BOUNDARIES OF ROCK MECHANICS pdf

BOUNDARIES OF ROCK MECHANICS
BALKEMA – Proceedings and Monog raphs
in Engineering, Water and Earth Sciences
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL YOUNG SCHOLARS’ SYMPOSIUM ON ROCK
MECHANICS, 28 APRIL–2 MAY, 2008, BEIJING, CHINA
Boundaries of Rock Mechanics
Recent Advances and Challenges for the 21st Century
Editors
Meifeng Cai
Jin’an Wang
ISRM Commission on Education
Taylor & Francis is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK
Typeset by Vikatan Publishing Solutions (P) Ltd., Chennai, India
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe (A CPI-group Company), Chippenham, Wiltshire.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publisher.
Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information herein, no
responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to the property or persons as a result
of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein.
Published by: Taylor & Francis/Balkema
P.O. Box 447, 2300 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
e-mail:
www.taylorandfrancis.co.uk/engineering, www.crcpress.com
ISBN: 978-0-415-46934-0 (hbk)
Boundaries of Rock Mechanics – Cai & Wang (eds)
© 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-46934-0
Table of Contents
Preface XV

Organization XVII
Acknowledgements XIX
Field investigation and instrumentation
Stress field characteristics and prediction of rockburst in the tunnel area
from Make river to Keke river in the west line of SNWDP 3
M.F. Cai, X.O. Xia, H. Peng & X.M. Ma
Identification of geological interfaces from drilling process monitoring in ground investigation 7
W. Gao, J. Chen & Z.Q. Yue
Surface movement monitoring and analysis based on GIS 13
C.L. Li & X.L. Li
In situ stress state in engineering area of Dali-Lijiang railway and its impact on the railway project 19
X.M. Ma, H. Peng & J.S. Li
In situ stress monitoring network along Qinghai-Tibet railway 23
H. Peng, Z.H. Wu & X.M. Ma
Stain monitoring for tunnel using distributed optical fiber BOTDR sensors 27
H.T. Qiu, C. Li, H.L. Cui, D. Zhang & Y. Ding
Study on ground stress distribution law in Longkou sea area 31
B. Wang, Y.F. Gao, J.Y. Jia, F. Xing & Y.P. Zhang
A comparison of evaluation of rock mass deformation modulus from in-situ method
and indirect one (empirical method) in Parsian dam site 35
N.S. Zadeh
Rock properties and mechanical behavior
Stress and scale effects of the hydraulic properties of fractured rocks 41
L. Jing & A. Baghbanan
Experimental study on deformation of deep unsaturated-saturated Tuff in Lancang lead-deposit 49
G.Z. Cao, Y. Qiang & F. Li
Detection of thin weak zone in weathered rocks from automatic monitoring of pneumatic
rotary-percussive drilling 53
J. Chen, W. Gao & Z.Q. Yue
Study on porosity changes of Longyou sandstone under chemical corrosion 59

Q. Cui, X.T. Feng, C.Q. Zhang, Q. Xue, H. Zhou & Z.H. Zhang
A thermomechanical damage approach of constitutive models and its application in geomaterials 67
X. Guo, D.J. Yuan, M.S. Wang & C.G. Zhao
Numerical lower bound analysis of stability problems of rock and soil masses 73
C.Q. Jia, Q.W. Huang & M.S. Huang
V
Dynamic response to incident body waves of cylindrical cavities in a porous medium half-space 79
L.F. Jiang, Y.Y. Jiao & X.L. Zhang
Elasto-plastic analysis of jointed rock masses using the numerical manifold method 83
J. Jiao & C.S. Qiao
Rock masses rating for crushed, dressed and ornament stones 89
E.E. Kheirelseed, T.H. Ming & S.B. Abdalla
Research on rock mechanics parameters by using comprehensive evaluation method
of rock quality grade-oriented 93
Y. Li, S.R. Wang, C.F. Wu, H.Q. Zhang & Z.F. Li
SEM microstructure and SEM mechanical tests of swelling red sandstone in
Guangzhou metro engineering 99
B. Liu, L.G. Tao, T. Li, G.G. Qiao, J. Chen & J.H. Yan
Application of laser real-time HI to investigation of mesomechanical behaviors of rock 105
D.M. Liu & Y.B. Zhou
The effect of meso-structure on temperature distribution in shale subject to freeze-thaw conditions 109
H. Liu & G.S. Yang
The installation method and test of rock deformation in deep borehole by fiber bragg grating 115
J.X. Liu, J. Chai, L. Zhui, Y. Li, G.W. Zhang, J.H. Yang & Z.P. Wang
Numerical study on size effect of ring specimen under Brazilian test 121
W.B. Liu, B.G. Liu & K.Y. Liu
Laboratory comparative tests for geomaterial strengths with drilling process monitoring technique 127
W.J. Lu, T.Y. Lau & Z.Q. Yue
Experimental investigation on multidirectional loading under different initial stress states in clay 133
M.T. Luan, Y. Nie, X.W. Tang, B.X. Liu, J.Y. Li & J.B. Fu

