Báo cáo khoa học: Một số chỉ tố lịch sử trong hành động ngỏ lời giúp đỡ bằng tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt pptx

SO 4 (186)-2011
NGON
NGU*
&
OOl SONG
31
NGOAI
NGOVOI
BAN NGO
MOT SO CHI TO UCH SUT TRONG HANH DONG NGO LOI GIUP DOT
BANG TIENG ANH VA TIENG VIET
1.
Dat van de
1.
Mac dau ngd loi
giup
do la hanh dong
thudng gap trong giao tiep hang ngay, cho
den nay hanh ddng loi noi nay van chua
duoc nhieu cong
trinh
quan tam nghien cuu.
2.
Mot sd cong
trinh
nghien cuu ve
hdnh
ddng
ngd ldi
giiip
do van cdn nhieu han che.

Cdng
trinh
nghien cuu cua Rabinowitz J. F.
[12],
Hoang Thi Thu Lan [8] chu yeu nghien
cuu
ve dang thuc ngon ngu. Nhung cdng
trinh
nghien cuu nay khdng dua tren co sd
khai
niem ve the dien - mot yeu td cd the bi
chi
phoi bdi van hoa - de li
giai
cho viec su
dung cac chi to
lich
su trong hanh dong loi
ndi
nay. Tuy nhien, thuc te cho thay nhung
yeu
td nay ludn co mdi quan he khang
khi't
trong
moi ngdn ngu nham bieu dat
tinh
lich
su trong cac hanh dong loi ndi ke ca
hdnh
ddng

ngd ldi
giiip
do.
Do
vay, trong bai viet nay chung toi:
1.
Md ta nhung chi to
lich
su duoc su
dung trong
hdnh ddng
ngd ldi
giiip
do cua
ngudi
Uc va nguoi
Viet
ban ngu.
2.
So
sanh
nhung chi to
lich
su nay xet
theo chieu hudng true tiep/gian tiep trong
nhung ngu canh
tinh
huong khac nhau.
3.
Giai

thich nguyen nhan sau xa tao nen
nhung tuong dong
va/hoac
khac biet trong
viec su dung nhung chi td
lich
su trong
hdnh
ddng
ngd ldi
giup
do cua nguoi Uc va ngudi
Viet
ban ngu.
2.
Hanh dong ldi noi va
ljch
sy
Hanh ddng ldi noi da duoc nghien cuu va
dinh
nghTa bdi nhieu li thuyet gia khac nhau
nhu:
Austin
J.
[1],
Searle
J.
R.[13],
Levinson
HO

TH|
KIEU
OANH
(TS,
DHNN,
Dai hoc Da
Ning)
S. C. [10] v. v Hp cung quan diem cho
rang moi hanh ddng ldi ndi la mot don vi
giao tiep thuc hien mot chuc nang nao do,
chang han nhu
khen,
xin ldi, ngd ldi
giiip
do
v.
v
Theo
Austin
J.
[1],
thuat ngu "hanh ddng
loi
noi" thudng dung de noi den hanh dpng
ngdn trung (illocutionary act). Theo ong
nhung hanh ddng ldi ndi khac nhau cua mpt
ngdn ngu co the duoc phan
loai
dua vao su
phan

loai
ddng tu bieu thi nhung hanh ddng
ldi
ndi nay.
Khac vdi
Austin
J.,
Searle
J. R. [14, 15]
dua vao hanh dpng ngdn trung de phan
loai
cac kieu hanh ddng ldi noi nhu: bieu thi
(representatives), khuyen lenh (directives),
cam ket (commissives), bieu cam
(expressives) va tuyen bo (declaratives).
Theo
Searle
J. R. [16], nguoi noi co the phat
ngon mdt cau va ndi true tiep dieu
minh
mudn
noi va cung cd the mudn de cap den
mpt
hanh ddng ngdn trung khac. Chang han,
phat ngon "May I
help you?
" co the khong
phai
la cdu de hdi ma la phat ngdn bieu thi
hdnh ddng

ngd loi
giiip
do mot ai do. Nhung
phat ngdn thupc
loai
nay duoc
Searle
J. R.
[16]
gpi la "Nhung hanh ddng loi noi gian
tiep"
hay nhdng trudng hop " mpt hanh
ddng ngdn trung duoc thuc hien bdi mpt
hanh dpng ngdn trung khac" nham bieu dat y
dinh
cua ngudi ndi mdt
each
gian tiep de
tranh xung dot trong xa giao. Nhieu nha
nghien cuu phuong Tay nhu
(Searle
J. R.
[15],
Brown
P. and Levinson S. [2], Leech
32
NGON
NG&
&
06l SONG

