Báo cáo khoa học: Sự tiếp biến thể loại văn học Phật giáo trong tác phẩm Thiên Phái trúc lâm pptx

sir TIEP BIEN
THE
LOAI VAN HOC
PHAT GIAO
• • • •
TRONG
TAC
PHAM
THIEN PHAI
TRUC LAM
THICH PHl/aC DAT
(•)
T
u khi dao Phat ra dai
a
xu An Dp,
hem
25 the ky ton tai va phat trien,
Phat giao da de lai cho nhan loai nhieu
di san van hoa vat chat cflng nhu van
hda tam linh ma cho tai nay du con
nguai no luc toi da van khong khai
thae
het y nghia an tang cua chung. Trong
do,
kho tang van hpc Phat giao
dugc
ket
tap tu Tam tang kinh dien da co dong
gop to lan trong qua trinh truyen ba
Chanh phap va da tac dpng manh me

tren nhieu linh
vue
kbac nhau tai cac
nudc trong khu
vue
Nam A, Ddng A
(Ddng Bic A, Ddng Nam A).
Rieng tai nudc ta, ngay
tu'
budi dau
dao Phat du nhap, khoang cuoi the ky 1,
Phat giao Viet Nam da hinh thanh trung
tam dich thuat kinh dien cd ten gpi la
Trung tam Phat giao Luy Lau. Va den
thai Ly, vao nhung nam 1009, 1020,
1034,
1259, duai su bao
trg
cua trieu
dinh, cac phai doan do cac cao tang dan
dau da sang Trung Hoa thinh Dgi tang
kinh,
tuy nhien mai den 1295 thi vua
Tran mdi sac lenh cho kbac in va dich
thuat pho bien rgng
rai"'.
Muc dich la
dap ung nhu cau tat yeu cua lich sir Viet
Nam, trong do cd
sir

dinh
hudng
va phat
trien cho Phat giao Viet Nam bay gid
trong qua trinh hgi nhap Phat giao the
gidi vai su ra ddi Thien phai
True
Lam*^'.
Su kien nay da gdp phan xay
dung va phat trien nen van hoa, van hgc
nuac nha. Ro net nhat la dong van hgc
Phat giao Ly - Tran vai su phat trien ve
ngi dung lan hinh thuc, tu su phat trien
cac de tai, chu de phan anh, den phuang
phap sang tac qua viec dinh hinh cac the
loai mai, va ngay ca thu phap nghe thuat
ngdn ngii. Bai viet nay chi tap trung de
cap den van de
"Sir
tiep bien the loai van
hgc Phat giao trong tac pham Thien phai
Tnic Lam" nham thay dugc gia tri ve mat
hgc thuat va van chuang Thien phai trong
ddng chay van hgc cua nuac nha.
1.
Cc
SO"
hinh thanh va phat trien
Tam tang kinh
dien Phat giao

He thong Tam tang kinh dien Phat
giao ma ngay nay chung ta thay kha dd
so,
thuc chat dugc hinh thanh bat
dhx
gdm nhieu Phdp thoai (Sutta) do Phat
**'
TS. Hoc vien Phat giao Viet Nam tai TP.
Ho Chi Minh.
3
TAP CHi HAN NOM
s6
6
(103)
-
2010
THiCH PHW&C
DAT
thuyet giang nai nay, nai kia cho
nliidu
ddi tugng
khae
nhau. Didm dang ndi
mdi Phdp thoai deu dugc ndi bang cau
"if ^ ^ Fifl
Nhu thi nga vdn Tdi nghe
nhu vdy", ngu y cho
sir
ghi nha ngi
dung bai phap bai mgt hay nhieu ty

kheo
true
tiep lang nghe bac dao su va
chinh hg ndi lai bai phap ay trong nhung
liic
thuyet giang hoac trong truang hgp
giao phap cua bac dao su dugc tung
dge
nliieu lan tai cac ky ket tap. Su phong
phu ve cac de tai thuyet phap keo theo
sir
da dang cac the loai thich
ung
cho
tung
doi tugng nghe phap qua nliieu Phcip
thoai dugc bao luu trong Tam tang kinh
dien hien nay, chung td da cd su no luc
ldn
cua cac ty kheo qua nhieu the he
trong viec
sun
tap, sap xep nhiing lai day
cua The Ton vao ky uc va dac biet qua
cac hgi nghi ket tap.
Can cu vao cac tai lieu Cullavagga
(Tieu
phcim),
Dlpavamsa (Ddo sie),
Mahdvamsa (Dgi sir) vd Samanta

pdsddikd (Thien kien
hied
Ty Bd Sa) thi
mky
thang sau ngay Phat nhap diet, cac
de tu uy tin lien nhdm hgp tai
Rajagaya
(Vuang Xa) dd tung
dge
lai ldi day cua
Phat ma
phSn
ldn hg da ghi nhd nam
long. Nguyen nhan dan den hgi nghi ket
tap kinh didn lan thu nhat la do cd su
hidu
bidt
va hanh tri sai giai luat Phat
che cua mgt sd ty kheo, cung vdi lai
tuyen bd
thidu
chin chan cua Subhadda
khiln Maha Kassapa (Dai Ca Diep)
quydt
dinh trieu tap hgi nghi, dudi su
bao trg cua vua Ajatasattu (A Xa The).
Hgi chiing quy tu 500 ty kheo va da suy
cu Maha Kassapa (Dai Ca Diep) lam
chu tri hgi nghi, ben canh hai vi than
can

khae
nua la Anada (A Nan Da) va
Upali
(Uu Ba Ly), cd trach nhiem tuyen
dge
Phcip (Dhamma) va Lugt (Vinaya).
Sau dd,
CO
su kien cac ty kheo
Vajjili
ch§p
tri muai van de vugt qua giai luat
Sa mdn (Dasavatthuni - Thap dieu) da
din
den hgi nghi ket tap lan hai dugc td
chuc a Vesali (Ty Xa Ly), khoang 100
nam sau ngay Phat nhap diet, duai trieu
vua Kalasoka, hau due cua vua
Ajatasattu (A Xa The). Lan nay quy tu
gan 700 ty kheo, duai su chu tri cua ty
kheo Sabbakami, tap trung
dge
Phcip
(Dhamma).
Nhung theo Buddhaghosa
(Phat Am), hgi nghi tap trung
dge
ca
Phc'tp
(Dhamma), Luiit (Vinaya) va buac

dau bien tap ve
Pitcika
(Tang).
Nikctya {Tieu
bd),
Anga (Ung gid) va
Dhammakkhcindha
(Phcip tang). Chua dung tai do, su kien
cac tu
sT
ngoai dao gia nhap Tang gia va
hanh tri sai lac giao phap Nhu Lai dan
den cudc hgi nghi ket tap lan thu ba
dugc td chuc tai Pataliputta, dudi su bao
trg dai dd Asoka (A
Due),
khoang the
ky
thii
ba truac Tay lich. Hgi nghi quy
tu
g4n 1000
ty kheo, dudi su chu tri cua
ty kheo Tissa Moggaliputta (De Sa Muc
Lien Tu), tap trung thao luan ve Tam
tang (Tipitctka). Thai gian hdi nghi ket
tap keo dai trong 9 thang. Trong thai
gian nay Tissa Moggaliputta (De Sa
Muc Lien Tu) cho ra ddi tap Kathdvatthu
(Bien thuyet, dugc xem la Lugn tang)

danh bat mgi quan diem sai lam ve Phat
giao.
Nhu vay, it nhat c6 ba cuoc hgi
nghi dugc ket tap kinh dien dugc td
chuc tai An Do trudc khi giao ly cua
due
Phat dugc truyen sang Tfch Lan,
dan den su ket tap kinh dien lan
thii
tu
dudi
sir
bao trg cua vua Abahaya
Vattagamani vao cudi the ky
thii
nhat
su
TIEP BIEN THE LOAI VAN HOC PHAT
GIAO
TRONG
sau Tay lich, trong dd Tam tang kinh
dien (Tipitaka), bao gdm Kinh tang
(Suttapitaka), Ludt tang (Viyanapitaka),
Lugn tang (Abhidhammapitaka) lan dau
tien dugc viet thanh van ban. Tuy nhien,
quan diem Phat giao Bac truyen cho
rang lan ket tap thu tu nay dugc to chuc
khoang nam
100
sau Cong nguyen dudi

trieu vua Kaniska (Ca Ni Sac Ka). Co
the ndi, trai qua 4 ky ket tap kinh dien,
tinh hinh van ban kinh dien Phat giao
dugc y cu
tir
he thdng Tam tang kinh
dien da dugc dinh hinh va phat trien it
nhat trong khoang thai gian 3 the ky dau
d An Do, tu thdi Phat tai the den thdi
Asoka (A
Due),
sau do lan toa phat trien
tai Tich Lan va cac nuac trong khu
vue
vai nhiing dac trung rieng biet cua cac
thanh td van hgc Phat giao nhu ngdn ngu,
thii
phap nghe
tliuat,
dac biet la the loai.
2.
He thong the
loai
van hpc Phat giao
Phat giao vdn dugc xem la mgt tdn
giao cd he thdng Tam tang kinh dien
vi
dai nhat so vdi tat ca cac tdn giao tren
the gidi. Day chfnh la ca sd dugc xac
lap nen van hgc Phat giao phong

phii
tu
ndi dung cho den hinh thuc the hien.
Dieu dd cd nghia, bat
cii
ai mudn tiep
can cac loai hinh ngdn ngu uyen ao nhat
cua kho tang van hgc Phat giao, can
phai tim hieu the loai van hgc dugc giai
trinh qua tac pham kinh dien. Yen td the
loai se giai ma cac thdng diep ma cac
ban kinh de cap, nhat la viec xac dinh
tdm vdc tu
tu'ong
triet ly, pham vi cua lich
su Clia mgt tac pham van hgc Phat giao.
Mat kbac, su phan dinh the loai se
la nhQng dieu kien tat yeu khdng thd
thilu
ddi vai
vice
nghien
ciiu
va phan
tich van ban. Ngudi ta se khdng the hieu
ngi dung mgt
each
ro rang neu nhu
khdng xac dinh dugc hinh thiic ca ban
Clia nd nhu xuat xu thai gian, dia diem,

the loai, dac trung ngdn ngu? Theo
each
phan loai cua tu dien hien hanh do Hda
thugng Kim Cuong Tu chu bien'
';
hay
Doan Trung Cdn bien
soan''*',
van hgc
Phat giao dugc chia thanh 12 the loai,
bao gdm Khe kinh; Triing tyng; Tho ky;
Phimg tung; Tu thuyet: Nhdn duyen:
Thi du; Bon su; Bon sinh: Phuong
guang; Vi tdng hint; Lugn thuyet. C6
mgt
each
phan loai kbac nua, dugc ghi
lai trong Kinh Xa Du thugc Kinh Trung
Bd''^\
bao gdm 9 the loai Kinh, Ung
tung, Gid thuyet, Ke tung, Cdm hirng
ngii;
Nhu thi
ngii;
Bon sinh, Vi tdng hint
phcip, Phuang qudng.
Ca hai
sir
phan loai ndi tren nham
lam ndi bat phuang thuc truyen dat giao

