The phrase "gathered some momentum" in the passage 5 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. made progress
B. became active
C. caused changes
D. combined forces
7. The word "spearheaded" in the passage 5 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. led
B. accepted
C. changed
D. resisted
8. Which of the following statements about the labor movement of the 1800's is supported by paragraph 5?
A. It was most successful during times of economic crisis.

B. Its primary purpose was to benefit unskilled laborers.
C. It was slow to improve conditions for workers.
D. It helped workers of all skill levels form a strong bond with each year
9. The author identifies political party loyalties and disagreements over tactics as two of several factors that
A. encouraged workers to demand higher wages
B. created divisions among workers
C. caused work to become more specialized
D. increased workers' resentment of the industrial system
10. The word "them" in the passage 6 refers to ______.
A. workers
B. political party loyalties
C. disagreements over tactics
D. agents of opportunity
Your answers:
1.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Part 4. Read the passage and do the tasks that follow.
The True Cost of Food
A. At an organic farming conference in Winnipeg, Canada, a woman in the audience stood up and said:
“Organic foods are not going to become popular with mainstream consumers until they became quick,
convenient, and cheap.". The comment causes much thinking about the nature of our food system and about
what we have done to try to make foods quick, convenient, and cheap for consumers.

B. At the ‘farm level, our never-ending quest for cheap food is the root cause of the transformation of
agriculture from a system of small, diversified, independently operated, family farms into a system of largescale, industrialized, corporately controlled agribusinesses. The production technologies that supported
specialization, mechanization, and ultimately, large-scale, contract production, were all developed to make
agriculture more efficient to make food cheaper for consumers. Millions of farmers have been forced off the
land, those remaining are sacrificing their independence, and thousands of small farming communities have
withered and died all for the sake of cheap food. These were the consequences of progress, so we were told.


The agricultural establishment has boasted loudly that ever fewer farmers have been able to feed a growing
nation with an ever-decreasing share of consumer income spent for food.
C. Changes in the food system have brought considerable cost to the environment and human health. Such
problems have been widely documented over recent decades, but it is only recently that efforts to put a
monetary cost on them have begun to emerge. These costs are telling us something fundamentally important
about the real costs of modern food and farming. A group of scientists at the University of Essex recently
completed the first national study of the environmental and health impacts of modern farming. They looked at
what are called “externalities” the costs imposed by an activity that are borne by others. These costs are not
part of the prices paid by producers or consumers. And when such externalities are not included in prices, they
distort the market. They encourage activities that are costly to society even if the private benefits to farmers
are substantial.
D. A heavy lorry that damages a bridge, or pollutes the atmosphere, externalizes some of its costs and others
pay for them. Similarly, a pesticide used to control a pest imposes costs on others if it leaks away from fields
to contaminate drinking water. The types of externality encountered in the agricultural sector have four
distinct features; 1) their costs are often neglected; 2) they often occur with a time lag; 3) they often damage
groups whose interests are not represented; and 4) the identity of the producer of the externality is not always
known.
E. The study sought to put a cost on these externalities in the UK. It concentrated on the negative side-effects
of conventional agriculture in particular the environmental and health costs. Two types of damage cost were
estimated; 1) the treatment or prevention costs incurred to clean up the environment and restore human health
to comply with legislation or to return these to an undamaged state and 2) the administration costs incurred by
public agencies for monitoring environmental, food and health implications. It is conservatively estimated that