SO 4 (186)-2011
G.
N. [9]) da khang dinh rang gian tiep
lien
quan den nhung muc do
lich
su
khac
nhau.
3. Khai niem ve
ljch
sy
Trong
tieng
Viet,
tu sat nghTa
nhat
voi tu
tieng Anh
"politeness"
la
lich
su. Theo
Hoang Phe cung mot so nha nghien cuu
khac,
lich
su nghTa la " co
each
cu xu
lich

thiep va biet tuan
theo
le loi
chuan
muc xa
hoi
trong giao tiep" [20]. Tuy nhien,
theo
quan diem truyen thong,
lich
su con bao
gom khai niem le (tu Han-Viet co nguon goc
tu
chu // "nghTa la le, le
nghi").
Le la mot bo
nhung
phep
tac chi phoi
each
cu xu cho phai
le trong moi quan he da chieu chu yeu mang
tinh
ton ti thu bac trong do ke dudi phai biet
kinh
trong nguoi be tren va nguoi be tren co
bon phan phai quan tam do dan ke dudi.
Khai
niem ve
lich

su nay cung cho thay net
dac trung cua van hoa
Viet
Nam d
phuang
Dong trong dd
tinh
cong dong va ton ti thu
bac
duoc
de cao nhu mot udc le xa hoi trong
each
xu the cua ngudi
Viet.
Tuy
nhien, nhieu nha nghien cuu
phuang
Tay nhu
Lakoff
R. [5 - 7], Leech G. N. [9],
Brown
P. and Levinson S. [3] cho rang
"lich
su
mang
tinh
duy li (volition-oriented)" va
hp da khong dat
nang
vai trd cua udc le xa

hpi
(social norm) trong viec quy dinh
each
cu
xu
theo
dung
phep
tac cua cac thanh vien
trong cpng dong nham the hien
phep
lich
su.
Trong
so nhung nha nghien cuu nay, Brown
P. va Levinson S. [2, 3] da dua ra mpt li
thuyet ve
lich
su bao
quat
va chi tiet va hp
cho rang li thuyet nay mang
tinh
phi
quat
[2].
Trong li thuyet nay, Brown P. va
Levinson S. dua ra nhung nguyen tdc ve
lich
su, va tu do due ket nam loai

chiln
luac
tuy
thupc vao muc dp nguy co de doa the dien.
Nguy
co de doa the dien
cang
cao, ngudi noi
can chpn chien
luac
cang
lich
su. Muc dp
nguy co de doa the dien cua mpt hanh dpng
de doa the dien
dugc
tinh
bdi gia tri tong
(W)
cua ba bien so phu thupc la: 1) khoang
each
xa hpi (D) (social
distance)
giua ngudi
noi
va ngudi
nghe,
2) quyln luc tuang doi
(P) (relative power); va 3 pham vi ap dp
tuyet dli (R) (imposition rank) trong mot

nen van hda nao dd. Npi dung chu yeu trong
li
thuy
It
cua Brown P. va Levinson S. la
khai
niem vl thi
dien (face),
gdm the
dien
dm tinh:
nhan manh y muln dpc lap, khong
bi
ap dat va thi
dien duang tinh:
nhan manh
y
muln hda ding cua cac ddi tugng tham gia
giao
tilp.
Brown P. va Levinson S. khang
dinh
rdng vl ca ban
lich
su dua tren nhung
nguyen tdc duy li (rational principles)
lien
quan mpt
each
co he thong vdi y dinh cua

con ngudi trong mpi ngdn ngu va mpi nen
van hda. Tuy nhien,
theo
chung toi thuat ngu
lich
sir nen bao gom ca
lich
su
mang tinh
uac
le xd hdi (conventional politeness) va
lich
su
mang tinh
duy li
(volitional
politeness).
Lich
su mang
tinh
udc le xa hpi
trang bi mpt bp nhirng
phep
tac quy dinh
each
van dung hanh dpng ldi noi mpt
each
sang
tao va mang
tinh

chien luge cua ngudi
ndi
nham giup hp dat
dugc
muc dich giao
tiep cua minh.
4.
Khai niem hanh dong ngo ldi
Theo Rabinowitz J. F. [12, tr. 203] nhu
sau: Ngd ldi
giup
do la hanh dpng ldi noi ma
ngudi ngd ldi
hoae
tu nguyen dua ra (ngo ldi
tu
phat)
hoae
bi
bupc
phai dua ra (ngo' ldi
khong tu phat), de mang lai cai gi
hoae
mang lai su giup da
phuc
vu cho ngudi
nghe
ma ngudi ngd ldi cho la cd lgi cho ngudi
nghe
va cam ket se thuc hien.

