INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER BIENNIAL REPORT 2006 -2007 pptx

Biennial Report
2006 - 2007
International Agency
for Research on
Cancer
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Biennial Report 2006 - 2007
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer
SC/44/2
GC/50/2
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER
BIENNIAL REPORT
2006 -2007
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Lyon, France
2007
ISSN 0250-8613
ISBN 978-92-832-1092-4
Printed in France
©International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2007
150 cours Albert-omas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
Distributed on behalf of IARC by the Secretariat
of the World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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iii
International Agency for Research on Cancer
2006-2007
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Table of Contents
IARC Medals of Honour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Director’s Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
IARC Scientific Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Biostatistics and Epidemiology Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Epidemiology Methods and Support Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Nutrition and Hormones Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Data Analysis and Interpretation Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Descriptive Epidemiology Production Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Information Technology Services Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Radiation Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Epidemiology and Biology Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Infections and Cancer Biology Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Molecular Carcinogenesis Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Carcinogen Identification and Evaluation Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Molecular Carcinogenesis and Biomarkers Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Epigenetics Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Genetics and Epidemiology Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Lifestyle, Environment and Cancer Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Genetic Epidemiology Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Genetic Susceptibility Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Pathogenesis and Prevention Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Pathology Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Screening Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Screening Quality Control Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
IARC Communications Group
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Education and Training
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Division of Administration and Finance
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
101
IARC Ethics Review Committee and Institutional Review Board
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
IARC Governing and Scientific Councils
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Meetings and Seminars Organised at IARC
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Staff Publications
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
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IARC
MEDALS OF
HONOUR
Roger Sohier Lecture
1993 Gérard Orth (Institut Pasteur, Paris) – Papilloma virus
and human cancer
1994 Guy Blaudin de é (Institut Pasteur, Paris) –
Epidémiologie moléculaire des rétrovirus oncogènes
1995 Richard Peto (Oxford University, UK) – Avoidance of
premature death
1996 Dirk Bootsma (Erasmus University, Rotterdam,
Netherlands) – DNA repair: maintaining nature’s
perfection
1997 Luca Cavalli-Sforza (Stanford University, CA, USA) –
Gènes, peuples, langues, cultures
1998 Charles Weissmann (University of Zurich, Switzerland) –
Biology and transmission of prion diseases

1999 Jan Pontén (Uppsala University, Sweden) – Sunlight and
skin cancer: New insights
2000 Richard Klausner (National Cancer Institute, Bethesda,
USA) – e war on cancer: Where we are and where
research is taking us
2001 Oliver Brüstle (Institut für Neuropathologie, University of
Bonn, Germany) – Embryonic stem cells: Basic concepts
and therapeutic applications
2002 Jeffrey Koplan (Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta,
USA) – Bioterrorism and public health preparedness
2003 Paul Kleihues (Director, IARC) – Poverty, affluence and
the global burden of cancer
2004 Umberto Veronesi (European Institute of Oncology,
Milan, Italy) – Breast cancer management and care:
Current results and future perspectives
2005 David Lane (University of Dundee, UK) – p53 and human
cancer: e next 25 years
2006 Georg Klein (Karolinska Institute, Sweden) - Viral
contributions to tumorigenesis
2007 Mariano Barbacid (Centro Nacional de Investigaciones
Oncológicas, Spain) - Ras genes, Ras oncogenes and
cancer
Richard Doll Lecture
2004 Richard Doll (London, UK) – Fifty years follow-up of
British doctors
2005 Brian MacMahon (Needham, MA, USA) – Epidemiology
and the causes of breast cancer
2006 Joseph Fraumeni Jr (National Institutes of Health, United
States of America) – Genes and the environment in cancer
causation: An epidemiologic perspective

2007 Dimitrios Trichopoulos (Harvard School of Public Health,
USA) – Breast cancer: Epidemiology and etiology
IARC Lecture
2005 Tadao Kakizoe (National Cancer Centre, Tokyo, Japan)
– Bladder cancer: A model of human cancer determined
by environmental factors and genetics
2006 Ketayun Dinshaw (Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai,
India) – Cancer Treatment and Control
2007 Komen Foundation, USA. Lecture given by LaSalle D.
Leffall on behalf of Ambassador Nancy G. Brinker
e staff of the International Agency for
Research on Cancer (IARC), and the
Agency diaspora, were saddened to hear of
the death of Dr Lorenzo Tomatis, the
second Director of the IARC and the
founder of the IARC Monographs
Programme for Carcinogen Identification
and Evaluation.
Dr Tomatis was a welcome visitor to
the Agency. He had been participating in
the planning meetings for the 100th
Volume of the Monographs and had
agreed to prepare a history of the
Monograph Programme for this 100th
volume. An appreciation of the life of Dr
Tomatis has been prepared by his lifelong
friend and ex-IARC scientist, Dr Ruggero
Montesano.
Director’s Introduction
‘My first contact with Lorenzo Tomatis was not as a scientist but as

a writer, when in 1965 he published the book “Il Laboratorio”,
describing his frustration working in a research and academic
environment in Italy that motivated his decision not to go back to his
home country but to stay in the USA. is lead to a successful and
outstanding career in cancer research, firstly in Chicago and then in
Lyon (France).
Whilst working in the laboratory of Dr Philippe Shubik in
Chicago he became interested in chemical carcinogenesis and in
particular he produced the original observation of an increased risk of
cancer in mice in the offspring of mothers exposed to chemical
carcinogens. During this period his conviction matured that primary
prevention of cancer was the underlining theme and the goal for all
his future research. is motivation was a determinant in his decision
to move to the IARC in Lyon in 1967 to become Chief of the Unit
of Chemical Carcinogenesis. In 1982 he became Director of the
Agency, succeeding John Higginson, the first Director of the Agency.
He foresaw in this newly formed WHO institution a place where he
could develop and implement his ideas on cancer prevention.
is was a very interesting and exciting time for the Agency,
devoted to the development of programmes and recruitment of staff.
e overall goal of the Agency was to integrate cancer epidemiology
and basic (laboratory) research with the objectives of assessing cancer
incidence and their variations world-wide and understanding, with
the integration of laboratory science (molecular epidemiology), the
aetiopathogenesis of various types of cancers. is approach was very
attractive to epidemiologists and laboratory scientists and resulted in
the recruitment of staff who were successful in implementing
molecular epidemiological studies in parallel with more traditional
cancer epidemiological studies and cancer registries. During this
time, and later as a Director, he gave priority to the recruitment of

high quality staff and was able to implement programmes that were,
and still are, recognized by the international scientific cancer
community. In addition to the establishment at the Agency of cancer
research laboratories therefore, Lorenzo Tomatis was directly
responsible for the initiation and implementation of some major
research projects. One of these, the ‘IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans’, begun in the late sixties
was, and still is, a major programme of the IARC. It was something
he particularly valued and he continued to keep a critical eye on it
even after his retirement from the Agency.
He was also interested in cancer in developing countries. Under
his Directorship two major projects were initiated on the role of
viruses in human cancers. One is e Gambia Hepatitis Intervention
Study, which aims to assess the efficacy of HBV vaccination in the
prevention of chronic liver diseases and the role of other risk factors,
namely aflatoxins and HCV infection in hepatocellular carcinoma.
e other project concerns epidemiological studies on the role of
human papilloma virus in the aetiology of cervical cancer.
Another major project initiated under his Directorship was the
prospective study on nutrition and cancer involving thousands of
individuals from many European countries. Other activities which he
supported were cancer epidemiology and cancer registries, and the
IARC Fellowship Programme.
e initiation and support of these various projects shows the
broad interest of Lorenzo Tomatis in cancer research and underlines
the importance he always gave to primary cancer prevention as the
most effective approach to reduce cancer mortality world-wide. e
implementation of these ideas was, and remains, not always easy and
he was able to overcome, with great determination, the difficulties
encountered among the scientific communities and elsewhere in this

respect.
Since his first book “Il Laboratorio”, many other successful books
(all in Italian) have been published, describing with humour and an
acute eye the various personages and situations encountered in his
professional and social life.’
Lorenzo Tomatis died on 21st September 2007 in Lyon, France.
Our thoughts go to his wife and son, Delia and Paolo.
Dr Ruggero Montesano
viii
Another sad event was the death of Dr
Brian MacMahon, who had been one of
the original members of the IARC
Scientific Council during the 1960’s and
had made a significant contribution to the
development of the Agency. Dr
MacMahon made an outstanding
contribution to the development of cancer
epidemiology when he was Chairman of
the Department of Epidemiology at
Harvard School of Public Health in
Boston, Massachusetts. Dr MacMahon
received the IARC Medal of Honour in
2005 in recognition of his outstanding
contribution to cancer epidemiology and
the Agency. An appreciation of the life of
Dr MacMahon appears on this page.
At a personal level, these deaths were
particularly sad since I had worked with
both. I was on the Faculty of the
Department of Epidemiology at Harvard

when Brian was Chairman and it was
Lorenzo who appointed me to the Agency
staff when I left Harvard.
Dr Brian MacMahon during his last visit to the Agency
e International Agency for Research on Cancer joins the
international cancer community in mourning the passing, on 5
December 2007, of Brian MacMahon, longtime chair of the
Department of Epidemiology at Harvard School of Public Health
and a giant in the field of cancer epidemiology.
In 1960, Dr MacMahon co-authored Epidemiologic Methods.
is textbook became Epidemiology: Principles and Methods,
recognised for decades as the definitive text in the field. Besides his
work in epidemiology in general, Dr MacMahon was known in
particular for his advances in breast cancer etiology. He was the lead
author on a landmark 1970 study that identified an association
between breast cancer risk and the age at which a woman first gives
birth. ese findings provided new insight into the protective
mechanisms of pregnancy and stimulated broad reconsideration of
the etiology of breast cancer.
In addition to his own work in the field, Dr MacMahon built an
epidemiology program at Harvard that produced many leaders in
academia and government research. He was honoured with awards
from the American Cancer Society, the American Public Health
Association and the General Motors Cancer Research Foundation,
and was elected to the Institute of Medicine in 1973. In addition, he
was awarded honorary doctorates from the University of Athens, the
State University of New York, and the University of Birmingham,
England.
Dr MacMahon was one of the members of the IARC Scientific
Council at its inception in the mid-1960’s and made a significant