the total costs are £2.34billion for 1996 alone in the UK. Significant costs arise from contamination of
drinking water with pesticides (£120 million per year), nitrate (£ 16m),Cryptosporidium (£ 23m) and
phosphate and soil (£ 55m), from damage to wildlife, habitats, hedgerows and dry stone walls ( £ 124m), from
emissions of gases (£ 1,113m), from soil erosion and organic carbon losses (£ 96m), and from food poisoning
( £ 169m) .
F. Water is an interesting case. Twenty-five million kilograms of pesticides are used each year in farming and
some of these get into water. It costs water companies £ 120 million each year to remove pesticides not
completely, but to a level stipulated in law as acceptable. Water companies do not pay this cost they pass it on
to those who pay water bills. This represents a hidden subsidy to those who pollute. Some of the costs are
straightforward to measure, others more difficult. How do we know about the effects of the greenhouse gases
methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide produced by farming? Economists have been able to put a£ /tonne
cost on these gases based on agreed estimates about the effects of future climate change. The study has been
very conservative, using lower estimates of costs. But still the costs are great.
G. Each of these costs should provoke questions about how they could be reduced or even removed. Where
does this leave us in policy terms? Is it conceivable that we could evolve sustainable agriculture systems that
maximize their production of positive externalities goods that the public enjoys and is willing to pay for as
well as minimizing the environmental and health costs? The answer is clearly yes. We know enough about
sustainable methods of farming to be confident. Sustainable farming has substantially lower negative
externalities than conventional farming. We roughly estimate these to be no more than a third perhaps £ 60 £70 per hectare. Sustainable farming also has higher positive externalities the other side of the equation.
H. Although it only represented around 3%of the total EU utilized agricultural area (UAA) in 2000, organic
farming has in fact developed into one of the most dynamic agricultural sectors in the European Union. The
organic farm sector grew by about 25% a year between 1993and 1998 and, since 1998, is estimated to have
grown by around 30% a year. Organic farming has to be understood as part of a sustainable farming system
and a viable alternative to the more traditional approaches to agriculture. Since the EU rules on organic
farming came into force in 1992, tens of thousands of farms have been converted to this system, as a result of
increased consumer awareness of, and demand for, organically grown products.


I. The sustainability of both agriculture and the environment is a key policy objective of today’s common
agricultural policy (the “CAP”):

“Sustainable development must encompass food production alongside conservation of finite resources and
protection of the natural environment so that the needs of people living today can be met without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
This objective requires farmers to consider the effect that their activities will have on the future of agriculture
and how the systems they employ shape the environment. As a consequence, farmers, consumers and policy
makers have shown a renewed interest in environmentally friendly farming. UK Farm Minister Margaret
Beckett has announced a series of new measures, backed by 500 million pounds sterling of funding over the
next three years, to specifically help British farmers reduce their dependence on subsidies, as well as to
protect the environment and promote healthy, local food. The long-awaited Strategy for Sustainable Farming
and Food contains “green" targets for farms, promotion of local foods and other measures to bring farmers
closer to consumers.

From the list of headings below, choose the five most suitable headings for paragraphs
NB: There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all.
Example
Answer
Paragraph B: iv
Paragraph I: ii
1. Paragraph C:
2. Paragraph D:
3. Paragraph E:
4. Paragraph G:
5. Paragraph H:

List of Headings
i. Fewer farmers and decreasing cost of food
ii. A renewed interest in environmental- friendly agriculture
iii. Features of externalities in agricultural production
iv. Transformation of farming to industrialized agribusiness
v. Aim and focuses of the study

vi. Difficulties of calculating external costs
vii.
The concept of externalities
viii.
The case of water pollution
ix. Sustainable farming and its merits
x. Issues raised by external costs of food
xi. The conversion to organic farming

Questions 6-10. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage to complete the
summary below.
The first national study of the environmental impacts of modern farming has defined externalities as
the additional expenses caused by other activities and those not paid by (6) ______________________.
Externalities misrepresent the market by encouraging farmers to pursue (7) ______________________ at the
cost of the society. As externality in agricultural production is usually shown with a time lag, its costs often
tend to (8) ______________________. While the victim’s interests are not represented, exactly who has
produced the externalities often remains a mystery. The study measures two types of externalities; the costs of
(9) ______________________ for the environment and human health to recover to the original state, and the
money spent by (10) ______________________ on monitoring environmental and food safety.
Your answers:
1.
6.