Investigation of rock resistance coefficient in rocks around tunnel based on unified strength theory 139
Q. Ma, J.H. Zhao & X.Y. Wei
Elimination of end friction in biaxial testing of cubic rock samples 145
H.S. Mitri, X.Y. Yun & X.L. Yang
Study on the dominant factors for primary fissure form in the process of hydraulic
fracturing in coal rock 151
X.M. Ni, Y.B. Wang, B.Z. Yan & Q.H. Hu
Real-time CT testing of meso-damage evolution law of frozen cracked sandstone under
uniaxial compression conditions 157
J.X. Ren & H. Liu
Study of similarity recognition of drilling parameters in weathered granite formations 161
Z.Y. Tan, M.F. Cai & S.J. Wang
Stress solutions for an inhomogeneous plane strain transversely isotropic rock
subjected to horizontal and vertical line loads 167
C.D. Wang & J.Y. Hou
Precision analysis of discontinuity orientation obtained with DCRP 173
F.Y. Wang, J.P. Chen & B.F. Shi
Numerical simulation of rock fracture process under tension 179
L.G. Wang, N. Zhao, L.L. Zhang & Y.F. Zhou
Experimental study on dynamic behavior of unsaturated silty clay 185
M. Wang, Q. Yang, G.Q. Kong & M.T. Luan
VI
Characterization of mechanical properties of rocks by microindentation test—A new method
for testing rock properties 191
W. Wang, W.Y. Xu, S. Corn & P. Ienny
Numerical simulation of acoustic emission and strain energy decrease of rock specimens
with different degrees of pre-existing random imperfections 197
X.B. Wang
Study on judge system of fuzzy inference to classification of tunnel surrounding rock 203
X.R. Wang, Y.H. Wang & S.H. Zhang

Research on ultrasonic characteristics of sandstone after heating to high temperature 207
G.Wu&S.Liu
Study on crack initiation mechanism of brittle rock under pressure head 213
K.S. Wu, J.F. Gu, Y.X. Yang, Z.M. Zhai, C.B. Yu, H.P. Tian, G.Z. Guo & Z.Y. Shao
Mechanical effects of weak structural planes in rock mass 219
L.Q. Yang, S.R. Zhang & J.Q. Wu
Numerical simulation of the morphology and the geometric characteristic
of rock joints by using GIS 225
X. Yang, P. Zhang & N. Li
Hydraulic fracturing phenomena in cohesive soil 229
D.J. Yuan, Q.F. Huang & A. Koizumi
Mechanical behaviour of biaxially loaded coalmine sandstone 233
X.Y. Yun, X.L. Yang & H.S. Mitri
Research on mechanical characteristics of damage in surrounding rock mass with high geo-stress 239
J.X. Zhang, H.D. Jiang, X.H. Ren, J.Q. Shu & H.Y. Ren
Surface roughness analysis of rock joints based on a 3D surface model 243
P. Zhang, N. Li & X. Yang
Study on mechanical properties of rock discontinuity during unloading 249
Q.Z. Zhang, M.R. Shen & L.B. Zhang
Study on physical and mechanical properties of the coal gangue for filling 255
X.G. Zhang, H.L. Wang & Z.P. Liu
Numerical simulation of crack propagation in three-point bending beams 259
X.L. Zhang & Y.Y. Jiao
Mechanism analysis on rheological instability of rock sample 263
Z.G. Zhao, Y.L. Tan & Q.T. Hu
Processing and experimental technology of 3-D cracks in brittle materials 267
X. Zhu, M.L. Huang & Y. Huang
Numerical simulation of crack propagation in a rock mass under seepage-stress coupling conditions 273
N. Zhuang, K.Z. Zhu & J.W. Li
Underground mining and excavation engineering

Roadway stability analysis in a deep coal mine 281
W.X. Chen, X.Q. He, H.S. Mitri & B.S. Nie
Destressing design and practice of a soft rock roadway under high ground pressure 287
F.L. He, B. Du, S.B. Zhang & S.R. Xie
Grouting experiment on forming artificial Pillar for Pillar stoping 291
K.P. Hou, M. Xie & K.G. Li
VII
Asymmetrical bolt-mesh support technique of deep soft-rock roadway under complex conditions 295
M.L. Huang, W. Lu, F. Wang & T. Xu
Design computation in shaft lining in thick overlay soil strata 301
B.S. Jiang & J.G. Wang
Predictive analysis of dynamic instability for Large-Scale-Mined-out-Area (LSMA)
based on field hybrid monitoring in western strong seismic region 307
X.P. Lai, M.F. Cai, F.H. Ren & S.J. Miao
Research on the variation rule of working face support pressure beneath igneous strata 313
W. Li, H.G. Ji, J.A. Wang & S.J. Cai
Prediction on subsidence area developing situation of steep inclined coal seem 317
W. Li, J.A. Wang & T.J. Xu
Research on mining subsidence prediction based on GIS 321
X.L. Li & C.L. Li
Infiltration mechanism of mine water from abandoned mines through coal rock mass 325
X.L. Li, L. Liu, L.G. Wang & T.G. Deng
Numerical simulation of splitting failure of Pubugou hydropower station based on energy method 329
N. Liu, W.S. Zhu, X.J. Li & X.L. Xin
Stability of coal mine roadway intersection in great depth of cover 333
T.K. Lu & X. Chen
Rapid excavation by blasting technique for hard rock roadways in high gas coal mine 339
Q.Y. Ma & S.J. Miao
Construction of Chongwenmen station passing under existing subway with underground
excavation method 343