Hdnh ddng
ngd
ldi thudng bat ngudn tu su hieu biet
chung ve
tinh
hudng cua nhung ngudi tham
gia giao tiep va thudng dira
theo
udc mudn
cung nhu nhu cau cua ngudi
nghe
ma ngudi
ngd ldi giup do cd the cam nhan va cho
thiy
tinh
sdn long va kha
nang
cd thi thuc hien.
Theo khai niem tren cua Rabinowitz J. F. ,
hdnh ddng
ngd ldi
giup
do cd thi la hanh dpng
de doa
till
dien
hoae
nang
cao
till

dien trong van
hda
Viet
va Uc. Tuy nhien, trong da sd ngu
canh
tinh
huong da
dugc
chung tdi phan
tich,
gia tri trung binh cua muc dp a
p
dat R
trong
hdnh ddng
ngd lai
giiip
dd-
theo
danh
SO4(186)-2011
NGON
NG&&
P6l SONG
33
gia
cua nguai Uc la cao han so vai nguai
Viet.
Do vay,
hdnh dong

ngd ldi
giup
do
thuang la hanh dong co nguy co de doa the
dien
doi voi ngudi Uc han la ddi vdi ngudi
Viet.
Chinh nhdng thien hudng khac nhau
nay trong nhan thuc ve the dien cd the tao
nen nhung tuong ddng hay khac biet trong
each
dung nhung chi td
lich
su trong
hdnh
ddng
ngd ldi
giup
do bang tieng Anh va
tieng
Viet.
5. Co" sd dir
lieu
va phirong
phap
nghien cuu
Hai
phuang
phap
nghien cuu chinh duoc

su dung la mo ta va so
sanh
dua tren nhieu
nguon du
lieu
khac nhau. Ngudn du
lieu
chu
yeu
la ban cau hdi, phieu hoan thanh
tinh
huong ve
hdnh ddng
ngd ldi cua 120 nghiem
the ngudi Uc,
Viet
va tu
lieu
duac
quan sat
ghi
nhan trong thuc te. Nguon du
lieu
thu
yeu
lay tu phim truyen,
kich,
truyen ngan,
sach
giao khoa tieng Anh, tieng

Viet
va tu
nhung cong
trinh
nghien cuu trudc day ve
cac chi to bieu thi moi quan he xa hoi va
tieu
tu
tinh
thai
(TTTT)
trong tieng
Viet
cua Nguyen Anh Que [21], Nguyen Due
Hoat [4], Nguyen Thi Luong [19], Nguyen
Van
Chinh [18] v. v
6. Nhung chi to
ljch
sy trong hanh
dong ngo loi bang tieng Anh va tieng
Viet
6.1. Loai chien luqc
6.1.1. Loai chien luqc true ngdn
(TN)
[direct strategy category]
Bang 1 cho thay TN la
loai
chien luac
duac

ngudi
Viet
(n = 21/60) va ngudi Uc (n
=
37/60) dung pho bien hang thu hai bat
chap
cac gia tri ve quyen luc tuong ddi va
khoang
each
xa hoi. Trong do
chien luqc
de
nghi true tiep
(DN) (direct suggestive
strategy: n = 27 # 45 %) duoc chuong nhat
trong
ngu canh
tinh
huong mot hoc vien
cung
tudi
ngo ldi giup cd giao da quen than
khac phuc
tinh
trang may vi-de-6 bi hong
trong
gid hoc.
(1)
"Co
gido

de em xem cho a!" ("You
let
me
have
a
look!")
Trong
ngu canh nay,
TTTT
thudng co
chuc nang lam tang luc ngon trung cho
hdnh
ddng
ngd loi
giup
do (n= 49 # 81.67%).
Trong
sd do,
TTTT
cho, a d cudi cau duoc
dung vdi tan sd cao nhat (n= 26 # 43.33%).
Ngoai
ra, co den 56.67 % cap tu than toe
(TTT)
phi d6i xung cd
gido
- em duoc ngudi
Viet
dung xung hd nham rut ngan khoang
each