nghla kinh dien Phat giao. Tren het,
sir
phan loai nay nham giup cho ngirdi tiep
can hieu ro gia tri thdng diep va gia tri
hudng den giai thoat ma tac pham dem
lai.
Sir
phan chia the loai chi mang tfnh
each
tuang ddi, nghia la su phan loai
deu chi
dira
vao mgt sd net dac trung
theo cac tieu chi "nlian duyen thuyet
phap",
"each trinli
bay khi thuyet phap",
"each
ghi nlian cua thdi thuyet phap" va
"ngi dung thuyet phap" da dugc
diic
Phat
xac lap nhu trong Kinh Xa du nhu sau:
Kinh la nhiing dieu
due
Phat ndi
cho hang de tu tu tap hirdng den giac
ngg giai thoat; U'ng tung la
sir
truydn

tung, ghi lai ldi
due
Phat day theo thd
tan van; Ke tung la su truyen tung, ghi
lai ldi
due
Phat theo thd tha ke. Nhu thi
ngu la su ghi chep lai nhung deu dugc
TAP
CHI HAN
NOIM
SO 6 (103) - 2010 THiCH
PHW&C
DAT
nghe tu
due
Phat ndi
true
tidp hoac gian
tiep;
Bdn sinh la su ghi chep lai chuyen
tien than cua
diic
Phat theo ldi
due
Phat
da ke. Vi tdng hitu la su ghi chep lai
nhung su viec hy huu (hidm cd) trong
ddi,
nhu chuyen cac

diic
Phat qua khu
v.v do
Phat ke lai; Cdm hirng ngd cdn
ggi kinh Phat tu thuydt chi cho
sir
ghi
chep lai nhung deu
due
Phat noi ra vai
nhiing trudng hgp dac biet; Phuang
qudng la
sir
ghi nhan nhiing cudc thao
luan cua cac vi Thanh de tu dugc
due
Phat xac nhan la phu hgp vdi Phat y;
Gidi thuyet la su ghi chep lai nhiing
dieu luan giai ve chinh phap cua
diic
Phat va cac bac A - la - ban.
Ve sau, cac nha trudc tac van hgc
Phat giao dugc van dung cac the tai
khae
nhau trong he thdng the loai ndi
tren de xay dung cac tac pham kinh dien
ndi tieng. Rieng d nudc ta, den thai Ly -
Tran, thi van hgc Phat giao dugc phat
trien rue ra. Loai hinh the loai (type)
cua van hgc Phat giao Ly - Tran theo

cac nha nghien
ciiu
van hgc nhan dinh
"Thai nay da cd day
dii
cac loai van
van, tan van, bien van vdi cac the tai
tieu bieu cua van hgc trung dai. Hau het,
cac the loai nay deu mang tinh chiic
nang ro net. Tfnh chiic nang la san pham
tat yeu cua van hgc trung dai. Ngoai
chuc nang hanh chinh khdng de cap a
day, thi chiic nang le nghi tdn giao bao
trum cac the tai: kinh, ke tha Thien, ngii
luc,
tung cd, niem tung ke, bi, minh, ky,
luan thuyet tdn giao, truyen truyen dang,
truyen cac
Thanh"*'''.
Tuy nhien, trong
tien trinh phat trien van hgc Phat giao
Viet Nam, do xu hudng phat trien cua
ngdn ngii, do su linh dgng uyen chuyen
Clia cac nha truac tac, cung nhu do mdi
lien he tu than giiia cac the loai thuang
tao ra nhung quan he dan cheo phiic tap
va cd su chuyen hoa qua lai, dan den su
hinh thanh cac the loai cd kha nang tdng
hgp.
Moi khi cd su chuyen hda ve the

loai thi bao gia cung c6
sir
bien ddi sau
sac ve hinh thuc nghe thuat, cung nhu
phuang thirc phan anh tac pham.
Nhin lai he thdng the loai van hpc
Phat giao Ly - Tran, tu dai Ly sang dai
Tran da cd su chuyen bien ro ret. Neu
van hgc Phat giao dai Ly, he thdng the
loai
hinli
thanh chua day du, chi cd
nipt
sd the loai chu yeu nhu: ke tha Thien.
tha ta canh, tu
khue,
bi ky, minh, ngir
luc thi sang dai Tran nen van hgc Phat
giao cdn xuat hien them phu, ca, tung,
niem tung ke, luan thuyet tdn giao, cac
the truyen, tha tru tinh Cac the loai ay
chiu su qui dinh tinh chat van hgc trung
dai,
trong dd
sir
phan dinh cu the va sap
xep theo quy luat Van - Su - Triet bat
phan ma chiing ta da biet.
Van hoc Thien phai Tnic Lam la
bao gdm nhung tac pham van hgc kinh

dien Phat giao do cac thien gia, thien
sir
trudc tac, nd xuat hien tu dau ddi Tran,
han nhien chju
sir
tac dgng bien chuyen
trong qua trinh phat trien he thdng the
loai van hgc Phat giao thai Ly - Tran.
Khao sat cac the loai van hgc Phat giao
ma cac nha van - tha
Thidn
phai Triic
Lam van dung vao tac
ph4m
se giiip
chiing ta hieu sau tac pham ban a dilm
nhin nghe thuat tac pham.
3.
Su-
van dung cac the loai van
hpc Phat giao trong tac phiim cua
Thien phai
su
TIEP BIEN THE LOAI VAN HOC PHAT GIAO TRONG
Nhin tu goe do
thi
loai dl danh gia
thi cac tac
phSm
van hgc Thiin phai da

thanh tuu lan ve
sir
phat triln phong
phii
cac the loai cua dong van hgc Phat giao,
ma dinh cao la van hgc Phat giao Ly -
Tran. Day la
sir
phat trien cua cac
thi
loai van hgc Phat giao cd gia tri vl mat
hgc thuat
lin
nghe thuat van chuang
trong ddng chay van hgc.
3.1.
Luan thuyet tdn giao
Cac nha nghien
ciin
trudc day chia
the loai luan thuylt thanh hai loai: Luan
thuyet chinh tri va luan thuylt tdn giao.
0 luan thuyet chfnh tri, chung ta thudng
gap trong cac bd su khi cac
sir
gia ghi
lai nhiing lai ban, ldi binh vl viec tri
nuac;
con
thi

loai luan thuylt tdn giao
la nhung ldi binh luan vl trilt ly tdn
giao ndi
chung*^'.
Rieng
thi
loai luan
thuyet tdn giao (Phat giao) hk ngudn tu
the loai giai thuylt dugc
diic
Phat Thich
Ca xac lap trong cac ban Kinh A Hdm
hay Nikaya, nham luan giai nhiing nghia
ly sau xa
ciia
giao ly Phat da. Khi Phat
giao mdi truyen vao nudc ta, thi
thi
loai
nay da dugc su dung vdi tac
phdm
Ly
hodc lugn cua Mau
Tir
vilt khoang nam
195
-
198;
Dgo Cao phdp su tap cua
Dao Cao viet khoang tu nam 450 - 460.

Ly hoac ludn la tac pham luan thuylt
ban ve nhiing ly le sai
l4m
cua gidi Nho
- Lao ddi vai Phat giao, gdm 37
dilu'^'.
Cdn Dgo Cao phcip su tiip cd
thi
la tap
luan thuyet ly giai nhiing trilt ly nha
Phat. Ca hai tac pham nay da co mdt su
ddng gop nhat dinh trong viec kl thua,
tiep thu va van dung
thi
loai luan thuylt
tdn giao vao trong tac pham van hgc cua
Thien phai Triic Lam.
Dai Ly, the loai luan thuyet tdn giao
chua dugc cac thien su
sir
dung nhieu.
Hien chi con mgt vai doan nhu
Ciiu
Chi
viet ve Tdm
phdp'-'^^;
va may doan luan
thuyet cua Van Hanh khuyen Ly Cdng
Uan nen len ngdi vua tri vi thien
ha''''^

Nguyen Thudng khuyen vua Ly Cao
Tdng khdng nen dam say
diic
lac ma
phai de tam vao viec nudc, viec
dan*'''.
Hai doan nay dugc xem la luan thuylt
chinh tri
chii
khdng phai la luan thuylt
tdn giao.
Den ddi Tran, ngudi tien phong
dung the loai luan thuylt tdn giao la
Tran Thai Tdng vdi Khoa
hir
luc va
Thien tong chi nam (tac pham nay da
mat, chi cdn bai tua).
KI
din
la
TrAn
Nhan Tdng vai Tdng gid todi sy (da
mat),
sau do la Phap Loa vdi Dogn sdch
luc va Tham Thien chi yiu (da
mSt),
chi
cdn vai doan Dieu can km y la nhung
tac pham ndi tren khdng chi la thanh tuu

ve the loai ma cdn
thi
hien tu tudng
Phat - Thien, thdng qua phuang thuc
bieu dat giau hinh tugng nghe thuat.
Khoa hu luc la mgt luan thuylt tdn giao
dugc viet ket hgp ba ldi van: tan van.
bien van, van van ma hinh thuc tan van
va bien van la chinh. Trong tac
phSm
luan thuyet nay thi
tiiu
loai phd thuylt
dugc Tran Thai Tdng
sir
dung nhilu ban
ca. Phd thuylt chi la mgt
tiiu thi
loai
cua the loai luan thuylt tdn giao, muc
dich van dung
tiiu thi
loai nay la dl
thuylt phap,
tiic
ban vl cac ndi dung
Thiin - Phat, nd ra ddi tu thdi Dai Tue
Tdng Cao (1089 -
1163)
d Trung Hoa.

Neu truac day, viec truyin giang Phat
phap chu yeu thuang chi dien ra giua
thiy va trd theo tinh
th§n
"dT tam truyin
TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 6 (103) - 2010
THiCH
PHWaC
DAT
tam" thi den den thai Dai Tue Tong
Cao,
bang hinh thiic pho thuyet, tu
tuang - triet ly Phat - Thien da dugc
truyen giang rdng rai trong tang chiing
va trong tin do Phat giao.
d
Viet Nam, vao dai Tran, Thien
dugc chgn la tong phap co the dap
iing
mdt nhu cau dai sdng tam linh
ciia
con
ngirdi, cho nen dung tieu loai pho thuyet
la
each
tdt nhat de co the thuyet phap
rgng rai, phd cap cho cac ddi tugng
khae
nhau de quan chung hieu ro ao
nghia giao ly Thien.

