Skkn applying task based approach in teaching english grammar for the grade 10 students of basic curriculum at yen dinh 1 high school thanh hoa province

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................I
PART A: INTRODUCTION..............................................................................1
1. Rationale...........................................................................................................1
2. Aims of the study.............................................................................................1
3. Scope of the study............................................................................................2
4. Methods of the study.......................................................................................2
5. Significance of the study.................................................................................2
PART B: CONTENT..........................................................................................3
CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL
BACKGROUND..................................................................................................3
1.1. The Importance of Grammar in Language Teaching and Learning......3
1.1.1. Definitions of English grammar...............................................................3
1.1.2. The importance of teaching English grammar........................................3
1.2. Definition of tasks.........................................................................................3
1.3. What is task-based language teaching?......................................................4
1.4. Task-based grammar teaching....................................................................5
14.1. Why we use Task-based grammar teaching?............................................5
1.4.2. Steps in Task-based grammar teaching....................................................5
1.4.2.1. Pre-task..............................................................................................5
1.4.2.2. While- task.........................................................................................5
1.4.2.3. Post-task............................................................................................6
CHATER 2: THE CURRENT SITUATIONS..................................................7
IN TEACHING ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN GRADE 10 STUDENTS AT
YEN DINH 1 HIGH SCHOOL..........................................................................7
2.1. An overview of the current situation of teaching and learning English at
Yen Dinh 1 High school......................................................................................7
2.2. Findings from the current situations..........................................................7
2.2.1. Results from questionairs.........................................................................7
2.2.2. Results from observation.........................................................................8
2.2.3. RESULTS FROM THE PRE-TEST........................................................9

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2.3. Solution........................................................................................................11
CHAPTER 3: EXPERIMENT AND RESULTS............................................13
3.1. Participants.................................................................................................13
3.2. Data collection instruments.......................................................................13
3.3. Results..........................................................................................................13
3.4.1. Results from questionnaires...................................................................13
3.3.2. Results from observation.......................................................................16
3.3.3. Results from post-test............................................................................17
3.3.3.1. A comparison of the tests before and after experiment...................17
3.3.3.2. Data analysis after experiment........................................................18
3.4. Findings.......................................................................................................18
PART C: CONCLUSION.................................................................................20
1. Suggestions for further research..................................................................20
2. Conclusion of the study.................................................................................20
REFERENCES.....................................................................................................I
APPENDIXES....................................................................................................II
APPENDIX 1: PRE-TASK SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE...........................II
APPENDIX 2: POST-TASK SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES.....................IV
APPENDIX 3: PRE-TEST...............................................................................VI
APPENDIX 4: POST-TESK.........................................................................VIII
APPENDIX 5: POSSIBLE ANSWER KEYS..................................................X
APPENDIX 6..................................................................................................XIII
APPLYING TECHNIQUES IN TEACHING.............................................XIII
A model of lesson plan..................................................................................XIII

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PART A: INTRODUCTION
Title: “Applying task-based approach in teaching English grammar for the
grade 10 students of basic curriculum at Yen Dinh 1 high school- Thanh Hoa
province”.
1. Rationale
One of the most challenging tasks constantly facing English teachers is
how to capture the interest and stimulate the imagination of their students so that
they will be more motivated to learn, especially in grammar lessons. In my
school, teachers usually use PPP models to teach their students. We can not
deny that this is a current popular method and it contains a lot of advantages.
But it seems that students have to do what they are asked and have to do a lot of
exercises. Frankly speaking, they become quite passive, only listen and write.
They have little chance to interact, to communicate. Teaching grammar does not
mean so passive. It should involve four skills and student should really be
motivated to learn. I have decided to choose this topic with the hope that it will
make certain contributions to the existing knowledge of the field under the study
and help the grade 10 students at Yen Dinh 1 high school- Thanh Hoa province
master English grammar well to use it confidently in four skills and get good
marks in the exams.
2. Aims of the study.
The specific aims of this study are as follows:
- Investigating the present situation of learning grammar, especially finding
out problems facing students in language focus lessons.
- Suggesting useful techniques for the possibility of task-based introduction in
order to increase the students’ motivation in grammar learning as well as

heightening the effectiveness of English language teaching.

