Poverty and Policy in Post-Apartheid South Africa docx

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5BCMF" *ODPNFRVJOUJMFTFYDMVEJOH[FSPFT
5BCMF" *ODPNFRVJOUJMFTFYDMVEJOH[FSPFT
5BCMF" *ODPNFRVJOUJMFTJODVEJOH[FSPFT
5BCMF" *ODPNFRVJOUJMFTJODVEJOH[FSPFT
5BCMF 5IF4PVUI"GSJDBOMBCPVSGPSDFBOE
5BCMF 4OBQTIPUPGUIF4PVUI"GSJDBOMBCPVSGPSDFCSPBEMZEFGJOFE
 BOE
5BCMF 4OBQTIPUPGUIF4PVUI"GSJDBOMBCPVSGPSDFCSPBEMZEFGJOFECZ
 SBDFBOE
5BCMF #SPBEMBCPVSGPSDFQBSUJDJQBUJPOSBUFTJO4PVUI"GSJDBm
5BCMF &NQMPZNFOUBOEMBCPVSGPSDFHSPXUIm
5BCMF 4FDUPSBMFYQFSJFODFTPGFNQMPZNFOUBOEJOGPSNBMTFDUPS 
 FNQMPZNFOUHSPXUIm
5BCMF 5ZQFPGDPOUSBDUPGFNQMPZFECZHFOEFSBOESBDF
5BCMF &NQMPZNFOUBOEVOFNQMPZNFOUCZSBDFBOEHFOEFSBOE

 
5BCMF &NQMPZNFOUBOEVOFNQMPZNFOUCZIJHIFTUMFWFMPGFEVDBUJPO
 BOE
5BCMF 4FDPOEBSZBOEUFSUJBSZVOFNQMPZNFOUSBUFTCZSBDFBOE

5BCMF &NQMPZNFOUBOEVOFNQMPZNFOUQFSGPSNBODFTCZBHFHSPVQ
m
5BCMF 'PSNBMBOEJOGPSNBMTFDUPSFNQMPZNFOUm
5BCMF 'PSNBMBOEJOGPSNBMFNQMPZNFOUm
5BCMF 4FDUPSBMDPNQPTJUJPOPGFNQMPZNFOUDIBOHFm

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5BCMF 4LJMMTCSFBLEPXOPGFNQMPZNFOUCZTFDUPSBOE
5BCMF 4QBUJBMEJTUSJCVUJPOPGFNQMPZNFOUBOE
5BCMF 6OFNQMPZNFOUSBUFTCZQSPWJODFBOE
5BCMF %JTDPVSBHFEXPSLTFFLFSTQFSDFOUBHFCSFBLEPXOTBOE

5BCMF" 4OBQTIPUPGUIF4PVUI"GSJDBOMBCPVSGPSDFCSPBEMZEFGJOFECZ
 SBDFBOE
5BCMF" &NQMPZNFOUFTUJNBUFTm
5BCMF $POTPMJEBUFEHFOFSBMHPWFSONFOUTQFOEJOHCZGVODUJPOm
 mBOEm
5BCMF 4PDJBMTQFOEJOHCZJODPNFHSPVQBOE
5BCMF 4PDJBMTQFOEJOHCZSBDFHSPVQBOE
5BCMF 4PDJBMTQFOEJOHCZSFHJPOUZQFBOE
5BCMF &TUJNBUFTPGDPODFOUSBUJPOJOEFYBOE,BLXBOJQSPHSFTTJWJUZJOEFY
 GPS4PVUI"GSJDBOTPDJBMTQFOEJOHQSPHSBNNFT
5BCMF $PODFOUSBUJPOJOEJDFTGPSQVCMJDTQFOEJOHPOFEVDBUJPOBOEIFBMUI
 JOTBNQMFTPGEFWFMPQJOHDPVOUSJFTT
5BCMF 5FBDIFSSFTPVSDFTBOENBUSJDQBTTSBUFTPWFSBEFDBEFCZGPSNFS
 TDIPPMSBDFDBUFHPSZ
5BCMF 1BTTSBUFBOENBUSJDBHHSFHBUFJOUIF8FTUFSO$BQFCZGPSNFS
 EFQBSUNFOUBOEQPWFSUZRVJOUJMF
5BCMF 4VNNBSZUBSJGGTUBUJTUJDTJODMVEJOHBEWBMPSFNFRVJWBMFOUT
5BCMF .FBTVSFTPGTFDUPSBMQSPUFDUJPO
5BCMF 'BDUPSCJBTPGOFUUSBEFJONBOVGBDUVSJOHm
5BCMF 4PVSDFTPGGBDUPSHSPXUIJONBOVGBDUVSJOHBWFSBHFBOOVBM
DIBOHF

5BCMF .BOEBUFEGBDUPSSFUVSOTGSPNUSBEFMJCFSBMJTBUJPOmBOE
 GVMMMJCFSBMJTBUJPOGSPN
5BCMF" .BOEBUFEGBDUPSSFUVSOTGSPNUSBEFMJCFSBMJTBUJPOCZSFHJPOm
 
5BCMF" .BOEBUFEXBHFTVOEFSGVMMMJCFSBMJTBUJPOCZSFHJPOGSPN
5BCMF 5IFQPQVMBUJPOPGUIF$BQF.FUSPQPMJUBO"SFB
5BCMF %JTTJNJMBSJUZJOEJDFT$BQF5PXO6SCBO"SFB
5BCMF 5SBOTQPSUNPEFTCZQPQVMBUJPOHSPVQQFSDFOUBHFVTF$BQF5PXO