2.
7.

3.
8.

4.

9.

5.
10.

Part 5: Read the text below and decide which answer best fits each space. Write your answers in the
corresponding numbered boxes.
Incentives play an important role in our decisions to learn. As we get older, the outcomes of (1)_______ in
learning may not be the same a when we were younger. For example, we are less likely to be (2) ______ as a
result of training. The type of work-related training or learning we do also changes as we get older. Worker
over 45 years old are more likely to participate in learning (3)______that relate directly to their function So
they may choose to (4)_____ those technical skills directly related to their work. By contrast, young workers
are more (5)_____to participate in training that is an investment in their future careers. Organizations also


want to continually (6)_____ their skills base. Recently, business has (7)____ this largely though a steady
inflow of newly- (8)_____ young people onto the labor (9) _____. Traditionally, we have had a mix of those
young people who bring new formal skills to the workplace, and a small proportion of older workers who
(10)_____ their experience. What we are seeing now is a decreasing proportion of young people entering the
workforce and an increase in the proportion of older people. So, unless we change he nature of our education
and learning across life, we will see a decline in formal skills in the working population.
1. A. participation
B. contribution
C. attendance
D. activity
2. A. raised
B. promoted
C. advanced
D. upgraded
3. A. actions

B. activities
C. acts
D. modules
4. A. relearn
B. promote
C. restore
D. upgrade
5. A. probable
B. likely
C. possible
D. liable
6. A. restart
B. renovate
C. restore
D. renew
7. A. affected
B. fulfilled
C. achieved
D. succeeded
8. A. educated
B. taught
C. qualified
D. graduated
9. A. workforce
B. employment
C. staff
D. market
10. A. donate
B. supply
C. contribute

D. sell
Your answers:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.


ANSWERS:
Part 1: Mark letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to the following question.
1. When you carry _____ your responsibilities in the family, you are letting the family members know that
you love them and that they can depend on you.
A. away
B. out
C. along
D. on
2. Mr. Putin won a fourth term as Russia's president, picking up more than three-quarters of the vote with
______ of more than 67 percent.
A. an outcome
B. a turnout
C. an output
D. a turnup
3. I ______ the living room by the time Dad comes home. He will be surprised.
A. will have painted

B. have painted
C. will paint
D. am painting
4. He was accused of theft, but then he ______ as the real thief confessed to the police.
A. caught himself red-handed
B. cleared his name
C. appeared in broad daylight
D. kept it up his sleeve
5. Jim usually looks happy, but today he has a long ______. He must have had a quarrel with his best friend.
A. nose
B. face
C. expression
D. chin
6. Having been selected to represent the company, ______.
A. the members applauded him
B. he gave a short speech
C. the members congratulated him
D. a speech had to be given by him
7. "It seems a bit harsh to give football players a yellow card for removing their shirt when they score?" ~
"_______ pointless it is, the rule has to be adhered to."
A. Whatever
B. Though
C. However
D. How
8. My uncle's always had a _______ spot for children. He really likes them.
A. soft
B. gentle
C. warm
D. kind
9. We attended the inauguration of the cruise company's latest ship last week, ___ the mayor of Paris gave a

speech.
A. in which case
B. during that
C. during which
D. in which event
10. ______ get themselves into trouble because they're such curious animals.
A. The cats
B. The cat
C. A cat
D. Cats
11. We took Peter ______ for two months after the fire at his home. It was no trouble as we have the extra
bedroom up in the converted loft.
A. in
B. out
C. up
D. off
12. Please let me know if you can take on the role of Blanche. ______, we'll have to hold a new audition.
A. If anything
B. If so
C. If not
D. If in doubt
13. The resignation of the chairman of the board came like a bolt from ______.
A. the blue
B. the sky
C. above
D. the red
14. She is ______ aware that there should be a need to obey the rules of the competition.
A. far
B. much
C. greatly

D. well
Mark letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined words in the
following question.
15. Parents play a crucial role in a child's upbringing in the formative years. They are really the driving
force behind whatever the children do.
A. progress
B. completion
C. satisfaction
D. motivation
Mark letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word in the
following question.
16. Don’t get angry with such a little thing. It’s only a storm in a teacup.
A. serious problem
B. commercial tension
C. financial issue
D. trivial thing
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to complete each
of the following exchanges.
17. Mary: "Thank you, Peter. I wouldn't have been able to succeed without your help."
Peter: "_______."