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3. Scope of the study
This research focuses on investigating how Yen Dinh 1 language teachers
exploit TBA in teaching English grammar in their classes in grade 10 students at
Yen Dinh 1 high school.
4. Methods of the study
To gain effectiveness of the aims the researcher has just mentioned
above, the following methods were used:
- Survey questionnaire for students in class 10A7 and 10A13 at Yen Dinh
1 High School to collect information about their views of the current situations
and their feelings about lessons which are used language games.
- The results of tests to check the grammar ability of the students in class
10A7 and 10A13 at Yen Dinh 1 High School.
-Beside these instruments, classroom observation is used to record more
information from teachers and students during lessons.
- Constant discussions with the supervisor and colleagues are of great
significance.
5. Significance of the study
Theoretical significance of the study: the study will supply the English
language teachers with the understanding of grammar and task-based approach,
advantages when employing this method.
Practical significance of the study: the research will help the teacher of
English use task-based approach effectively, which will make language focus
lessons more successful as well as help students in the grade 10 improve their

grammar.

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PART B: CONTENT
CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL
BACKGROUND
1.1. The Importance of Grammar in Language Teaching and Learning
1.1.1. Definitions of English grammar
According to Richards and Platt (1992) in their Longman Dictionary of
Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics: Grammar is a description of the
structure of a language and the way in which linguistic units such as words and
phrases are combined to produce sentences in the language. It usually takes into
account the meanings and functions these sentences have in overall system of
the language. It may or may not include the description of the sound of a
language.
1.1.2. The importance of teaching English grammar
Firstly, teaching grammar helps students understand how the language
works. Apart from vocabulary, students need to know grammar to understand
how it is written or how words are combined together to understand the proper
meaning. Without grammar or with a poor knowledge of grammar, they may get
confused with complicated expression
Secondly, according to Smith (2001), if teachers neither pay attention to
grammar nor create opportunities for learners to improve grammar, learners are
likely to stand the risk of fossilization or reach a point where they can cope with
level of communication that is demanded of them by making use of their
existing grammatical resource and communication strategies and probably with

sufficient fluency.
1.2. Definition of tasks
Nunan (1989) gave a definition of task: “is a piece of classroom work
which involves learners in comprehending, manipulating, producing, or
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interaction in the target language while their attention is principally focused on
meaning rather than form. The task should also have a sense of completeness,
being able to stand alone as a communicative act in its own right”. Prabhu
(1987), one of the first methodologists raising interest and support for TBA,
defined: “a task is an activity which requires learners to arrive at an outcome
from given information through some process of thought, and which allowed
teachers to control and regulate that process”. He emphasizes the process of
learning, and he confirms that when following the tasks, the learner will get
effective communication.
The definitions of tasks vary in TBA. However, all of them have a
common characteristic. They all suggested the tasks are concerned with
communicative use. In other words, they refer to undertakings in which the
learner comprehend, interact, produce in the target language in the contexts and
focus on meaning rather than form.
1.3. What is task-based language teaching?
Littlewood (2004) indicated that TBA is a development within
communicative approach. It is not at all, Brown (1994) also claims that “TBA is
a perspective that can be taken within a CLT framework”. Besides, he stated that
what various understandings of TBLT emphasize is the centrality of task itself in
a language course and, for TBLT as an overall approach, the importance of
organizing a course around communicative tasks that learners need to engage in

outside the classroom. Also, Foster (1999) pointed out that there are different
task-based approaches, which share a common idea: giving learners tasks to
transact, rather than items to learn, providing an environment, which best
promotes the natural language learning process.

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1.4. Task-based grammar teaching
14.1. Why we use Task-based grammar teaching?

Task-based language teaching approach can be viewed as within the
framework of communicative teaching and the study of task-based language
teaching stems largely from communicative language teaching (Nunan, 1989). It
puts tasks at the center of the methodological focus. It considers the learning
process as a set of communicative tasks that are directly linked to the curricular
goals. It emphasizes the development of students' communicative ability and
communication takes place through using the grammatical system of the
language. It combines the teaching of language forms with teaching of language
skills. Therefore, it may have significance or it may be effective in grammar
teaching.
1.4.2. Steps in Task-based grammar teaching
According to Willis (1996) there are three main steps in task-based
grammar teaching
1.4.2.1. Pre-task
Aim: To prepare student for the task, to engage their attention. Topics and
tasks are introduced in the pre-task stage. Teachers introduce tasks to learners.
They present necessary knowledge, explain the requirements and procedures of

the task in detail and help learners familiarize with the topic, vocabulary and
expressions. In this stage, teachers should take the individual differences among
learners into account.
1.4.2.2. While- task
 Planning the task:
Aim: for the Ss to discuss about the works related to grammar points in
group of six.