contribution to determining the direction which the Agency took. In
addition, he was a long-term collaborator with IARC. In 2005, in
recognition of his contributions to cancer research and his
contribution to the Agency, Dr MacMahon delivered the 2005
Richard Doll lecture, entitled “Epidemiology and the Causes of
Breast Cancer”, and was awarded the IARC Medal of Honour.
Brian MacMahon died on 5th December 2007.
Our thoughts go to his children Mary, Kathleen, Kevin and Michael
e four Heads of the IARC Monographs Programme reunited in 2006
ix
Director’s Introduction
Introduction
e International Agency for Research on
Cancer was established by a resolution of
the 18th World Health Assembly in 1965
with a defined mission to conduct and
promote international collaboration in
cancer research with the objective of
improving health through a reduction in
the incidence of and mortality from cancer
throughout the world. e IARC Statutes
specify the role of the Agency in planning,
promoting and conducting research in all
phases of the causation, treatment and
prevention of cancer; in the collection and
dissemination of information on the
epidemiology of cancer, on cancer research
and on the prevention and causation of
cancer throughout the world; studies on
the natural history of cancer; and

education and training of personnel for
research on cancer.
e core values which underpin IARC
scientific programmes are expressed
through its commitment to meet the
highest scientific standards; to adhere to the
highest standards of international ethical
guidelines; and to retain flexibility to be
responsive to new scientific opportunities.
e Scientific Programme has a focus
on prevention and is based on high quality,
uniqueness and additional value over and
above what could be achieved in a single
national centre. Apart from its internal
programme, the IARC infrastructure
encourages collaborations between leading
cancer research institutes to take place.
During the biennium, IARC has had
scientific collaborations underway in some
90 countries of the world: the numbers
would be larger if Cancer Registry and
Course activities are taken into account.
In fulfilling the requirements of the
Statutes, IARC has developed some
unique programmes which are outstanding
and are of great scientific value including
the IARC Monographs Programme for
Carcinogen Identification and Evaluation,
the Descriptive Epidemiology Programme,
the Infections and Cancer Programme, the

Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis
programme, the Gambia Hepatitis
Intervention Study, the Screening
Programme, the Genetic Epidemiology
Programme, the Lifestyle and Cancer
Programme and the Fellowships and
Training Programme.
is Report comprises two distinct
parts. e first part describes the work and
achievements of each Group in the Agency
during the biennium 2006-2007. ese
reports are presented by Cluster. A second
part contains selected highlights of some
key findings and publications arising from
the work of the IARC during each of the
two years of the biennium and, wherever
possible, attempts to place these findings
in a wider context.
Scientific Findings
As a research institute, IARC has to ensure
that its research and its research output is
of a high quality. In 2007, IARC published
over 300 articles in scientific journals with
an Impact Factor. is was higher than in
2006 and represents a regular growth since
the baseline period (2002-2003). Peer-
reviewed publications were increased by
45% in 2007 compared to 2002-2003
(Figure 2).
e Total Impact Factor of these

IARC publications again continued to
increase and the total for the biennium
2006-2007 was over 50% increased over
2002-2003 (Figure 3).
In January 2004, a list of prominent
journals was selected as a benchmark for
IARC to publish their best work. ere has
been a substantial increase in publications
in these chosen journals in 2004-2007
(Figure 4).
is shows a substantial strengthening
of the IARC research activity and this is
reflected in the success achieved in
Figure 1. Countries with active IARC collaborations (coloured in red)
x
Director’s Introduction
Figure 2. IARC Publications in journals with an impact factor Figure 3. Total Impact Factor Score of IARC Scientific
Publications
Figure 5. Value of contracts signed for competitive research
grants in millions of USD
Figure 4. IARC Publications in selected, high-quality journals
xi
Director’s Introduction
obtaining competitive research grants from
external sources. A determined effort was
made in this direction and the results have
been quite remarkable (Figure 5).
e increased thoroughness of the
review process has contributed to this
outcome. e majority of the Groups

reviewed have scored very highly on “future
plans” and this has been reflected again in
the obtention of competitive funding.
Scientific Highlights
e ninth volume of “Cancer Incidence in
Five Continents” has been completed and
made available on the IARC website.
Cancer Incidence in Five Continents is the
recognised reference source on the
incidence of cancer in populations around
the world. e ninth volume has a wider
coverage than before presenting data from
around the year 2000 not only for entire
populations but also for sub-populations
living in the same geographic area.
is volume presents incidence data
from populations all over the world for
which good quality data are available.
Scanning through the information gives a
clear presentation of the changing cancer
patterns worldwide. With this volume,
much more use is made of the web rather
than continued reliance on the printed
volume. All tables previously found on
printed page are now available on the
electronic version which has many positive
benefits. Before this new volume is made
available in print, it is accessible online.
e first volume in the fourth edition of
the WHO Pathological Classification of

Tumours (“Blue Books”) was published
during 2007. is volume on “Tumours of
the Central Nervous System” will be shortly
followed by publication of the second
volume on “Haematological Malignancies”.
During the Biennium, IARC
continued its international surveys of the
prevalence of Human Papillomavirus
(HPV) types in many diverse regions of
the world. Quality Control Guidelines for
Cervix Cancer Screening were published
and the results of a randomized trial of
cervix cancer screening by visual inspection
were published. is latter study, conducted
in India, demonstrated the value of such a
simple screening approach to significantly
reducing the incidence of invasive cervix
cancer in a low-income setting.
ere have been many other important
findings published in peer-reviewed
scientific journals and these are discussed
in more detail throughout this Report.
IARC Working Group Reports
ere have been three Working Group
reports (Green Books) published. e first
concluded that exposure to artificial sources
of sunlight for tanning purposes, such as
sunbeds or sunlamps, at young ages was
associated with an increased risk of
melanoma.

e second produced a comprehensive
review of guidelines for Biological
Resource Centres and focused on
recommendations for minimal standards
for the creation and organisation of such
resources.
A Working Group Report on
“Attributable Causes of Cancer in France”
was produced in conjunction with the
Académie de Médecine and the Académie des
Sciences of France. is employed as much
French exposure data as possible and used
Journal 2004-2005 2006-2007
JAMA 1 1
JNCI 13 14
Lancet 13 11
Lancet Oncology 9 11
Nature 0 1
Nature Genetics 0 2
Nature Medicine 1 0
NEJM 1 1
Science 0 0
Director’s Introduction
xii
the classification base provided by the
IARC Monographs and the IARC
Handbook series to determine
quantitatively the attributable fraction of
cancer incidence and mortality in France
attributable to identified causes. Tobacco

and alcohol consumption emerged as the
key causes of cancer in men.
ere are Working Groups on-going
on “Vitamin D and Cancer Risk” and “e
Global Cancer Burden Attributable to
Asbestos” which are scheduled to report
during 2008.
Key Elements
Research Training is a key element of the
IARC Mission and the Research Training
Fellowship Programme has been a major
success since its inception. is has been
supplemented with a Master’s and
Doctoral Programme and the IARC
Summer School is now an annual event in
the IARC calendar. Eligibility for each
programme is restricted to candidates from
low- and medium-resource countries
although for the Master’s Programme and
Summer School candidates from high-
resource countries can attend but do not
receive any financial support.
While some students spend the entire time
researching their Masters or PhD at
IARC, there are many others who spend
part of their programme here learning a
technique or working on part of their
assigned thesis project. During 2006-2007
five students obtained a Master’s degree
and who spent more than half their

programme working at the Agency. Eight
students spent more that two years at
IARC and obtained a doctoral degree:
these students came from France,
Australia, the Netherlands.
IARC Ethics Committees
A revised process of submitting and
obtaining ethical approval for studies was
introduced by the Governing Council in
May 2005. Under the new structure, an
IARC Institutional Review Board was
created and an international Ethics Review
Committee was established. ere is a good
interaction established between the two
committees and this arrangement appears
to be working in practice. e IRB met five
times during 2007 and reviewed an average
of eight projects at each meeting.
e Ethics Review Committee meets
twice each year, once in Lyon, a joint
meeting with the IRB, and once in a
different Region of the world. In January
2007, the ERC met in Peru and had the
opportunity to see at first hand the field
conditions in which IARC Studies were
conducted. In January 2008, the Ethics
Committee will meet in Mumbai, India
where there are a number of on-going
IARC studies centred. e Ethics Review
Committee was given a new task by the

IARC Governing Council to monitor
those IARC studies which have industrial
funding.
Expanding IARC activities in low-
resource settings
IARC has always had research activities in
low-resource countries and this work is
now expanding. Looking ahead, with the
rapidly rising cancer burden in low-income
and medium-income countries more high-
quality incidence data are needed from
regions and countries in such settings.
Reliable data are needed to establish the
cancer burden and to monitor its evolution
in all parts of the world, particularly in
response to cancer control activities.
Nurturing the development of cancer
registration in such countries is of major
importance and one which the
International Agency for Research on
Cancer is addressing.
IARC has long-standing associations
with Cancer Registries in low-resource
settings and a meeting was held in Lyon
(2007) with representatives from Africa,
Asia and Latin America. e purpose was
to identify ways in which IARC could
assist in the development of cancer
registration in such low-resource settings.
Discussion included the subject of a

meeting which was held at IARC in July,
2007 to discuss how best to fund such
cancer registries. As a result, IARC will be
launching a competition whose outcome
will be to provide long-term, stable
funding for a small number of cancer
registries in low-resource countries.
Criteria have been established to evaluate
the likely success and sustainability of
cancer registries and these will be applied
to applications.
ere are studies of cervix cancer on-
going in many parts of Asia and Africa,
both surveys of Human Papillomavirus
infection and screening studies of cervix
cancer, including randomised trials. IARC
has extended its activity in Liver
Carcinogenesis in low-resource countries
in addition to the long-term Gambia
Hepatitis Intervention Study. e
randomized trial of Oral Cancer screening,
in Trivandrum, India, is still being
followed-up and there is a key study of
Nasopharyngeal Cancer on-going in
Indonesia and other parts of Asia.
A new IARC Research Group will
become functional in 2008 to act as a focal
point for the coordination and expansion
of the IARC portfolio in low-resource
countries.