xa hoi giua ngudi ngo ldi giup do va
ngudi
nghe.
Co sd de li
giai
cho viec su dung TN kha
pho bien trong
hdnh ddng
ngd ldi
giup
do
doi
vdi ngudi
Viet
cd the la do van hoa
Viet
Nam
mang
tinh
cdng dong (collectivism -
oriented culture). Ngd ldi
giiip
do la hanh
dong ldi ndi dugc danh gia cao nham to su
quan tam lan nhau giua nhung thanh vien
trong
xa hoi va do vay ngd ldi la
hdnh ddng
ndng
cao the

dien
cho ca ngudi ngo ldi lan
ngudi
nghe. Ngudi ngd ldi vi the thudng co
the dung TN nham duy tri mdi giao hao vdi
nhung thanh vien khac trong van hoa
Viet.
Tuy
nhien, khdng ngudi Uc nao su dung TN
trong
cung ngu canh nhu d vi du tren (n = 0
# 00.00 %) cd le de tranh ap dat doi vdi
ngudi
nghe
trong nen van hoa Uc co thien
hudng ca nhan (individualism-oriented
culture).
Bang 1. CAC
CHIEN
LUQC
NGO LOI CUA
NGUOI UC VA NGUOI VIET
Loai
chien luge Anh
Viet
TN
' 37/60 21/60
GNUL
617/60 436/60
GNPUL

1 6/60 | 3/60
Ghi
chu:
GNLL
= gian ngon udc le;
GNPUL
= gian ngdn phi udc le
6.1.2. Loai chien luqc gian ngdn
udc le
(conventionally indirect strategy category)
Bang 1 cung cho thay
GNUL
la
loai
chien luge phd bien nhat doi vdi ngudi Uc
(n
= 617/60) va ngudi
Viet
(n = 436/60)
trong
hau het ngu canh
tinh
huong ngo ldi
bat
chap
gia tri quyen
lire
tuong doi va
khoang
each

xa hoi. The nhung,
loai
chien
luge nay lai dugc hp su dung mpt
each
khac
34
NGON NGU" & OOl
SONG
SO 4
(186)-2011
nhau.
Ngudi Uc thich
dung
GNUL vdi yeu
td
dieu
bien
luc
ngon
trung
d ben
trong
hanh
dong
ngd ldi
trung
tam hay dieu bien td ndi
vi.
Chung

tdi xin trich dan mot tinh
huong
nghien
cuu ma
ngudi
Uc
dung
dieu bien td
ndi vi phd
bien
nhat
(n = 60 # 100 %).
(2) Hpc vien mdi
nhap
hpc ngo ldi cho
hpc vien
khac
mdi
quen,
cung
ldp va
dong
lua
muon
vd ghi bai vi
thay
nguoi
nay rat lo
lang
khi bi mat bai ghi lan

trudc:
(2) "You can photo mine if you'd like".
Trong
tinh
huong
nay, pho
bien
nhat
la
chien luqc de nghi (conventionally indirect
suggestive strategy: n = 10 # 16.67 %)
dung
menh
de
dieu
kien
thuong
di kem vdi qua
khu gia dinh cua tro
dpng
tu tinh
thai
(if
you'd
) lam
dieu
bien
to npi vi va chien luqc
do hdi udc mudn cua ngudi nghe
(conventionally indirect wish strategy)

dung
dang
cau nghi van vdi qua khu gia dinh cua
tro
dpng
tu tinh
thai
lam
dieu
bien
to npi vi
(n = 16 #
26.70
%).
Nhung
chien
luac
nay
cd tac
dung
lam
giam
luc
ngon
trung
cua
hanh ddng ngd ldi giup dd ng5 hau
tranh
su
ap dat doi vdi

ngudi
nghe
khi
ngudi
ngo ldi
khong
biet
chac
hanh
dpng
ngo ldi cua minh
co
duac
su
dong
tinh tu
phia
ngudi
nghe.
Do
vay, vdi
cung
ngu
canh
tinh
huong
nhu d vi
du (2),
ngudi
Uc

cung
thudng
dung:
(3) "Would you like to photocopy my
notes from the last lecture? "
Trong
khi dd,
ngudi
Viet lai co
khuynh
hudng
dung
GNUL vdi
dieu
bien
to
ngoai
vi
(n = 29 #
48.33
%) d ben
ngoai
hdnh ddng
ngd ldi giup do trung tdm dac
trung
bdi mpt
chuoi
cau vdi
nhieu
cau

true
ngu
nghia,
cu
phap
khac
nhau
dien
dat thdnh phdn rao
trudc (preparators), ddn sau (grounders),
vira rao trudc vua ddn sou (disarmers) de
the
hien
su dua day
(hedging)
trong
giao
tiep
nham
duy tri moi
quan
he vdi
nhung
thanh
vien
khac
trong
cpng
ddng.
Trong