5BCMF $PNNVUJOHUJNFTBOEDPNNVUJOHDPTUTCZQPQVMBUJPOHSPVQ
 $BQF5PXO
5BCMF 6OFNQMPZNFOUBOEJODPNFCZQPQVMBUJPOHSPVQ$BQF5PXO
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5BCMF 5IFJOGMVFODFPGJOEJWJEVBMIPVTFIPMEBOEOFJHICPVSIPPE 
 DIBSBDUFSJTUJDTPOVOFNQMPZNFOUQSPCBCJMJUJFT
5BCMF" 7BSJBCMFTVTFEUPFTUJNBUFVOFNQMPZNFOUQSPCBCJMJUJFT
5BCMF" 5IFDPSSFMBUJPONBUSJY
5BCMF /FHBUJWFCJOPNJBMSFHSFTTJPOT
5BCMF 0-4SFHSFTTJPOT
5BCMF *OFRVBMJUZXJUIJOBOECFUXFFOSBDJBMHSPVQT
5BCMF $SJNFBOEJOFRVBMJUZCFUXFFOSBDJBMHSPVQT
5BCMF 3FQPSUJOHJOTFMFDUFEDSJNFDBUFHPSJFT
5BCMF $PSSFDUJOHGPSNJTSFQPSUJOHJOSFTJEFOUJBMCVSHMBSZ

5BCMF *OFRVBMJUZJODBUDINFOUBSFB
5BCMF "SNFESPCCFSZBOENVSEFS
5BCMF" 4VNNBSZTUBUJTUJDTCZUZQFPGDSJNF
5BCMF" $PSSFMBUJPOTCFUXFFOXFMGBSFJOEJDBUPST
5BCMF" $PSSFMBUJPOTCFUXFFOTFMFDUFEWBSJBCMFT
5BCMF '(5QPWFSUZNFBTVSFTUPUBM
5BCMF '(5QPWFSUZNFBTVSFTCZMPDBUJPO
5BCMF '(5QPWFSUZNFBTVSFTCZTFYPGIPVTFIPMEIFBE
5BCMF 1PWFSUZUSBOTJUJPONBUSJYmQFSDFOUBHFPGSPX
5BCMF $ISPOJDBOEUSBOTJUPSZQPWFSUZDMBTTFT
5BCMF "DDFTTUPBTTFUTBOE
5BCMF "DDFTTUPBTTFUTCZTFYPGIFBEPGIPVTFIPME
5BCMF "DDFTTUPBTTFUTCZTQBUJBMMPDBUJPO
5BCMF *ODJEFODFPGOFHBUJWFBOEQPTJUJWFTIPDLT
5BCMF 'JOBODJBMJNQBDUPGTIPDLTNFBOWBMVFmJOSBOET
5BCMF 5ZQFPGTIPDLSFDFJWFE
5BCMF 4USVDUVSBMQPWFSUZDMBTTFT
5BCMF 3FDBTUJOHUIFUSBOTJUJPONBUSJY
5BCMF "TTFUTBOETUSVDUVSBMQPWFSUZDMBTTFT
5BCMF 5IFFYUFOUPGUFNQPSBSZMBCPVSNJHSBUJPOBDSPTTIPVTFIPMET
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5BCMF "GSJDBONJHSBOUXPSLFSTCZHFOEFSZFBSTBOEPMEFS
5BCMF 3FNJUUBODFTSFDFJWFEJOSVSBM"GSJDBONJHSBOUIPVTFIPMET
5BCMF 5IFFDPOPNJDTUBUVTPGNJHSBOUBOEOPONJHSBOUSVSBM"GSJDBO
 IPVTFIPMET
5BCMF &NQMPZNFOUBOEFBSOFEJODPNFJONJHSBOUBOEOPONJHSBOUSVSBM
 "GSJDBOIPVTFIPMETm
5BCMF .BJOTPVSDFPGJODPNFTVQQPSUJOSVSBM"GSJDBOIPVTFIPMET


5BCMF *OEJWJEVBMSFNJUUBODFTBOEFBSOJOHTBNPOHSVSBM"GSJDBOT

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5BCMF 1BSUJDJQBUJPOSBUFTBOEUIFXPSLJOHBHFQPQVMBUJPO
5BCMF A)BMWJOHVOFNQMPZNFOUCZmTPNFQPTTJCJMJUJFT
5BCMFB /VNCFSTPGQFPQMFUIPVTBOETCFMPXWBSJPVTQPWFSUZMJOFT
5BCMFC /VNCFSTPGQFPQMFUIPVTBOETCFMPXWBSJPVTQPWFSUZMJOFT
5BCMFD /VNCFSTPGQFPQMFUIPVTBOETCFMPXWBSJPVTQPWFSUZMJOFT
5BCMFB /VNCFSTPGQFPQMFUIPVTBOETCFMPXWBSJPVTQPWFSUZMJOFT
5BCMFC /VNCFSTPGQFPQMFUIPVTBOETCFMPXWBSJPVTQPWFSUZMJOFT
5BCMFD /VNCFSTPGQFPQMFUIPVTBOETCFMPXWBSJPVTQPWFSUZMJOFT
5BCMF 1PWFSUZBU3MFWFMJO
5BCMF 1PWFSUZBU3MFWFMJO
5BCMF 1PWFSUZBU3MFWFMJO
5BCMF 1PWFSUZBU3MFWFMJO
5BCMF 1PWFSUZBU3MFWFMJO
5BCMF*NQBDUPGJOEJWJEVBMDPNQPOFOUTPGTPDJBMXBHFPOQPWFSUZ
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-JTUPGGJHVSFT
'JHVSF $PNQBSBUJWFHSPXUIQFSGPSNBODFPGXPSMENJEEMFJODPNFBOE&BTU
 "TJBODPVOUSJFT
'JHVSF %FDPNQPTJUJPOPGHSPXUIJOSFBM(%1