Arrivals and Departures
Two Group Heads resigned during the
Biennium. Dr Zhao Qi Wang (IARC
1997-2006), who was head of the Gene
Environment Biology Group, departed to
take up a position of Professor at the
University of Jenna, Germany. Dr Carolyn
Dresler (IARC 2004-2006), who was Head
of the Tobacco Group, resigned to take up
a position within State Government in the
United States. Two Acting Group Heads
also resigned from the Agency. Dr Paola
Pisani took up a post at Oxford University
and Dr Rudolf Kaaks accepted a position
as Head of Epidemiology at DKFZ in
Heidelberg, Germany. All at IARC thank
them for their service to IARC and wish
them the very best for the future.
Dr Hai Rim Shin (Republic of Korea)
was appointed as Head of the Descriptive
Epidemiology Analysis Group and Dr
Maria-Paula Curado (Brazil) was
appointed Head of the Descriptive
Epidemiology Production Group. Dr
Philippe Autier (Belgium) moved to
become Head of the Epidemiology
Methods and Support Group and Dr
Zdenko Herceg (Croatia) was appointed to
the position of Head of the Epigenetics
Group. Dr Elisabeth Cardis (Canada) was

confirmed as Head of the Radiation Group
and Dr Lawrence von Karsa (United States
of America) was confirmed as Head of the
Screening Quality Control Group. Mr
Markus Pasterk (Austria) was appointed to
a new position of Scientific Coordinator.
Publications
Baglietto L, Jenkins MA, Severi G, Giles GG,
Bishop DT, Boyle P and Hopper JL. Measures
of familial aggregation depend on definition of
family history: meta-analysis for colorectal
cancer.
J Clin Epidemiol 2006 Feb;59(2):114-
124.
Boffetta P, McLaughlin JK, La Vecchia C.,
Autier P, Boyle P (2007). 'Environment' in
cancer causation and etiological fraction:
limitations and ambiguities.
Carcinogenesis 28:
913-915.
Boyle P. e Globalisation of Cancer.
Lancet
2006; 368: 629-630
Boyle P, Ariyaratne MA, Barrington R, Bartelink
H, Bartsch G, Berns A, de Valeriola D, Dinshaw
KA, Eggermont AM, Gray N, Kakizoe T, Karki
BS, Kaslar M, Kerr DJ, Khayat D, Khuhaprema
T, Kim IH, Martin-Moreno J, McVie G, Park
JG, Philip T, Ringborg U, Rodger A, Seffrin JR,
Semiglazov V, Soo KC, Sun YT, omas R,

Tursz T, Veronesi U, Wiestler O, Yoo KY,
Zatonski W and Zhao P. Tobacco: deadly in any
form or disguise.
Lancet. 2006 May
27;367(9524): 1710-2.
Cardis E, Krewski D, Boniol M, Drozdovitch
V, Darby SC, Gilbert ES, Akiba S, Benichou J,
Ferlay J, Gandini S, Hill C, Howe G,
Kesminiene A, Moser M, Sanchez M, Storm
H, Voisin L, Boyle P (2006). Estimates of the
cancer burden in Europe from radioactive
fallout from the Chernobyl accident.
Int J
Cancer 119: 1224-1235.
Ferlay J, Autier P, Boniol M, Heanue M,
Colombet M, Boyle P (2007). Estimates of the
cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in
2006.
Ann Oncol 18: 581-592.
Ferlay J, Randi G, Bosetti C, Levi F, Negri E,
Boyle P, La Vecchia C. Declining mortality
from bladder cancer in Europe.
BJU Int. 2007
Oct 30; [Epub ahead of print]
Hayes VM, Severi G, Padilla EJ, Morris HA,
Tilley WD, Southey MC, English DR,
Sutherland RL, Hopper JL, Boyle P, Giles GG
(2007). 5alpha-Reductase type 2 gene variant
associations with prostate cancer risk,
circulating hormone levels and androgenetic

alopecia.
Int J Cancer 120: 776-780.
Koutros S, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Mayne ST, Zahm
SH, Holford TR, Leaderer BP, Boyle P, Zheng
T. Nutrients Contributing to One-Carbon
Metabolism and Risk of Non-Hodgkin
Lymphoma Subtypes. Am J Epidemiol. 2007
Lan Q, Zheng T, Chanock S, Zhang Y, Shen
M, Wang SS, Berndt SI, Zahm SH, Holford
TR, Leaderer B, Yeager M, Welch R, Hosgood
D, Boyle P, Rothman N (2007). Genetic
variants in caspase genes and susceptibility to
non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Carcinogenesis 28:
823-827.
Lan Q, Zheng T, Rothman N, Zhang Y, Wang
SS, Shen M, Berndt SI, Zahm SH, Holford
TR, Leaderer B, Yeager M, Welch R, Boyle P,
Zhang B, Zou K, Zhu Y and Chanock S.
Cytokine polymorphisms in the 1/2
pathway and susceptibility to non-Hodgkin
lymphoma.
Blood. 2006 Jan 31; [Epub ahead of
print]
Lan Q, Zheng T, Shen M, Zhang Y, Wang SS,
Zahm SH, Holford TR, Leaderer B, Boyle P,
Chanock S (2007). Genetic polymorphisms in
the oxidative stress pathway and susceptibility
to non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Hum Genet 121:

161-168.
xiii
Director’s Introduction
Interaction among IARC, WHO and
other International Organisations
e Director gave a Media Briefing at the
United Nations in New York (April, 2007)
which was well received. In this, the
problem of the Globalisation of Cancer
was emphasized.
ere was a meeting held in Lyon in
September 2007 of WHO HQ Directors
working in areas in common with IARC.
is emphasized the extent of the
collaborations which IARC had with
many groups in Headquarters and we have
agreed to hold this meeting every six
months. In addition, IARC hosts an
Annual Meeting with Non-
Communicable Disease Directors from
WHO Regional Offices to discuss mutual
problems and how IARC can assist in
cancer prevention research activities.
IARC has also developed a strong
partnership with the International Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA) on the
Programme of Action on Cancer erapy
(PACT). Funded initially by the Nobel
Prize Fund, this programme aims to
deliver cancer prevention and treatment

facilities to underserved communities
worldwide. e initial focus is on the 30+
countries which do not have a single
Radiotherapy machine and the IARC
commitment is to provide or improve,
cancer registration in such areas where
facilities are provided and also to search for
opportunities for the establishment of
sustainable early detection programmes.
Six countries have been selected in a pilot
programme: Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Viet
Nam, Nicaragua, Albania and Yemen.
IARC Medal of Honour
In 2006, the fourteenth Roger Sohier
Lecture was given by George Klein
(Sweden); the third Richard Doll Lecture
was given by Joseph Fraumeni Jr. (United
States of America); and the second IARC
Lecture was given by Dr Katayun Dinshaw
(India).
In 2007, the fifteenth Roger Sohier
Lecture was given by Mariano Barbacid
(Spain); the fourth Richard Doll Lecture
was given by Dimitri Trichopoulos
(Greece); and the third IARC Lecture was
given by Dr LaSalle D. Leffalle, on behalf
of Nancy Brinker who founded the Komen
Foundation, which celebrated its 25th
Anniversary in 2007.
Each has made a significant

contribution to cancer research and
prevention and all received the IARC
Medal of Honour.
Participating States
During the biennium a further four
Participating States were admitted to the
Agency: Republic of India, Republic of
Korea, the Russian Federation and Ireland.
is brings the number of Participating
States to 20. is expansion of the
Agency’s membership also introduces a
new dimension into the governance
structure of the Agency.
Cancer is no longer a disease of high-
resource, industrialized, western countries
as was the case when the IARC was
founded forty years ago. Today the
majority of the world cancer burden occurs
in low- and medium-resource countries
and the Agency must adopt a new focus of
activity in the face of this development.
e adhesion of new Participating
States is a vote of confidence in the aims
and activities of the Agency.
Director’s Introduction
xiv
Robertson C, Link CL, Onel E, Mazzetta C,
Keech M, Hobbs R, Fourcade R, Kiemeney L,
Lee C, Boyle P and McKinlay JB. e impact of
lower urinary tract symptoms and

comorbidities on quality of life: the BACH and
UREPIK studies.
BJU Int. 2007
Feb;99(2):347-54.
Scully C, Boyle P, Day T, Hill B, Joshi V,
Leupold NE, Shah JP and Lefebvre JL.
International Consortium on Head and Neck
Cancer Awareness (ICOHANCA).
Oral
Oncol 2007: Oct;43(9):841-842.
Severi G, Hayes VM, Neufing P, Padilla EJ,
Tilley WD, Eggleton SA, Morris HA, English
DR, Southey MC, Hopper JL, Sutherland RL,
Boyle P and Giles GG. Variants in the prostate-
specific antigen (PSA) gene and prostate cancer
risk, survival, and circulating PSA. Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006 Jun;15(6):
1142-7.
Severi G, Hayes VM, Tesoriero AA, Southey
MC, Hoang HN, Padilla EJ, Morris HA,
English DR, Sutherland RL, Boyle P, Hopper
JL, Giles GG. e rs743572 common variant
in the promoter of CYP17A1 is not associated
with prostate cancer risk or circulating
hormonal levels.
BJU Int. 2007 Nov 6; [Epub
ahead of print]
Severi G, Morris HA, MacInnis RJ, English
DR, Tilley WD, Hopper JL, Boyle P and Giles
GG. Circulating insulin-like growth factor-I

and binding protein-3 and risk of prostate
cancer.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.
2006 Jun;15(6):1137-41.
Severi G, Morris HA, MacInnis RJ, English
DR, Tilley W, Hopper JL, Boyle P and Giles
GG. Circulating steroid hormones and the risk
of prostate cancer.
Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev. 2006 Jan;15(1):86-91
Shen M, Zheng T, Lan Q, Zhang Y, Zahm SH,
Wang SS, Holford TR, Leaderer B, Yeager M,
Welch R, Kang D, Boyle P, Zhang B, Zou K,
Zhu Y, Chanock S, Rothman N.
Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes and risk
of non-Hodgkin lymphoma among women in
Connecticut.
Hum Genet. 2006 Jul;119(6):
659-68.
Veronesi U, Maisonneuve P, Rotmensz N,
Bonanni B, Boyle P, Viale G, Costa A, Sacchini
V, Travaglini R, D'Aiuto G, Oliviero P, Lovison
F, Gucciardo G, del Turco MR, Muraca MG,
Pizzichetta MA, Conforti S, Decensi A; Italian
Tamoxifen Study Group. Tamoxifen for the
prevention of breast cancer: late results of the
Italian Randomized Tamoxifen Prevention
Trial among women with hysterectomy.
J Natl
Cancer Inst. 2007 May 2;99(9):727-37.