Trong cac sach Phat hgc thai nay,
ngoai ke va tha, cac bai viet ban ve giao
ly Thien da dugc viet bang ldi van bien
ngau bdng bay, mang ve dep cd kinh
trang trgng. Cau triic bai thuyet phap
dugc cac tac gia Thien phai viet thudng
chia lam hai phan, phan tren la hinh
thirc phd thuyet dugc viet theo ldi bien
van, ngdn ngii giau hinh tugng sdng
ddng, cd
sue
cudn
hiit
ngudi
dge,
vdi
gigng van vira thiet tha mai ggi, vua
thdi thiic con ngudi tinh thiic; phan dudi
la mdt bai ke dugc viet theo the tha
Dudng luat that ngdn bat cu hoac tu
tuyet, nham tdm tat ndi dung tu tuong
da giang giai d phan tren, giup ngudi
hgc dao de dang tiep nhan chan ly. Cd
the ndi, tieu the loai nay la su ket hgp
giii'a hai the tai van hgc Phat giao truyen
thong
CO
tu
thofi diic
Phat: Ung tung,

Truyen tung theo ldi tan van va Ke tung
theo the tha. Tran Thai Tdng da viet cac
bai Phd thuyet Td san, Phd thuyet Sdc
thdn,
Phd khuyen phdt Bd De
tc'im
vdn,
Phd thuyet Hudng thugng nhdt lg. Ke
den la Phap Loa c6 cac bai Khuyen xudt
gia tien dgo
ngdn.
Trite
Ldm dgi Tdn
gid thugng tod thinh su thi
chiing,
Thugng thita tam hgc khuyen chiing phd
thuyit, Yiu minh hoc thuat. Nhu vay la
trong tac
phAm ciia
Thien phai Tnic
Lam
CO din
8 van ban
ciia
2 tac gia viet
theo
tiiu
the loai phd thuyet.
Bdn bai Phd thuyet ma Tran Thai
Tong viet ra vdi

miic
dich la nham den
quang dai quan chung, huong mgi ngudi
hieu ro cac van de cdt loi
ciia
Thien de
cd thai do sdng phu hgp tam nguyen
giai thoat. Cu the la Tran Thai Tdng
mudn giai quyet cac van de ldn xoay
xung quanh con ngudi,
tiic
sac than va
sinh lao benh tu thdng qua bieu tugng
bdn mii tuang ung vai bdn mua nham
khai ggi nguai hgc dao phat
Idng
Bd
De,
hudng den giai thoat Niet ban.
Ddi vdi van de sac than, Tran Thai
Tong chi ra su trdi budc
ciia
cai sac than
gia huyen. Chinh su he
liiy
truoc cac
tran ma con ngudi nhu con thieu than
lao vao vdng xoay cudc ddi va trdi lan
trong ddng sinh tu. Tung cau van, con
chii gigng dieu cat len nhu la tieng ndi

con tim thdn thiic de
tir
than y thuc vugt
thoat sinh gia benh chet cua mdt kiep
ngudi: "Chu nhan dang! Dai tu ca quan
khdi ldi, toan bang ti tuyen khien triru;
long lai long khu dii sinh ddng, phdng
hau thu thai chan tu dang. Tu khdi van
ban ke hieu, dd duyen luc tac giao cdng;
bat u lao benh
tii
lai, quan tham
tiiu sSc
tai
khii?"*'^'
(Cac ngudi, nao
khae
gi
con rdi; deu nha ta sgi keo ldi. Dua qua
gian lai, gidng sdng ma thoi; budng tha,
thu hdi, thirc la xac
chit.
BSt
chudc
nhau lay mudn nghin muu chuac;
diu
duyen do sau giac tranh gianh. Khong lo
8
su
TIEP BIEN THE LOAI VAN HOC PHAT GIAO TRONG

gia benh
chi din
gAn;
tham tiec rugu,
sac,
taidi
mSt "^'.
Tuong tu bdn bai Phd thuyet
ciia
Phap Loa: Khuyin xudt gia tien dgo
ngdn.
True
Ldm dgi Tdn gid thugng tod
thinh su thi chung, Thugng thica tam
hgc khuyen chung phd thuyet, Yeu minh
hgc thudt, bang trai tim Thien dinh, khdi
dc tue giac, su dung
biit
phap
vira
chinh
luan, ta thuc het
siic
song ddng, van cu
giau hinh anh so sanh, Tdn gia mdi ggi
mgi ngudi hay tinh thiic, sdng theo dao
ly Thien tdng ma an tni trong the giai an
lanh, hanh phiic that
sir
"Chu tieu tu!

Ky nhap tiing lam, trudc nhat tu dia. Dd
hoa nhi
di
cau danh du bat phuc tham
thii
de
xii.
Na ca thi chu Phat, Td, su ha
thii
xii;
na ca thi nhi thua, ngoai dao
dung tam xu. Dd tu nhat lai nguyet
vang, dich dich tha cau; nhat dan bat
buy, tuang nai chi
ha!"*'"*'
(Nay, cac
mdn del Da vao riing sau, nen cam lay
mdt mieng dat. Ludng chi cham vao hoa
la de cau tieng tam, khdng quay lai can
nhac,
lira
chgn nai cac vi Phat, Td, su da
true
chi nai nao la nai dam nhi thua va
ngoai dao dung tam; ludng tu de cho
ngay thang qua lai,
loay
hoay tim kiem
nhirng dau, mdt mai nam xudng thi biet
lam thi

nao?)*'''.
3.2. Ke va tha Thien
Hien c6 nhieu y kien kbac nhau khi
de cap den ten ggi the loai nay. Sach
Vdn hgc Phat gido thdi Ly - Trdn: Dien
mgo vd ddc diem da tdng ket cac y kien
cua cac nha nghien
ciiu
ve the loai nay,
tu dd giai thuyet ke va tha Thiin gdm
cac loai nhu sau: "Loai thu nhat la ke
(ke tan, ke tung, ke ngg gia). Nhung bai
ke nay trirc tiep trinh bay giao ly, tu
tuang nha Phat bang hinh thiic ngan
ggn, cd dgng, chuyen tai nhung ndi
dung
sue
tich, nhiing tu tudng uyen ao
Clia Thiin hgc, Phat hgc. Ve ngudn gdc
ke la nhiing bai van van (tha thudng la
bdn cau, co khi tam cau vdi nhiem vu
thau tom mgt
each
cd dgng ldi kinh
bang van xudi da giang thuyet a phan
trudc.
Chinh tu ghep "kinh ke" da ndi
len mdi quan he gan bd dd. Loai
thii
hai

la ke dugc thi vj hda. Co the xem day la
tha triet ly boi le ve hinh thiic, cac tac gia
da su dung ngii ngdn hoac that ngdn, vdi
ngon
ngii'
lung linh, day hinh
anli
dep va
ggi cam, giau chat tha nhimg dang sau cai
vd hinh thiic ngdn ngii ay an tang triet ly
nhiem mau cua nha Phat. Loai thu ba la
tha mang cam hung Thien hgc. Day la
nliung
bai tha cam
xiic
tru tinh nhimg npi
dung cd de cap den tam, Phat, sinh, tir,
Niet ban, chan nhu, sac khdng; Loai thir
tu la tha tuc canh sinh
tinli,
bdc
Id
cam
xiic
tam trang
ciia
thien su ddi vdi cai
lung linh, my le cua ngoai canh thdng qua
cam quan Thien
hgc"

.
Cac y kien noi tren, chi la
sir
phan
loai mang tinh chat tuang ddi. Chung ta
cung khd ma phan chia rach rdi, chinh
xac chuyen biet ve cac dang tha Thien.
Su phan loai ay nham de so sanh vai cac
the loai kbac trong van hgc Phat giao.
Tuy vay, the loai ke va tha Thien dugc
cac tac gia
sir diing
nhieu trong van hgc
Phat giao Ly - Tran. Khda hu luc la tac
pham cua Tran Thai Tdng da su
diing
the loai ke va tha kha ro net. Thuang
si
ngir luc
ciia
Tran Tung. Thien uyen tap
anh Clia nhieu tac gia cung deu c6 su ket
hgp cac the loai nay. Nhirng tac pham
vua neu tren da
sii
dung ba ldi van: tan
TAP CHi HAN NOM
SO
6 (103) -
2010

THiCH
PHU-aC
DAT
van, bien van va van van, trong dd
thi
ke va tha Thien (thugc van van) la
thi
loai dugc
sii
dung nhieu nhit.
Cac bai ke va tha Thien xuat hien
kha nhieu trong Khda hu luc, khdng ke
phan Ke trong Niem tung ke, da co 21
bai ke. Cudi mdi bai Phd thuyet deu cd
bai ke tha nham
diic
ket ngi dung cdt loi
Clia Thien
viia
dugc giang bang mdt the
tha Dudng luat, ma the tha nay vdn rat
nghiem ngat ve niem, luat, van, ddi,
nhip;
vai ngon
ngii'
khiic triet, y tai ngdn
ngoai, ggi nhieu ban ta, nha the mdi dap
ling het dieu ly nhiem mau cua giao dien
Tliien tdng ma ngudi viet muon truyen
dat. Vi vay, nhiing bai ke tha nay co mdt

ngdn ngii dien dat rieng, ngudi dpc phai
CO
chia khoa de giai ma thi mdi thau dat.
Cac bai ke
khae
cua cac bai van nhu
Gidi sdt sinh vdn, Gidi thdu dgo vdn,
Gidi sdc vdn, Gidi vgng ngir vdn, Gidi
tic
vdn nhat
la cac bai ke cua cac bai
van thugc Luc thdi sdm hdi khoa nghi da
dua tac gia trd thanh nha tha sam hdi.
Mdt gigng tha la ddc dao giira ddng tha
Thien, vdn rat thien ve su
kliai
phdng hoa
quang ddng tran, tuy duyen
tiiy
tuc.
Ngoai cac bai ke d Ddi ca va Tung
cd trong Tue Trung Thugng
sT
ngic luc,
Thugng sT ciing cd den 5 bai mang hinh
thuc ke Kien gidi, Thi hgc, Thi chiing,
Thi do, Khuyen the tien dgo trong so 49
bai tha ma Tha vdn Ly - Trdn ghi nhan.
So vdi cac bai Nguyen hda cua Khuong
Viet; Tdm khdng

ciia
Vien Chieu, Thi
dgo cua Trudng Nguyen;
Hieu
tu tdt hiru
sinh
ciia
Tri Bat dugc sang tac a ddi
Ly thi nhiing bai ke cua cac nha trudc
tac Thiin phai vao ddi Tran deu cd mdt
ngi dung va hinh thuc dien dat ve viec
ran day de tir truac khi tich diet hay
sach tin dd chiing tu hanh.
O
do, the
giai ngi tam
ciia
cac thien su dugc giai
bay qua cac bai thi ke ngap tran cam
xiic,
thi hiing.
Dge
bai Ddn thi cdnh
sdch ke Hiin huong ke, Hien hoa ke
cua Trin Thai Tdng, moi bai cd mgt net
dep Clia
thi
gidi tham my rieng biet, ddi
khi tach ra khoi vudn Thien thi cd the
boa nhap vao vudn tha chung cua dan

tdc.
Chang ban, khi
dge
Thic thdi vd
thudng ke se thay rd: "Miet nhan d luan
tai xuat chan, Hdi dau hy ngu hun
duong ly. Than tham hu mgc tam vuu
thiic,
Na tinh cao hoe anh di di. Thuc
thot hoa am triing phuc dao, Tuan tuan
khuan menh thinh hoan suy. Chu nhan
hap tao hdi quang chieu, Tu kho khu tri
luge
lg ky"* '. (Chop mat viing d
vii'a
mai mgc, Quay dau bdng nhat da trdn
xoe.
Chi ham giac
ngii
say me mai, Nao
biet quang am tham thoat di. Phut chdc
hoa tuoi rdi lai heo, Quanh co menh nam
thinli
lien suy. Ai ai xin hay quay dau lai,
Rong
aidi
dudng me mai the
chi!
)*
.