'JHVSF 4UBOEBSEJTFEDPFGGJDJFOUTJOUIFJOWFTUNFOUSFMBUJPO
'JHVSF 1SJWBUFTBWJOHTBOEJOWFTUNFOUSBUFT4PVUI"GSJDBm
'JHVSF 4UBOEBSEJTFEMPOHSVODPFGGJDJFOUTGSPN"3%-FTUJNBUJPO
'JHVSF 1BUUFSOTPGBTTPDJBUJPO
'JHVSF (PMENJOJOHTLJMMTDPNQPTJUJPOPGMBCPVSGPSDF
'JHVSF $PBMNJOJOHFNQMPZNFOUBOESFBMDPTUPGMBCPVS
'JHVSF (PMEBOEVSBOJVNNJOJOHFNQMPZNFOUBOESFBMDPTUPGMBCPVS
'JHVSF %JBNPOEBOEPUIFSNJOJOHFNQMPZNFOUBOESFBMDPTUPGMBCPVS
'JHVSF 1SPQPSUJPOPGNBUSJDDBOEJEBUFTXJUINBUIFNBUJDT
'JHVSF 1SPQPSUJPOPGEFHSFFTJOOBUVSBMBOENBUIFNBUJDBMTDJFODFT
'JHVSF" 1PMJUJDBMJOTUBCJMJUZJO4PVUI"GSJDBm
'JHVSF $VNVMBUJWFEJTUSJCVUJPOGVODUJPOTCZZFBS
'JHVSF $VNVMBUJWFEJTUSJCVUJPOGVODUJPOTCZZFBSGPS"GSJDBOT
'JHVSF $VNVMBUJWFEJTUSJCVUJPOGVODUJPOTCZZFBSGPSDPMPVSFET
'JHVSF $VNVMBUJWFEJTUSJCVUJPOGVODUJPOTCZQPQVMBUJPOHSPVQJO
'JHVSF $VNVMBUJWFEJTUSJCVUJPOGVODUJPOTCZQPQVMBUJPOHSPVQJO
'JHVSF (SPXUIJODJEFODFDVSWFGPS4PVUI"GSJDB
'JHVSF (SPXUIJODJEFODFDVSWFGPSDPMPVSFET
'JHVSF "EJTUSJCVUJPOBMQMPUPG4PVUI"GSJDBOJODPNFTJOBOE
'JHVSF /BUJPOBM-PSFO[DVSWFTBUQSJDFTGPS$FOTVTBOE
$FOTVT
'JHVSF -PSFO[DVSWFTCZQPQVMBUJPOHSPVQGPS$FOTVT
'JHVSF -PSFO[DVSWFTCZQPQVMBUJPOHSPVQGPS$FOTVT
'JHVSF -PSFO[DVSWFTGPSUIF"GSJDBOBOEXIJUFHSPVQTBUQSJDFTGPS
 $FOTVTBOE$FOTVT
'JHVSF /BUJPOBMDVNVMBUJWFEJTUSJCVUJPOGVODUJPOTBUQSJDFT
'JHVSF $VNVMBUJWFEJTUSJCVUJPOGVODUJPOTBUQSJDFTCZQPQVMBUJPO
 HSPVQ
'JHVSF $VNVMBUJWFEJTUSJCVUJPOGVODUJPOTXJUIPVU[FSPJODPNFTCZ 
 QSPWJODFGPS$FOTVT

'JHVSF $VNVMBUJWFEJTUSJCVUJPOGVODUJPOTXJUIPVU[FSPJODPNFTCZ 
 QSPWJODFGPS$FOTVT
'JHVSF $VNVMBUJWFEJTUSJCVUJPOGVODUJPOTXJUIPVU[FSPJODPNFTGPSSJDIFTU
 BOEQPPSFTUQSPWJODFTGPS$FOTVTBOE$FOTVT
'JHVSF 6SCBOBOESVSBMDVNVMBUJWFEJTUSJCVUJPOGVODUJPOTBUQSJDFT
 $FOTVTBOE$FOTVT