Zatonski W, Mikucka M, La Vecchia C and
Boyle P. Infant mortality in Central Europe:
effects of transition.
Gac Sanit. 2006 Jan-
Feb;20(1):63-6.
Zhang Y, Holford TR, Leaderer B, Boyle P,
Zhu Y, Wang R, Zou K, Zhang B, Wise JP, Qin
Q, Kilfoy B, Han J, Zheng T (2007).
Ultraviolet radiation exposure and risk of non-
Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Am J Epidemiol 165:
1255-1264.
Zhang Y, Wang R, Holford TR, Leaderer B,
Zahm SH, Boyle P, Zhu Y, Qin Q, Zheng T
(2007). Family history of hematopoietic and
non-hematopoietic malignancies and risk of
non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Cancer Causes
Control 18: 351-359.
Zhu Y, Leaderer D, Guss C, Brown HN,
Zhang Y, Boyle P, Stevens RG, Hoffman A,
Qin Q, Han X and Zheng T. Ala394r
polymorphism in the clock gene NPAS2: A
circadian modifier for the risk of non-
Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Int J Cancer. 2007 ( Jan
15); 120(2) :432-5.
Zhu Y, Zheng T, Stevens RG, Zhang Y and
Boyle P. Does "clock" matter in prostate cancer?
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006

Jan;15(1):3-5.
Office of the
Director
The Cabinet
IARC Scientific Structure
Director
Dr Peter Boyle
Scientific
Coordination
Office (SCO)
Mr Markus
Pasterk
Communica-
tions
Group (COM)
Dr Nicolas
Gaudin
Radiation
Group
(RAD)
Dr Elisabeth
Cardis
Information
Technology
Services
Group (ITS)
Mr Michel
Smans
Epidemiology
Methods and

Support Group
(BIO)
Dr Philippe
Autier
Descriptive
Epidemiology
Production
Group (DEP)
Dr Maria-Paula
Curado
Data Analysis
and
Interpretation
Group (DEA)
Dr Hai-rim Shin
Pathogenesis
and Prevention
Cluster (PPC)
Dr Hiroko
Ohgaki
Pathology
Group (PAT)
Dr Hiroko
Ohgaki
Screening
Group (SCR)
Dr Rengaswamy
Sankara-
narayanan
Screening

Quality Control
Group (ECN)
Dr Lawrence
von Karsa
Gambia
Hepatitis
Intervention
Study (GHIS)
Dr Pierre
Hainaut
Genetics and
Epidemiology
Cluster (GEC)
Dr Paolo
Boffetta
Genetic
Epidemiology
Group (GEP)
Dr Paul
Brennan
Genetic
Susceptibility
Group (GSC)
Dr Sean
Tavtigian
Lifestyle, Envi-
ronment and
Cancer Group
(GEE)
Dr Paolo

Boffetta
Molecular
Carcinogenesis
and Biomarkers
Group (MCB)
Dr Pierre
Hainaut
Epigenetics
Group
(EGE)
Dr Zdenko
Herceg
Carcinogen
Identification and
Evaluation
Group
(CIE) Dr
Vincent Cogliano
Reports to Office
of the Director
Molecular
Carcinogenesis
Cluster (MCC)
Dr Pierre
Hainaut
Nutrition and
Hormones
Group (ICE)
Dr Silvia
Franceschi

(Acting)
Infections and
Cancer Epi-
demiology
Group (ICE)
Dr Silvia
Franceschi
Infections and
Cancer
Biology Group
(ICB)
Dr Massimo
Tommasino
Epidemiology
and Biology
Cluster
(EBC)
Dr Silvia
Franceschi
Biostatistics
and
Epidemiology
Cluster (BEC)
Dr Philippe
Au
tier
xv
Dr P. Autier, Cluster Coordinator
Dr P. Boffetta, Cluster Coordinator
Dr S. Franceschi, Cluster Coordinator

Dr P. Hainaut, Cluster Coordinator
Dr H. Ohgaki, Cluster Coordinator
Dr S. Tavtigian, Member
without portfolio
Mr M. Pasterk, Scientific Coordinator
Mr M. Johnson, Director of Administration and
Finance
Dr P. Boyle, Director
xvi
e Biostatistics and Epidemiology
Cluster (BEC) comprises five Groups: the
Epidemiology Methods and Support
Group (BIO), e Data Analysis and
Interpretation Group (DEA), the
Descriptive Epidemiology Production
Group (DEP), the Information
Technology Services Group (ITS) and the
Radiation Group (RAD).
One of the important goals of this
Cluster is communicating information
about cancer to the public. is is a
principal focus of the Data Analysis and
Interpretation (DEA) Group, headed by
Hai-Rim Shin.
e Descriptive Epidemiology
Production (DEP) Group, headed by
Maria-Paula Curado, analyses data
describing cancer incidence, mortality and
survival to identify and clarify the role of
etiological factors in cancer. e Group

works closely with cancer registries and
national statistics systems to assemble data
on incidence, survival and mortality and to
ensure that these data are coherent and
accurate.
e Epidemiology Methods and
Support Group (BIO), headed by Philippe
Autier, combines expertise in mapping and
analysis of epidemiological data and
temporal trends with statistical methods
for time-projection of data on cancer
incidence and mortality. ese
competencies are developed and improved
in the course of conducting multiple
ongoing projects in the BIO Group as well
as in other Groups at IARC.
e Information Technology Services
(ITS) Group, headed by Michel Smans,
exists to manage the central computing
framework at IARC. is ranges from
responding to the needs of individual users,
to managing centralised services for
statistical analysis, database storage,
management and access to establishing
new scientific and management systems
for the Agency.
Exposure to electromagnetic fields and
ionizing radiation is a ubiquitous part of
daily life, and the Radiation Group
(RAD), headed by Elisabeth Cardis, exists

to conduct targeted epidemiological
studies of particular types of exposure.
ese studies not only respond to the
needs of the scientific community, but also
serve to address widespread concerns in the
general population.
All in all, the projects of the Cluster
address 11 specific research areas:
1. Methods in biostatistics;
2. Methods in cancer registration;
3. Descriptive epidemiology;
4. Etiological hypothesis for selected
cancers (e.g. of the testis);
5. Evaluation of the impact of screening
and of treatments on incidence and
mortality;
6. Attributable causes of cancer;
7. Skin cancer and ultraviolet radiation;
8. Vitamin D and cancer;
9. Evaluation of methods for cancer
detection;
10. Ionizing radiation and cancer; and
11. Non-ionizing radiation (other than
UV) and cancer.
ese projects are relevant to the
overall mission of the IARC, as they
contribute to the search for the causes of
cancer. More specifically, the activities of
the BEC Cluster compile data from
around the world aiming at assessing the

burden of cancer and evaluating cancer
control efforts. Other BEC activities
directly address known or possible causes
of cancer and investigate possible methods
for preventing and detecting cancer. us
BEC activities reflect several parts of
IARC’s mission: emphasis on the
incidence and impact of human cancer;
elucidation of the causes of cancer;
prevention and early detection; and
methodological research. e BEC cluster
also participates in training activities, such
as training cancer registries worldwide in
standardised methods for data collection.
ere is a great deal of symbiosis
among the five different Groups in the
Cluster, which work closely together on
many projects. erefore, a project assigned
to a specific group may be coordinated by
a scientist of another group if such a
structure will maximise the efficiency and
scientific benefit of the project.
1
Biostatistics and Epidemiology Cluster (BEC)
Cluster Coordinator: Dr Philippe Autier
Epidemiology Methods and Support Group (BIO)
Head
Dr Philippe Autier (since 01/2007)
- Head of BEC Cluster since 09/2006
Mr Michel Smans (acting

until 12/2006)
Scientists
Dr Mathieu Boniol (since 09/2006)
Ms Geneviève Deharveng
Dr Pietro Ferrari
Dr Mazda Jenab (until 07/2007)
Dr Rudolf Kaaks (until 07/2006)
Dr Sabina Rinaldi
Dr Nadia Slimani (from 05/2007)
Dr Marit van Bakel (from 08/20006
to 05/2007)
Clerks
Ms Myriam Adjal (since 02/2007)
Ms Murielle Colombet
(since 04/2006)
Secretariat
Ms Asiedua Asante
Mrs Anne Sophie Hameau
(since 06/2007)
Ms Fatiha Louled (until 4
October 2007)
Ms Laurence Marnat (until 05/2006)
Mrs Sarah Somerville (until 13
March 2006)
Te c hnical Assistants
Mr David Achaintre
Ms Lucile Alteyrac
Ms Priscilia Amouyal (until 10/2006)
Ms Carine Biessy
Mrs Josiane Bouzac (until 07/2006)