do, pho
bien
nhat
la GNUL
dung
yeu to rao trudc (n
=
21 #35 %) vdi dieu bien td tdng luc ve tir
vung
(intensifiers),
chang
han tu qud
nham
lam
tang
luc
ngon
trung
cua hdnh ddng ngd
ldi giup dir.
(4) Hpc vien hon co
giao
5 tudi ngd ldi
giup
cd
giao
mdi
khac
phuc
tinh

trang
may
vi-de-6
bi
hong
trong
gid hpc.
(4) "Cd sido vdt vd qud. Tdi cd the
siup si duoc khdm? "
Thanh
phan
rao
trudc
Hanh
dpng
ngo
ldi
(giup
do)
trung
tam
Trong
khi do chi cd 11.70 % (n = 7)
ngudi
Uc su
dung
chien
luac
nay
thudng

vdi
dieu bien to gidm luc ve cii phdp a
dang
qua
khu gia dinh cua tro
dpng
tu tinh
thai
(chang
han might a
thanh
phan
rao
trudc
va would a
ngay
ca hdnh ddng ngd ldi trung tdm)
hoae
dieu bien td gidm luc ve tir vung
(chang
han
to try d
hanh
dpng
ngd ldi
trung
tam) nhu
duoc
minh hoa d vi du sau
trong

cung
ngu
canh
vdi vi du (4)
nham
lam
giam
nhe tinh
ap dat cua hdnh ddng ngd ldi neu co:
(5) "I might know how to get it working.
Would you like me to try?"
6.1.3. Loai chien luqc gidn ngdn phi udc
le (non-conventionally indirect strategy
category)
Tu
bang
1 co the
thay
rang
GNPUL it
dugc
ca
ngudi
Uc (n = 6/60) va
ngudi
Viet
(n = 3/60)
dung
nhat.
Tuy vay, cd sd li giai

cho su
tuong
ddng
nay lai
khac
nhau.
Dieu
nay co the do su
khac
nhau
trong
quan
diem
vl
thi
dien
va
lich
su bi chi phoi bdi
nhirng
dac
diem
van hoa
khac
nhau
cua hai
cpng
dong
Uc, Viet. Ngudi Uc
danh

gia cao chu
nghia
ca
nhan
va ton
trpng
quyen
tir do
hanh
dpng
cua ca
nhan.
Loai
chien
luge
ngo ldi
giup
do GNPUL hay
bong
gio co
nguy
co
lam
trim
trpng
hon muc dp ap dat doi vdi
ngudi
nghe
bdi le
ngudi

nghe
bi
bupc
phai
suy
doan
dl
nhan
bilt
luc
ngon
trung
cua
hdnh ddng ngd ldi
nham
nam bat y dinh cua
ngudi
ngd ldi.
Theo
each
nay, hdnh ddng
ngd ldi bdng gid rat co the de doa the
dien
am tinh cua
ngudi
nghe.
Do vay,
ngudi
Uc
rat it

dung
loai chiln
luge
nay.
Trong
khi do,
ngudi
Viet
danh
gia cao chu
nghia
tap the do
SO 4 (186)-2011
NGON
NGlJ
&
DPI SONG
3E
anh huong
ciia
dao Khdng (bat nguon tir
Trung
Quoc) voi nguyen If
chii
dao la
"tinh
trong
tinh
va moi quan he nay co
tinh

ho
tuong nhau" (Huu Ngoc [11, tr.
264]).
Nguyen
li nay khuyen
khich
su quan tam lan
nhau giua nhung thanh vien trong cong
dong. Vi the, ngo loi
giiip
nguoi khac trong
con
hoan nan kho khan la
hanh dong ndng
cao
the
dien
cho ca ngudi ngd loi giup do va
ngudi
nghe. Do vay, trong van hoa
Viet
Nam,
hdnh ddng
ngd ldi
giup
do thudng
khong
phai dien dat qua chien luge qua gian
ngon (bong gio) thay vao dd cd the dung TN
hoae

GNUL.
Chung ta hay xet
tinh
hudng
trong
dd ca ngudi Uc lan nguoi
Viet
dung
GNUL
d tan so thap nhu nhau:
Hoc vien ldn hon co giao 5
tuoi
ngo loi
giup
co giao mdi sua chua thiet bi vi-de-d bi
hong trong gid hoc:
(6)
"Are you alright
there?"
(Dich
y: Co
chuyen gi khong co?)
(7)
"Toi
biet
sua
loai
may ndy My!" (I
know
how

