Characteristics of biodiesel from waste cooking oil

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 10, Issue 09, September 2019, pp. 94-99, Article ID: IJMET_10_09_009
Available online at />ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
© IAEME Publication

CHARACTERISTICS OF BIODIESEL FROM
WASTE COOKING OIL
I Ketut Gede Wirawan, Ainul Guhrri, Ketut Astawa and Wayan Nata Septiadi
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University. Bali, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Waste cooking oil is applied as a raw material of biodiesel because it has the
characteristics of diesel fuel. This research was carried out based on American
Standard Testing and Material Methods. Results showed that Density at 15oC was
878.4 kg/m3 (ASTM D. 4052-15), Kinematic Viscosity at 50oC was 3.608 cSt (ASTM
D. 445-14), Sulfur Content 0.015% wt (ASTM D. 4294-16), Pour Point + 6oC (ASTM
D.97-16), Flash Point 40.50C (ASTM D. 93-16a), Condradson Carbon Residue 0.02%
wt (ASTM D. 4530-15), Calorific Value Gross 16592 BTU/lb (ASTM D. 240-14),
Water Content 1000 mg/kg (ASTM D. 6304-16) and Total Acid Number 0.08 Mg
KOH/g (ASTMD. 664-11a).
Key words: Characteristics of biodiesel, Waste cooking oil
Cite this Article: I Ketut Gede Wirawan, Ainul Guhrri, Ketut Astawa and Wayan
Nata Septiadi, Characteristics of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil. International
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 10(9), 2019, pp. 94-99.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Bali as a world tourism destination needed accommodation and transportation [1], [2]. The
bus is one of the mass transportations. A Bus used diesel fuel, which depleted over the years
[3]. Existence of this fuel is not environmentally friendly so that gives an opportunity to
search for another fuel source, especially from cooking oil. Waste cooking oil is one type of
cooking oil produced from the rest of the frying process on the hotel or restaurant kitchen.

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel in order to replace diesel fuel. It had environmental
protection because it was biodegradable [4], renewable [5], non-toxic [6], produced a little
particle emissions [7] and decreased of NOx gas [8] when blended with diesel oil [9] and
reduction of greenhouse effect [10]. Biodiesel can be produced from edible and non-edible
vegetable oil, animal fat, waste cooking oil [11] and algae [12].
Vegetable oil can be used as biodiesel through esterification and transesterification
reactions. Up until now, corn oil has not been considered as suitable biodiesel because of its
high edibility and relatively high price, however it had the potential to be filtered after
extraction of Corn Distillers Oil (CDO). Production of biodiesel from corn oil, cooking oil
waste and CDO should be analyzed carefully. Further observation was carried out in order to
develop simpler, more effective and energy efficiency technologies, for the production of

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Characteristics of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil

biodiesel, especially from CDO. Furthermore, the nature of the fuel and the emissions of
biodiesel exhaust gas according to corn and biodiesel-diesel fuel will be explained, by
considering biodiesel standard of quality [13].
The increased price of fuel caused researchers and experts to find another solution, for
example biodiesel from non-edible vegetable oil. Non-edible oil comes from the jatropha tree
(jatropha curcas), jojoba (simmondsia chinensis), mahua (madhuca indica), and moringa
(moringa oleifera). From many studies, the use of non-edible oil can be guaranteed as
sustainable raw material for biodiesel. Those plants mostly were planted on degraded land, so
they did not compete with another food crops for limited land, relatively cheap, available, and
offered the same or even higher yield of edible biodiesel [14].

Animal fats have great potential in order to produce biodiesel because these raw materials
do not compete with the food industry and lead to global waste reduction. The quality of
biodiesel is strongly influenced by the type of raw material and the presence of dirt. The
concentration of glycerol and glyceride that is too high in biodiesel affects the quality of the
fuel and in general can reduce the durability of the engine, so that the raw material of
biodiesel needs to be purified. One alternative method of purifying biodiesel is extraction with
eutectic solvents. Biodiesel synthesis from animal fats through chemical transesterification
catalyzed by alkaline catalysts. The liquid-liquid extraction purification method was chosen
using choline-chloride/ethylene-glycol solvent at molar ratio 1:2.5. This method was very
efficient in producing biodiesel at high temperature [15].
Algae get the biggest concern for the use of biofuel. Different type of algae has different
production capabilities. Algae have 20-80% oil, which converted into various type of fuels
such as kerosene and biodiesel. Algae as biodiesel have good potential for production because
it is very economical and its availability is abundant. Genetic technology is used to increase
the production of biodiesel oil and maintain the stability of algae. By increasing genetic
expression, we can find a way to achieve the amount of biofuel that needed with ease and
continuously, in order to overcome fuel deficiency [16].
Some waste cooking oil was tested to produce biodiesel. Sunflower cooking oil is one of
the examples. This oil produces biodiesel through the transesterification process. The
biodiesel-diesel blend was prepared at 10 v/v, 20 v/v and 30% v/v. Physical and chemical
characterization of biodiesel observed in order to approach diesel fuel. Performance of diesel
engine and exhaust emissions were studied experimentally [17]. Vegetable oil produced from
the process of frying food is called cooking oil. This oil is the raw material for biodiesel. It
can be obtained at the campus cafeteria [18], [19], [20], restaurants, and hotels. In order to use
as the fuel of diesel engine, the characteristics of biodiesel from waste cooking oil must be
similar to diesel fuel. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine the characteristics of
biodiesel from waste cooking oil.

2. MATERIALS & METHOD
This study used waste cooking oil (WCO) [21] that obtained from Lengis Hijau Foundation,

Denpasar Bali. Next, WCO was tested on P.T. Superintending Company of Indonesia
(SUCOFINDO).
The test method was carried out using ASTM (American Standard Testing of Materials)
in order to get the characteristics of biodiesel included: density, kinematic viscosity, sulfur
content, pour point, flash point, carbon residue, the heat value, water content, and acid
number.