Set a limited time of three or four minutes to discuss this.

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Circulate and listen to the Ss doing the task, but do not correct any language at
this moment.
 Doing the task:
Aim: For students to prepare an oral report of their task.
Stop the task. Tell the students to work together preparing a summary of
their discussion for later report to the whole class. They must write notes for this
summary and be prepared to report this orally to the rest of the class. Set a time
limit of five minutes for them to do this. When the students are ready, ask a
spokesperson from each group to do report. Rest of the class listens carefully.
 Presenting the product of the task:
Aim: For students to get a provision of useful language input.
1.4.2.3. Post-task
 Language focus :
Aim: To raise students’ awareness about the target language.
Let the students look at the passage again, picking out those sentences

which contain grammar points and write them on the board.
Check that the Ss understand the meaning of sentences (if necessary)
ask Ss to write down the rules of form for grammar point
 Language practice
Aim: To give the students some restricted written practice in the target
language.

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CHATER 2: THE CURRENT SITUATIONS
IN TEACHING ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN GRADE 10
STUDENTS AT YEN DINH 1 HIGH SCHOOL
2.1. An overview of the current situation of teaching and learning English at
Yen Dinh 1 High school.
The study was conducted with a total of 84 participants of Grade 10 in
two classes – experimental class, 10A13 and control class, 10A7 at Yen Dinh 1
high school. Most of them have been learning English for at least 4 years at
secondary schools, from Grade 6 to Grade 9, and they used the new English
textbooks designed by MOET.
2.2. Findings from the current situations.
To find out some current situations in teaching and learning English
grammar in class 10A7 and 10A13 at Yen Dinh 1 high school, the researcher
surveys the current situations by using questionnaires, interview questions and
observation. The researcher found out some following results.
2.2.1. Results from questionnaires
Table 1- Students’ difficulties in studying English grammar
No

Difficulties

Number

Percentage

1

I cannot apply the proper tenses.

50

60,9%

2

I cannot put the words in correct order.

45

54.8%

37

45.1%

3

I was very bad at English when I was at

lower high school.

4

I cannot remember all structures.

71

86.5%

5

I cannot apply all structures correctly.

36

43.9%

6

There is a lack of teaching aids at school.

15

18.2%

This can be shown that, 60.9% of the students said they could not put the
verbs in the correct tenses. Besides 45.1% of the students believed that they
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were very bad at English when they were at lower high school. And 54.8% of
them thought that they cannot put the words in correct order. In addition, the
number of the students who could not remember all structures was 86.5% and
43.9% of students could not apply all structures correctly. Besides, having a
small number of the students (18.2%) said that the lack of teaching aids at
school is other difficult of them.
In the second questions the researcher asked students about the main
causes of these difficulties
Table 2- The main causes of students’ difficulties in learning English
grammar

Main causes

Number of
students

%

I was bad at English grammar when I was at

37

45.1

The lack of learning aids at school

15

18.2

Teacher’s teaching method is not effective

72

87.8

I don’t know the good way to learn effectively

60

primary and secondary school

73.1

As they can be seen in the table, 87,8% of the students showed the
method that teacher used is not suitable. In addition, 60 of them (73.1%) don’t
know the good way to learn English grammar. Meanwhile 45.1% of them were
bad at English grammar when they studied at lower school and 18.2% of them
thought that the lack of learning aids at school is other main reason that they
have difficulties in studying English grammar.
2.2.2. Results from observation
 Results from the teacher
With the aim of helping students get knowledge about grammar
structures, almost the teacher applied the traditional methods such as:

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translation, audio-lingual or using PPP model. Besides, the teacher used extraboard or handout in English grammar lessons. However, the applying of these
traditional method hasn’t been done effectively yet.
Almost lessons of the teacher were followed the following procedures:
+ The teacher presented the structure and then gave some example to
illustrate this structure.
+ The teacher gave the form and usage of this structures and asked
students to write down on their notebook.
+ The teacher asked students to give some examples
+ The teacher asked students to practice basing on some exercises in the
textbook.
About classroom management. The teacher asked the students to work
individually most of the time. Sometimes, the teacher asked them to work in
pairs. Sometimes they had to work in groups. There were no leader of groups, as
a result, every member in the group was not appointed particular requires.
 Results from the students
In my observation, I realized that most of the students never raised their
hands in lessons. They were not willing to practice. They only practiced when
being asked. They sat in silence and the teacher usually took notices of better
students.
Moreover, most of the students felt unconfident when being asked to
practice. They showed their worry. Nobody wanted the teacher to call his/her
name in practice the new structure as well as doing exercises in the textbook.
2.2.3. Results from the pre-test
The researcher delivered a test to two classes, 10A7 and 10A13 to find
out the students’ level in two classes. In this test, the teacher checked students
grammar by asking them to do a test about conditional type 3, used to+
V_infinitive and the structure should and should not.

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Table 3- Data collected from the test and findings-The comparison between
two classes
Mark

<5

5-6

7-8

9-10

The experimental class 10A13

10

20

11

1

The control class- 10 A7

9

19

11

3

After giving and collecting the test, the researcher marked and found out
the weakness of the students and compared the result of two classes. According
to the data collected, 4 among 84 students got mark 9 to 10, 39 out of students
got mark 5- 6 in which class 10 A7 occupied 19 students, which is lower than
the number of students in 10 A13; and 9 students - a relatively high number, get
mark under 5. As we can see, the effectiveness of the lessons before experiment
was not good. only a few students got high marks and a lot of students got poor
marks. . Moreover, in comparison between two classes, the researcher saw that
the students in two classes have the same level . Each class has the same number
of students get mark over 8, and under 5. Some students of class 10A7 even got
a higher marks, 3 out of 42 students got 9 to 10. It can be said that the grammar
level of students in the experimental class and control class is relatively equal; in
which students’ level at 10 A7 seems a bit higher than that in 10A13.
* Summary
In summary, from the results of observation, survey questionnaire,
interview and test, the researcher found out some conclusion about the current in
teaching and leaning English grammar at Yen Dinh 1 High School.
Firstly, almost the teachers do not use any tasks in teaching English
grammar at Yen Dinh 1 High School.
Secondly, most of the students did not feel interested in grammar lesson.
They do not pay attention to studying because they do not have opportunities
and motivation to study. The classroom’s atmosphere makes them feel

uninterested in the lessons. According to the classroom observation, very few
students contribute to the lessons. They only practice when the teacher asks.
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When being asked, all students want the teacher to change the teaching method
by applying task-based approach.
2.3. Solution
In this part, the researcher provided the solutions to help students study
English grammar more effectively. The researcher decides to change the method
to teach grammar by applying task-based approach. Because of limited time, the
content of each lesson and the research purpose, the researcher cannot
experiment to teach all the grammar points in the textbook.
From the steps in teaching English grammar of Willis (1996) through
task-based approach, I give the solution to teach English grammar as follow:
Pre-task
Aim: To prepare students for the task, to engage their attention. Topics
and tasks are introduced in the pre-task stage. Teachers introduce tasks to
learners. They present necessary knowledge, explain the requirements and
procedures of the task in detail and help learners familiarize with the topic,
vocabulary and expressions. In this stage, teachers should take the individual
differences among learners into account.
Task
 Planning the task: Students will be able to discuss about the works
related to grammar points in group of six. Set a limited time of three or four
minutes to discuss this. Circulate and listen to the students doing the task, but do
not correct any language at this moment.
 Doing the task:

Aim: For students to prepare an oral report of their task.
Stop the task. Students will be able to work together preparing a summary
of their discussion for later report to the whole class. They must write notes for
this summary and be prepared to report this orally to the rest of the class. Set a
time limit of five minutes for them to do this. When the students are ready, ask a
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spokesperson from each group to do report. The rest of the class listens
carefully.
 Presenting the product of the task:
Aim: Students will be able to get a provision of useful language input.
Post-task
 Language focus :
Aim: To raise students’ awareness about the target language.
Let the students look at the passage again, picking out those sentences
which contain grammar points and write them on the board.
Check that the Ss understand the meaning of sentences (if necessary)
ask Ss to write down the rules of form for grammar point
 Language practice
Aim: To give the students some restricted written practice in the target
language.