Ms Corrine Casagrande
Mr omas Cler (until 02/2007)
Mr Sébastien Cuber (until 06/2006)
Mrs Geneviève Deharveng
(from 08/2006)
Ms Laure Dossus (until 07/2006)
Mr Bertrand Hemon
Mr Mathieu Mazuir (from 04/2006
to 05/2006)
Mr Jérôme Vignat
Visiting Scientists
Dr Gary Fraser (from 05/2006
to 06/2006)
Dr Sara Gandini
Prof Daniel Krewski
Dr Ivan Plesko
Dr Jonathan Wakefield
Prof Witold Zatonski
Prof Tongzhang Zheng
Students
Mr Mustafa Al-Zoughool
(until 08/2006)
Ms Mariana Castillo-Beltran
(until 08/2007)
Mrs Inge Huybrechts (from
02/2007)
Mr Anthony Montella (from
03/2007 to 08/2007)
Consultant
Dr Rodolfo Saracci

e Epidemiology Methods and Support
Group (BIO) exists at IARC to provide
analysis, management, coordination of data
collection, management and technical
support for its biological material storage.
e group encompasses the former
Biostatistics Group and is currently made
up of the Epidemiological Support Team
(EST) and the Nutritional and Database
Resource Team (NTR), with a new
Biostatistics Team to be created in the future.
Epidemiological Support Team
e EST is working on several large
projects funded by grants by the European
Commission.
Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV)
and skin cancer
EST has international expertise on sun
protection, sun exposure, sunscreen use,
and risk of melanoma and non melanoma
skin cancer, and regularly publishes on
these topics. EST staff are active members
of international societies on skin cancer
such as Euroskin and the EORTC
Melanoma Group.
EST staff are regularly invited to
present worldwide at all of the major
conferences on this topic. Most recently,
staff were present at conferences hosted by
the European Society of Skin Cancer

Prevention and by the Karolinska
Institutet. Multiple articles have also been
published on this topic.
e most recent project on the
UV/skin cancer topic is the
“Quantification of sun exposure in Europe
and its effects on health”, known as the
Eurosun Project, a three-year project
designed to monitor ultraviolet exposure in
the European Union and its effects on the
incidence of skin cancers and cataracts.
Meteorological satellite data will be used
to calculate exposure to various UV
wavelengths for European populations;
these data will be used to produce an atlas
of UV exposure in Europe. ese data will
also serve to predict the global EU burden
2
of UV-related diseases in the future.
Concurrent with this project is a similar
one, limited to France, funded by AFSSET
(Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire de
l’Environnement et du Travail, Paris).
IARC working group on avoidable
causes of cancer in France
is group contributes to the elaboration
of bio-statistical methods to estimate the
proportion of cancer caused by major risk
factors. Its main interests are to estimate
attributable fractions for multiple

categories of exposure, including
continuous exposure, as well as considering
interaction between risk factors and
statistical uncertainties.
In July 2005, a workshop at IARC
brought together cancer epidemiologists
who concluded that studies on attributable
causes of cancer should begin by examining
a few selected countries in the five
continents. In September 2005, the French
Académie Nationale de Médecine and the
French Académie des Sciences proposed to
IARC to collaborate on a study on
attributable causes of cancer in France. is
work took two years and involved a
considerable number of collaborators in
France and other countries.
e results of the study were made
public in September 2007, and the full
report is available on the IARC website. e
conclusion of the report is that about 40%
and 25% of cancers occurring today in
French men and women, respectively, are
attributable to specific causes (and therefore
theoretically preventable); it also stresses the
limitations of current knowledge on human
carcinogenesis. While it is expected that in
the future the evidence in favour of or
against a role of other risk factors will
accumulate and eventually contribute to

elucidating their contribution to human
cancer, recommendations can be formulated
to improve this process.
Vitamin D and cancer
A Working Group on Vitamin D is
currently being established to examine the
possible association between vitamin D
and cancer. is Working Group is
reviewing the epidemiological and
laboratory evidence and will try to come
up with consensus evaluations, with results
beginning to be published early in 2008.
Given the controversies and the
polarisation of opinions on this subject, we
have set up a group of independent
researchers of international reputation. We
did not only seek experts in Vitamin D
issues, but also senior scientists with
extensive experience in laboratory and
epidemiological studies.
e IARC secretariat will review the
articles and prepare a draft working
document which will be reviewed and
expanded upon by the Working Group
members. Writing tasks have been
distributed among Working Group
members, and a FTP website with all the
documentation has been created,
representing the common library of the
Working Group. Meta-analyses of studies

on the effects of vitamin D on several
different cancers are underway.
A meeting in December 2007 has been
devoted to sorting out points of
disagreement, finding a consensus
conclusion, and identifying the critical
studies that are still needed for defining the
role of vitamin D in cancer, including the
need to mount randomised trials.
e Group has attended the Health
Strategies in Europe meeting (summer
2007) as well as the High Level
Conference on the Future of Science and
Technology in Europe (fall 2007), both
held in Lisbon, in addition to being asked
to present papers at multiple conferences,
including ones on cancer and the
environment and breast cancer.
Eurocadet
e EST is strongly involved in a
European project called Eurocadet, which
aims to contribute to the prevention of
cancer in Europe via estimating the effects
of successful implementation of prevention
strategies on the incidence of cancer. BIO
is responsible for two key work packages in
this effort:
e first work package has the
responsibility of collecting data on
prevalence of exposure to major established

cancer risk factors in Europe. is data
gathering benefits from the Group’s
previous experience on the project
evaluating avoidable causes of cancer in
France. Preliminary analysis showed
disparities on the evolution of risk factors;
for example, important differences exist in
Western Europe with Nordic countries
presenting great success in tobacco control
whereas Southern European countries are
only beginning to get results on tobacco
smoking. It also revealed the emergence of
an epidemic in Central Europe with
important increases in tobacco smoking
among both men and women. is work
package is finalising the database on
prevalence of risk factors in Europe and
preparing scientific publications of these
data.
e second work package is dedicated
to estimating projections of incidence and
mortality from cancer in Europe from
2005 to 2015 based on data from cancer
registries. ese estimations were finalised
for 2006 in a preliminary study (Estimates
of the cancer incidence and mortality in
Europe in 2006).
Statistical method for analysis of cancer
incidence, mortality and temporal
changes

e group is closely linked to the activities
of the DEP and DEA Groups to provide
statistical supervision of incidence,
mortality and time trend analysis. Time
trend analysis requires everything from
joinpoint regression used in descriptive
epidemiology (such as those performed in
the analysis of trends in breast cancer
incidence and mortality) to more complex
explorative methods. Within the Working
Group on cancer following the Chernobyl
accident, the group developed a statistical
analysis of time trends of cancer incidence
and mortality with an age-period-cohort
model applied to multiple countries. In this
project random effect models of cancer
incidence and mortality were also built to
disentangle residual country effects from
doses of radiation.
Another activity concerns the
estimation of incidence worldwide—the
group is a member of the Cancer Incidence
in Five Continents (CI5) Volume IX
group. BIO developed methods based on
principal component analysis to identify
sources of variability in the database and to
clear errors that could be missed by regular
checking for outliers. e BIO Group also
provided statistical support for statistics
used in CI5. is activity led the group to

evaluate current data on non-melanoma
skin cancer in the world. is cancer site is
Epidemiology Methods and Support Group
3
a forgotten cancer in many reports, and a
specific report was produced on worldwide
incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer.
e BIO Group is involved in various
international collaborations, such as those
which resulted in the epidemiological
publications Lung Cancer and Cannabis in
Tunisia and in Maghreb and Tobacco
Smoking and Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.
Other activities of EST
EST is an active participant in the IARC
Summer School program. In addition, over
the last two years the BIO Group has
provided regular statistical support to other
IARC groups.
Nutrition and Hormone Team (NTR)
e NTR team has three axes of activities:
1) Support the coordination and
management of EPIC, including the
maintenance of its central database; 2)
Conduct advanced research on dietary and
statistical methodologies and laboratory
activities relevant to international
epidemiological studies; 3) Conduct
research on diet, metabolic factors and
cancer and other chronic diseases.

Support the coordination and management of
the EPIC network
Over the last two years, the NTR team has
ensured technical support and preparation
of a series of common and project-specific
datasets for a large network of 25 EPIC
working groups and related projects (e.g.
EPIC coordination project, INTERACT,
Diogenes, EuroGast, EPIC-Elderly,
Panscan, breast and prostate cohort
consortium). In particular, an update of the
follow-up cancer and mortality data and
other dietary and lifestyle variables was
circulated to the EPIC network in March
2007.
Advanced research methodologies and
laboratory activities
A major focus for the NTR team is to
develop methods for the standardised
dietary data collection, data processing and
statistical analyses in large multi-centre
studies. is involves the development of a
highly standardised computerised 24-hour
dietary recall programme (EPIC-SOFT),
and more recently, the compilation of a
standardised nutrient database (ENDB),
containing 26 nutrients and ~10 000 foods
from the 10 EPIC participating countries,
as well as the development of a complex
database management system programme

(EnMan) to handle international nutrient
databases. Two review papers on ENDB
were published in 2007. In addition, the
NTR team has developed statistical
models to analyse diet-disease associations,
after correction for measurement errors in
dietary assessments.
Over the years, the NTR team has
answered continuously increasing requests
to use its dietary methodologies,
particularly after an independent EU
working group (EFCOSUM)
recommended EPIC-SOFT as the
reference method for future pan-European
surveys. During this biennium, the NTR
team supported the implementation of the
EPIC-SOFT methodology in different
national and regional monitoring surveys
in Germany, e Netherlands and
Belgium. In addition, the team extended
its international collaborations through
different recently funded EU projects
(EFCOVAL, IDAMES, EuroFIR) in
order to further develop and adapt the
EPIC-SOFT methodology for future
large international nutritional studies,
including pan-European monitoring
surveys. A fully operational upgraded
EPIC-SOFT programme is expected to
be ready by 2009 through the on-going