Tha hay ke khd ma phan biet. Bang
su trirc cam tam
linli,
tac gia da hoa nhap
giua trdi dat bao la c6 gidng td bao bung,
may den
phii
kin, gio xd sdng vd lap lap
cudn
ghenli,
phut choc trdi xanh, trang
sang, sdng lang.
TTnli
hay ddng, ai
biit?
Duy chi
ngir
ong an nliien
tir
tai giira
ddng dai. R6 rang, dang sau lap vo ngdn
tir giau hinh
anli,
het
sue
ggi cam, dugc
sang tac bang the tha ngu ngdn, thit ngdn,
lai an chua triet ly Phat giao, tit ca da
kliiln
nguai

dge
dl dang tilp nlian dl
thirc nghiem tam
liiili.
Hay
Idii dge
Su de
van ddp Clia Tran Nhan Tong, ta bit gap
hinh anh de tu hoi "Nhu ha thi hien tai
10
su
TIEP BIEN THE LOAI VAN HOC PHAT GIAO TRONG
Phat gia phong?"
(Thi
nao la gia phong
cua Phat hien tai) dugc Tnic Lam tra lai:
'Bach thuy gia phong me hilu
yin,
Hdng
dao tien
uyIn
tuy xuan
phong."*'^'
(Nudc
trang menh mong chim en bac, Vuon tien
dao thim gid xuan
say*^**'.
Nhu vay, cac bai ke cua cac nha
trudc tac Thiin phai dugc thi vi hoa ban
nira. Day la su kl thira trong su biln

chuyen doi
thi
loai tu ke sang tha, tir
ddi Ly sang dai Trin kha ro net. Nlu
cac tac pham van hgc Phat giao ddi Ly
cd nhiing cau ke, bai ke dugc thi vi hoa
trong Tham dd hien quyit
ciia
Vien
Chieu; Nhdt nhdt hdi chiing cua Tinh
Khdng; Cdo tat thi chung ctia Man
Giac
thi sang ddi Trin, cac tac phim
Thien phai co nhiing cau tha, bai tha
diing nghia tha trong Ngic luc vdn ddp,
Niem tung ke, Luc thdi sdm hdi khoa
nghi cua Trin Thai Tdng; Chdn tdm chi
dung, Sinh tu cua Trin Thanh Tdng;
Vgn su quy nhu, Thi thdi hu huyin,
Nhgp trdn, Sinh tic nhdn nhi di, Ddi ca
Tung
cd cua
Tue Tmng; De cd Chdu
Huong thdn tu, Dgi
Ldm
Thdn Quang
tu cua
Tran Nhan Tdng; Nhgp tuc
hiyin
thanh son cua Phap Loa; Tdng

sidd tic
de,
Dien
Hint tu cua
Huyin Quang.
Ben canh d6, cdn c6 nhilu bai tha
mang cam hiing Thiin hgc chilm mdt
s6
lugng
Idia
lon trong tha ke cua Thiin phai
so vdi cac bai tha
ciia
cac thiin su ddi Ly.
Ndi dung trinh bay den ban
thi
giai thoat,
cac van de sinh tu Niet ban, chan nhu, sic
khdng, huu vd Chiing ta cd
thi
thiy
mdt vai bai tha a ddi Ly
nliu
Ngdn hodi
cua Kliong Lg;
Him
huang Nhu Lai
ciia
Quang Nghiem; Hoa diep cua Giac Hai
phat bieu ve de tai nay. Nhu la

sir
tilp ndi
"truyen dang tuc diem", cac thien
sir
ctia
Thien phai cung trinh bay sa dac chirng
ngd qua su minh giai cac van de thugc
ban the giai thoat ndi tren. Tue
Tmng
tm-ac
tac mgt loat bai:
77?//
ne
nguii,
Phong Tdng Dien dgi su, Vdn Phiic
Dicdg
dgi
.su;
Ngdu tdc ; Tran Thanh Tdng
sang tac cac bai nhu Doc Dgi Tue ngu tuc
hint cdm, Tu thudt, Ddc
Phcit
Dgi minh
luc him cdm; Tran Nhan Tdng c6 cac bai
nhu San phdng mgn
hirng,
Dgi Lam Thdn
Quang
tu.
Him cu vd cu ; Phap Loa vai

bai Thi tich; Huyen Quang cd cac bai nhu
Yen
Tic
son am cu Thgch Thdt, Di Dgng
Hien ddn viet gid son Moi bai cua mdi
tac gia cd mdt
each
dien dat rieng biet khi
thi trirc tiep, luc thi gian tilp trinh bay
cam hung Thien hgc ve sa
die,
sa chung
nhung deu xuat phat
tir
dilm nhin
ciia
sy
chiing ngd thuc tai duyen sinh vd nga, vd
thirdng.
Chang han, bai Di Cd Chdu huong
thdn tu; Tran Nhan Tdng nhin nhan "sd
ddi"
that md mit trudc
sir sinli
lao
benli
tir
klii
ve tham cdng chua Thien Thuy nga
benh nang. The nliung, mdt ngudi tinli

thuc thi c6 cai nhin thiu dat van phap la
duyen sinh dl chuyin hda tam thuc,
nliini
budc ra khoi vdng he luy "ai
luyin".
Day
ciing chinli la cai nhin cua ddi mit tue
giac ma tac gia dien giai bing hinh anh
"Thai tinh luong hai ngan". (Tinh trong
ddi mat trong). Tai day, "ma quan" sau
can khdng nliiem sau trin, "cdi Phat" hoa
hien ngap tran sic xuan: "The so nhit
sach mac, Thdi tinli luong hai ngan. Ma
cung hon quan tham, Phat qudc bit thang
xuan"'-" (Sd dai ma mit ca, Tinh trong
ddi mat trong. Cung ma neu quan chat,
Coi Phat xuan
Idiong
ciing)*^"*.
Doc bai
11
TAP
CHI
HAN NOM
SO
6 (103) -
2010
THiCH
PHUaC
DAT

De Ddng Hien ddn viet gia son, ta thay,
Huyen Quang ciing tu tai giai thoat vai
mdt tam thiic thanh tinh, kliong con he
luy tuc tran: "Hoa mdc di duyen chiing
tac
son.
Lung yen trao nguyet, lac hoa
ban. Tdng tu niem lu dd vd tuc, Doanh
dac tlianh phong nhat chain
an"*"^'
(Quaiili
quat cay leo, mii chat chdng. Hoa roi lanh
giua
klioi
trang long.
Tii'
na}'
niem
tiic
thoi
Mi'ong
\'an,
Chiee
goi an nlian trudc gio
trong)*-"*'.
Chua dimg tai day, ta con thay cac
bai tha Thien bgc
Id
cam xuc tam trang
thuc chirng giac ngd dugc giai trinh

thong qua
XQ
dep thien nhien dep de.
huyen ao bang mgt cam quan Thien hgc.
Nguon cam biing sang tao truoc canh
\-at him
tinh, thien nhien boa canh Phat
la sd truang sang tac
ciia
cac thien su tir
ddi Ly den ddi Tran ma cac nha nghien
cim gpi la tha
tire
canh sinh tinh. Bai
Ngu nhdn
ciia
Khdng Ld (theo Le
Dire
Niem neu ra, rdi y nay dugc
Biii
Duy
Tan viet lai dang tren Tgp chi Vdn hgc
sd
5-2002.
tr.85-86 thi bai tha nay chfnh
la
ciia
Han 6 (842-923) ddi Duong a
Trung Hoa
x'di

thi de la
Tiiy
trudc chir
khdng phai la Khdng Ld (1016-1094)
ddi Ly d Viet Nam) va Cdo tat thi
chiing
ciia
Man Giac ddi Ly la mdt
trong nhung bai tieu bieu. Nhung dau an
ldn ve loai tha nay
\an
la cac tac gia
thien
sir
a ddi Tran thugc phai Thien
True
Lam
nliu
bai Ky Thanh Phong am
tdng
Dice
San cua Tran Thai Tdng; De
Huyen Thien dgng, Hgnh Thien Trudng
hdnh cung
ciia
Tran Thanh Tdng; Hga
Hung Tri thugng vi hdu, Giang hd tu
thich
ciia
Tue Tmng; Xudn hieu, Dgng

Thien hd thugng. Xudn cdnh
ciia
Tran
Nhan Tong; va nhilu bai tha
khae ciia
Huyin Quang dat
din
dinh cao
ciia
thi
ca nhu
Cue
hoa (6 bai), Chu trung.
Phiim chu,
Trite
mien, Ngg thuy, Nhdn
su
dS
Ciru Lan tu, Dia
Id tiec
su
Bai Chu trung, Phiim chu la mdt thf
du diln hinh. Ca hai bai deu
iiy
hinh
anh con
thuyin
lam ngudn cam hirng de
diln dat
thi

gidi thuc tai hien huu ciing
song hanh vdi the gidi sieu nghiem
trong mgt khdng gian bien trdi bao la,
mdt thdi gian vd bien de den nai ciing
tan. Con thuyen
ciia
Huyen Quang la
con thuyen vugt thoat khd dau ma kinh
dien nha Phat
ggi
la
thu\en
Bat Nha.
Nguoi
dge
se cam nhan
sir
thanh thoat,
su huyen dieu giua bien trdi menh
mdng, c6
sir
hien hiiu cua mdt
chiee
thuyen con ludt qua be dai tram luan, xa
xa chi mgt canh chim hai au trang de
ma ldi cho cudc hanh trinh ve mien giai
thoat "Giang thiiy lien thien nhat au
bach" (Chim au mdt canh trang phau.
{Chu
trungf'^\