S.Z. Ma & C.S. Qiao
Effects of geometrical characteristic on cavern integrity for the underground gas storage 349
J. Mo, W.G. Liang & Y.S. Zhao
Numerical analysis of the capability of water-resisting key strata to prevent water seepage
in mined rock mass 353
H. Pu & X.X. Miao
Modeling study of roadway stability in Xishimen iron mine based on yielding approach index 359
L. Qiao, S.Y. Li, W. Gao & L.Y. Zhu
Time series analysis of ground surface displacement induced by tunnel excavation 363
S.W. Qin, J.P. Chen, Y.H. Xiao & J.S. Que
Discrete element modeling of coal mine waste 367
P. Sheng, G.Y. Yu & Y.Y. Duan
Analysis and evaluation aspects on stability of water-sealed underground petroleum
storage caverns in rock 371
H.B. Shi & B.G. Liu
Study on the application of discrete wavelet on the risk diagnose of surrounding rock
stability of gold Mine 377
B. Song, J.S. Pan & P.F. Wang
Visco-elasto-plastic simulations for coal pillar stability affected by mining 383
Y.L. Tan, C.J. Sun, Z.K. Wu & Y.J. Chen
Optimization of gas drainage parameters by LBM 389
G.R. Teng, Y.L. Tan & M. Gao
VIII
Mechanical and experimental study on the failure law of massive igneous rock in the
upper of the stope 395
X.W. Wei, H.G. Ji, J.A. Wang, L. Qiao & X.W. Wei
The unloading model of the rock masses and its application on numerical analysis of
underground power plant 399
X.L. Wen & X.M. Guo
Stability analysis on pillars near backfilled goafs 405

H.W. Wu, S.J. Miao & H.T. Ma
Excavation of No.2 ventilation shaft of Qinling highway tunnel 411
S.L. Xu, H.H. Zhu, Z.G. Yan & W.Q. Ding
Three-dimensional strain softening modeling of sublevel open stope method layouts 415
G.T. Yang, X.B. Li, Q.S. Wang, X.L. Liu & H.J. Chen
Mechanism of mining-induced horizontal fractures in overburden strata 419
G.M. Yu, C.F. Yuan, X.G. Zang, S.B. Lu, G.Y. Wang, Z.J. Su & X.L. Fan
Rock heat-transfer model of high-temperature stopes and its solving process 425
F.L. Zhan & M.F. Cai
Grid computing for large-scale underground caver n group based on Krylov subspace methods 429
L. Zhang & H.D. Jiang
Study on the silting mechanism of reinforcing extraordinary cracked coal body using polyurethane 435
S.T. Zhang, R.J. Si, Y.H. Zou & Z.H. Yang
Influence of cavern space on stability of large cavern groups under earthquakes 439
B.Y. Zhao, Z.Y. Ma, W. Xu, C.Y. Jin & Z.G. Yang
Study on the evolution of stress in shaft-lining during stratum-grouting 447
G.S. Zhao, G.Q. Zhou, X.Y. Shang, F.P. Zhu, B.B. Xu, X.J. Li, Z.L. Yin & G.Q. Dong
Rock slopes and landsides
Case study of slope stabilization using compression anchor and reinforced concrete beam 455
G.Z. Chen & J.Q. Jia
Reliability assessment of an open-pit slope using finite element strength reduction method and
response surface method 459
J. Deng, Z. Peng & D.S. Gu
Designing, constructing and monitoring of slopes in rock mass in Croatia 463
M. Groši´c, S. Dugonji´c & D. Udoviˇc
Analysis of rock slope stability by using the strength reduction method 471
M. He, N. Li, Q. Liu & J.G. Hao
Application of accelerating genetic algorithm combined with golden section in slope stability analysis 477
H. Hu, L. Yao & M. Dong
The reliability analysis of Nantong coal gangue slope based on the modified ‘JC’ method 483

D.S. Li & D.Y. Liu
Stability analysis of cutting slope by using 3D dynamic numerical simulation 487
K.G. Li, K.P. Hou & Y. Cheng
Different failure mode of gravel and soft clay slopes 491
S. Li, S.Q. Wang & S.L. Liu
Stability of slope and stope of transition from opencast mining to underg round mining 497
Z.J. Li, G.G. Qiao, Z.J. Li, Y.B. Zhang, G.Q. Gan, X.Y. Mi & G. Chen
IX
Rock slope stability analysis with nonlinear finite element method 503
Y.R. Liu, Q. Yang, L.J. Xue & W.Y. Zhou
Vector analysis method of slope stability against sliding 509
Y.Z. Liu, X.R. Ge, C.G. Li & S.H. Wang
Combination of probabilistic and deterministic methods for three-dimensional assessment
of landslide hazard in a large mountainous area 515
C. Qiu, M. Xie, T. Esaki & Y. Mitani
Strength characteristic of loess with different structure and its application to analyzing
earth pressure of loess tunnel 521
S.J. Shao & G.H. Deng
Influence of underground water on the stability of jointed slopes 527
W.H. Tan, S.J. Miao & F.H. Ren
Analysis of the formation mechanism of Xiamen subsea tunnel fault 533
J.S. Wang, Y. Li, L. Wang, Z.G. Cao, Y.X. Zhang & Z.F. Li
Evaluation on country rock quality of tunnel based on set pair analysis 539
Q.S. Wang, G.X. Wang & X.B. Li
Evaluation of effect for high slope K211 at Ganyue freeway 543
X.B. Xiong, M.X. Zheng, P. Lin, Y.F. Du & B. Wang
Application of GPS technology to sliding slope deformation monitoring 547
M.L. Xu & F.Y. Yang
Study on the stability of pusiluogou engineering slope in right bank 551
P.H. Xu, J.P. Chen, R.Q. Huang, M. Yan, M.F. Gong & J.P. Zhou