EFCOVAL project. In parallel, the
feasibility of adapting EPIC-SOFT to
non-European countries (e.g. India) has
been initiated through an IARC project
coordinated by P. Boffetta. In addition,
new standardised databases on glycemic
index/glycemic load, animal/plant proteins
and fats have been developed to extend the
reach of nutritional research activities. e
development of an acrylamide database is
also ongoing.
e NTR team has been involved in
the coordination of the EPIC statistical
working group. e group intends to
provide scientists in the EPIC network
with guidelines for the analysis of the
relationship between dietary and non-
dietary factors and disease outcomes. In
addition, the group is conducting fore-
front methodological research in the field
of nutritional epidemiology. In April 2007,
a workshop meeting was held in Lyon,
with the participation of over 20
statisticians working in the EPIC network,
as well as a number of scientists worldwide.
e meeting focused on three main
research aspects: the evaluation of the
diet/disease association in multi-centric
studies, measurement error correction
procedures for the diet/disease association,

and the definition of statistical technique
for the search of dietary patterns.
Another important responsibility of
the NTR team is its laboratory activity
support for hormone analyses for large
epidemiological studies. Over the last
biennium, the laboratory has focussed
mainly on the measurements of sex
steroids, growth factors and C-peptide of
insulin, as well as of adiponectin and leptin,
in serum or plasma samples from several
large-scale epidemiological studies,
including EPIC. In addition to routine
analyses, a very sensitive method for the
measurements of circulating estrogens and
estrogen metabolites (hydroxy and
4
Biostatistics and Epidemiology Cluster
Epidemiology Methods and Support Group
methoxy estrogens) in serum and in urine
samples using negative chemical ionisation
gas chromatography/mass spectrometric
detection has been set up. e NTR team
was also involved in validating the stability
of nutritional biomarkers such as vitamin
C, vitamin D status, iron status and
oxidative stress by comparing
measurements from EPIC blood samples
stored for many years under liquid nitrogen
and those taken at earlier time intervals

before or during storage.
Furthermore, a complex Laboratory
Information Management System (LIMS)
has also been developed to handle biological
samples movements and related results.
Initially developed for EPIC, this LIMS will
also be used for other IARC projects.
Research activities
Cross-sectional studies on diet and biomarkers
of diet. e NTR team is coordinating the
preparation of a Special issue on Nutrient
Intakes and Patterns in EPIC (SNIPE) of
15 papers to be published by summer 2008,
as a principal activity of the nutritional
EPIC working group led by the NTR team.
Over this biennium, a series of common and
paper-specific databases, as well as common
guidelines and SAS programs, were prepared
to support this project. Team scientists were
also involved in major cross-sectional
analyses of blood phytoestrogen, acrylamide
and fatty acids levels, and consumption
patterns and portion sizes of nuts and seeds
across Europe.
Diet and cancer. A major role of the NTR
team is to use data from the EPIC study
to investigate the association of diet and
nutrition with risk of cancers, particularly
those of the colorectum, stomach and
prostate. Team scientists have led studies

showing that increased intake of alcohol,
both at baseline and over a lifetime, is
associated with higher risk of colorectal
cancer. As a follow-up to these findings,
the team is leading a study on
polymorphisms in genes regulating the
metabolism of alcohol. Another NTR-led
study showed that higher blood
concentrations of some carotenoids and
vitamin C are associated with a decreased
risk of gastric cancer through, for vitamin
C, inhibition of endogenous n-nitroso
compound formed from high intake of red
and processed meats. e team has also
had a major collaborative role in studies
showing that higher blood levels of
vitamin B12 (but not folate) are associated
with decreased risk, and also that higher
blood levels of carotenoids, including
lycopene, are not associated with localized
prostate cancer, but were significantly
associated with risk of advanced disease.
Other research projects on blood
concentrations of vitamin D, body iron
status, oxidative stress parameters and
blood lipid profiles in relation to risk of
colorectal cancers are on-going. More
advanced studies ready to be submitted
show that higher intake of dietary fat,
particularly monounsaturated fats, is

associated with an increased risk of gastric
cancer, particularly in northern European
countries where monounsaturated fat is
mostly derived from meats and meat
products. ese results were confirmed by
measurement of blood phospholipid fatty
acid profiles, showing that higher blood
levels of oleic acid, the main
monounsaturated fat in the blood stream, is
associated with increased gastric cancer risk.
Hormones and cancer. In the current
biennium, this research has focused on
cancers of the endometrium, ovary and
prostate cancers. An EPIC nested case-
control study on endometrial cancer
showed about a two-fold increase in cancer
risk with increasing prediagnostic serum
C-peptide concentrations, with elevated
glucose levels and with low HDL levels in
blood and lower concentrations of
adiponectin. Obesity and greater adult
weight gain were also associated with
increased risk of endometrial cancer,
supporting further that hyperinsulinemia
and obesity are risk factors for this cancer.
is team has also shown that higher
blood levels of C-peptide, a marker of
insulin release, as well as elevated measures
of glycosylated haemoglobin, are associated
with increased risk of colorectal cancers. In

another nested case-control study, elevated
serum levels of IGF-I were associated with
a strong increase in ovarian cancer in
premenopausal women with an ovarian
cancer diagnosed at a relative young age.
Similarly, in EPIC and in the US PLCO
cohort study, endogenous concentrations
of IGF-I were not strongly associated with
prostate cancer risk, although the
association with risk was more pronounced
for advanced-stage or aggressive disease.
e BIO Group is grateful to the following for their collaboration in its projects:
Sara Gandini - IEO, Milan, Italy; Jan Willem Coeberg - Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands;
Anna Gavin - Northern Ireland Cancer registry, Belfast, Ireland; Laufey Triggvadottir - Icelandic Cancer Society,
Reykjavik, Iceland; Lucien Wald - Ecole des Mines de Paris, Sophia Antipolis, France;
Eduardo Roseblatt - IAEA, Vienna, Austria; Maurice Tubiana - Académie de Médecine, Paris, France;
Julian Peto - London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Financial Support from the following bodies is gratefully acknowledged:
Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Environnement et du Travail (AFSSET),
Directorate General for Health and Consumer Protection of the European Commission (DG Sanco),
Directorate General for Research of the European Commission (DG Research), World Cancer Research Fund International
(WCRF)
5
Publications
Arbyn M, Raifu AO, Autier P, Ferlay J (2007).
Burden of cervical cancer in Europe: estimates
for 2004. Ann Oncol. Oct;18(10):1708-1715.
Autier P, Gandini S (2007). Vitamin D
supplementation and total mortality: A meta-
analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch

Intern Med; 167:1730-1737.
Autier P, Boniol M, Doré JF (2007) Sunscreen
use and increased duration of intentional sun
exposure: Still a burning issue. Int J
Cancer;121:1-5.
Bleiberg H, Grivegnee A, Hendlisz A, Autier P
(2006). Screening colorectal cancer: the selection
of patients at risk. Rev Med Brux;27:S221-223.
Bleiberg H, Autier P, Huet F, Schrauwen AM,
Staquet E, Delaunoit T, Hendlisz A, Wyns C,
Panzer JM, Caucheteur B, Eisendrath P,
Grivegnee A (2006). Colorectal cancer (CRC)
screening using sigmoidoscopy followed by
colonoscopy: a feasibility and efficacy study on a
cancer institute based population. Ann Oncol;
17:1328-1332.
Boffetta P, McLauglin JK, la Vecchia C, Autier
P, Boyle P (2007). ‘Environment’ in cancer
causation and etiological fraction: limitations
and ambiguities. Carcinogenesis;28:913-915.
Boniol M, Dore JF, Autier P (2007). Changing
the Labeling of Suncreen, Will We Transform
Sun Avoiders into Sunscreen Users? J Invest
Dermatol;19. Epub ahead of print. As supplied
by publisher.
Boniol M, Armstrong BK, Dore JF. Variation in
incidence and fatality of melanoma by season of
diagnosis in new South Wales, Australia. Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15(3):524-526.
Boniol M, Verriest JP, Pedeux R, Dore JF

(2007). Proportion of skin surface area of
children and young adults from 2 to 18 years
old. J Invest Dermatol. Epub ahead of print.
Cardis E, Krewski D, Boniol M, Drozdovitch
V, Darby SC, Gilbert ES, Akiba S, Benichou J,
Ferlay J, Gandini S, Hill C, Howe G,
Kesminiene A, Moser M, Sanchez M, Storm H,
Voisin L, Boyle P (2006). Estimates of the
cancer burden in Europe from radioactive
fallout from the Chernobyl accident. Int J
Cancer;119(6):1224-1235.
Ferlay J, Autier P, Boniol M, Heanue M,
Colombet M, Boyle P (2007). Estimates of the
cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in
2006. Ann Oncol.;18(3):581-592. Epub 2007
Feb 7.
Gandini S, Botteri E, Lodice S, Boniol M,
Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, Boyle P (2007).
Tobacco smoking and cancer: A Meta-analysis.
Int J Cancer. Epub ahead of print.
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Working Group on artificial ultraviolet (UV)
light and skin cancer, Autier P, Boniol M, Boyle
P, Daniel J, Dore JF, Gandini S, Green A,
Newton-Bishop J, Weinstock MA, Westerdahl
J, Secretan B, Walter SD (2006). The association
of use of sunbeds with cutaneous malignant
melanoma and other skin cancers: A systematic
review. Int J Cancer;120:1116–1122.
International Agency for Research on Cancer