CHAPTER 3: EXPERIMENT AND RESULTS
3.1. Participants
The researcher chose two classes, 10A7 and 10 A13, to do a control
experiment. The experiment was carried out in the experimental class- 10A13-.
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The other class, 10A7, worked as a control class. The researcher applied taskbased approach to teach English grammar to students in class 10A13 in three
lessons in order to know whether using task-based approach for teaching
English grammar is effective or not.
3.2. Data collection instruments
 Observation was used to check the interest of the students in studying
English grammar after the experiment.
 Post- test was used to check the improvement of the students in class
10A13 about grammar.
 The post questionnaire for 42 students in class 10A13 contained three
items about the students’ attitudes towards the effect of using task-based in
English grammar lessons .
3.3. Results
3.4.1. Results from questionnaires
Table 4-. Students’ attitudes towards teachers’ application of TBA
Opinion
1
2
3

The new teaching method makes the
grammar class more comfortable
The new teaching method helps me speak
English more confidently.
The new teaching method helps me
remember my vocabulary better
The new teaching method helps me

4

remember grammar structures which I

Agree

Disagree

41

1

97.6%

2.4%

41

1

97.6%

2.4%

38

4

90.4%

9.6%

39

3

92.8%

7.2%

40

2

95.2%

4.8%

had learned before
5

The new teaching method helps me do
grammar exercises more correctly

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6
7

The new teaching method helps me learn
grammar more effectively
The new teaching method helps me write
English more correctly
The new teaching method does not help

8

me learn English better than the old

39

3

92.8%

7.2%

40

2

95.2%

4.4%

6

36

14.2%

85.8%

4

38

9.5%

90.5%

9

33

21.4%

78.6%

method
The new teaching method is very difficult
9

for me
The new teaching method is appreciate

10

only with students who learn well

As shown in table, 97.6% of the students who took part in the experiment
felt that learning grammar through communicative tasks was very comfortable
which is one of necessary and useful factors in language learning and language
teaching. While only 2.4% of them disagree.
Regarding the effectiveness of the new teaching method, the majority of
students (97.6%) said that the new teaching method helped them speak English
more confidently, although 2,4% of them found that it was not effective.
Furthermore, 95.2% of them stated that this approach helped them write English
more correctly while 4.8% of them disagree. In addition, 92.8% of them thought
that this method helped them not only remember grammar structures better but
also helped them learn grammar more effectively. This was against 7.2% of the
respondents disagreeing with statement.
Similarly, 90.4% of them recognized that learning grammar through tasks
helped them remember vocabulary, although 9.6% of them disagreed
Item number 8 dealt with students’ negative criticism of the new teaching
method, it was surprising that 6 students (14.2%) acknowledge that it did not
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help them learn grammar better than old method, and 36 students (85.8%)
shown that task-based approach help them learn grammar better than the old
method. The number 9 question having only 3 of the subjects (9.5%)who took
part in the research that the new teaching method was very difficult to him or
her, 99.5% of them affirmed that it was not difficult for them to learn following

the new teaching method
With the last of ten questions, 21.4% of them disagreed the statement that
the new teaching method was only appreciate with students who learn well, only
78.6% of them agreed with this ideas.
In open-ended questions, three questions of asking students’ reasons for
their preference and the continuance of the new teaching method were asked.
Many students who took part in an experiment said that they liked the new
teaching method because the class atmosphere was very comfortable and they
were not pressured. Some of them said that this approach made them help the
other and learn from each other. With the reference to the continuance of the
new teaching method in the future, about 85% of them wanted the teacher to
continue to teach grammar as following the new method. Ten percent of them
said that they did not like the way the researcher taught them.
To answer the second question which helped the researcher to know the
reasons why students did not like the new teaching method, and help the
researcher know the limitation of the new teaching method. Some students said
that they did not like this approach because of two reasons: Firstly, its approach
did not help them practice pronunciation in the textbook. Secondly, the
limitation of the learning group, she wondered that when doing task in group
there were a few students who better at English contribute much to the group, in
contrast, students who were worse did not contribute much.
In the third question, most of students like the teacher continue to teach
grammar following the new method. They said that, this method helped them to
remember grammar structures easily. Furthermore, it helped them to study
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vocabulary better. Moreover, it helped them to study listening, speaking,