Den bai Phiem chu thi
nguoi
dge
khdng chi cam nhan bang
ngdn ngii thi ca ma con tiep can dugc
the gioi chimg thuc ndi tam luon hoa
quyen giira cuoc dai xao dgng vdi song
nudc dat dao va coi "sac khong" an tinh
vdi "Nguyet lac ba tam giang man
suong" (Trang rai day nuac, day sdng
.
N(26)
suang
ma)
.
Nhin chung. co su chuyen djch
\'e
ndi dung chuyen tai va hinh thirc
thi
loai trong ke va tha Thien tir doi Ly
din
ddi Tran, cu the la Thiin phai Tnic
Lam. Ve ndi dung chuyen tai, chiing tdi
nhit tri vdi y kien tdng
kit
la ke va tha
Thien
true
tiep hay gian tiep ban \'l giao
ly Phat giao, triet ly ban

thi
giai thoat van
12
su
TIEP BIEN THE LOAI VAN HOC PHAT GIAO TRONG
la da sd voi 321 tren tdng sd 405 dan vj
tac phim, chilm ty le gin 80%. Trong khi
do,
ke va tha Thien mang ndi dung cam
xiic
trii tinh, cam hiing Thiin chi chilm
84 tren tdng sd dan vi tac phim vai ty le
20%.
Neu so sanh giua ke va tha Thiin
ddi Ly voi doi Tran qua su phan loai va
thdng ke, tha Thiin dai Ly thuong thien
ve bay to giao ly
nlia
Phat, tin sd xuit
hien rit cao (ty le 94%), con ddi Tran thi
ndi dung nay lai thip hon (ty le tren
70%)*
^'.
Con tha Thiin thien vl cam
xiic
tru tinli
tlii
ngugc lai, van hgc ddi Ly chi
chiem khoang 6%), van hgc Phat giao ddi
Tran thi chiem khoang 30%) nhu da co

nha nghien cim thdng ke. Dilu dd ly giai
la
klii
cam
xiic
trii'
tinh trong tha Thiin
ngay cang tang thi bien gidi tha Thiin se
dugc md rdng, tha Thien "tiln gin tdi cac
the loai tha trii tinh hay tha tu su thi hinh
thuc the loai cua nd cang ma nhat di
nliung dau an rieng biet ma mang hinh
thuc gan gui vdi cac
thi
loai thi ca
kbac"'
'. Nhieu bai tha Thiin
ciia
cac tac
gia Thien phai v.v la nliiing
minli
chiing cho y kien tren.
Ve mat hinh thiic the loai, nlu da sd
ke va tha Thien ddi Ly thudng dugc
viet theo the tha cd
thi
hay ldi thuang
doan
cii,
hoac tu ngon, ngu ngdn, luc

ngdn phdng khoang vl niem luat vin
dieu, cau chii' ndi chung la mang tinh
chat md thi tha Thien dai Trin, tieu
bieu la Thien phai Tnic Lam da phin lai
dugc viet theo the luat Duong tir tuyet
hoac bat
cii
(thoang hoac mdi gap vai
bai truang thien cd phong) nen khudn
khd quy pham, nghiem ngat hon theo
yeu ciu dac trung cua the
loai*^^'.
3.3.
Ngu'
luc
Sach Tu dien Phdt hgc Hue Quang
ghi "Cac sach ghi chep ldi thuyet phap
hoac loi khai thi
ciia
cac To
sir
Thien
tong. Thong thudng cac thien su ndi
phap khdng diing lai van hoa ma diing
nhii'ng tir ngu binh di de chi thang tdng
yeu, thi gia va cac de tir theo hgc lien
ghi chep sun tap thanh sach, ggi la Ngic
luc. Sau khi Luc Td Hue Nang diu dai
Duang, Trung Quoc, co Phdp bao ddn
kinh thi ngii luc cac nai lin lugt xuit

hien. Tir thdi Ngii dai, Trieu Tdng vl
sau, che do
ciia
cac tiing lam Thiin tong
thanh lap, trong dd duai thiin su Tru tri
CO
lap chirc Thu ky vai nhiem vu ghi
chep ngon hanh
ciia
thien su, sau nay
bien tap thanh ngii luc nhu Md Td Dgo
Nhdt thien su ngic luc, Trieu Chdu Timg
Thdm thien su ngic
luc "^^'^\
Y kiln
cua Nguyen Hue Chi vl vin dl xac dinh
tac gia dich thirc
ciia
cac doan van ddi
dap qua lai gifra thay va trd da dugc dng
ly giai
a
phan Khdo lugn vdn bdn trong
Tha vdn Ly - Trdn, tap
1*^".
Theo thiin
y cua chung tdi, cac ngii luc dugc bao
luu cho den ngay nay cua Thiin tdng
Trung Hoa, hay Viet Nam
diu

do cac de
tir suu tap, hoac Ban thu ky trong chiia
bien tap chinh sira nen ldi van ddi dap
trong van ban cua cac tac phim nay cd
sir
thay ddi.
NIU
liic
diu ngu luc dugc
diln dat bing khiu ngu thi sau do dugc
nhuan van va tra nen nhirng cau van
xuoi hoan chinh: hoac dugc dien dat
thanh nhiing lai tha bdng biy, giau hinh
anh van chuang, vdi ldi ndi in du kin
dao nham danh manh vao tam thiic ngudi
hgc birng tinh dl
true
nhan chan ly ding
sau
Idp
vo ngon tir.
13
TAP CHI HAN NOM
SO
6
(103)
-
2010
THiCH
PHW&C

DAT
Ngii luc la mdt the loai kha dac biet
trong van hgc Phat giao Ly - Tran, dang
tiec hien chi cdn mdt sd tac pham dugc
bao lun so vdi thu tich cd cho biet. Ve
van hgc Phat giao ddi Ly hien cdn Tham
do hien quyet cua Vien Chieu, nhung
chi vai doan; Nhdt nhdt hdi chiing
ciia
Tinh Khdng; Ddp de
tic
dieu dgo chi vdn
ciia
Chan Khdng. Ddi Tran cd Ngit luc
vdn ddp mdn hg cua Tran Thai Tdng,
nay cdn mdt phan d trong Khda hu luc;
Tue Trung Thuang
sT
ngic luc
ciia
Tran
Tung do Phap Loa ghi lai; Dgo sdch luc
ciia
Phap Loa chi con vai doan; Thdnh
dcing
ngit luc chua ro tac gia Thien uyen
tap anh ngit luc gdm nhieu tac gia. Mdt
sd tac pham thugc loai ngir
liic khae
chi

cdn ten sach nhu Thien ldm thiet chuy
ngic luc, Thgch thdt my ngic
ciia
Tran
Nhan Tdng; Phd tue ngic luc
ciia
Huyen
Quang
chii
ndi dung van ban thi that
truyen.
C)
day, chiing tdi chi khao sat
cac ngii' luc
ciia
Thien phai Tnic Lam.
Ngic luc vdn ddp mdn hg
ciia
Tran
Thai Tdng la tac pham dugc viet theo
thi
loai ngii luc. Ve mat hinh thiic, ngtr
luc la ldi hdi va dap qua cudc ddi thoai
giiia hai ngudi, thdng thudng la giiia
thay va trd, giiia thien
sir
nay va thien su
kbac nhu
mdt cuoc hdi ngg dam dao.
Q

the loai nay, cac lai doi thoai cd khi
dugc dien dat bang khau ngii hoac dugc
ghi lai dudi dang van xudi, cd
liic
dugc
phd dien bang nhirng ldi tha giau hinh
anh thi ca, sdng dgng, vdi ldi an du kin
dao nham ggi md hoac dugc dien dat
bang mdt thu ngdn ngii' phi thirc, sieu
nghiem. Sir dung
thii
phap nghe thuat
nay la hudng tu duy cua ngudi hgc tra
ve thuc tai "dang la" .
DI
tai dl ddi thoai thuang xoay
quanh
ITnh vue
Thiin bgc, Phat hgc:
Chdn nhu Phdt tinh, Sdc
khdng Theo
van ban nay ghi lai thi day la cudc ddi
thoai giua thiin su Trung Hoa, hieu
Dire
Thanh va Trin Thai Tong. Chi cin dpc
hai cau hoi va lai dap dau tien, ta thay
vin dl Thiin dugc dat ra va giai dap
nhu the nao.
- Tdng
Dire

Thanh tiln van:
"Thi
Tdn vi ly Dau Suit dT giang vuang
cung; vi xuit mau thai, do nhan dT tat
thai nhu ha?"
-
DI
van: "Thien giang hiru thuy
thien giang nguyet, Van ly vd van van
ly thien."
- Tang van: "Vi ly vi xuat mdng khai
thi.
DT ly
dT
xuit
sir
nhugc ha?" - De van:
"Van sinh nhac dinli dd lu bach, Thuy dao
Tieu Tuong nhat dang
thanh."^
'.
(- Thien
sir Dire
Thanh, nudc Tdng
tiln len hdi: The Tdn chua rdi Dau Suat
da giang xudng Vuong cung, chua
Ipt
Idng
me da do het chiing sanh la the nao?
- Vua dap: Mudn sdng cd nudc

trang mudn sdng, Van dam khdng may,
trdi van dam.
- Tang ndi: Chua rdi Dau Suat
Igt
bao thai, Chi ro phan minh da ro rdi.
Dau Suat, bao thai nay da
tach.
Dam
mong phan giai mgt ddi lai ?
- Vua dap: May sinh dinh
niii binh
bdng trang, Nudc den Tieu Tuong mgt
sic trong.)* .
Sau nay, van de tren da dugc thiin
su Chan Nguyen ly giai: "May len
niii
bac bing lau, Nuac xudng ngudn Tao
vac vac sang thanh. Phap than tram tich
vien minh, Tu tai tung hoanh phd man
14
su
TIEP BIEN THE LOAI VAN HOC PHAT GIAO TRONG
thai hu. Tuy hinh ung vat tu nhu, Hoa
thien bach
lic
do chu mgi loai.
iTng
hien
duoi dat tren trai, Khip hoa
thi

gidi mgi
nai trong ngoai. Da dat hieu la Nhu Lai,
sao con hoi xuit mau thai lam gi?
Nguyen luan biln hoa quang huy, Thien
giang hiin thuy ciing thi bdng
in."*^'".
Hay lai van dap
ciia
thiy tro Tue
Trung trong Tue Trung Thugng
sT
ngic
luc
ciia
Tran Tung:
- Thdi hiin tang van: "Khai tu
Thugng sT, mo vi sinh tir su dai, vo
thudng tan tdc, vi tham
thii'
than, sinh
tdng ha lai? Tir tdng ha khir"
- Su van: "Trudng khdng tiing sir
song phi cdc, Cu hai ha phuang nhat
diem au."
- Tien van: "Nhu ha thi dao?
- Su van: "Dao bat tai van, van bat
tai
dao."*^='
- (Bay gid cd mdt mdn tang hdi:
Bach Thugng

sT:
Tdi cho rang sdng chet
la
vice
ldn. Nd vd thuang mau le. Chu
a ro tam than nay tir dau sinh ra? Chet
rdi di dau?
- Su dap: Ddi
vanli
luan chuyen giira
bau trdi, Bien ca lo gi chiit bgt troi.)
- La hdi: The nao la dao?
- Su dap: Dao khong a trong cau
hdi,
Cau hoi khong a trong
dao.)*^'''.
3.4. Niem tung ke,
tiing
cd
Day la hai the loai dac thu cua van
hgc Phat giao. The loai nay chi xuit
hien trong van hgc dai Tran. Van hgc
ddi Ly chua co. Theo thu tich co cho
biit,
doi Tran chi co hai tac gia de lai
tac phim thugc loai nay la Tran Thai
Tdng vdi niem tung ke dugc chep gop
trong Khda hu luc va Tue Trung Thugng
sT
vai

tiing
co trong Thugng
.sT ngic
luc.
Noi den the loai niem tung ke thi
khong
thi
khdng ban den
timg
co. Hai
thi
loai nay cd
sir
ket hgp giiia hai hinh
thirc ngir luc va ke. Muc dich
chii
yeu la
vii'a dien giai, vira
due
ket cac van de cdt
loi
ciia
Thien de hgc tro nam virng va
thuc tap. Ve mat hinh thirc ket cau, giua
niem tung ke va
tiing
co kha giong
nhau. Chimg gdm nhieu tiet, mdi tiet co
ba phan. Ddi vdi niem tung ke gdm co
cu, niem va tung; cdn ddi vai tung co thi

gom
cu',
luan
(sir
van) va
tiing.
Cir: Neu len mgt cau chuyen trong
Phat thoai hay nhirng lai giang dao
ciia
cac bac su Td cao tang ddi trudc de lam
de dan.
Niem: Neu y kien tac gia ve van de
dd,
CO
khi bd sung, cd khi phan bac van
de dd. Cd the xem day la phan luan
ciia
van de.
O tiing
cd
ciia
Tue Trung Thugng
sT
thi dung hai chu "su van".
Tiing:
Tdm tat nhii'ng kien giai
ciia
minh thanh mdt bai ke co dgng, cd van,
cd hinh tugng de nguoi hgc dao de dang
tung