(2007). Attributable Causes of Cancer in France
in the year 2000. Report from an IARC
Working Group, Lyon.
Pedeux R, Sales F, Pourchet J, Kallassy M,
Fayolle C, Boniol M, Severi G, Ghanem G,
Nakazawa HN, Autier P, Dore JF (2006).
Ultraviolet B sensitivity of peripheral
lymphocytes as an independent risk factor for
cutaneous melanoma. Eur J Cancer;42(2):212-
215.
Scelo G, Boffetta P, Autier P, Hemminki K,
Pukkala E, Olsen JH Weiderpass E, Tracey E,
Brewster DH, McBride ML, Kliewer EV,
Tonita JM, Pompe-Kirn V, Chia KS, Jonasson
JG, Martos C, Giblin M, Brennan P (2007).
Associations between ocular melanoma and
other primary cancers: an international
population-based study. Int J Cancer;120:151-
159.
Voirin N, Berthillet J, Benhaim-Luzon V,
Boniol M, Straif K, Ben Ayoud W, Ben Ayed F,
Sasco A (2006). Risk for lung cancer and past
use of cannabis in Tunisia. J Thorac Oncol;1:577–
579.
Nutritional and Database Resource Team
Agudo A, Sala N, Pera G, Capella G, Berenguer
A, Garcia N, Palli D, Boeing H, Del Giudice G,
Saieva C, Carneiro F, Berrino F, Sacerdote C,
Tumino R, Panico S, Berglund G, Siman H,
Stenling R, Hallmans G, Martinez C, Bilbao R,

Barricarte A, Navarro C, Quiros JR, Allen N,
Key T, Bingham S, Khaw KT, Linseisen J, Nagel
G, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Olsen A, Bueno-
de-Mesquita HB, Boshuizen HC, Peeters PH,
Numans ME, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-
Ruault MC, Trichopoulou A, Lund E,
Offerhaus J, Jenab M, Ferrari P, Norat T, Riboli
E, Gonzalez CA (2006).Polymorphisms in
metabolic genes related to tobacco smoke and
the risk of gastric cancer in the European
prospective investigation into cancer and
nutrition. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers
Prev.;15(12):2427-2434.
Agudo A, Sala N, Pera G, Capella G, Berenguer
A, Garcia N, Palli D, Boeing H, Del Giudice G,
Saieva C, Carneiro F, Berrino F, Sacerdote C,
Tumino R, Panico S, Berglund G, Siman H,
Stenling R, Hallmans G, Martinez C, Amiano
P, Barricarte A, Navarro C, Quiros JR, Allen N,
Key T, Bingham S, Khaw KT, Linseisen J, Nagel
G, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Olsen A, Bueno-
de-Mesquita HB, Boshuizen HC, Peeters PH,
Numans ME, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-
Ruault MC, Trichopoulou A, Lund E, Blaker
H, Jenab M, Ferrari P, Norat T, Riboli E,
Gonzalez CA (2006). No association between
polymorphisms in CYP2E1, GSTM1, NAT1,
NAT2 and the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma
in the European prospective investigation into
cancer and nutrition. Cancer Epidemiol

Biomarkers Prev;15(5):1043-1045.
Al-Delaimy WK, Jansen EH, Peeters PH, van
der Laan JD, van Noord PA, Boshuizen HC,
van der Schouw YT, Jenab M, Ferrari P, Bueno-
de-Mesquita HB (2006). Reliability of
biomarkers of iron status, blood lipids, oxidative
stress, vitamin D, C-reactive protein and
fructosamine in two Dutch cohorts.
Biomarkers;11(4):370-382.
Allen NE, Key TJ, Appleby PN, Travis RC,
Roddam AW, Rinaldi S, Egevad L, Rohrmann
S, Linseisen J, Pischon T, Boeing H, Johnsen
NF, Tjonneland A, Gronbaek H, Overvad K,
Kiemeney L, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB,
Bingham S, Khaw KT, Tumino R, Berrino F,
Mattiello A, Sacerdote C, Palli D, Quiros JR,
Ardanaz E, Navarro C, Larranaga N, Gonzalez
C, Sanchez MJ, Trichopoulou A, Travezea C,
Trichopoulos D, Jenab M, Ferrari P, Riboli E,
Kaaks R (2007). Serum insulin-like growth
factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3
concentrations and prostate cancer risk: results
from the European Prospective Investigation
into Cancer and Nutrition. Cancer Epidemiol
BiomarkersPrev; 16(6):1121-1127.
Al-Zoughool M, Dossus L, Kaaks R, Clavel-
Chapelon F, Tjonneland A, Olsen A, Overvad
K, Boutron-Ruault MC, Gauthier E, Linseisen
J, Chang-Claude J, Boeing H, Schulz M,
Trichopoulou A, Chryssa T, Trichopoulos D,

Berrino F, Palli D, Mattiello A, Tumino R,
Sacerdote C, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB,
Boshuizen HC, Peeters PH, Gram IT, Braaten
T, Lund E, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz E, Agudo
A, Larranaga N, Quiros JR, Berglund G, Manjer
J, Lundin E, Hallmans G, Khaw KT, Bingham
S, Allen N, Key T, Jenab M, Cust AE, Rinaldi S,
Riboli E (2007). Risk of endometrial cancer in
relationship to cigarette smoking: Results from
the EPIC study. Int J Cancer. Jul 26; [Epub
ahead of print]
Bamia C, Trichopoulos D, Ferrari P, Overvad K,
Bjerregaard L, Tjonneland A, Halkjaer J, Clavel-
Chapelon F, Kesse E, Boutron-Ruault MC,
Boffetta P, Nagel G, Linseisen J, Boeing H,
Hoffmann K, Kasapa C, Orfanou A, Travezea
C, Slimani N, Norat T, Palli D, Pala V, Panico
S, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Bueno-de-Mesquita
Biostatistics and Epidemiology Cluster
6
Epidemiology Methods and Support Group
HB, Waijers PM, Peeters PH, van der Schouw
YT, Berenguer A, Martinez-Garcia C, Navarro
C, Barricarte A, Dorronsoro M, Berglund G,
Wirfalt E, Johansson I, Johansson G, Bingham
S, Khaw KT, Spencer EA, Key T, Riboli E,
Trichopoulou A. (2007). Dietary patterns and
survival of older Europeans: the EPIC-Elderly
Study (European Prospective Investigation into
Cancer and Nutrition). Public Health

Nutr.;10(6):590-598.
Berrington de Gonzalez A, Spencer EA,
Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Roddam A,
Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Halkjaer J,
Tjonneland A, Overvad K, Clavel-Chapelon F,
Boutron-Ruault MC, Boeing H, Pischon T,
Linseisen J, Rohrmann S, Trichopoulou A,
Benetou V, Papadimitriou A, Pala V, Palli D,
Panico S, Tumino R, Vineis P, Boshuizen HC,
Ocke MC, Peeters PH, Lund E, Gonzalez CA,
Larranaga N, Martinez-Garcia C, Mendez M,
Navarro C, Quiros JR, Tormo MJ, Hallmans G,
Ye W, Bingham SA, Khaw KT, Allen N, Key
TJ, Jenab M, Norat T, Ferrari P, Riboli E
(2006). Anthropometry, physical activity, and
the risk of pancreatic cancer in the European
prospective investigation into cancer and
nutrition. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers
Prev;15(5):879-885.
Boeing H, Dietrich T, Hoffmann K, Pischon T,
Ferrari P, Lahmann PH, Boutron-Ruault MC,
Clavel-Chapelon F, Allen N, Key T, Skeie G,
Lund E, Olsen A, Tjonneland A, Overvad K,
Jensen MK, Rohrmann S, Linseisen J,
Trichopoulou A, Bamia C, Psaltopoulou T,
Weinehall L, Johansson I, Sanchez MJ, Jakszyn
P, Ardanaz E, Amiano P, Chirlaque MD,
Quiros JR, Wirfalt E, Berglund G, Peeters PH,
van Gils CH, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB,
Buchner FL, Berrino F, Palli D, Sacerdote C,

Tumino R, Panico S, Bingham S, Khaw KT,
Slimani N, Norat T, Jenab M, Riboli E (2006).
Intake of fruits and vegetables and risk of
cancer of the upper aero-digestive tract: the
prospective EPIC-study. Cancer Causes
Control;17(7):957-969.
Bremnes Y, Ursin G, Bjurstam N, Rinaldi S,
Kaaks R, Gram IT (2007). Endogenous sex
hormones, prolactin and mammographic
density in postmenopausal Norwegian women.
Int J Cancer;26 [Epub ahead of print] PMID:
17657735 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Canzian F, McKay JD, Cleveland RJ, Dossus L,
Biessy C, Rinaldi S, Landi S, Boillot C,
Monnier S, Chajes V, Clavel-Chapelon F,
Tehard B, Chang-Claude J, Linseisen J,
Lahmann PH, Pischon T, Trichopoulos D,
Trichopoulou A, Zilis D, Palli D, Tumino R,
Vineis P, Berrino F, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB,
van Gils CH, Peeters PH, Pera G, Ardanaz E,
Chirlaque MD, Quiros JR, Larranaga N,
Martinez-Garcia C, Allen NE, Key TJ,
Bingham SA, Khaw KT, Slimani N, Norat T,
Riboli E, Kaaks R (2006). Polymorphisms of
genes coding for insulin-like growth factor 1
and its major binding proteins, circulating
levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 and breast cancer
risk: results from the EPIC study. Br J
Cancer;30;94(2): 299-307.
Cox DG, Blanche H, Pearce CL, Calle EE,

