THE CONFLUENCE OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW docx

THE CONFLUENCE OF PUBLIC AND
PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
A sharp distinction is usually drawn between public international law,
concerned with the rights and obligations of states with respect to other
states and individuals, and private international law, concerned with
issues of jurisdiction, applicable law and the recognition and enforcement
offoreignjudgmentsininternationalprivate law disputes before national
courts. Through the adoption of an international systemic perspective,
Dr Alex Mills challenges this distinction by exploring the ways in which
norms of public international law shape and are given effect through
private international law. Based on an analysis of the history of private
international law, its role in US, EU, Australian and Canadian federal
constitutional law, and its relationship with international constitutional
law, he rejects its conventional characterisation as purely national law. He
argues instead that private international law effects an inter national
ordering of regulator y authority in private law, structured by interna-
tional principles of justice, pluralism and subsidiarity.
alex mills is the S laughter and May Lecturer in Law at Selwyn College,
University of Cambridge.

THE CONFLUENCE
OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
INTERNATIONAL LAW
Justice, Pluralism and Subsidiarity in the International
Constitutional Ordering of Private Law
ALEX MILLS
cambridge university press
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi
Cambridge Universi ty Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521731300
© Alex Mills 2009
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written p ermission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2009
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
A catalogue record for this publication is avai lable from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publica tion data
Mills, Alex.
The confluence of public and private international law : justice, pluralism and
subsidiarity in the international constitutional ordering of private law / Alex Mills.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and i ndex.
ISBN 978-0-521-51541-2
1. Conflict of laws. 2. International law. 3. International and municipal law. I. Title.
K7040.M55 2009
341–dc22
2009005509
ISBN 978-0-521-51541-2 hardback
ISBN 978-0-521-73130-0 paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or
accuracy of URLs for external or third-party i nternet websites referred to
in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such
websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Any one watching keenly the stealthy convergence of human
lots, sees a slow preparation of effects from one life on

another, which tells like a calculated irony on the indifference
or the frozen stare with which we look at our unintroduced
neighbour.
George Eliot, Middlemarch (1874), Chapter XI

CONTENTS
Acknowledgments page xi
Index o f cases, judicial opinions and arbitral awards xii
Abbreviations xxiv
1 Justice, pluralism and the international perspective 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Justice, pluralism and private intern ational law 3
1.2.1. Justice and the application of foreign law 4
1.2.2. Justice and jurisdiction 6
1.2.3. Justice and foreign judgments 8
1.2.4. Party expectations 8
1.2.5. Conclusions 10
1.3 Perspectives on private international law 10
1.3.1. The systemic perspective 10
1.3.2. National and international perspectives 12
1.3.3. Autonomy and mutuality 14
1.4 Justice revisite d 16
1.4.1. Conflicts justice 16
1.4.2. Systemic just ice 17
1.4.3. Private international law rules as secondary rules 19
1.5 The components of private international l aw 20
1.6 The international character of private international law 23
1.7 Outline 24
2 The private history of international law 26
2.1 Introduction 26

2.2 The origins of private international law 28
2.2.1. Roman law 29
2.2.2. The statutis ts 30
2.2.3. The common law 36
2.3 The positivist ‘revolution’ in international law 37
2.3.1. General features of positivism 37
2.3.2. Sovereignty and state pr actice 38
2.3.3. The positivist account of international law 40
2.3.4. Positivist international law and private international law 44
vii
2.4 Natural law 53
2.4.1. Natural law an d international law 53
2.4.2. Natural law and private international law 56
2.5 Historicism 61
2.5.1. Historicism and international law 61
2.5.2. Historicism and private international law 63
2.6 The end of t he private history of international law? 66
2.6.1. The decline of uni versal ity 66
2.6.2. Self-limitation in public and p rivate international law 70
2.6.3. Private international law as national law 71
2.7 Conclusions 72
3 Frompositivismtoconstitutionalism 74
3.1 Introduction 74
3.2 Critiques of positivis m 75
3.2.1. The myth of sover eignt y 75
3.2.2. Explanatory criti que 78
3.2.3. Normative crit ique 79
3.3 Beyond positivism 81
3.3.1. New natur al law 81
3.3.2. New hist oric ism 84

3.3.3. Sovereignty reconsidered 87
3.4 Challenges to the interna tional/national legal divide 88
3.4.1. Explanatory criti que 89
3.4.2. Normative crit ique 96
3.5 International constitutional law and subsidiarity 99
3.5.1. Constitutionalism and international ‘secondary norms’ 100
3.5.2. Universalism and the supr emacy of int ernat ional law 102
3.5.3. Subsidiarity 103
3.5.4. The allocation of regu latory authority 106
3.5.5. International federalism and global governance 107
3.6 Conclusions 112
4 Private international law and c onstitutional law in
federal systems 115
4.1 Introduction 115
4.2 ‘Federal’ private international law 117
4.2.1. The possibility of federal private international law 117
4.2.2. Internal and internat ional private international law 117
4.2.3. The slow development of federal private international
law 119
4.2.4. The special role of private international law in federal
systems 122
4.3 The United States 125
4.3.1. Private international law – international or
constitutional? 127
viii contents
4.3.2. The two revolutions in United States private
international law 133
4.3.3. The impact of the constitu tion on State choice of law
rules 140
4.3.4. The impact of t he constitution on exceptions to State choice of