dge.
Tung la mgt
each dge
tap trung,
thudng xuyen, mdt phuang thirc
ciia
cac
de tu nha Phat thuc tap ddi sdng hudng
thugng. Bang phuang phap tung, ngudi
dge,
dan dan hieu va ngd ra nliiing ao
nghTa tham sau giao ly Phat da.
Niem tung ke va tung cd dugc xem
la viec thuc tap cac cdng an Thien.
Cdng an la cau ndi dugc din ra
tii'
cac
bd kinh Phat hoac cac bd ngir luc
ciia
chu Td, phan lan la kho hilu. Ngirdi
hgc phai trirc cam tam linh dl nhan ra
su that tir cac cong an do, chir khong
phai bang tu duy him nga. Nguai thiy
15
TAP CHi HAN NOM
SO
6 (103) -
2010
THiCH PHW&C
DAT

tiiy
theo can tinh cua hgc tro ma khai
ma tam thiic, sau khi day dua hg den
cho birc bach tan ciing. Tai day, ngudi
hgc biing va va the nhap chan ly.
So sanh niem tung ke, tung cd vdi
ke thi cac bai tung (ke) cua chiing gan
vdi ke trong kinh. Neu ke trong kinh co
chirc nang tdm tat ndi dung tu tudng ma
phan van xuoi da giang trudc dd bang
the tha thi ke (tung) trong niem tung ke
CO chirc nang thau tom ldi kien giai d
tren, bang hinh thirc tha cd dgng vdi
muc dich khdng chi ndi, ma con di hoi
ngudi hgc dao phai
dge
tung cho den
khi nao "va" ra de giac ngg.
Neu so sanh hai the loai tren vdi
ngii luc thi chiing dugc sir dung thu
phap an du de luan giai cdng an Thien.
Dieu dang ndi, phan ket cau cua chiing
khae nhau ro ret. Niem tung ke va tung
cd cd 3 phan; con ngii luc chi cd hai
phan van va dap. Ngir luc thuang sir
dung an du dam chat khau ngii vi von,
dugc dien dat bang van xuoi, cd khi
bang van van nhung kha phi ldgic, sir
dung nghich ngii nham keo ngudi hgc
dao buac ra viing tu duy theo ly tri, tra

ve thuc tai. Ngudi hgc dao tu nhien lieu
dat yeu chi cua Thien. Trong khi dd,
niem tung ke va tung cd van sir dung loi
dien dat an du va phi logic, nhung cau
tha trong phan tung khdng qua kho hieu
nhu nhiing ldi ddi dap trong phan ngir
luc.
Hon niia, vdi ket cau ba phan,
nguai hgc khi nghien ngam cong an d
phan cir va dugc giai thich bien luan ggi
md cu thay d phan niem (trong niem
tung ke), phan luan (trong tung co) thi
den thai diem nay, ngudi hgc khi
dge
den phan tung se dugc sang to.
Ro rang, niem va luan nhu anh sang
tue giac soi sang vd minh trong tam
thirc ngudi hgc, giiip hg
true
ngd chan
ly. Con nlu can ca kem, nguoi hgc cd
the du vao phin niem va tung nay ma
dugc khai tam. Nhu vay, niem tung ke
va tung CO van la phuang tbiic tu tap
Thiin ddn ngd. Phuang thiic nay that
uyen chuyen, hiiu hieu,
phii
hgp vdi
trinh do, can ca cua nguai tu tap. Su ket
hgp nhieu phuang thirc tung kinh, niem

Phat, tga Thien cua Phat giao ddi Tran
da gop phan lam cho nen Phat hgc,
Thien hgc phat trien mdt
each rue
ra
mang tinh pho cap dai
chiing*^''.
Niem tung ke trong Khda hu luc cd
den 43 bai thuc tap. Ve cir va niem
thuang lay tir cac Thien sir Trung Hoa,
rieng phan tung ke la do Tran Thai Tdng
viet. Chang han, khi khao ciru bai tap
thuc hanh thir nhat, ta thay:
Cir: "The Ton vi ly Dau Suat,
dT
giang
vuong cung, vj xuat mau thai, dd nhan
dTtit"
Niem: "Kiem kich vi thi, Tuong quan
dT
Id"
Tung: "Mdt hinh hai tir vi ly huang,
Ngg da tuong nhan do dieu mang.
Cao dap u du vd gian
each.
Bat tu thuyen tir du
phii
nang."*'^^'
(Neu: The Ton chua rdi Dau Suit,
da giang xudng cung vua, chua

Igt Idng
me da do het chiing sinh.
Niem: Guam giao chua cim, Tudng
tai da 16.
Tung: Chua hinh iu tir chira roi que,
Dem tham dua ngudi qua
bin
me.
Cao buac dao choi ngoai khoang
each,
16
su
TIEP BIEN THE LOAI VAN HOC PHAT GIAO TRONG
Khdng can thuyin ban vdi phao
be)*^^'.
Trong cong an nay, cau cir Tran
Thai Tdng lay tir Thiin tdng tung cd lien
chdu thdng, tap 2, Tuc
115.8b4
(52al0):
"The Tdn vi ly Dau Suit, dT giang
vuang cung, vi xuit mdu thai, do nhan
dT tat.". Den hai cau niem thi lay mgt
cau tra lai cua thien su Ddng An
Thuang Sat trong Thien tdng chfnh
mach 6, ta
43al5
va mdt chut cai bien.
Cau cua thiin su Thuang Sat la "Kiem
giap vi thi, Tac than

dT
lg".
Cdn trong Thuang
sT
ngit luc d phan
Tung cd cua Tran Tung co
13
bai thuc
tap Thien. Khao sat bai thuc tap thir tam
vdi chu de Vinh nhuc deu nhu nhau thi
se ro
sir
kbac nhau giiia niem tung ke va
tung cd:
Cij Lao Tir
'viet:
"Simg nhuc
nhugc kinh"
Su
van:
"Thu trung
xa
boa
thien
ban vat,
Tam thugng duyen sinh van lu uu."
Tung
'viet:
"Han tu
tmdc

y nhiet thoat y,
Vd ban vd nhiet him thuy tri?
Dan khan ngu lieu cung hoa sac,
Bat ddc tam xuan hoai
tii
thi."
*''*''
(Neu: Lao Tir ndi: "Vinh nhuc deu
khdng sg"
Su
ndi:
Tay kheo ve nen ngan
su
vat,
Ldng cang them may van lo au.
Tung
rang:
Nong
cdi ao
ra,
lanh khoac
vd,
Khdng ndng khong lanh,
biit
bao gia?
Xem mau lilu ngu hoa cung day,
Lg phai tim xuan hong bon
miia.)*'*''
Vay la phan cir dan lai lai Lao Tir
trong sach Dgo

dice
kinh. Tir lai ggi
dan, nguai hgc dao cd the nghien ngam
cho
din
khi nao bimg ngd chan ly thi thdi.
3.5.
Tu
Tu la mgt
thi
loai van hgc dugc sit
dung rdng rai trong van hgc tmng dai
noi chung, van hgc Phat giao ndi rieng.
Tuy nhien, xet ve ngudn gdc the loai
nay ma cac ban van kinh dien van hgc
Phat giao sir dung cd ten ggi day du la
tu dan. ciu tnic mdt bai tu dan trong
mgt ban Kinh Dgi thira dugc trinh bay
qua 5 phin: Duyen khdi kinh; Thdi gian
- khdng gian; Ngudi ndi - chu the; Ndi
dung thdng diep chfnh; Nguai nghe -
Ddi tugng. Theo Tie dien Phdt hgc Hue
Quang ghi "Tu dan la ldi van dan ma
dau cac kinh
chii.".
Ldi van dan
chii
Ldng Nghiem trong kinh Ldng Nghiem 7
(Dai
19,

113
ha ghi "Luc bay gid, tir noi
nhuc ke
ciia dire
The Tdn phdng ra tia
anh sang tram bau, trong tia sang hien ra
doa hoa sen bau nghin canh, tren dd cd
hoa Nhu Lai ngdi, tren danh
diic
Nhu Lai
nay phdng ra
10
tia sang tram bau, mdi tia
sang deu thi hien 10 hang ha sa cac vi
Kim Cuang, Mat Tich, vi bung mii, vi
cam chay, day khap hu khdng. Dai chiing
ngang nhin, vira sg hai, vira vui mimg,
cau Phat che chd mdt ldng lang nghe
Phdng Quang Nhu Lai tir Vd Kiln danh
tudng cua Phat noi ra than
chu"*'*^'.
Tren ca sd do, den thdi Phat giao
Ly - Tran,
sir
van dung the loai nay
trong cac ban van cd thay doi cho phu
hgp vdi thuc tien ddi sdng van hgc. Ndi
dung cua loai nay thuang thuat lai vl
nguon
goe,

nguyen uy ve mdt su kien,
vu viec gi dd. Tbi du Ta Tbiic Ngao
viet bai minh va tu vl chiia Simg
Khanh ca nggi Nguyen An tu Van Giac
sang lap chiia nay a huyen Vi Xuyen,
(Siing Khdnh tu bi minh tinh tu). Do bai
17
TAP CHi HAN NOM
SO
6
(103)
-
2010
THiCH PHW&C DAT
van viet ke nguyen
iiy
va kbac len bia nen
a day the tu gan lien the bi ky va minh.
Tu cdn la bai van ngan,
sue
tich dugc
viet d phan dau tien
ciia
sach nham gidi
thieu tdng quat ve ngi dung cudn sach ma
ngay nay chiing ta ggi la bai tua, ldi ndi
diu. Van hgc trung dai Viet Nam thai Ly
- Trin
vin
con bao luu nhieu bai tu

khae
nhau nhim gidi thieu tdng quat ve tac
phim. Ta cd the liet ke nhu sau: Phan Phu
Tien da viet bai tua Tdn san Viet dm thi
tap
tic
khi dng san dinh lai Viet dm thi tap
vao nam
1443,
Ly Tir Tan viet ldi tua Tdn
tuyen Viet dm thi tap tu vao nam
1495
khi Chu Xa tuyen chgn lai tap tha nay.
Van hgc Phat giao Ly - Tran,
cii
the la
Thien phai Tnic Lam hien nay con luu
giii nhieu bai tua. Trong dd, Khoa hu luc
la mdt tac pham da bao luu rat nhieu bai
tira
cua nhieu tac pham kbac nhau ma
Tran Thai Tdng da viet. Co it nhat la bdn
van ban ve the loai nay trong Khod hu
luc: Thien tdng chi nam tu, Kim
Cicang
tam mudi kinh tu,
Binh
ddng sdm vdn tu,
Luc
thi