.to
fix
this video!"
Tuy
nhien,
loai
chien luge nay dugc
ngudi
Uc va ngudi
Viet
dien dat bang nhung
cau true khac nhau. Ngudi Uc chuong dung
dang thuc nghi
vdn nhu d vi du (6) nham dd
hoi
y muon cua nguoi
nghe
trudc khi dua ra
hanh ddng ngo loi trung tam nham tranh su
ap dat doi vdi ngudi
nghe
de thi hien
phep
lich
su dm
tinh
phu hop vdi van hoa thien ve
chu
nghTa ca nhan cua ngudi Uc noi rieng va
cua ngudi phuong Tay noi chung. Trong khi

do, nguoi
Viet
thich dung cdu ke thudng vdi
TTTT
nhan manh (chang han ddy d vi du 7)
de xac nhan kha nang se co the thuc hien
hdnh ddng
ngd ldi
giiip
do theo sau nham
the hien
lich
su duong
tinh
va phat huy
tinh
cong dong phu hop vdi van hda lang
nude
cua ngudi
Viet
(Huu Ngoc,
[11]).
Den
day chung ta cd the thay ngucri Uc va
nguoi
Viet
da su dung nhung chien luge ngo
ldi
khac nhau ma nguyen nhan gay nen su
khac biet nay khong the khdng

tinh
den anh
hudng cua cac dieu bien to doi vdi
hdnh
ddng
ngd ldi
giiip
do
trung
tdm.
6.2. Dieu bien
td
Ket
qua cho thay da so dieu bien td dung
trong
hdnh ddng
ngd ldi
giup
do cua ngudi
Uc
la dieu
bien
td
gidm
luc ve cu
phdp
hay
dieu
bien to giam
lire

noi chung nham lam
giam
anh hudng cua hanh ddng ldi ndi nay,
thudng dugc the hien qua nhung muc do
gian
ngon cau true dung phuong tien thi, the,
thiec
de tranh nguy co ap dat doi vdi ngudi
nghe
dac trung cho
lich
su am
tinh.
Ngugc lai,
Tinh thdi
tic chu yeu la nhung chi
to
(bieu thi quan he) xa hoi va
TTTT
thudng
cd
the dung lam dieu bien td tang luc dac
trung
cho
lich
sir duong
tinh
trong
hdnh
ddng

ngd ldi cua ngudi
Viet.
That vay
phuong tien ngdn ngu chu yeu dien dat
tinh
lich
su trong tieng
Viet
la cac chi td xa hdi
nhu
TTT (Kin Terms: nv = 456/60 ^ nE =
20/60),
kinh
ngu (KN)
(formal
semantic
items: nv = 102/60 # nE = 21/60), va
TTTT
the hien su
kinh
trong a
(honorific
pragmatic
particles: nv = 42/60) khong nhung dugc
dung trong cau ndng cot (the hien
hdnh ddng
ngd
ldi
trung
tdm) ma cdn d ben ngoai no.

Nhung
chi to nay tao nen mot he thing Chi
to
lich
su khep kin va
each
dung chung
mang
tinh
vo doan ve phuong dien ngu dung
(bang 2).
Bang 2. CAC CHI TO
BIEU
THI
QUAN
HE
XA
HQI
TRONG
HANH
DONG
NGO
LOI
GIUP
DO'
CUA
NGUOI
UC
VA
VIET

Chitlxahoi
I Anh I
Viet
TTT
20/60 ~ 456/60
KN
21/60 102/60
a | 0/60 j 42/60 •
Ghi
chu: nV: tan sd su dung trong tieng
Viet;
khac
vdi;
nE: tan sd su dung trong
tieng
Anh
Nhung
TTTT
khac nhu
nhe?, nhi?, chic?

co the lam
gidm
luc ngdn trung GL
(softening
pragmatic particles: n = 81/60)
nhung da sd cac
TTTT
khac thuong
tdng

luc
ngon trung TL (strengthening pragmatic
36
NGON
NGUT&odl
SONG
SO 4 (186)-2011
particles: n = 658/60) ciia
hdnh ddng
ngd ldi
giup
dd trong tieng
Viet.
Bang
3.TIEU
TU'
TINH
THAI
TRONG
HANH
Tieu
tu*
tinh
thai
Viet
TL
658/60
GL
81/60
Su