listening and writing well.
3.3.2. Results from observation
During experimental teaching lessons, I observed the students’ attitude in
class. I saw many students raising their hands to contribute to the lessons. With
the aim of proving English teaching and learning, the teacher applied task-based
approach in their lessons.
The teacher used the tasks to present knowledge, the teacher only
translated into Vietnamese very little. In these lessons, although the teacher used
English mostly, the students still understood what the teacher said. The teacher
only used Vietnamese when there were some difficult words or structures.
Therefore, the effectiveness of these lessons was better than before.
The students were asked to work in pair or group basing on the content of
each task. In these lessons, the teacher used some tasks to teach the structures.
The teacher taught English grammar lesson through the task-based approach. As
a result, students were very interested in lessons. They showed their excitement
about these tasks. Thank to these tasks, students contributed to the lessons very
well. The class’s atmosphere became interesting.
According to the researcher’s observation, in lessons that teachers used
task-based approach, students not only contributed to the lessons but also
practiced grammar structures well. They showed their confidence when do
exercises. Moreover, through the tasks students can know the structures clearly
about the form and the usage of these structures. In addition, they remember the
structures easily and apply these structures to do exercises correctly. Most of
them loved tasks that teacher used in lessons.
3.3.3. Results from post-test
The results collected after delivering the tests to students and applying
suggested solutions are shown in the table below:
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Table 5: Result of the test after experiment
<5

5-6

7-8

9-10

The experimental class- 10A13

3

10

21

8

The control class- 10 A7

9

20

12

2

Mark

3.3.3.1. A comparison of the tests before and after experiment
The results collected after experiment will be more clearly shown in
comparison with those of before experiment in two classes the tables
below:
Table 6- Comparison between the results of the tests before and after
experiment in Class 10 A13
No

Marks

Percent
Before Experiment

After Experiment

1

<5

10/ 42 = 23.8 %

3/42 = 7.1 %

2

5-6

20/42 = 47.6%

10/42 = 23.8 %

3

7-8

11/42 = 26.1 %

21/42 = 50 %

4

9-10

1/42 = 2.3 %

8/42 = 19 %

Table 7- Comparison between the results of the tests before and after
experiment in Class 10 A7
No

Marks

Percent
Before Experiment

After Experiment

1

<5

9/42 = 21.4 %

9/42 = 21.4 %

2

5-6

19/42= 45.2 %

20/42 = 47.6 %

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3

7-8

11/42 = 26.1 %

12/42 = 28.5 %

4

9-10

3/42 = 7.1 %

2/42 = 4.7 %

3.3.3.2. Data analysis after experiment
It can be seen from the table that there has a considerable decrease in the
number of the students getting bad marks after experiment in class 10A13. The
result shows that the number of students in the experimental class- 10A13
getting marks below 5 down from 23.8 % to 7.1 %, those who get marks 5-6
reduce from 47.6% to 23.8% while those in the control class- 10A7 getting
marks below 5 remain stable, and those getting marks 5-6 have a little change,
45.2% and 47.6 % respectively. There is also a great increase in the number of
students getting good marks, from 26.1 % to 50 % with marks 7-8 and 2, 3 % to
19% with marks 9-10, in the experimental class and seems no change in the
control class, from 26.1% to 28.5%; and especially, there is a decrease in the
students who gets excellent marks from 9-10, from 7.1% to 4.7 % in the control
class. In general, students’ result after experiment in the experimental class is
much better than that before experiment, and by far higher than that in the
control class. It means that suggested techniques that the researcher use in
teaching grammar is really effective.
3.4. Findings
From the results of observation, survey questionnaires, and tests, the
researcher found out some findings about the effectiveness of applying taskbased approach in teaching English grammar in class 10A13 at Yen Dinh 1 high
School after experiment.
After applying task-based approach in teaching English grammar lessons
in class 10A13 at Yen Dinh 1 High School, most of the students felt interested in

grammar lessons. They paid attention to studying grammar structure through the
tasks of the teacher. The classroom’s atmosphere makes them feel comfortable
in the lessons. Moreover, the teacher usually asks them to work in pairs or
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