sdm hdi khoa nghi tu.
Bai
tira
cd gia tri van chuong nhat
trong so cac bai tua ma Tran Thai Tong
viet la bai Thien tdng chi nam tu. Co le n6
ra ddi vao khoang thai gian tir nam
1256
-
1258
klii
dug chuan bi nhudng ngoi. Day
la loi ndi dau cua cuon sach chi day ve cdt
tuy Thien tdng, dugc xem la chi nam
Thien tdng. Cdn nguyen ban cudn sach thi
da mat. Tuy vay, ngudi
dge
bai tu nay
ciing nam ro ndi dung cdt yeu cudn sach.
Dung lugng bai tua nay chi viet
Idioang
vai ba trang, nliung ndi dung van ban lai
het
sire
cd gia tri ve mat lich sir van hgc,
triet hgc, thien hgc Ve mat van chuong,
Thien tdng chi nam tu tuy la lai ndi dau
cua mdt cudn sach, nhung thuc chat no la
mgt van ban cd gia tri ve mat tu lieu. Nd
giiip chiing ta xac dinh dugc nhieu dieu

ve mat ly luan va tu tudng. Day la mgt
ang van tu su, thuat lai nhiing nam thang
cua nha
•vua
gan vdi mdt dau an lich sir
dugc viet bang mdt ngdn
ngii'
chii Han
trang trgng.
Dge
bai
tira,
chiing ta c6 the
hieu phan nao cudc dai
ciia
nha vua ddi
vdi lich sir dan tgc, dao phap, dugc ghi
bang mdt van phong bi hiing, mdt gigng
dieu tam tinh, mgt
biit
phap het sire sinh
dgng, c6 sire thuyet phuc cao. O
ITnh virc
triet hgc, Thien hgc, Thien tdng chi nam
tu tuy chi la bai tua nliung that ra no dugc
danh gia nhu la cuong
ITnh
dinli hudng
phat trien Thien hgc ddi Tran. N6 kien
thiet giao ly can ban ciing nhu ca sd ly

luan cho Thien phai Triic Lam ra ddi de
dap img cac nhu cau thuc tien
ciia
lich sir
dat nudc va dao phap nudc
nlia
trong mgt
thdi dai mdi - thai dai Dong A song mai
trong ldng dan tgc Viet Nam.
3.6. Ca, ngam
Ca, ngam la nhung the loai chi cd
xuat hien trong cac sang tac
ciia
cac
thien gia, thien su dai Tran thugc Thien
phai
True
Lam ma thoi, chir vao dai Ly
thi hau nhu khong co. Theo thu tich cd,
tha van
ciia
Thien phai cdn bao
lun
dugc 4 van ban dugc sang tac theo the
loai nay, co ndi dung ban ve triet ly Phat
- Thien. Dd la Phdt tdm ca, Phong
cudng ngdm, Trieu than
rigdm
cua Tue
Trung va Ddc thu ldm tuyen thdnh dgo

ca
ciia
Tran Nhan Tdng.
Diem chung
ciia
the loai ca va ngam
la khong co su giai ban so cau trong mdt
bai,
ke ca niem. luan, van, dieu cung
khdng can
kliat
klie,
chat che. Bai Phiit
18
su
TIEP BIEN THE LOAI VAN HOC PHAT GIAO TRONG
tam
ca cua Tue Trung dugc sang theo
thi
loai ca, vilt bing chii Han. Nhu da ndi, do
khong gidi ban vl sd cau chii nen bai
Phdt tdm ca kha dai, gdm 12 doan (khd),
55 cau. Kho dau cd 8 cau thit ngdn xen
luc ngon a 2 cau diu "Phat, Phat, Phat,
bat kha kiln; Tam, tam, tam, bit kha
thuylt." Mudi mgt khd con lai, mdi khd 5
cau. Trong do, cau
thii
nhit va cau
thii

hai,
mdi cau 3 tieng; ba cau con lai mdi
cau
clii CO
7 tiing. Khao sat ky mdi khd
thi chiing ta de dang nhan ra mdi khd
diu
la bai
tii
tuyet thit ngon xen luc ngdn va
cau dau chfnh la cau luc ngdn dugc tach
ra lam hai. Van gieo d cudi cau va da sd
la van
trae,
chi cd 4 khd gieo vin bing.
Sir dung mgt the loai nhu vay dl sang tac,
bai Phat tdm ca khdng chi cd gia tri vl
mat hinh thiic bieu dat nghe thuat thi ca
ma cdn cd ndi dung chuyin tai tu tudng
Thien hgc het
siic
gia tri. Nlu bai Phdt
tdm ca cua Tue Tmng vilt bing chii Han
thi bai Ddc thu ldm tuyin thdnh dgo ca
cua Tran Nhan Tdng dugc vilt bing Qudc
am, tiing me de
tiic
chu Ndm nhu la mdt
su thanh tuu ldn ve mat ngdn ngti tiing
Viet. Ve cau tnic bai ca nay dugc vilt

theo the ca,
tii
ngdn trudng thien, gdm 84
cau va mdt bai ke vilt theo ldi tha thit
ngdn
tii
tuyet bing chii Han
nliu
tdm tit
ndi dung bai ca, lam sang to chu dl. Tuy
tac gia gieo khdng tuan
thii
vin dieu, nhung
nhd thuat biet xen ke bing trie cudi cau
lam cho am dieu bai ca khi dugc
dge
len
cd su nhip nhang, hai hoa khiln nguai
dge
cd cam giac nhu dang thuang thirc lan dieu
dan ca mang am hudng Phat phap.
R6
rang, mgt hinh thiic nghe thuat dugc
thi
hien qua mgt the ca, vdi mgt
kit
ciu, y
tii
chat che va bang mgt cam hung Thiin
hgc chiing ngd ca hai bai ca di vao long

ngudi
dge
vdi mgt dau
an
tam linh trong
viec thuc thi hanh tri giai thoat giac ngd.
Diem kbac biet giiia ca va ngam la
ve mat hinh thiic ve dung lugng sd cau
ciia
bai ca dai han bai ngam. Chang han,
bai Phdng cudng ngdm
ciia
Tue Trung
chi
CO
26 cau, mdi cau cd bay tieng, di
khi xen cau tam tieng, van gieo a cudi
cau chan. Trong khi dd, bai
Trieu
thdn
ngdm thi co 28 cau, chia lam bon khd
dugc viet theo loi co phong. Ba khd diu,
moi khd sau cau, moi cau bay tiing.
Kho cudi gdm muai cau, thinh thoang
cd xen mgt vai cau chin tieng. Van gieo
d bai ngam nay toan la vin trie kilu ddc
van a cudi cac cau chan. Dac trung
ciia
the ngam la dimg de ngam hay hat khiln
ai cung cd the de dang cam nhan. Vi

vay, tac gia thudng sir dung chii
"hi"
lam tir dem trong cau cua cac bai ngam
nhu chiing ta thudng thiy. Bit
cii
ai, khi
doc bai ngam nao ciing cd
thi true
nhan
triet ly sdng
ciia
Thien tdng ma tac gia
da trinh bang mdt tam thirc khai phdng,
lieu ngd cac phap.
3.1.
Phu
La the loai
ciia
van hgc Trung Hoa
ra ddi tir thdi Xuan thu Chiln qudc tren
ca sd
ciia
Kinh thi. Sd tu va
\'an
xuoi
Tien Tan, dugc gidi nghien ciru van hgc
nuac nay minh dinh la "ban thi ban
van". Theo Luu Hiep trong Vdn tdm
dieu long da khing dinh
phii

cd ngudn
goe
tir Sd tic Ly Tao: "Ban Cd cho
phii
la loai tha cd.
Din
khi Khuit Nguyen
lam Ly Tao thi the phu mai bit diu lan
rgng. Nhung phu bit ngudn tir nudc Sd
va thinh len a ddi
Han."*'*^'.
Cho den nay, g Trung Hoa da cd
nhieu
each
phan loai phu, nhung theo
T.\P
CHi HAN NOM
SO
6
(103)
-
2010
THiCH PHW&C DAT
nha nghien cim Chir Ban Kiet thi
each
phan loai cua Tir Su Tang ddi Minh
trong Vdn the minh bien la dugc nhieu
nguoi cho la hgp ly hon ca. U'u diem ndi
bat nhat cua
each

phan chia nay la ket
hgp dugc cac phuang dien thai gian,
phucmg dien hinh thiic, phuang dien ndi
dung
ciia
the tai. Theo dd,
phii
bao gdm
cac tieu loai chinh: cd phu, bai
phii,
luat
phu
\a
van
phu*""'.
Trong dd, ta cd nhimg
tieu loai
phii
bao gdm nhting tieu loai
khae.
Nhu trong co
phii
cd tao the phu
la nhiing bai
phii
md phong nhieu
)'eu
to
ciia
Sd tir vdi sd tieng trong cau va cd

tieng dem "he". Vay la
phii
khdng phai
la mdt the loai thuan nhat
\a
ndi den
thugc tinh cua the loai la ndi den nhiing
dac tinh ca ban va pho bien nhat.
Mdt trong nhiing thugc tinh sam
dugc xac dinh
ciia
the
phii
la "ta
chi"^
.
Cai "chf" d day dugc Dang Thai Mai giai
thich trong Thi ngdn chi. Dd la "Ta nen
hieu chii "chi" d day la
••tam"cua
ke sT.
Cho nen "chi" khdng chi cd phan nghi
lire,
phan y chi ma thdi, ma no cd phan
tam tinh ke
sT
niia"*"*^'.
Phii
d Trung Hoa
va Viet Nam deu dugc hieu trong tinh

than dd.
0 Viet Nam,
phii
xuat hien tir ddi
Tran. Dai Ly cd sir cd de cap, nhung
cho den
na\'
chiing ta
\'an
chua tim dugc
nhirng bai phu nay. Gan da}'. Tdng tap
]'cin
hgc Viet Nam gidi thieu them mgt
\ai bai
phii
chtr Han ddi Tran, ma truac
dd da cdng bd 13 bai da in trong Qudn
hien phit tap. cd luc dugc ggi la
phii
ddi
Tran -
Hd*"*^'.
Cac bai phu nay deu ca
nggi tu tudng. the hien tam ldng cua ke
sT ddi vdi dat nudc,
^•di
trieu dai trong
sir
nghiep dung nudc
\a

giir nudc.
Trong xu huong dinh hinh va phat
triln
thi
loai phu vao thdi Tran, cac nha
khai sang Thiin phai Tnic Lam da tien
phong tmac tac cac bai
pbii
mang ndi
dung tu tuang Phat giao Viet Nam va dan
tdc trong viec xay
dimg
phat trien dat
nudc Dai Viet. Dilm ndi bat la cac bai
phu ma ta cdn bao lun thugc ddng van
hgc Phat giao ddi Tran nhu Cu trdn lgc
dgo phu cua Trin Nhan Tdng; Vinh Vdn
Yen tu phu
ciia
Hu}'en Quang, Gido tic
phu
ciia
Mac
DTnli
Chi (?) deu dugc sang
tac bang chir Ndm, trong dd, hai bai deu
thugc hai tac gia
ciia
Thien phai Triic Lam.
Cu trdn lgc dgo phu

ciia
Tran Nhan
Tdng la ban tuyen ngdn cua con dudng
sdng dao ma Phat giao Viet Nam chu
truong,
CO
tac ddng va chi phdi cuoc
sdng ngudi dan thdi dd. Day la mdt
trong nhting tac pham dugc trich dan
dfch danh nhu quyen uy, khi thien su
Chan Nguyen trinh bay nhiing van de
Phat giao cho vua Le Du Tdng vao nam
1692
trong Kiin finh thdnh Phgl
lijd'^^'.
Do dd, tu tudng Cu trdn lgc dgo da gdp
phin lam nen nhiing chien cdng
ciia
cha
dng ta trong viec dung nudc va giii
nudc.
Bai phu nay dugc viet theo ldi
phii
thai
Duong,
nhung ddi va van cdn
long leo khi so vai cac bai
phii ciia
thai
Tran mat