A. You're right
B. That's too good to be true.
C. No big deal.
D. None of your business.
Part 2: Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in
the same line. Write your answers in the box provided
Until comparatively recent times science and technology performed
different and separate functions, the progress of one so often

completely (1) unrelated to the progress of the other.
11. RELATE
(2) Historians have established that, since the earliest times, the
12. HISTORY
improvements in our way of life have resulted from an empirical
approach, that is a process of trial and error, by which equipment and
tools are made to satisfy important needs. It is to this approach that we
13. PHILOSOPHY
owe the evolution of technology. Our modern concept of science, both
(3) philosophical and pragmatic in approach, stems from the
14. TAKE
seventeenth century, when extensive investigations into the natural laws
15. REVOLUTION
governing the behavior of matter were (4) undertaken. It was this (5)
revolutionary style of thought which led to a science-based
16. PLACE
technology. Scientific knowledge was not in itself seen as a (6)
17. INNOVATE
replacement for the earlier system of trial and error, but it did help the
18. FRUIT
technical (7) innovators to see which path of experimentation might be
19. STRONG
more (8) fruitful. With the industrialization of the nineteenth century,
20. RELY
the bond between science and technology (9) strengthened. In our own
time, the mutual (10) reliance of one discipline upon the other has
increased still further.
Part 3: The passage below contains 10 errors. IDENTIFY and CORRECT them. (0) has been done as an
example.
(0) concerning  concerned

--(0)- concerned--People have been concerning with their hair since ancient times. In 1500 B.C., the
Assyrians, inhabiting the area known today as Northern Iraq, were the World’s first truly
 true hair stylists. Their skills at cutting, curling, layering and dyeing hair were known
through the Middle East. In fact, they were obsessing  obsessed with their hair, which
was oiled, perfumed, and tinted. A fashionable courtier wore his hair cut in neat
geometric layers. Kings, soldiers and noblemen had their hair curl  curled with a fireheated iron bar, probably the world’s first curling iron. So important was hair styling in
Assyria which  that law dictated certain types of hair styles according to a person’s
position and employment. Facial hair was also important. Men grew beards down from
 to their chests and had them clipped in layers. High-rank  ranking women in both
Egypt and Assyria wore fake beards during official court business to show their equal
authority with men.
As  Like the Assyrians, the early Greeks liked long, scented, curly hair. Fair hair was
favored over dark, so those who were not “natural blonds” lightened or reddened their
hair with soaps and bleaches. The Romans, on the other hand, favored dark hair for men
for high social or politics  political rank. Early Saxon men were neither blonds nor
brunets but dyed their hair and beards blue, red, green, and orange.
Since  over the centuries, societies have combed, curled, waved, powdered, dyed, cut,
coiffed, and sculpted their hair, or someone else’s during times of wig crazes. Churches
and lawmakers have sometimes tried to put a stop to the humans obsession with hair, but
with few  little success. It seems hair styling is here to stay, and the future will likely
prove no exception.
Part 3. Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each question. Write your answers in the
corresponding numbered boxes.
Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans.
As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In
addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied
by merchant capitalists. After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with


machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and

the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.
The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to working in factories did not occur easily. Before
the rise of the factory, artisans had worked within the home. Apprentices were considered part of the family,
and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them
some education and for supervising their moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill,
they could become respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the
clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time.
The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those done
by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivity. The new
methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time. Factory life necessitated a more
regimented schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant
pace. At the same time, workers were required to discard old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who
was alert, dependable, and self-disciplined. Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was
specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change
in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.
The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory
clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly
about "obedience to the ding-dong of the bell—just as though we are so many living machines." With the loss
of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community. Unlike artisan workshops in which
apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from
management. Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the
artisan's dream of setting up one's own business. Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in status.
In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and
traditional ways of life. Craftworkers such as carpenters, printers, and tailors formed unions, and in 1834
individual unions came together in the National Trades' Union. The labor movement gathered some
momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labor's strength
collapsed. During hard times, few workers were willing to strike or engage in collective action. And skilled
craftworkers, who spearheaded the union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled
factory workers and unskilled laborers. More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened
to 10 hours to most industries by the 1850's, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but these

gains had little immediate impact.
Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided
by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political
party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics. For them, the factory and industrialism were not agents of
opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives. As United
States society became more specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to appear. And as
the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing
labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.
1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage 1 about articles manufactured before 1815?
A. They were primarily produced by women.
B. They were generally produced in shops rather than in homes.
C. They were produced with more concern for quality than for speed of production.
D. They were produced mostly in large cities with extensive transportation networks.
2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the
passage 2? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly.
B. The responsibilities of the master to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade.
C. Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger
family members.
D. Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from them.
3. The word "disrupted" in the passage 3 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. prolonged
B. established
C. followed
D. upset
4. In paragraph 4, the author includes the quotation from a mill worker in order to ______.
A. support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories
B. to show that workers sometimes quit because of the loud noise made by factory machinery

C. argue that clocks did not have a useful function in factories
D. emphasize that factories were most successful when workers revealed their complaints
5. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as consequences of the new system for workers
EXCEPT a loss of ______.
A. freedom
B. status in the community
С. opportunities for advancement
D. contact among workers who were not managers
6. The phrase "gathered some momentum" in the passage 5 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. made progress
B. became active
C. caused changes
D. combined forces
7. The word "spearheaded" in the passage 5 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. led
B. accepted
C. changed
D. resisted
8. Which of the following statements about the labor movement of the 1800's is supported by paragraph 5?
A. It was most successful during times of economic crisis.
B. Its primary purpose was to benefit unskilled laborers.
C. It was slow to improve conditions for workers.
D. It helped workers of all skill levels form a strong bond with each year
9. The author identifies political party loyalties and disagreements over tactics as two of several factors that
A. encouraged workers to demand higher wages
B. created divisions among workers
C. caused work to become more specialized
D. increased workers' resentment of the industrial system
10. The word "them" in the passage 6 refers to ______.
A. workers

B. political party loyalties
C. disagreements over tactics
D. agents of opportunity
Your answers:
1.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Part 4. Read the passage and do the tasks that follow.
The True Cost of Food
A. At an organic farming conference in Winnipeg, Canada, a woman in the audience stood up and said:
“Organic foods are not going to become popular with mainstream consumers until they became quick,
convenient, and cheap.". The comment causes much thinking about the nature of our food system and about
what we have done to try to make foods quick, convenient, and cheap for consumers.
B. At the ‘farm level, our never-ending quest for cheap food is the root cause of the transformation of
agriculture from a system of small, diversified, independently operated, family farms into a system of largescale, industrialized, corporately controlled agribusinesses. The production technologies that supported
specialization, mechanization, and ultimately, large-scale, contract production, were all developed to make
agriculture more efficient to make food cheaper for consumers. Millions of farmers have been forced off the
land, those remaining are sacrificing their independence, and thousands of small farming communities have
withered and died all for the sake of cheap food. These were the consequences of progress, so we were told.
The agricultural establishment has boasted loudly that ever fewer farmers have been able to feed a growing
nation with an ever-decreasing share of consumer income spent for food.
C. Changes in the food system have brought considerable cost to the environment and human health. Such
problems have been widely documented over recent decades, but it is only recently that efforts to put a