khac
biet trong
each
dung dieu bien to
cua ngudi Uc va
Viet
co the do su
khac
nhau
loai
hinh ngon ngu va van hoa. Ve phuong
dien loai hinh ngon ngu, tieng
Viet
la ngon
ngu don lap, don am tiet va khong bien hinh
(Xtankevich
N.V.
[22. tr. 125]). Vi vay; thai
do
lich
su cua ngudi ngo ldi doi vdi ngudi
nghe
duoc
thi hien qua nhung
tinh
thai tu
nhu nhung chi td bieu thi quan he xa hoi
glm
nhung tu
xmig

hd, dac biet la TTT, KN
va
TTTT
the hien su
kinh
trong g cung
nhung
TTTT
khac
lam
chuc
nang
dieu bien
t6 trong
hdnh ddng
ngd ldi
giup da.^
Trai lai
do tieng Anh la ngon ngu bien hinh
(Xtankevich
N.V. [22, tr. 125]), nhirng
phuang
tien cu
phap
(hon la
tinh
thai tu) nhu
thi,
thi vd
thuc

la
phuang
tien chinh yeu de
thi
hien
tinh
lich
su trong
hanh ddng
ngd ldi
giup da
bang
tieng Anh.
Ve
phuong dien van hoa, ngudi
Viet
thuoc nin van hoa mang
tinh
cong dong lang
nude
va ton ti thu bac, trong do su quan tam
din
nhung ngudi
khac
trong cong dong du d
bac tren, dudi hay
ngang
hang
deu
duoc

danh gia cao. Vi vay, ngo lai
giiip
do la
hdnh dong ndng
cao the
dien.
Do nguyen
nhan nay ma viec dung nhung TTT doi vdi
ngudi ngoai toe, KN hay
TTTT
the hien sir
kinh
trong a
theo
phep
tac xa hoi nham the
hien su tuan thu
tinh
thu bac trong xa hoi
Viet
Nam cung vdi viec dung phan ldn
nhung
TTTT
tang luc ngon trung trong
hdnh
ddng
ngd ldi cua ngudi
Viet
thudng co the
tang luc cho

hdnh dong
ngd ldi
giup
do de
phat
huy tmh doan ket trong cong dong. The
nhung viec dung nhung
Tinh
thai tu mang
tinh
cong ding nay khong
duac
soi roi trong
li
thuylt
lich
sir mang
tinh
chien luge hay
duy li cua Brown va Levinson cung nhieu
nha nghien cuu
phuang
Tay
khac
ve hien
tuong
lich
su trong hanh dong ldi noi.
Ngugc lai, ngudi Uc thuoc nen van hoa
mang

tinh
ca nhan va binh quyln trong do su
ton
trong quyln tu do ca nhan, khdng can
thiep vao ddi tu cua ngudi
khac
va su binh
ding
dugc
danh gia cao. Do vay, ngd ldi
giup
do thudng la
hdnh dong
de doa the
dien
dli
vdi ngudi
nghe
vi co nguy ca ap dat
ngudi
nghe
hon thudng
dugc
ngudi Uc the
hien bing
GNUL
cu
phap
mang
tinh

giam
nhe luc ngon trung nham td thai do tdn trong
quyln
tu do cua ngudi
khac
de to
phep
lich
su am
tinh.
Tuy nhien,
chiln
luge gian ngon
cu
phap
nay cung da khong
duoc
de cap den
nhilu
trong li thuylt vl
lich
su mang
tinh
hudng chuin (discernment) cua nhieu nha
nghien cuu
phuang
Ddng.
Do
vay, chi tl
lich

su ngon ngu trong
hanh dong ldi ndi ke ca
hdnh ddng
ngd ldi
giup
dd nen bao glm hai
phuang
tien ngon
ngu
lien
quan nhau de co the mang
tinh
pho
quat:
(1)
Chiln
luge gian ngon cu
phap
va
(2)
chi td
bilu
thi quan he xa hdi the hien
qua nhung tu xung ho (dac biet la
TTT),
KN
va
TTTT
thi hien su
kinh

trong a cung
nhung
TTTT
khac
co
chuc
nang
dieu bien to
cho
hanh
dong ngd ldi
giiip
dd. Ngudi noi
nhimg
thu tieng
khac
nhau thuoc nhung loai
hinh
ngon ngu
khac
nhau co the dung mot
trong hai
phuang
tien tren d nhung muc do
khac
nhau nham the hien
phep
lich
su trong
hanh dong ldi noi ke ca

hdnh ddng
ngd ldi
giiip
ffi.
7. Ket luan
Trong
bai bao nay, chung toi da mo ta va so
sanh
mot sd chi to
lich
su trong
hanh dong
ngd
lai
giiip
do
bang
tieng Anh va tieng
Viet.
Ket qua phan
tich
cho
thiy
lich
su
ngdn ngit
bao gom cd
lich
su
mang tinh