Applying catastrophe theory to slope reliability analysis 557
K. Yang, C. Shi & J.F. Wang
Study on remote monitoring for slope stability of expressway 563
Z.J. Yang, M.F. Cai, S.J. Miao & Y. Liu
Artificial neural network based predicting model for evaluating stability of landslide 567
B. Zeng & W. Xiang
Model test of talus slope stability in mountain area 573
H. Zhang, Z.X. Zhang, H.W. Huang & J.K. Zhou
Deformation and reinforcement of a rock slope in the anticline center 579
L. Zhang, L.J. Tao & G.Y. Wei
Chaotic particle swar m optimization for non-circular critical slip surface identification
in slope stability analysis 585
H.B. Zhao, Z.S. Zou & Z.L. Ru
In-situ test and study of the internal force features of prestress anchor lattice beam 589
D.P. Zhu, Y.Z. Xu, E.C. Yan & W. Xiao
Tunnels and foundations
Research on IBATSRD and engineering practice 597
H.M. Chen & F.X. Sun
Calculation and analysis of plastic zone and ground settlement for shield tunnel 603
Y. Chen & Q.H. Zhang
Experimental study on mechanical behavior of shield tunnel 607
Z.Y. Fan, H.W. Huang & D.M. Zhang
X
Probabilistic determination of the principal parameters controlling the ground settlement
curve due to deep excavation 613
L.Y. Gu, H.W. Huang & W. Chen
Influence of the distribution of a concealed fault on stability of tunnel 617
P. Jia & C.A. Tang
Application of neutral point theory on designing free segment length of pre-stressed
bolts for rock tunnelling 621

A.B. Jin, Y.T. Gao & S.C. Wu
Uplift capacity of single piles embedded in clay: Prediction and application 625
G.Q. Kong, Q. Yang, M. Wang & M.T. Luan
Numerical analysis for a strain softening behavior of a shallow NATM tunnels 631
J.H. Lee, G.R. Jin, J.S. Shin, J.H. Park, S.G. Choi, Y.Y. Na, Y.S. Jeon & I.H. Jeng
Deformation analysis by artificial neural networks and FEM database for design and
construction of NATM tunnels 639
J.H. Lee, Y.S. Kim, G.R. Jin, T.S. Kwon, W.S. Hwang, H.S. Han, S.U. Shin, S.J. Park & I.S. Seo
Effect of measurement error on the accuracy of the predicted value of the three-point method 645
L. Li & W.D. Liu
Field instrumentation and 3-D numerical modeling on two adjacent metro shield
tunnels beneath tall buildings 649
T. Li, B. Liu, Y.S. Jiang & L.G. Tao
Influence of intermediate principal stress on seismic stability of rock-fill dams 655
Y.L. Lin & H.L. Liu
Study on deformation control technique in deep foundation pit engineering 661
H. Liu & M.F. Cai
Study on the GA-ANIFIS intelligence model for nonlinear displacement time series analysis
of long and large tunnel construction 667
K.Y. Liu, C.S. Qiao & S.D. Wang
Dynamic testing study of the precast assembled electrical manhole 673
P.F. Mu, X.Y. Xie, Z.X. Zhang, H. Zhang & C. Wang
Experimental study on buoyancy acting on deep foundation in clay 679
L.H. Song, L. Mei, G.X. Mei & J.M. Zai
Parameter equivalent for Mohr-Coulomb and Hoek-Brown criteria in the case of rock tunneling 683
X.J. Tang, Y.H. Wang & Y. Wang
Theoretical and experimental study on bearing characteristics of super-long rock-socketed
pile groups 689
H.Z. Wang, R. Cao, Y.W. Zeng & B. Zhu
3-D stability analysis of tunnel structures based on geometric stochastic blocks theory 695

S.H. Wang, Y.B. Zhang, N. Zhang & S. Wang
Research on stability of the mined-up region for prebuilding steelworks 701
S.R. Wang, C.F. Wu, Y. Li & Z.F. Li
Calculation of permeability tensor of fractured rock mass based on statistics and its application
in the fissured water around the tunnel 707
T.H. Wang, J.P. Chen, Q. Wang & Y. Li
Tunnel invert heave and the principles of its control: A study from Yunling tunnel 711
Y. Wang, Y.H. Wang & X.J. Tang
XI
Prediction of surrounding rock pressure of Maanshan tunnel by the method of support vector machine 715
Y.H. Xiao, Q. Wang, J.P. Chen, W.K. Dai & J.S. Que
Free vibration analysis of thick plates on pasternak foundations 721
D.S. Xu, Y. Wang & R.C. Xiao
Study on the key techniques of tunneling across underground river in Karst areas 727
Y.G. Xue, S.C. Li, S.C. Li, Q.S. Zhang, B. Liu & Q. Liu
Torsional dynamic analysis of a rigid foundation on a non homo-geneous saturated stratum 731
Y.F. Yang & D.Z. Wu
A new method for vibration response of beam on foundation under moving load 737
Y.Z. Yang & X.R. Ge
Dynamic superposition of tri-anchor support technology at tunnel junction under complex
rock strata 743
H.Q. Zhang, Y.N. He, L.J. Han, B.S. Jiang, M.L. Zhang, J.G. Wang, L.H. Li & Y.J. Lin
Research on the settlement prediction models of combined piles composite foundations 749
L.H. Zhang & S.F. Zhao
Model test and numerical simulation of tunnel in country rocks with faults 755
N. Zhang, S.H. Wang, B. Yang & W.H. Liu
Freezing damage prevention and forecast to roads on congealed ground 759
X.D. Zhang, Y. Pan & Y.B. Gong
Mining of coal seam under mined out space and foundation stability of transmission tower 765
Y. Zhang, M.F. Cai, Y.Y. Zhao & P. Luo