Colditz GA, Pike MC, Albanes D, Allen NE,
Amiano P, Berglund G, Boeing H, Buring J,
Burtt N, Canzian F, Chanock S, Clavel-
Chapelon F, Feigelson HS, Freedman M,
Haiman CA, Hankinson SE, Henderson BE,
Hoover R, Hunter DJ, Kaaks R, Kolonel L, Kraft
P, LeMarchand L, Lund E, Palli D, Peeters PH,
Riboli E, Stram DO, Thun M, Tjonneland A,
Trichopoulos D, Yeager M; Breast and Prostate
Cancer Cohort Consortium (2006). A
comprehensive analysis of the androgen receptor
gene and risk of breast cancer: results from the
National Cancer Institute Breast and Prostate
Cancer Cohort Consortium (BPC3). Breast
Cancer Res;8(5):R54.
Cust AE, Allen NE, Rinaldi S, Dossus L,
Friedenreich C, Olsen A, Tjonneland A,
Overvad K, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault
MC, Linseisen J, Chang-Claude J, Boeing H,
Schulz M, Benetou V, Trichopoulou A,
Trichopoulos D, Palli D, Berrino F, Tumino R,
Mattiello A, Vineis P, Quiros JR, Agudo A,
Sanchez MJ, Larranaga N, Navarro C, Ardanaz
E, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Peeters PH, van
Gils CH, Bingham S, Khaw KT, Key T, Slimani
N, Riboli E, Kaaks R. (2007). Serum levels of C-
peptide, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 and
endometrial cancer risk; results from the
European prospective investigation into cancer
and nutrition. Int J Cancer;15;120(12):2656-

2664.
Cust AE, Kaaks R, Friedenreich C, Bonnet F,
Laville M, Lukanova A, Rinaldi S, Dossus L,
Slimani N, Lundin E, Tjonneland A, Olsen A,
Overvad K, Clavel-Chapelon F, Mesrine S,
Joulin V, Linseisen J, Rohrmann S, Pischon T,
Boeing H, Trichopoulos D, Trichopoulou A,
Benetou V, Palli D, Berrino F, Tumino R,
Sacerdote C, Mattiello A, Quiros JR, Mendez
MA, Sanchez MJ, Larranaga N, Tormo MJ,
Ardanaz E, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Peeters
PH, van Gils CH, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Allen
N, Key T, Jenab M, Riboli E (2007). Plasma
adiponectin levels and endometrial cancer risk
in pre- and postmenopausal women. J Clin
Endocrinol Metab; 92(1):255-263.
Cust AE, Armstrong BK, Friedenreich CM,
Slimani N, Bauman A. (2007). Physical activity
and endometrial cancer risk: a review of the
current evidence, biologic mechanisms and the
quality of physical activity assessment methods.
Cancer Causes Control. 18(3):243-258.
Danesh J, Saracci R, Berglund G, Feskens E,
Overvad K, Panico S, Thompson S, Fournier A,
Clavel-Chapelon F, Canonico M, Kaaks R,
Linseisen J, Boeing H, Pischon T, Weikert C,
Olsen A, Tjonneland A, Johnsen SP, Jensen
MK, Quiros JR, Svatetz CA, Perez MJ,
Larranaga N, Sanchez CN, Iribas CM,
Bingham S, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Key T,

Roddam A, Trichopoulou A, Benetou V,
Trichopoulos D, Masala G, Sieri S, Tumino R,
Sacerdote C, Mattiello A, Verschuren WM,
Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Grobbee DE, van der
Schouw YT, Melander O, Hallmans G,
Wennberg P, Lund E, Kumle M, Skeie G,
Ferrari P, Slimani N, Norat T, Riboli E; EPIC-
Heart (2007). EPIC-Heart: the cardiovascular
component of a prospective study of nutritional,
lifestyle and biological factors in 520,000
middle-aged participants from 10 European
countries. Eur J Epidemiol.;22(2):129-141.
Dechaud H, Denuziere A, Rinaldi S, Bocquet J,
Lejeune H, Pugeat M (2007). Age-associated
discrepancy between measured and calculated
bioavailable testosterone in men. Clin
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Clavel-Chapelon F, Colditz G, Diver WR,
Freedman ML, Haiman CA, Hankinson SE,
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LN, Kraft P, LeMarchand L, Linseisen J, Modi
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MK, Boutron-Ruault MC, Rohrmann S,
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Kontopoulou D, Trichopoulou A, Kassapa C,
Masala G, Krogh V, Vineis P, Panico S, Tumino
R, Gils CH, Peeters P, Bueno-de-Mesquita
HB, Ocke MC, Skeie G, Lund E, Agudo A,

Ardanaz E, Lopez DC, Sanchez MJ, Quiros JR,
Amiano P, Berglund G, Manjer J, Palmqvist R,
Guelpen BV, Allen N, Key T, Bingham S,
Mazuir M, Boffetta P, Kaaks R, Riboli E,
Clavel-Chapelon F, Morois S (2007).Lifetime
and baseline alcohol intake and risk of colon
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Chapelon F, Mesrine S, Linseisen J, Rohrmann
S, Pischon T, Schulz M, Tjonneland A, Johnsen
NF, Overvad K, Mendez M, Arguelles MV,
Garcia CM, Larranaga N, Chirlaque MD,
Ardanaz E, Bingham S, Khaw KT, Allen N,
Key T, Trichopoulou A, Dilis V, Trichopoulos
D, Pala V, Palli D, Tumino R, Panico S, Vineis
P, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Peeters PH,
Monninkhof E, Berglund G, Manjer J, Slimani
N, Ferrari P, Kaaks R, Riboli E (2007). Physical
activity and risk of endometrial cancer: the
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Friedenreich C, Cust A, Lahmann PH,
Steindorf K, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-
Chapelon F, Mesrine S, Linseisen J, Rohrmann
S, Boeing H, Pischon T, Tjonneland A,

Halkjaer J, Overvad K, Mendez M, Redondo
ML, Garcia CM, Larranaga N, Tormo MJ,
Gurrea AB, Bingham S, Khaw KT, Allen N,
Key T, Trichopoulou A, Vasilopoulou E,
Trichopoulos D, Pala V, Palli D, Tumino R,
Mattiello A, Vineis P, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB,
Peeters PH, Berglund G, Manjer J, Lundin E,
Lukanova A, Slimani N, Jenab M, Kaaks R,
Riboli E (2007). Anthropometric factors and
risk of endometrial cancer: the European
prospective investigation into cancer and
nutrition. Cancer Causes Control; 18(4):399-413.
Friedenreich C, Norat T, Steindorf K, Boutron-
Ruault MC, Pischon T, Mazuir M,
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Bergman M, Johnsen NF, Tjonneland A,
Overvad K, Mendez M, Quiros JR, Martinez
C, Dorronsoro M, Navarro C, Gurrea AB,
Bingham S, Khaw KT, Allen N, Key T,
Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos D, Orfanou N,
Krogh V, Palli D, Tumino R, Panico S, Vineis P,
Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Peeters PH,
Monninkhof E, Berglund G, Manjer J, Ferrari
P, Slimani N, Kaaks R, Riboli E (2006).
Physical activity and risk of colon and rectal
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Bingham S, Palli D, Ferrari P, Boeing H, del

Giudice G, Plebani M, Carneiro F, Nesi G,
Berrino F, Sacerdote C, Tumino R, Panico S,
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NE, Linseisen J, Nagel G, Bergmann MM,
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A, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Ocke M, Peeters
PH, Numans ME, Clavel-Chapelon F,
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F, Sacerdote C, Tumino R, Panico S, Berglund
G, Siman H, Hallmans G, Stenling R,
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Navarro C, Quiros JR, Allen N, Key TJ,
Bingham S, Day NE, Linseisen J, Nagel G,
Overvad K, Jensen MK, Olsen A, Tjonneland
A, Buchner FL, Peeters PH, Numans ME,
Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault MC,
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Panico S, Tumino R, Sieri S, Dorronsoro M,
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MJ, Gonzalez CA, Overvad K, Paaske Johnsen
S, Olsen A, Tjonneland A, Travis R, Allen N,
Bingham S, Khaw KT, Stattin P, Trichopoulou
A, Kalapothaki V, Psaltopoulou T, Casagrande
C, Riboli E, Kaaks R (2006). Body mass index,
waist circumference and waist-hip ratio and
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Hallmans G, Kaaks R (2006). A potential
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Jakszyn P, Bingham S, Pera G, Agudo A, Luben
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Panico S, Berglund G, Siman H, Hallmans G,
Sanchez MJ, Larranaga N, Barricarte A,
Chirlaque MD, Quiros JR, Key TJ, Allen N,
Lund E, Carneiro F, Linseisen J, Nagel G,
Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Olsen A, Bueno-de-
Mesquita HB, Ocke MO, Peeters PH, Numans
ME, Clavel-Chapelon F, Trichopoulou A,
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Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Linseisen J,
Boeing H, Pischon T, Trichopoulos D,
Oikonomou E, Trichopoulou A, Panico S,
Vineis P, Berrino F, Tumino R, Masala G,
Peters PH, van Gils CH, Bueno-de-Mesquita
HB, Ocke MC, Lund E, Mendez MA, Tormo

MJ, Barricarte A, Martinez-Garcia C,
Dorronsoro M, Quiros JR, Hallmans G,
Palmqvist R, Berglund G, Manjer J, Key T,
Allen NE, Bingham S, Khaw KT, Cust A,
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and IGFBP-2 and risk of colon and rectal
cancers in the European Prospective
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Jenab M, Riboli E, Ferrari P, Sabate J, Slimani
N, Norat T, Friesen M, Tjonneland A, Olsen A,
Overvad K, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-
Chapelon F, Touvier M, Boeing H, Schulz M,
Linseisen J, Nagel G, Trichopoulou A, Naska
A, Oikonomou E, Krogh V, Panico S, Masala
G, Sacerdote C, Tumino R, Peeters PH,
Numans ME, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB,
Buchner FL, Lund E, Pera G, Sanchez CN,
Sanchez MJ, Arriola L, Barricarte A, Quiros JR,
Hallmans G, Stenling R, Berglund G, Bingham
S, Khaw KT, Key T, Allen N, Carneiro F,
Mahlke U, Del Giudice G, Palli D, Kaaks R,
Gonzalez CA (2006). Plasma and dietary
vitamin C levels and risk of gastric cancer in the
European Prospective Investigation into
Biostatistics and Epidemiology Cluster
8