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'JHVSF 5ZQFPGEXFMMJOHCZQPQVMBUJPOHSPVQBOE
'JHVSF "DDFTTUPXBUFSCZQPQVMBUJPOHSPVQBOE
'JHVSF &OFSHZGPSMJHIUJOHCZQPQVMBUJPOHSPVQBOE
'JHVSF &OFSHZGPSDPPLJOHCZQPQVMBUJPOHSPVQBOE
'JHVSF "DDFTTUPTBOJUBUJPOCZQPQVMBUJPOHSPVQBOE
'JHVSF "DDFTTUPSFGVTFSFNPWBMCZQPQVMBUJPOHSPVQBOE
'JHVSF 5BSHFUBOEBDUVBMFNQMPZNFOUHSPXUIm
'JHVSF /POBHSJDVMUVSBMGPSNBMFNQMPZNFOUBOESFBM(%1m
'JHVSF 1SPWJODJBMFYQFSJFODFTPGFNQMPZNFOUBOEJOGPSNBMTFDUPS 
 FNQMPZNFOUHSPXUIm
'JHVSF &EVDBUJPOBMCSFBLEPXOPGFNQMPZFECZSBDFQFSDFOUBHFBOE
 
'JHVSF &NQMPZNFOUBOEVOFNQMPZNFOUDIBOHFCZMFWFMPGFEVDBUJPOBOE
 BHFHSPVQm
'JHVSF .FBOZFBSTPGFEVDBUJPOCZCSPBEMBCPVSGPSDFTUBUVTBOE

'JHVSF #SPBEFNQMPZNFOUTUBUVTCZBHFUIPVTBOETBOE
'JHVSF #SPBEVOFNQMPZFEBDDPSEJOHUPUJNFTJODFMBTUXPSLFE
'JHVSF (SPTTWBMVFBEEFEBOEFNQMPZNFOUHSPXUICZTFDUPSm

'JHVSF"(SPTTWBMVFBEEFEBOEFNQMPZNFOUHSPXUICZTFDUPSm
 TLJMMFEXPSLFST
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 TFNJTLJMMFEXPSLFST
'JHVSF"(SPTTWBMVFBEEFEBOEFNQMPZNFOUHSPXUICZTFDUPSm
 VOTLJMMFEXPSLFST
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 TPDJBMPVUDPNFT
'JHVSF 4PDJBMTQFOEJOHCZSBDFm
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QPMJUJDBM USBOTJUJPOT )PXFWFS QFSIBQT UIF HSFBUFS TUSVHHMF TJODF UIF FBSMZ QPTU
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UIF GJSTU UFO ZFBST IBWF TFFO SJTJOH VOFNQMPZNFOU SJTJOH JODPNF QPWFSUZ BOE
SJTJOHJODPNFJOFRVBMJUZBMMJOUIFDPOUFYUPGBMBDLMVTUSFQFSGPSNBODFJOFDPOPNJD
HSPXUI5IFDIBQUFSTJOUIJTWPMVNFQSFTFOUUIFEFUBJMFEBOEOVBODFEBOBMZTJTUIBU
VOEFSMJFT UIFTFIFBEMJOFT *O UIJT PWFSWJFX XF IJHIMJHIU UISFFLFZ BTQFDUT PGUIF
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CFFOBDPOTUBOUJTTVFJOBSSJWJOHBUBDPOTFOTVTBNPOHBOBMZTUTPOUIFPVUDPNFT
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PVUDPNFTPOVOFNQMPZNFOUQPWFSUZBOEJOFRVBMJUZBSFJOEFFECBEUIFPVUDPNFTPO
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UIFQSPTQFDUTGPSSBQJEBOETVTUBJOFEFDPOPNJDHSPXUIXJUIPVUXIJDIQPWFSUZBOE
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UIFZBSFBMTPDSJUJDBMBTBDDVSBUFJOQVUTJOUPUIFQPMJDZGPSNVMBUJPOQSPDFTTJO4PVUI
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4JODFIPXFWFS UIFSFIBTCFFOBTUFBEZGMPXPGNJDSPEBUBTFUTEJGGFSJOHJO
GPDVTBOEDPWFSBHF5IFTFEBUBTFUTSBOHFGSPNIPVTFIPMETVSWFZTmBOE