Application of synthesized methods for stability analysis of rock cavern foundation 769
Y.X. Zhang, T.Q. Zhou & G.L. Wang
Mechanism of interaction between tunnel and slopes in Portal construction 775
X. Zhao, C.C. Xia & C.B. Xu
FBG-based health monitoring for the secondary lining of Bainijing tunnel No.3 in Kunming, China 781
X.G. Zhao, H.T. Qiu, C. Li & J.P. Liu
Self-adaptable end-bearing composite pile foundation and its application in situ 787
F. Zhou, J.M. Zai & G.X. Mei
Investigation of coupled stress and seepage of a reservoir completely covered by geomembrane 791
J.F. Zhou, X.M. Guo, X.F. He, K.D. Tang & J.M. Hu
Application of transient electromagnetic method in colliery hydraulic channels 795
W. Zuo & J.A. Wang
Dynamics and blasting
Extensional method of rockburst and its application in Huangdao water sealed underground oil tank 803
X. Chen, X.B. Qi, J.Z. Sun & J.K. Zhang
Study on electromagnetic radiation forecast for rock burst with hard roof 811
B. Du, J.M. Yao & F.L. He
Numerical simulation on penetrating rock by linear shaped charge jet with uneven thickness cover 815
A.P. Fei & L.J. Guo
Effects of soil characteristics on seismic-induced pore water pressure around
a buried pipeline in a porous seabed 819
M.T. Luan & X.L. Zhang
XII
Numerical study of the effect of ground stress on coal bursting potential 825
J.N. Pan, Z.P. Meng, Q.L. Hou & Y.W. Ju
Research on rockburst prediction with fuzzy comprehensive evaluations based on rough set 831
D.H. Qiu, J.P. Chen, Q. Wang & J. Zhang
Dynamical destabilization experimental analysis on deep-seated, steep and heavy thick coal
seam in Huating Mine 837
F.H. Ren, L.J. Zhang & X.P. Lai

Analysis of 3-D seismic response of subway station structures in Wuhan 843
G.B. Wang, W.P. Xie & X.F. Ma
Study on blasting seismic safety criterion based on wavelet packets equivalent energy technique 847
X.Z. Wu, K. Zhao & M.F. Cai
Investigation of comprehensive rockburst prediction during deep mining 851
M.G. Xu, G.H. Yao, Z.H. Ouyang & Z.J. Du
Countermeasure research on preventing rock burst with hard roof by energy mechanism 857
J.M. Yao & F.L. He
Study on the influence of surrounding rock to the tunnel excavation by numerical simulation 861
Y.Q. Yu, X.L. Yang, W.M. Liang & M.Y. Hu
Seismic response of QINGDAO sub-sea tunnel considering transversely isotropic 867
X. Zhang, S.C. Li & X.L. Ding
Microcosmic mechanism analysis and experimental study of rock burst fracture based on SEM 873
Y.B. Zhang, Y.B. Zhang, Z.Q. Kang & F.P. Li
New techniques and methods
Study on intelligent prediction system of deep pit deformation 879
J. Guo, Y.H. Wang & Y. Miao
Study on soft rock strata movement with catastrophe theory 883
C.H. Huang, X.G. Xie, D.H. Xie & T. Feng
Some potentials of discontinuous deformation analysis method 889
Y.Y. Jiao, X.L. Zhang, S.L. Wang & J. Zhao
Study on the ecological protection techniques of steep rock slope in high-cold area 895
T.B. Li, H. Xu, R.B. Zhang & X.H. Zhou
A splitting failure criterion of surrounding rock mass in depth of high in situ stress region and
its engineering application 901
X.J. Li, W.S. Zhu, W.M. Yang & Y. Li
Development of a new type of steel structure rack apparatus for 3D geomechanical model
tests and structural integrity assessment 907
Y. Li, W.S. Zhu, Q.Y. Zhang, H.P. Wang, W.T. Wang & J. Han
DEM simulation of shear bands using a meshfree strain calculation method 913