monetary cost on them have begun to emerge. These costs are telling us something fundamentally important
about the real costs of modern food and farming. A group of scientists at the University of Essex recently
completed the first national study of the environmental and health impacts of modern farming. They looked at
what are called “externalities” the costs imposed by an activity that are borne by others. These costs are not
part of the prices paid by producers or consumers. And when such externalities are not included in prices, they
distort the market. They encourage activities that are costly to society even if the private benefits to farmers
are substantial.
D. A heavy lorry that damages a bridge, or pollutes the atmosphere, externalizes some of its costs and others
pay for them. Similarly, a pesticide used to control a pest imposes costs on others if it leaks away from fields


to contaminate drinking water. The types of externality encountered in the agricultural sector have four
distinct features; 1) their costs are often neglected; 2) they often occur with a time lag; 3) they often damage
groups whose interests are not represented; and 4) the identity of the producer of the externality is not always
known.
E. The study sought to put a cost on these externalities in the UK. It concentrated on the negative side-effects
of conventional agriculture in particular the environmental and health costs. Two types of damage cost were
estimated; 1) the treatment or prevention costs incurred to clean up the environment and restore human health
to comply with legislation or to return these to an undamaged state and 2) the administration costs incurred by
public agencies for monitoring environmental, food and health implications. It is conservatively estimated that
the total costs are £2.34billion for 1996 alone in the UK. Significant costs arise from contamination of
drinking water with pesticides (£120 million per year), nitrate (£ 16m),Cryptosporidium (£ 23m) and
phosphate and soil (£ 55m), from damage to wildlife, habitats, hedgerows and dry stone walls ( £ 124m), from
emissions of gases (£ 1,113m), from soil erosion and organic carbon losses (£ 96m), and from food poisoning
( £ 169m) .
F. Water is an interesting case. Twenty-five million kilograms of pesticides are used each year in farming and
some of these get into water. It costs water companies £ 120 million each year to remove pesticides not
completely, but to a level stipulated in law as acceptable. Water companies do not pay this cost they pass it on
to those who pay water bills. This represents a hidden subsidy to those who pollute. Some of the costs are
straightforward to measure, others more difficult. How do we know about the effects of the greenhouse gases

methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide produced by farming? Economists have been able to put a£ /tonne
cost on these gases based on agreed estimates about the effects of future climate change. The study has been
very conservative, using lower estimates of costs. But still the costs are great.
G. Each of these costs should provoke questions about how they could be reduced or even removed. Where
does this leave us in policy terms? Is it conceivable that we could evolve sustainable agriculture systems that
maximize their production of positive externalities goods that the public enjoys and is willing to pay for as
well as minimizing the environmental and health costs? The answer is clearly yes. We know enough about
sustainable methods of farming to be confident. Sustainable farming has substantially lower negative
externalities than conventional farming. We roughly estimate these to be no more than a third perhaps £ 60 £70 per hectare. Sustainable farming also has higher positive externalities the other side of the equation.
H. Although it only represented around 3%of the total EU utilized agricultural area (UAA) in 2000, organic
farming has in fact developed into one of the most dynamic agricultural sectors in the European Union. The
organic farm sector grew by about 25% a year between 1993and 1998 and, since 1998, is estimated to have
grown by around 30% a year. Organic farming has to be understood as part of a sustainable farming system
and a viable alternative to the more traditional approaches to agriculture. Since the EU rules on organic
farming came into force in 1992, tens of thousands of farms have been converted to this system, as a result of
increased consumer awareness of, and demand for, organically grown products.
I. The sustainability of both agriculture and the environment is a key policy objective of today’s common
agricultural policy (the “CAP”):
“Sustainable development must encompass food production alongside conservation of finite resources and
protection of the natural environment so that the needs of people living today can be met without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
This objective requires farmers to consider the effect that their activities will have on the future of agriculture
and how the systems they employ shape the environment. As a consequence, farmers, consumers and policy
makers have shown a renewed interest in environmentally friendly farming. UK Farm Minister Margaret
Beckett has announced a series of new measures , backed by 500 million pounds sterling of funding over the
next three years, to specifically help British farmers reduce their dependence on subsidies, as well as to
protect the environment and promote healthy, local food. The long-awaited Strategy for Sustainable Farming
and Food contains “green" targets for farms, promotion of local foods and other measures to bring farmers
closer to consumers.