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FYUSFNFMZDBSFGVMBOEUSBOTQBSFOUDPODFSOJOHEBUBQSPCMFNT)PPHFWFFOBOE¸[MFS
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BSFUIF*ODPNFBOE&YQFOEJUVSF4VSWFZT*&4TPGBOEBOEUIF$FOTVT
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TPNFTFNCMBODFPGBDPSSPCPSBUJPOPGSFTVMUT*OCPUITFUTJTTVFTPGEBUBRVBMJUZIBWF
MPPNFEMBSHFTFF $SPOKFBOE#VEMFOEFS  4JNLJOT .FUI 5IFTF
JTTVFTIBWFJODMVEFEXJUISFHBSEUPUIF*&4TUIFMBDLPGQSJDFEBUBUIFFYDMVTJPO
PGIPNFHSPXOQSPEVDUTJODPOTVNQUJPOBOETJHOJGJDBOUQSPCMFNTXJUITBNQMJOH
XFJHIUT5IF DFOTVTEBUBBSFQBSUJDVMBSMZQSPCMFNBUJDGPSFYBNQMFXJUISFHBSEUP
MBSHFOVNCFSTPG[FSPBOENJTTJOHJODPNFWBSJBCMFT5IFMBUUFSJOUVSOXBTSFQPSUFE
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GVUVSFQPMJDZEFCBUFT5IFQSPDFTTPGGBJSMZSBQJEVSCBOJTBUJPOGSPNQPPSFSUPSJDIFS
QSPWJODFTJTOPXCFHJOOJOHUPCFEPDVNFOUFE0PTUIVJ[FOBOE/BJEPPmBOE
JUJTFWJEFOUUIBUUIJTQSFTFOUTOFXDIBMMFOHFTGPSXFBMUIJFSQSPWJODFTBOEUIFJSDJUJFT
0OFWFSZTQFDJGJDFYBNQMFPGUIFTFDIBMMFOHFTJTBTUVEZPOSFDFOUNJHSBOUTUPUIF
DJUZPG$BQF5PXO3FTVMUTIFSFTIPXUIBUDPOUSPMMJOHGPSJOEJWJEVBMBOEIPVTFIPME
DIBSBDUFSJTUJDTSFDFOUSVSBMNJHSBOUTUPUIFDJUZTUBOEBMPXFSQSPCBCJMJUZPGGJOEJOH
FNQMPZNFOUJOUIFDJUZSFMBUJWFUPOPONJHSBOUT3PTQBCFBOE4FMPE
*ODPNFJOFRVBMJUZIBTBMTPJODSFBTFEXJUIUIF(JOJDPFGGJDJFOUSJTJOHGSPNUP
CFUXFFOBOEXIJMFPOBBOEDPNQBSJTPOUIF(JOJSPTF
GSPNUP)PPHFWFFOBOE¸[MFS-FJCCSBOEU-FWJOTPIOBOE.D$SBSZ
-FJCCSBOEUFUBM"TJEFGSPNUIFOBUJPOBM(JOJDPFGGJDJFOUTJODSFBTJOHJO
CPUITFUTPGEBUBUIFSFJTBMTP-PSFO[EPNJOBODFJOUIFUJNFDPNQBSJTPOTFOTVSJOH
UIBUUIJTJODSFBTFJTVOBNCJHVPVT-FJCCSBOEUFUBM5IF(JOJDPFGGJDJFOUIBT
SJTFODPOTJTUFOUMZBDSPTTBMMSBDFHSPVQTJOUIFJOUFSDFOTBMDPNQBSJTPOBMUIPVHIJU
EFDMJOFTOPUJDFBCMZGPS"TJBOT*OEJBOTBOEXIJUFTXIFOVTJOHUIF*&4EBUB6SCBO
BOESVSBMJOFRVBMJUZIBTBMTPSJTFO"MTPJOUFSFTUJOHBSFUIFNFBTVSFTPGCFUXFFO
HSPVQ BOE XJUIJOHSPVQ JOFRVBMJUZ VTJOH UIF TVCHSPVQ EFDPNQPTBCMF 5IFJM
JOEFY *U IBT BMXBZT CFFO BSHVFE UIBU CFUXFFOHSPVQ JOFRVBMJUZ IBT CFFO B LFZ
GBDFUPGVOEFSTUBOEJOHJODPNFJOFRVBMJUZJO4PVUI"GSJDB)FODFUIFDPOUSJCVUJPO
PGCFUXFFOHSPVQ JOFRVBMJUZ UP PWFSBMM JOFRVBMJUZ JO 4PVUI "GSJDB TUPPE BUBCPVU
 QFS DFOUJO UIF T 8IJUFGPSE BOE WBO4FWFOUFS  *O VTJOHUIF

DFOTVT FTUJNBUFT UIF TIBSF PG CFUXFFOHSPVQ JOFRVBMJUZ IBE EFDMJOFE UP  QFS
DFOUBOECZUIJTGJHVSFXBTQFSDFOU1VUEJGGFSFOUMZXIJMFUIFLFZGBVMU
MJOFJOJODPNFJOFRVBMJUZUFSNTUIBUPGUIF"GSJDBOXIJUFJODPNFEJGGFSFOUJBMXBT
CFJOH FSPEFE UIJT XBT CFJOH SFQMBDFE CZ B TJHOJGJDBOU HSPXUI JO XJUIJOHSPVQ
JODPNFJOFRVBMJUZ5IJTTIBSFPGXJUIJOHSPVQJOFRVBMJUZIBTJODSFBTFECZTPNF
QFSDFOUBHFQPJOUTPWFSUIFMBTUUISFFEFDBEFTJO4PVUI"GSJDB4QFDJGJDBMMZUIFPWFSBMM
ESJWFSPGJODPNFJOFRVBMJUZJOQPTUBQBSUIFJE4PVUI"GSJDBDPOUJOVFTUPCFUIFSJTJOH
JOFRVBMJUZBNPOHTU"GSJDBOIPVTFIPMET
8IJMTUUIFTFOBUJPOBMEBUBTFUTBSFFYUSFNFMZVTFGVMGPSTUBUJDDPNQBSBUJWFFYFSDJTFT
UIF POF TJHOJGJDBOUEJTBEWBOUBHF JTUIBU UIFZ BSF VOBCMF UP SFGMFDU PO QBUUFSOT PG
JODPNFNPCJMJUZ5IF,*%4EBUBTFUJTBQBOFMBOEIFODFBMMPXTGPSGBJSMZOVBODFE
BMCFJU HFPHSBQIJDBMMZ SFTUSJDUFE BOBMZTJT PG JODPNF NPCJMJUZ "QQMZJOH USBOTJUJPO
NBUSJDFTUPUIJTEBUBSFTVMUTJOEJDBUFUIBUBCPVUPOFUIJSEPGUIPTFIPVTFIPMETUIBU
XFSFQPPS JO XFSF OPOQPPS JO UIVTSFQSFTFOUJOHUIPTF JOUSBOTJUPSZ
QPWFSUZ .BZ  &RVBMMZ JNQPSUBOU JT UIF SFTVMU GPS UIPTF IPVTFIPMET KVTU
BCPWFUIFQPWFSUZMJOFJOCZBCPVUQFSDFOUPGUIFTFIPVTFIPMETIBE
GBMMFO CBDL JOUP QPWFSUZ .BZ  *OEFFE XIJMFJU JT JNQPSUBOU UPFNQIBTJTF
UIF TJHOJGJDBODF PG USBOTJUJPOT JOUP BOE PVU PG QPWFSUZ BNPOHTU4PVUI"GSJDBO
IPVTFIPMETUIFSFTVMUTBMTPNBLFJUDMFBSUIBUUIFJOJUJBMMFWFMPGIPVTFIPMEJODPNF
BOEXFBMUIXIJDIDBOJOQBSUCFQSPYJFECZBWBSJFUZPGMBCPVSNBSLFUJOEJDBUPSTJT