Y. Liu, S.C. Wu, F. Li & X.Q. Chai
Deformation prediction research based on improved Saito’s method with Verhulst grey model 919
S.J. Miao, W.H. Tan, Z.F. Hou & P.L. Li
Electromagnetic emission characteristics and mechanism of the deformation and fracture of coal 925
B.S. Nie, X.Q. He, W.X. Chen & F.B. Liu
A research about the feasibility of cement grouting to reinforce petty crack rock 931
W.G. Qiao, Y.Q. Zhang, V.V. Perchine & A.V. Ouglianitsa
XIII
3D modeling and visualization of complex geological structures using openGL 935
D.W. Seng, H.X. Wang & G.Y. Yue
Nonlinear displacement-time series intelligent model for tunnel based on PSO-BP 939
C. Xu, B.G. Liu & K.Y. Liu
Computer simulation of structural failure under unexpected loads in rock engineering 943
J.X. Xu & X.L. Liu
Removability analysis for secondary key-blocks 949
Y. Xu & Z.X. Zhang
Prediction of PDC bit drilling force based on rock cutting mechanics theory 955
Y.X. Yang, D.K. Ma, B. Li, M. Lin, Y. Liu, J. Ma, H. Zeng & X.L. Fan
Study on safety and prevention of geologic environmental damage during the construction
of urban underground engineering 961
X.G. Zang, G.M. Yu, A.H. Wang, M.P. Zhang & Y.Y. Xu
Study on the application of slope risk assessment model by taking parameters’
evaluations and numerical calculations into account 967
L. Zhang, X.X. Wang & W.H. Gu
Advances in KAISER effect of rock acoustic emission based on wavelet analysis 973
K. Zhao, X.Y. Zhi, X.J. Wang, J.F. Jin & G.F. Wang
Model identification of geotechnical engineering based on genetic programming 977
T.B. Zhao, J.Y. Yao, Y.L. Tan, Y.X. Xiao & Z.G. Zhao
Author index 983
XIV

Boundaries of Rock Mechanics – Cai & Wang (eds)
© 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-46934-0
Preface
John A Hudson FREng
Emeritus Professor,
Imperial College, UK
President,
International Society for Rock Mechanics

These Proceedings represent the papers accepted for the International Young Scholars’ Symposium on Rock
Mechanics held in April 2008 in Beijing, China. The Symposium was sponsored by the International Society
for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) and the Chinese Society for Rock Mechanics and Engineering (CSRME).
Todevelop andimproveany subject requirescontinuity—through young researchers advancing ourknowledge
based on past information, and incorporating new techniques and new experiences. Moreover, these advances
should be achieved on all fronts, as is the case with the papers in this volume which are thematically arranged
within a wide spectrum of subjects: field investigation and instrumentation, rock properties and mechanical
behaviour, underground mining and excavation engineering, rock slopes and landslides, tunnels and founda-
tions, dynamics and blasting, and new techniques and methods. It is, therefore, encouraging to observe this
manifestation of the talents of our Young Scholars via these ∼200 papers on the many different rock mechanics
topics, and hence to anticipate further research breakthroughs.
Having faith in the capabilities of this next generation, I am looking forward in the years ahead to the Young
Scholars’ resolution of a major problem which relates to the application of rock mechanics knowledge in rock
engineering. On the one hand, we already have a great deal of rock mechanics knowledge but, on the other hand,
we are lacking in our ability to utilise this knowledge to fully support rock engineering design and construction.
For example, we find it difficult to establish the in situ rock stress and its overall variation within a specific rock
mass. We still only use empirical rock failure criteria, usually employing just two of the three principal stresses.
We are often unable to reliably specify the complete distribution of rock fractures in a rock mass, with a corollary
being that discrete fracture network modelling for water flow is never easy. And, although numerical modelling
has progressed in leaps and bounds in recent decades, we still do not know if such models actually represent
the rock reality. Further more, there is currently no internationally agreed auditing procedure to check either the

validity of the rock mechanics supporting information or the rock engineering design itself. Thus, there are still
many research problems, theoretical and applied, awaiting Young Scholars’ attention, the solution of which will
significantly help rock engineering.
The main aim of the Symposium is to promote the exchange of ideas and experiences and to share recent
advances in rock mechanics and engineering among Young Scholars in the world. The papers contained herein
and the associated presentations at the Symposium itself illustrate how this has indeed been achieved. Hopefully,
an additional benefit of the meeting will be the stimulus and encouragement provided to the Young Scholars so
that they will tackle our outstanding rock mechanics and rock engineering problems with renewed vigour.
All our thanks go to Professor Meifeng Cai, Chairman of the Organising Committee and President of the
ISRM Commission on Education, for arranging both an excellent suite of papers and an enjoyable Sympo-
sium. Additionally, our appreciation is extended to the Organising Committee Members, the authors and the
participants for ensuring such a successful gathering.
XV

Boundaries of Rock Mechanics – Cai & Wang (eds)
© 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-46934-0
Organization
The International Advisory Committee Academic Committee
Prof. G. Barla (Italy) Chairman
Prof. B.H.G. Brady (Australia) Prof. M.F. Cai (China)
Prof. C. Erichsen (Germany)
Prof. C. Fairhurst (USA) Co-Chairman
Prof. J.A. Franklin (Canada) Prof. X.T. Feng (China)
Prof. N.F. Grossmann (Portugal) Prof. C.A. Tang (China)
Prof. D.S. Gu (China)
Prof. J.C. Gu (China) Members
Prof. J.A. Hudson (UK) Prof. M. Chen (China)
Prof. P.K. Kaiser (Canada) Prof. S.H. Hao (China)
Prof. M.A. Kwasniewski (Poland) Prof. R.Q. Huang (China)
Prof. C. Lee (Korea) Prof. Y.D. Jiang (China)