udc
le
xd hdi vd
lich
su
mang
dnh duy Ii. Tuy
nhien do muc do
khac
nhau trong thien
hudng doi vdi moi hinh thuc
lich
sir tren ma
ngudi Uc va ngudi
Viet
ban ngu thuoc hai
SO 4
(186)-2011
NGON NGU & 06l
SONG
nen van hoa
khac
nhau
dung
nhung
chi to
lich
su
khac
nhau

trong
hanh
dong
ngo loi
giup
do de the
hien
phep
lich
su
trong
giao
tiep
loi noi.
Hi
vong
rang
nhung
kit qua
tren
se gop
phan
giup
viec
day hoc tiing Viet cho
nguoi
noi
tieng
Anh ban ngu
hoae

viec
day hoc
tieng
Anh cho
ngudi
Viet ban ngu tot hon bdi
le qua dd
ngudi
day cd the tien
doan
nhung
ldi
ngu
dung
kha dT cua
ngudi
hoc de cd
phuong
phap
giang
day thich hop hon.
Ngoai
ra, bai viet con cho
thay
anh
hudng
cua
nhung
gia tri van hoa xa hoi ddi vdi
each

thuc
giao
tiep
cua mot
cong
ddng.
Thuc
vay, tinh
ljch
su
trong
giao
tiep
ldi ndi da
tham
nhap
vao ddi
sdng
xa hoi va chju anh
hudng
sau
sac bdi
nhung
udc dinh xa hoi den ndi hau
nhu
khong
the
nghien
cuu
lich

su ldi noi ma
khong
phan
tich
nhung
le thdi xa hdi
dang
sau nd (Yuling P., [17, tr.51]).
Tai lieu
tham
khao
TIENG ANH
1.
Austin J.
(1962),
How to do things with
words,
Havard
University
Presses,
Cambridge.
2. Brown P.,
Levinson
S.
(1978),
"Universals in language usage: politeness
phenomena", in E.N.
Goody
(Eds.),
pp. 56 -

310.
3. Brown P.,
Levinson
S.
(1987),
Politeness:
some universals in language usage,
Cambridge
University
Press,
Cambridge.
4.
Nguyen
Due
Hoat
(1995),
Politeness
markers in Vietnamese requests, Ph. D.
Thesis,
Monash
University,
Melbourne.
5.Lakoff R.
(1973),
"The Logic of
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or Minding Your p's and q's",
Chicago Linguistics Society 9, pp. 292-
305.
6. Lakoff R.

(1975),
Language and woman's
place,
Harper
and Row, New York.
7. Lakoff R.
(1989),
"The limits of
politeness: therapeutic and courtroom
discourse", Multilingua 8- 2/3, pp.
101-129.
8.
Hoang
Thj Thu Lan
(2000),
Offering in
English and in Vietnamese,
Hanoi
National
University, Hanoi.
9.
Leech
G. N.
(1983),
Principles of
pragmatics,
Longman,
London.
10.
Levinson,

S. C.
(1983),
Pragmatics,
Cambridge,
University
Press,
London.
11.
Huu
Ngoc
(1998),
Sketches for a
portrait of Vietnamese culture, The Gioi
Publishers,
Hanoi.
12.
Rabinowitz
J. F.
(1993),
A descriptive
study of the offer as a speech behavior in
American English, Ph. D.
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Pennsylvania,
Michigan.
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Searle
J. R.
(1969),

Speech acts,
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Searle
J. R.
(1971),
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illocutionary acts",
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Searle
J. R.
(1975),
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Cole,
J. L.
Morgan
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Searle
J. R.
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(2000),
Politeness in Chinise
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Stamford.
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18.
Nguyen
Van Chinh
(2000),
Vai trd cua
hu tir tieng Viet trong viec hinh thdnh thdng
bdo - phdt ngdn,
Luan
an Tien
sT
Ngu van, Dai

hoc
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gia Ha Noi, Ha Ndi.
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Nguyen
Thj
Luong
(1996),
Tieu tu tinh
thdi dut cdu dung de hdi vdi viec bieu thi cdc
hdnh vi ngdn ngir trong tieng Viet,
Luan
an
Pho Tien
sTNgu
van, Dai hoc
Quoc
gia Ha Noi,
Ha Noi.
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Hoang
Phe (chu
bien)
(1998),
Tie dien
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ngu, Ha
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Nguyen
Anh Qui
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ngay

04-03-2010)