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BTJHOJGJDBOUQSFEJDUPSPGNPWFNFOUPVUPGQPWFSUZ.BZ$JDIFMMP'JFMETBOE
-FJCCSBOEU
$IBOHFT JO UIF MBCPVS NBSLFU SFNBJO QPTTJCMZ UIF LFZ USBOTNJTTJPO NFDIBOJTN
GPS VOEFSTUBOEJOH UIF TIJGUT JO JODPNF QPWFSUZ BOE JOFRVBMJUZ -BCPVS NBSLFU

EFWFMPQNFOUT JO UVSO JOEJDBUF B TJHOJGJDBOU JODSFBTF JO UIF VOFNQMPZNFOU SBUF
JSSFTQFDUJWFPGUIFEFGJOJUJPOVTFE5IFCSPBEVOFNQMPZNFOUSBUFJODSFBTFEGSPN
UPQFSDFOUXIJMFOBSSPXVOFNQMPZNFOUSBUFTSPTFGSPNUPQFSDFOU
#IPSBUBOE0PTUIVJ[FO)FODFUIFEBUBGPS4PVUI"GSJDBPOFNQMPZNFOUBOE
VOFNQMPZNFOUUSFOETBQQFBSUPTUSPOHMZSFJOGPSDFUIFJODPNFUSFOETOPUFEBCPWF
5IFEBUBTIPXUIBUPWFSUIFQFSJPEmBHHSFHBUFFNQMPZNFOUHSFXCZTPNF
NJMMJPOKPCTBUBOBWFSBHFSBUFPGQFSDFOUQFSBOOVN5IJTSFNBJOTTMJHIUMZ
CFMPXUIFFDPOPNJDHSPXUISBUFPWFSUIFQFSJPE*OUVSOIPXFWFSUIFMBCPVSGPSDF
HSFX CZ TPNF  NJMMJPOJOEJWJEVBMT SFTVMUJOHJO BNBTTJWF SJTF JOUIF OBUJPOBM
VOFNQMPZNFOUMFWFMTGSPNNJMMJPOJOUPDMPTFUPNJMMJPOJO#IPSBU
BOE0PTUIVJ[FO5IVTXIJMFUIFFDPOPNZEJEOPUFYQFSJFODFKPCMFTTHSPXUI
JOUIFQPTUBQBSUIFJEQFSJPEFNQMPZNFOUBCTPSQUJPOXBTTVGGJDJFOUMZQPPSUPSFTVMU
JO SJTJOH VOFNQMPZNFOU SBUFT GPS BMMSBDFT BOECPUI TFYFT *O UVSO UIFTF MBCPVS
NBSLFUTIJGUTSFGMFDUBDPOUJOVFEUSFOEPGTLJMMTCJBTFEMBCPVSEFNBOEOFFETBTUIF
TIBSFPGTLJMMFEBOETFNJTLJMMFEXPSLFSTDPOUJOVFEUPSJTF JO UIFQPTUBQBSUIFJE
QFSJPE 0UIFS TUVEJFT IBWF BMTP SFQPSUFE UIF XPSSZJOH TQFDUSF PG TIBSQMZ SJTJOH
HSBEVBUFVOFNQMPZNFOUESJWFOCZUIFRVBMJUJFTBOEUZQFTPGUFSUJBSZRVBMJGJDBUJPO
CFJOHBDDVNVMBUFECZJOEJWJEVBMT#IPSBU
5IFBCPWFIFBEMJOFSFTVMUTEPNJOBUFNVDIPGUIFQPMJDZEJTDPVSTFBSPVOEUIFTIJGUT
JOTPDJBMBOEFDPOPNJDJOEJDBUPSTTJODF"QSJM5IFSJTFJOJODPNFEFQSJWBUJPO
PS JODPNF NBMEJTUSJCVUJPO m NFBTVSFE EJGGFSFOUJBMMZ CZ UIF (JOJDPFGGJDJFOUUIF
IFBEDPVOU JOEFY BOE UIF VOFNQMPZNFOU SBUF m JT VOEPVCUFE 5IJT TIPVME OPU
IPXFWFS NBTL TPNF JNQPSUBOU NPWFNFOUT JO BDDFTT UP QVCMJD TFSWJDFTBOEJO
TPDJBM JOEJDBUPST 5IFTF TIJGUT BSF XPSUIZ PG UIFJS PXO IFBEMJOFT 5IF QPTU
FSBJTOPUBCMFGPSUIFSBQJESFBMMPDBUJPOPGSFTPVSDFTUISPVHIUIFGJTDVTGSPNSJDI
XIJUFIPVTFIPMETUPQPPS"GSJDBOIPVTFIPMET#SPBEMZXIJMFBQQSPYJNBUFMZQFS
DFOUPGBHHSFHBUFTPDJBMTQFOEJOHXBTEJSFDUFEUPXIJUFTBOEQFSDFOUUP"GSJDBOT
JOUIFNJETCZUIFMBUFTGVMMZQFSDFOUPGUPUBMTPDJBMTQFOEJOHXBT
BTTJHOFEUPUIF"GSJDBOQPQVMBDFBOEMFTTUIBOQFSDFOUUPXIJUFT7BOEFS#FSH
5IFSFTVMUTPGUIJTGJTDBMTXJUDIBSFFWJEFOUJOUIFEBUBPOBTTFUTBOETFSWJDFT