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I Ketut Gede Wirawan, Ainul Guhrri, Ketut Astawa and Wayan Nata Septiadi

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1. Result
Test result of Biodiesel shown as Table 1.
Table 1 Result of the Characteristics of WCO as Biodiesel
Results

Methods

kg/m

878.4

ASTM D 4052-15

Viscosity Kinematic at 50 oC

cSt

3.608

ASTM D 445-14

Sulfur Content

%w

Parameters
o

Density at 15 C

Units
3

0.015

ASTM D 4294-16

Pour Point

o

+6

ASTM D 97-16

Flash Point PMcc

o

C

40.5

ASTM D 93-16a

% wt

0.02

ASTM D 4530-15

Calorific Value Gross

BTU/lb

16952

ASTM D 240-14

Water Content

mg/kg

1000

ASTM D 6304-16

mg KOH/g

0.08

ASTM D 664-11a

Contadson Carbon Residu

Total Acid Number

C

3.2. Discussions
3.2.1 Density
Density defined as the mass of an object divided by its volume. The ASTM D 4052-15 test
method was used to measure the biodiesel density of cooking oil at a temperature of 150oC.
The test result of biodiesel obtained density of 878.4 kg/m3 at temperature 15oC. This density
was compatible with the requirement of Indonesian National Standard (SNI), because of the
range between 860 - 890 kg/m3 [22]. When compared with diesel fuel at 849 kg/m3 [23],
biodiesel density reduced again by the pyrolysis process [24].
3.2.2 Kinematic Viscosity
Kinematic viscosity affected the performance of diesel engine injector. The higher kinematic
viscosity, the greater the resistance to flow. This characteristic is very important because it
affected the atomization process, injection pressure and the size of the injector hole. The test
result of biodiesel with ASTM D 445-14 obtained viscosity kinematic 3.608 cSt at 50oC. The
requirement of SNI was between 2.3 to 6.0 cSt. Biodiesel can be mixed with diesel fuel in
order to reduce its kinematic viscosity [25].

3.2.3 Sulfur Content
Excessive sulfur content in biodiesel can cause worn out on parts of the engine. This
mechanism occurs because of the presence of solid particles formed during combustion. The
sulfur content of biodiesel from waste cooking oil was obtained 0.015% of weight or 15
mg/kg using the ASTM D4294-16 method. The size of this sulfur content met the maximum
of SNI requirement at 100 mg/kg. Biodiesel can be used safely as fuel because the exhaust gas
emissions SO2 does not the harm human body. The content of sulfur, sulfuric acid, water
bonds and hydrocarbons at low pressure would condense to form soot when gas cooled which
was contributed to the problem of particles on the air [26].
3.2.4 Pour point
Biodiesel from waste cooking oil is still possible to flow at the lowest temperature called the
biodiesel pour point. If the biodiesel is below the pour point, it cannot flow due to the
formation of a crystal that clogged the flow of fuel. Determination of pour point carried out

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Characteristics of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil

substantially improve performance of cold flow methyl ester (FAME) from waste cooking oil
[27]. The pouring point of waste cooking oil biodiesel was + 60C using ASTM D97-16. This
amount has met the requirement of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) between -15 to +
13oC.
3.2.5 Flash Point
Based on the test that carried out with ASTM D 93-16a method, the flash point of pure
biodiesel (B100) was 40.5oC. In accordance with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI),
flash point is at least 100oC, so that pure biodiesel did not meet SNI. To increase flash point,

blending it with diesel oil is needed [28].
3.2.6 Carbon Residue
Carbon fuel residue was used in order to estimate the tendency of materials in order to form
the type of carbon deposits under degradation. In test result of biodiesel, the content of
residual carbon was obtained 0.02% weight using ASTM D4530-15. Carbon residue
recommended by SNI is 0.05 to 0.3%. The blend of diesel fuel and biodiesel significantly
increased volatility and decreased carbon deposits [29].
3.2.7 Heating Value
Based on a test result that carried out using the ASTM D 240-14 method, the heating value of
pure biodiesel (B100) was obtained at 16952 Btu/lb or 39.43 MJ/kg. This biodiesel from
waste cooking oil has a higher heating value when compared to biodiesel from jatropha at
39.23 MJ/kg [30].
3.2.8 Water Content
Water content in the fuel can interfere with the process of combustion. Besides, the presence
of water can cause corrosion and the growth of microorganisms can clog the flow of fuel, so
the engine would be damaged. The water content of biodiesel from waste cooking oil was
1000 mg/kg using ASTM D 6304-16 method. The presence of water has a negative effect on
biodiesel. However, the presence of water has a positive effect on the formation of methyl
esters [31].
3.2.9 Acid Number
Biodiesel was produced by the transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil and methanol
with acid number 0.08. That means its acid number met the standard of quality of SNI (max
0.6). A total acid number from biodiesel was produced due to the free fatty acid level in low
cooking oil. The esterification process was effective in order to reduce the total acid content
in biodiesel [32].

4. CONCLUSIONS
Almost all characteristics of biodiesel from waste cooking oil met the standards as fuel,
except flash point. Blend diesel-biodiesel fuel is needed in order to solve the flashpoint
problem.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research supported by The Directorate General of Research and Development
(RISTEKDIKTI) with Contract Number: 171.44/UN14.4.A /LT/2018 via Institute for
Research and Community Services, Udayana University Bali Indonesia. The gratitude is also
presented to Gio, Warisma and Ardi who have helped a lot in the field activities.

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I Ketut Gede Wirawan, Ainul Guhrri, Ketut Astawa and Wayan Nata Septiadi

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