\'a
Le sa. Toan bai gom 10
hdi,
moi hdi co dan tir
13
cau (hgi thir
ba va bdn) cho tdi 30 cau. Va mdi hdi
ciing gieo mdt van, cac hdi le gieo van
bing va cac hdi chan gieo van
trae.
Cuoi
hdi thu mudi thi c6 them bai ke theo
thi
thit ngdn tir tuyet bang chu Han. Gidi
nghien ciru deu xem bai ke la
chii
de tu
tudng Thien hgc
ciia
bai
phii,
con chiing
tdi xem day nhu la ca sd ly luan hinh
20
su
TIEP BIEN THE LOAI VAN HOC PHAT GIAO TRONG
thanh chu thuylt "Cu trin lac dao"
cua Thien phai.
Vl
tu dang thi bai

phii
Viet
theo ldi vilt gia ta hinh thanh.
Cdn til' vung, bai
phii
nay co nhilu tir
xua ma khi so vai cac tac phim Qudc
am ddi sau nhu Qudc dm thi tap cua
Nguyen Trai thi it dugc sir dung.
Trong dd, tir ngii Phat hgc nhu Di Da,
Circ
lac, Tam doc cua bai Cu trdn
lgc dgo phu co tin sd xuit hien kha
day so va bai Vinh Vdn Yen tu phu
ciia
Huyen Quang va bai Gido tic phu
ciia
Mac DTnh Chi (?).
Bai Vinh Vdn Yen tu phu cua Huyin
Quang Cling dugc sang tac bing chii'
Nom. Theo van ban cua Hoang Xuan
Han thi no dugc chia thanh 8 doan, 8
van
(phii
bat van). Vin mdt cd 4 cau 8
ve 64 chu. Vin hai co 7 cau 14 vl
122
chii.
Van ba cd 7 cau
14

vl 98
chii.
Vin
bdn cd 7 cau 14 vl 110 chii. Vin nam
cd 5 cau
10
ve 66 chii. Vin sau cd 6 cau
12 ve 82 chii. Van bay co 4 cau 8 vl 51
chtr. Van tam cd 5 cau 10 vl 60 chti.
Ngoai ra c6 6 cau mao nhu: Thiy day (2
lan),
Hudng chi, Ta nay,
Tii'
din
day.
La
nhirng oi va cudi ciing la bai ke bing
chii Ndm theo the Duong thit ngon bat
cu niem luat, van doi hoan chinh diing
yeu cau cua the tha. Toan bg bai
phii
cua Huyen Quang khong neu trilt ly
Thien - Phat nhu bai
phii ciia
Trin Nhan
Tdng ma nham giai thieu canh thien
nhien Phat
ciia
the giai Thiin canh,
Thien thu vdi but phap lien tuang ngoa

du phd bien a the
phii.
Tai day, nguai
dge
cam nhan dugc khat vgng
ciia
Huyin Quang la mudn chuyen hda
thi
gioi thuc tai thanh the giai Phat qudc
giua cudc ddi nay.
Neu til' ngfr hinh anh trong bai Vinh
Vdn Yen
tie
phu day hinh anh mo ta thi
den Gido tic phu
cii
Mac DTnh Chi (?)
thi ttr
ngti'
hinh anh that mgc mac gian di
gan vai loi ca ve dan gian nham ran day
mgi nguai ve dao ly song thien, tin va
hanh theo ly nhan qua de buac ra khoi
luan hoi sinh tir. Dung lugng bai
phii
kha dai gdm 204 cau tha Ndm, vilt theo
the tha giong bai Ddc thu ldm tuyin
thdnh dgo ca
ciia
Tran Nhan Tdng,

nhung theo the tha tir ngdn, dan dieu,
van gieo khong hoan chinh. Co
thi
noi,
moi bai
phii
co mgt net dac trung rieng,
gop phan quan trgng trong viec hinh
thanh va phat trien ngon ngii tiing Viet
thai dd.
Nhin chung, su ra ddi tac phim van
hgc
ciia
Thien phai Tnic Lam da gop
phan cho thanh
tiru thi
loai van hgc
trung dai ndi chung, van chuang
ciia
Thien phai tieu bieu cho Phat giao ddi
Tran noi rieng.
Sir
phong
phii
nhilu
thi
loai dugc van dung trong mdt tac phim,
hay a nhieu tac pham ddc lap
khae
nhau

ciia
van chuang Thien phai, chirng to
mdi khi phuang
thu'c
sang tac thay ddi
thi ndi dung chuyin tai cung thay ddi theo
lich trinh diln tiln
ciia
xa hdi. Tir cac
thi
loai mang tinh chuc nang tdn giao nang
triet ly Phat - Thiin
6
dai Ly, din din
chuyen sang cac
thi
loai van hgc Phat
giao xuat hien vao diu ddi Trin nhu luan
thuyet tdn giao, ke - tha Thiin, ngu' luc,
niem tung ke, tu, ca, ngam,
phii
vdi ngon
ngfr hinh anh sdng ddng, bdc lg cam
xiic
trfr tinh, su rung dgng tinh tl
ciia
cai
iiiiin
tue giac, tat ca da gop phin lam nen gia tri
van hgc

ciia
Thiin phai.
T.P.D
21
TAP CHi HAN NOM
SO
6 (103) - 2010
THiCH PHW&C DAT
Chii
thich:
(1)
Nguyen Duy Hinh:
Tie
tuang Phdt
gido Viet Nam, Nxb. KHXH, H. 1999,
tr.305-306.
(2) Thich Phude Dat: Vdi suy nghT ve
Lich
sir
truyen thica Thien phdi Triic
Lain.
Tap chi Nghieu ciru Phdt
hpc,
Giao hoi Phat
giao Viet Nam.
s6
5, 2006, tr.30.35,
(3) Tir dien Phat hoc Hdn Viet, tap 2,
Hoa thuong Kim
Cirang

Tu',
chii
bien,
Phan Vien Nghien ciru Phat hoc Viet Nam -
Nxb.
KHXH,^H.
1994, tr.l466.
(4) Doan Trung Con: Phdt hgc tir dien,
tap 3. Phat Hoc
Tting
Thir,
Sai Gdn, 1968,
tr.l 168-1669.
(5) Kinh Tnmg
Bp,
Thich Minh Chau
dich, tap I, Truong Cao cap Phat hpc an
hanh,
1986,
tr.218.
(6) Nguyen Cong Ly:
Vein
hpc Phiit
gido
thai Ly - Trdn: dien mgo vd dac
diem,
Nxb.
DHQG TP. HCM,
2002,
tr.l 18.

(7) Nguyin Cong Ly, Sdd,
tr.l48.
(8) Le Manh That: Nghien cim ve
Mini
Tie.
tap 2, Tu
Thir
Van Hanh, SG.
1982,
tr.352.
(9) Vien Van hoc: Tha van Ly -
Trdn,
tap
l.N.xb.
KHXH, H. 1977, tr.252.253.
(10)
Vien Van hpc, Sdd, tap 1,
tr.216.
(11)
Vien Van hoc, Sdd, tap
1,
tr.527-528.
(12) Vien Van hoc: Tha vdn Ly -
Trdn,
tap 2, Nxb. KHXH, H. 1989,
tr.53.
(13)
Vien Van hpc, Sdd, tap 2,
tr.55.
(14) Vien Van hoc, Sdd. tap 2, tr.666.

(15)
Vien Van hpc, Sdd. tap 2, tr.667.
(16)
Nguyin Cong Ly, Sdd, tr.
123-131.
(17)
Vien Van hoc, Sdd, tap 2, tr.
182.
(18)
Vien Van hoc, Sdd, tap 2,
tr.l82.
(19) Vien Van hoc, Sdd, tap 2, tr.494.
(20) Vien Van
hpc,
Sdd, tap 2, tr.496.
(21)
Vien Van hoc, Sdd. tap 2. tr.454.
(22) Vien Van hpc, Sdd, tap 2, tr.454.
(23) Vien Van hpc, Sdd, tap 2, tr.695.
(24) Vien Van hpc, Sdd, tap 2, tr.695.
(25) Vien Van hpc. Sdd, tap 2. tr.684.
(26) Vien Van hoc, Sdd, tap 2, tr.694.
(27) Nguyen Cong Ly, Sdd,
tr.l31.
(28) Nguyen Pham Hiing: Van dung
quan diem the
logi
vdo viec nghien cim van
hpc Viet Nam thdi Ly - Tran: Luan an Pho
Tien sT Khoa hoc Ngfr van - Vien Van hoc,

1995,
tr.47.
(29) Nguyin Cong Ly, Sdd,
tr.l32.
(30) Thich Minh Canh, chu
bien.
Tic
dien Phdt hpc Hue Quang. tap
111,
Nxb.
Tdng hpp
TP. HCM,
tr.3081.
(31)
Vien Van hpc, Sdd. tap
1,
tr.
166-170.
(32) Vien Van hpc, Sdd. tap 2,
tr.l04.
(33) Vien Van hpc, Sdd, tap 2,
tr.l06.
(34) Tran Thai Tong: Trdn Thdi Tdng
todn
liip.
Le Manh That dich va gidi thieu,
Nxb.
Tdng hop TP. HCM, 2004, tr.297.
(35) Vien Van hoc, Sdd. tap
2.

tr.310.
(36) Vien Van hpc, Sdd, tap
2,
tr.3
17.
(37) Nguyen Cong Ly, Sdd,
tr.l35-138.
(38) Vien Van hpc, Sdd, tap 2,
tr.l22.
(39) Vien Van hpc. Sdd, tap 2,
tr.l36.
(40) Vien Van hpc, Sdd, tap 2, tr.338.
(41)
Vien Van hpc, Sdd, tap 2. tr.344-345.
(42) Thich Minh Canh,
chii
bien, Sdd,
tap V, 2005, tr.4930.
(43) Luu Hiep:
Vein
tdm dieu long, Phan
Ngpc djch, Nxb. Van hpc, H.
1997,
tr.l43-209.
(44) Trung Quoc co
dgi vdn
the
khc'ii
lugn.
Vuong Luc

chii
bien. Bac Kinh dai
hpcxa.
1964,
tr.l287-1289.
(45) Xem
Liru
Hiep, Sdd.
(46) Dang Thai Mai: Tuyen tap Dgng Thai
Mai tap
1,
Nxb. Van hoa, H. 1984, tr.360.
(47) Pham Tuan Vu:
Tim
hieu hinh thiec
phii
chic Hdn ddi Trdn. Nghien cim Vcm
hpc.
s6
9-2005,11.81.
(48) Le Manh That: Chdn Nguyen toan
tap,
Tu thu Van Hanh, Sai Gon,
1982,
tr.72.
79