From the list of headings below, choose the five most suitable headings for paragraphs
NB: There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all.
Example
Answer
Paragraph B: iv
Paragraph I: ii
1. Paragraph C: vii
2. Paragraph D: iii
3. Paragraph E: vi
4. Paragraph G: ix
5. Paragraph H: xi

List of Headings
xii.
Fewer farmers and decreasing cost of food
xiii.
A renewed interest in environmental- friendly
agriculture
xiv.
Features of externalities in agricultural production
xv.
Transformation of farming to industrialized
agribusiness
xvi.
Aim and focuses of the study
xvii.
Difficulties of calculating external costs
xviii.
The concept of externalities

xix.
The case of water pollution
xx.
Sustainable farming and its merits
xxi.
Issues raised by external costs of food
xxii.
The conversion to organic farming

Questions 6-10. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage to complete the
summary below.
The first national study of the environmental impacts of modern farming has defined externalities as
the additional expenses caused by other activities and those not paid by (6) producers and consumers.
Externalities misrepresent the market by encouraging farmers to pursue (7) private benefits at the cost of the
society. As externality in agricultural production is usually shown with a time lag, its costs often tend to (8) be
neglected. While the victim’s interests are not represented, exactly who has produced the externalities often
remains a mystery. The study measures two types of externalities; the costs of (9) treatment and prevention
for the environment and human health to recover to the original state, and the money spent by (10) public
agency on monitoring environmental and food safety.
Your answers:
1.
6.

2.
7.

3.
8.

4.

9.

5.
10.

Part 5: Read the text below and decide which answer best fits each space. Write your answers in the
corresponding numbered boxes.
Incentives play an important role in our decisions to learn. As we get older, the outcomes of (1)_______ in
learning may not be the same a when we were younger. For example, we are less likely to be (2) ______ as a
result of training. The type of work-related training or learning we do also changes as we get older. Worker
over 45 years old are more likely to participate in learning (3)______that relate directly to their function So
they may choose to (4)_____ those technical skills directly related to their work. By contrast, young workers
are more (5)_____to participate in training that is an investment in their future careers. Organizations also
want to continually (6)_____ their skills base. Recently, business has (7)____ this largely though a steady
inflow of newly- (8)_____ young people onto the labor (9) _____. Traditionally, we have had a mix of those
young people who bring new formal skills to the workplace, and a small proportion of older workers who
(10)_____ their experience. What we are seeing now is a decreasing proportion of young people entering the
workforce and an increase in the proportion of older people. So, unless we change he nature of our education
and learning across life, we will see a decline in formal skills in the working population.
1. A. participation
B. contribution
C. attendance
D. activity
2. A. raised
B. promoted
C. advanced
D. upgraded
3. A. actions
B. activities
C. acts

D. modules
4. A. relearn
B. promote
C. restore
D. upgrade
5. A. probable
B. likely
C. possible
D. liable
6. A. restart
B. renovate
C. restore
D. renew
7. A. affected
B. fulfilled
C. achieved
D. succeeded
8. A. educated
B. taught
C. qualified
D. graduated


9. A. workforce
10. A. donate
Your answers:
11.
16.

B. employment

B. supply
12.
17.

C. staff
C. contribute
13.
18.

14.
19.

D. market
D. sell
15.
20.