)FODFUIFTIBSFPGIPVTFIPMETXJUIBDDFTTUPQJQFEXBUFSJODSFBTFE GSPN UP
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 QFS DFOU CFUXFFO  BOE  m XJUI TJNJMBS HBJOT SFQPSUFEGPSSFMBUFE
TBOJUBUJPO TFSWJDFT #IPSBU 1PTXFMM BOE /BJEPP  5IF TIBSF PG IPVTFIPMET
XJUIBDDFTTUPFMFDUSJDJUZGPSMJHIUJOHBOEDPPLJOHIBTTIPXOQBSUJDVMBSMZTQFDUBDVMBS
HBJOT'PSFYBNQMFCFUXFFOBOEUIFTIBSFPG"GSJDBOIPVTFIPMETXJUI
BDDFTT UP FMFDUSJDJUZ GPS MJHIUJOH JODSFBTFE GSPN  UP  QFS DFOU -FJCCSBOEU
FU BM  8IJMF MFTT TJHOJGJDBOU JNQSPWFNFOUT JO MPDBM HPWFSONFOU TFSWJDFT
QSJODJQBMMZSFGVTFSFNPWBMXFSFBMTPSFQPSUFE

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5IFSFIBTUIVTCFFOBSFNBSLBCMFTIJGUPGGJTDBMSFTPVSDFTUPXBSEQPPSIPVTFIPMET
JOQPTUBQBSUIFJE4PVUI"GSJDB5IFSFBSFUISFFLFZJTTVFTXJUIJOUIJTPWFSBMMGJTDBM
SFBMMPDBUJPO'JSTUMZUIFNBHOJUVEFPGUIFTIJGUTJTJNQPSUBOUUPVOEFSTUBOEBOEJT
QBSUJDVMBSMZJOUFSFTUJOHHJWFOUIBUPWFSUIFTBNFQFSJPEHPWFSONFOUNBOBHFEUP
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UIFFYUFOUUPXIJDIJUXBTCJBTFEUPXBSEUIFQPPSNVTUCFBOBMZTFE'JOBMMZBTJEF
GSPNUIFNBHOJUVEFPGUIFTIJGUJOSFTPVSDFTXFOFFEUPCFTVSFUIBUJUIBTSFTVMUFE
JOUIFJOUFOEFEPVUDPNFT
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NJMMJPOQFSBOOVNJOUP3NJMMJPOJOmBQFSDFOUSJTFPWFSUIF

EFDBEF1VUEJGGFSFOUMZSFBMQFSDBQJUBTPDJBMFYQFOEJUVSFJODMVEJOHXBUFSTFSWJDF
QSPWJTJPOTUPPEBU3QFSQFSTPOJO#ZUIJTGJHVSFTXBT3QFS
QFSTPOXIJDISFQSFTFOUTDMPTFUPBQFSDFOUJODSFBTFJOUPUBMTPDJBMTQFOEJOH*U
TIPVMECFDMFBSUIFOUIBUBESBNBUJDGJTDBMSFBMMPDBUJPOQSPDFTTUPPLQMBDFJOUIF
QPTUBQBSUIFJEFSB%SJWFOCZBOFFEUPPWFSDPNFTFWFSFCBDLMPHTJOUIFTFEJGGFSFOU
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BMMFWJBUJOHBTTFUTBOETFSWJDFT
5IFTFDPOEJTTVFmUIFFYUFOUUPXIJDIUIJTSFEJSFDUJPOPGFYQFOEJUVSFEJEJOGBDU
SFBDIJUTJOUFOEFECFOFGJDJBSJFTmJTPGDPVSTFUIFEPNBJOPGGJTDBMJODJEFODFBOBMZTJT
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#FSH