Prof. B.C. Liu (China) Prof. L.R. Jing (Sweden)
Prof. N. Vander Merwe (South Africa) Prof. Z.K. Li (China)
Prof. M.U. Ozbay (USA) Prof. M.J. Lian (China)
Prof. M.G. Qian (China) Prof. T.S. Liang (China)
Prof. Q.H. Qian (China) Prof. D.Y. Liu (China)
Prof. J C. Roegiers (USA) Prof. X.X. Miao (China)
Prof. O. Stephansson (Germany) Prof. F. Pellet (France)
Prof. H. Sakurai (Japan) Prof. G.S. Yang (China)
Prof. S.J. Wang (China) Prof. Q. Yang (China)
Prof. H.P. Xie (China) Prof. X.L. Yang (China)
Prof. J. Zhao (Switzerland) Prof. Z.Q. Yue (Hong Kong, China)
Prof. R.W. Zimmerman (Sweden) Prof. G.J. Zhang (China)
Prof. B.X. Zheng (China)
Organizing Committee
Chairman Prof. F.L. He
Prof. M.F. Cai Prof. H.W. Huang
Prof. H.G. Ji
Co-chairman Prof. J.S. Ju
Prof. M.C. He Prof. F.N. Jin
Prof. F.Q. Wu Prof. C.H. Li
Prof. L. Qiao
Secretary-General Prof. B. Song
Prof. J.A. Wang Prof. Z.Y. Tan
Prof. M.W. Xie
Members Dr. S.J. Miao
Prof. Q. Gao Dr. F.H. Ren
XVII

Boundaries of Rock Mechanics – Cai & Wang (eds)
© 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-46934-0

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The International Young Scholars’ Symposium on Rock Mechanics 2008 has been organized by the ISRM
Commission on Education and supported by the University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), China
University of Mining and Technology (CUMT) and Chongqing University (CU), under the sponsorship of the
International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) and the Chinese Society of Rock Mechanics and Engineering
(CSRME).
Sincere thanks go to Professor J.A. Hudson, the ISRM President, for his support of the Symposium and
kindness in writing the Preface of these Proceedings.
The contributions made by the Members of the Inter national Advisory Committee, the Members of the
Academic Committee and the Members of the Organizing Committee are greatly appreciated.
Special acknowledgements go to Dr. M. Kwasniewski, Prof. R.W. Zimmerman, Dr. J.P. Harrison,
Prof. J C. Roegiers, Prof. Y.J. Wang and Prof. H.H. Lai for their efforts in reviewing and revising the papers
submitted to the Symposium.
Financial support for the Symposium from Guangdong Hongda Blasting Engineering Co. Ltd., Sinosteel
Mining Co. Ltd, Pingdingshan Coal (Group) Co. Ltd., Mining Company of Capital Steel (Group) Co. and
ITASCA Consulting Group. Inc. is also deeply appreciated.
Professor Meifeng Cai
Chairman of the Organizing Committee
XIX

Field investigation and instrumentation

Boundaries of Rock Mechanics – Cai & Wang (eds)
© 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-46934-0
Stress field characteristics and prediction of rockburst in the tunnel area
from Make river to Keke river in the west line of SNWDP
M.F. Cai & X.O. Xia
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
H. Peng & X.M. Ma
Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China

ABSTRACT: The main researching object of this paper is to obtain the distribution law of stress field in the
deep and long tunnel from Make river to Keke river in west line of the South-North Water Diversion Project
(SNWDP). On the basis of field geological survey, in-situ stress measurement rock mechanics test and FEM
numerical simulation, the stress distribution law in the tunnel area is comprehensively analyzed and evaluated.
The results of the analyses provide a scientific basis for design, construction and supporting of the tunnel
excavation.
1 INTRODUCTION
Rockburst isan engineering geological problem which
is often encountered during excavating in deep-buried
and high-stressedunderground works. Soit isa kindof
geological hazard induced by human excavation activ-
ity. It often occurs in the hard, integrity and brittle rock
mass. In such rock mass, the high elastic strain energy
is liable to be stored, which is the basic condition for
inducing rock burst (Hou 1986 & Ma 2006).
West line of the South-North Water Diversion
Project is a strategic project which diverts the upper
water of the Yangtze River in the southern China to the
lower Yellow River in the northern China to resolve
the critical problem of serious lack of water in North-
western region of China. The tunnel from Make river
to Keke river diverts the water from Make river to
Keke river and, therefore, it is a key project to divert
water crossing the Bayan Kalatongke mountain. The
length of thetunnel is 53km, and the maximum buried
depth is 1200 m. The main surrounding rock of the
tunnel is shallow-metamorphism sand and slate of
Triassic. However, the brittle granites andgranite dior-
ite of Mesozoic are developed in some local parts of
the tunnel, which provides a condition for storing high

energy. At the same time, most parts of the tunnel
will cross high stress area. Therefore, rockburst is
the most prominent geological disasters in the tun-
nel project from Make river to Keke river. In this
paper, on the basis of engineering geological survey,
in-situ stress measurement, rock mechanics experi-
ment and 3-D FEM calculation, the stress distribution
state in the tunnel area is obtained (Peng 2004).
At last, the possibility of the rockburst is analyzed
and discussed.
2 GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
The deep-long tunnel from Make river to Keke river
is located between Aba County in Sichuan Province
and Banma County in Qinghai Province, crossing the
Bayan Kalatongke mountain. It is a key tunnel in the
west line of the South-North Water Diversion Project.
Its direction is N35
◦
E and the averaged altitude is
3442 m. The lithology of the tunnel rock is mainly
slate and sandstone, which suffered structural move-
ments of folding, fracturing andshear slidingin several
tectonic periods.
According to rebound analysis in site, the uniaxial
compressive strengthof the weak weatheredsandstone
is 41–28 MPa and that of the weak-breeze weathered
slate is 21–95 MPa. The majority of slate is middle-
hard rock and its other small portion is hard or soft
rock.
The bearing stratum in the tunnel area is composed