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JOEJDBUFBCTPMVUFBOESFMBUJWFQSPQPPSHSPXUIJOBDDFTTUPTFSWJDFTBOEBTTFUTXIFO
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JOEJDBUFEUIBUUIFLFZESJWFSTPGBHHSFHBUFJOGMBUJPOGPSQPPSVSCBOIPVTFIPMETJOUIF
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"MMPGUIFUSFOETJOJODPNFBOEOPOJODPNFNFBTVSFTPGXFMMCFJOH IBWF QMBZFE
PVU BHBJOTU UIF CBDLESPQ PG QPPS PWFSBMM FDPOPNJD HSPXUI QFSGPSNBODF CZ UIF
4PVUI "GSJDBO FDPOPNZ &DPOPNJD HSPXUI SBUFT TJODF  IBWF CFFO NPEFTU
XJUIUIFIJHIFTUSFDPSEFECFJOHQFSDFOUJO'VSUIFSNPSFUIFUSFOEPWFS
UIJTTIPSUQFSJPEIBTCFFOEPXOXBSEVOUJMBOEUIFOMFWFMMJOHPGGUPBSBOHF
CFUXFFOBOEQFSDFOUTJODF*NQPSUBOUMZUIPVHIUIFQSFQFSJPEXBT
DIBSBDUFSJTFECZOFHBUJWFHSPXUISBUFTBOETJODFUIFBEWFOUPGEFNPDSBDZHSPXUI

XIJMFJOBCTPMVUFUFSNTSFNBJOJOHJOTVGGJDJFOUBWFSBHFEBCPVUQFSDFOUPWFSUIF
EFDBEF5IFQPTJUJWFZFUUFQJEHSPXUISBUFTBSFNBOJGFTUJOUIFGBDUUIBUPWFSUIF
mQFSJPEUIFNFBOQPQVMBUJPOHSPXUISBUFXBTPWFSQFSDFOUSFTVMUJOH
JOBSFBMQFSDBQJUB(%1HSPXUISBUFPGQFSDFOUPWFSUIFQFSJPE*OBEEJUJPO
EBUBBWBJMBCMFGPSNJEEMFJODPNFBOEMPXNJEEMFJODPNFDPVOUSJFTGSPNUIF8PSME
#BOLJOEJDBUFUIBUUIFNFBOHSPXUISBUFTGPSUIFTFDPNQPTJUFDPVOUSJFT GPS UIF
QFSJPEUPXFSFBCPWFUIBUGPS4PVUI"GSJDBPWFSUIFTBNFQFSJPE
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8PSME
#BOL5IFSFDBOCF OP EPVCUUIFSFGPSFUIBUTJODF UIF FDPOPNZIBT
SFNBJOFEJOBMPXMFWFMHSPXUIDZDMF
*UJTXJEFMZBDDFQUFEUIBUDPOTJTUFOUBOEIJHIMFWFMTPGFDPOPNJDHSPXUIXJMMIPMEJOH
JODPNFJOFRVBMJUZ DPOTUBOU SFEVDF MFWFMT PG JODPNFQPWFSUZ JOB TPDJFUZ%PMMBS
BOE,SBBZ3BWBMMJPOBOE$IFO,BOCVS5IJTIBTPGDPVSTFCFFO
UIFJNQMJDJUBQQSPBDIUBLFOCZQPMJDZ BVUIPSJUJFTJOQPTUBQBSUIFJE4PVUI "GSJDB
OBNFMZUIBUBNVMUJUVEFPGQPMJDZJOUFSWFOUJPOTCFJOHQVSTVFEBDSPTTBMMOBUJPOBM
HPWFSONFOUEFQBSUNFOUTBSFTJNVMUBOFPVTMZEFTJHOFEUPQMBDFUIFFDPOPNZPOB
TJHOJGJDBOUMZIJHIFSHSPXUIUSBKFDUPSZ
8JUIUIJTJONJOEBCVSHFPOJOHSFTFBSDIBHFOEBJO4PVUI"GSJDBJTCFJOHGPDVTFE
PO VOEFSTUBOEJOH UIF DPOTUSBJOUT PO MPOHSVO HSPXUI 5IFTF DBO CF DBUFHPSJTFE
JO UFSNT PG BOVNCFS PG CSPBEEFUFSNJOJOH GBDUPST XIJDI UIFNBUJDBMMZ JODMVEF
UIF SPMF PG UIF MBCPVS NBSLFU JO HSPXUI USBEF MJCFSBMJTBUJPO EPNFTUJD NBSLFU
JOFGGJDJFODJFTBOEUIFJNQPSUBODFPGTPDJBMJMMTTQFDJGJDBMMZ)*7"*%4BOEDSJNF
8FUVSOOPXUPBCSJFGDPOTJEFSBUJPOPGFBDIPGUIFTFFMFNFOUTXJUIJOUIFDPOUFYU
PGUIFFYUFOUUPXIJDIUIFZNBZBDUBTBDPOTUSBJOUPOMPOHSVOHSPXUI
5IFSPMFPGUIFMBCPVSNBSLFUJODPOTUSBJOJOHFDPOPNJDHSPXUIDBOCFCSPBEMZDBTU
JOUFSNTPGUISFFLFZDPODFSOT5IFGJSTUJTUIFSPMFPGMBCPVSMFHJTMBUJPOJOIJOEFSJOH
HSPXUI JO EPNFTUJD JOWFTUNFOU BOE IFODF FNQMPZNFOU DSFBUJPO 5IF TFDPOE JT
4PVUI"GSJDBTXFMMLOPXOTLJMMTNJTNBUDImBIJHIEFNBOEGPSTLJMMFEMBCPVSDP
FYJTUJOHXJUIBOFYDFTTTVQQMZPGVOTLJMMFEMBCPVSmBOEJUTSFMBUJPOTIJQUPEPNFTUJD