of the hard layered sandstone with slate double layer
group, the harder thin-layered sandstone and slate
group, the harder thin-layered slate with sandstone
double layer group. The three kinds of rock groups
are formatted by mudstone, sandstone via the regional
dynamic metamorphism. Folds, joints, beddings and
foliations are development in this region.
3
The dry-anti value of the slightly weathered meta-
morphic slate is 8.2–11.1 MPa. The dry-anti value
of metamorphic sandstone in the weathered belt is
2.4–102.7 MPa and is less than 80 MPa for more than
95 percent of this kindrock. The dry-anti value ofslate
is 3.0–76.3MPa andis lessthan more30 MPa for more
than 85 percent of this kind rock.
The above introduction shows that the integrity of
rock mass in the area of the tunnel from Make river to
Keke river is quite poor.
3 DISTRIBUTION LAW OF IN-SITU
STRESS STATE
Using hydraulicfracturing technique (ISRM1987, Cai
2004), in situ stress measurement has been carried out
in the tunnel area from Make river to Keke river (Peng
2006 & Ma 2005). The measuring points are as close
as possible to the key parts of geological structures at
central, entrance and exit of the tunnel (Cai 2000).
Therefore, 4 measuring points were selected at the
Duke Dam site, Ya ertang dam site, Aba Bizu ranch
and Aba dam site. The depth of the measuring bore-
holes was 200 m, 80 m, 30 m, and 151 m, respectively.

In addition, hydraulic fracturing stress measurement
has also been completed by Design Institute of the
YellowRiver Water Conservancy Commissionat other
2 points (ZK14 and ZK15) with borehole depth of
445 m and 352 m, respectively. The 6 measured points
are shown in Figure 1.
The measuring results in 6 boreholes are shown in
Table 1. From the measuring results, the distribution
law of in situ stress state in the tunnel area is obtained
as follows (Cai 1993).
1. The horizontal principal stress is dominant in the
stress field of the tunnel project area. The ratio of
maximum horizontal principal stress (σ
H
) to the
vertical stress (σ
v
) is 1.42 to 10.08 with an aver-
age value of 2.81. The value belongs to a moderate
level. The magnitude of 3 principal stresses, i.e.
σ
H
, σ
h
(minimum principal stress) and σ
v
presents
that order: σ
H
> σ

h
> σ
v
.
2. The orientation of maximum horizontal principal
stress is between NE20.0
◦
and NE58.0
◦
with an
average of NE46.6
◦
. It is consistent with direc-
tion of the modern tectonic stress field which is
NE-NEE.
3. The stress state in the tunnel area reflects reversed
fault state. In both sides of Bayan Kalatongke
mountain, the stress state is completely different.
In North side of the mountain, the magnitude of
stress is relatively small with a direction of NN for
the maximum principal stress, but in the South side
of the mountain, the magnitude of stress is much
Figure 1. Layout of stress measuring points at the tunnel
project area.
Table 1. In-situ stress measurements results in the tunnel
area.
Magnitude of stress
(Mpa) Orien-
Bore- Measur- Depth
tation

hole ing point (m) σ
H
σ
h
σ
v
of σ
H
(
◦
)
Aba 1 130.00 5.70 5.10 3.38
2 160.00 6.70 5.50 4.16
3 200.00 8.90 6.10 5.20 NE42.0
Ya 1 60.00 7.30 5.10 1.56 NE52.0
Ertang 2 80.00 8.10 5.50 2.08 NE36.0
Aba 1 25.00 6.55 4.20 0.65
Bizu
ranch 2 30.00 6.70 4.40 0.78 NE20.0
Shang 1 125.00 7.25 6.50 3.25
Duke 2 151.00 7.49 6.10 3.93 NE50.0
ZK14 1 233.65 12.38 7.55 5.84
2 276.33 15.20 9.19 6.91
3 386.53 14.50 9.56 9.66
4 407.25 20.15 12.58 10.18 NE51.0
5 426.48 15.14 10.06 10.66
6 436.01 15.65 10.66 10.90
7 441.62 22.85 13.96 11.04
8 444.87 23.71 14.28 11.12 NE54.0
ZK15 1 235.25 13.58 8.10 5.88

2 301.79 17.64 10.71 7.55 NE56.0
3 306.47 17.86 10.88 7.65
4 319.77 18.38 11.21 8.00
5 328.80 19.44 11.64 8.23
6 332.68 19.90 12.66 8.33
7 338.20 20.46 12.07 8.45
8 341.96 20.76 12.60 8.55
9 352.12 25.82 15.82 8.80 NE58.0
larger than that in the north side with a direction of
NE for the maximum principal stress.
4. Both the maximum and minimum horizontal prin-
cipals tresses are increased with depth. According
to the in-situ measuring data, linear regression
4