law rules 145
4.3.5. The impact of t he constitu tion on jurisdiction 147
4.3.6. The impact of the constitu tion on the recognition and
enforcement of judgments 151
4.3.7. Explaining the weak impact of the constitution on US private
international law – subsidiarity and regulatory
competition 152
4.4 Australia 157
4.4.1. Applicable law in diversity jurisdiction 157
4.4.2. Early inte rpre tation of the Full Faith and Credit clause 159
4.4.3. The Australian revolution – choice of law in tort 162
4.5 Canada 167
4.5.1. The Canadian revolution – jurisdiction and the recognition and
enforcement of judgments 168
4.5.2. The Canadian revolution – choice of law in tort 173
4.6 The European Union 175
4.6.1. The need for European private international law 177
4.6.2. Private international law and the internal market 18 0
4.6.3. The expanding role of private international law 182
4.6.4. Subsidiarity and the idea of private international law
as structure 185
4.6.5. Private in terna tional law as a system of rights
protection 187
4.6.6. Reconciling st ructu re and rights protection 198
4.6.7. Mutual recognition and the ‘country of origin’
principle 200
4.7 Conclusions 205
4.7.1. Private international law as structure 206
4.7.2. Private in terna tional law as rights protection 207
4.7.3. Federalism and private international law 209

5 The confluence of public and private international law 211
5.1 Introduction 211
5.2 Evidence of a systemic perspective in private international law 213
5.2.1. International law and institutions 214
5.2.2. The Unite d States 21 7
5.2.3. Common law states and the European Union 222
5.2.4. Conclusions 224
5.3 Constitutional structure 224
5.3.1. International regulation of regulation 225
5.3.2. Territoriality 234
contents ix
5.3.3. Personality 246
5.3.4. Cultural identity and p rivate international law 255
5.3.5. Public policy 257
5.3.6. Interests and connections 259
5.4 International rights protection 264
5.4.1. The development of international private rights 264
5.4.2. The domestic effect of international rights 269
5.4.3. International rights in the formulation of private international
law rules 271
5.4.4. International rights in the application of private international law
rules – international public policy 274
5.4.5. International harmonisation of procedural law 287
5.5 International economic law and private international law 288
5.6 Party autonomy 291
5.7 Subsidiarity in private international law 295
6Conclusions 298
Bib liography 310
Index 388
x contents

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This book is based on a doctoral thesis completed at the Faculty of Law,
University of Cambridge. It benefited from research funding provided
by Gonville and Caius College and the Faculty of Law in Cambridge,
and from the hospitality and generous assistanc e of Professors Jürgen
Basedow and Reinhard Zimmermann during a period at the Max
Planck Institute for Co mparative and International Private Law in
Hamburg, and of Professor George Bermann during a period as a
Visiting Scholar at Columbia U niversity.
I would like to thank Finola O’Sullivan and Tom O’Reilly at
Cambridge University Press for their guidance and strong support of this
project, and the anonymous referees who offered comments on the
manuscript. An earlier version of Chapter 2 was published as ‘The Private
History of International Law’ (2006) 55 International and Comparative Law
Quarterly 1. A small section of Chapter 5 was included in ‘The Dimensions
of Public Policy in Private International Law’ (2008) 4 Journal of Private
International Law 201. Both are reproduced here with thanks to their
publishers and referees.
This book would not have been possible without the support of my
family, and it has been greatly enriched by the influence of colleagues and
friends, near and far, who help ma ke academic life in Cambridge s o
inspiring and rewarding. I am especially grateful to Professor Philip
Allott, Professor James Crawford, Dr Geert De Baere, Dr Douglas
Guilfoyle, Dr Daniel Joyce, Professor Va ughan Lowe, Professor Susan
Marks, Professor Brian Opeskin, Dr Pippa Rogerson, Dr Tim Stephens,
Dr Kimberley Trapp, Dr Isabelle Van D amme, and to my doctoral
supervisor, Richard Fentiman, whose encouragement and assistance
were at all times generous an d cheerfully administered.
Alex Mills
March 200 9

xi
INDEX OF CASES, JUDICIAL OPINIONS AND
ARBITRAL AWARDS
International Court of Justice / Permanent Co urt of International Justice
Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (United Kingdom v. Iran) [1951] ICJ Reports 89 279
Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (United Kingdom v. Iran) [1952] ICJ Reports 93 279
Application of the Convention of 1902 Governing the Guardianship of Infants
(Netherlands v. Sweden) [1958] ICJ Reports 5 5 103, 214, 257, 258, 259
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v.
Rwanda) (2006) ICJ (3 February 2006) 83, 232
Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium) [2002]
ICJ Reports 3 225
Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States of America) [2004] ICJ
Reports 12 82, 103
Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Co. Ltd (Belgium v. Spain) [1970] ICJ
Reports 3 103
Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany), Preliminary Objections [2005] ICJ
Reports 6 103
Elettronica Sicula SpA (ELSI) (United States of America v. Italy) [1989] ICJ
Reports 15 268
Fisheries Jurisdiction (Federal Republic of Germany v. Iceland) [1974] ICJ
Reports 3 79
Jurisdiction of the Courts of Danzig (1928) PCIJ Ser B, No. 15 83, 103
LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America) [2001] ICJ Reports 466 82, 103
Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia
notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276, Advisory Opinion [1971] ICJ
Reports 16 93, 280
Legal Consequences of the Construction of a W all in the Occupied Palestinian
Territories, Advisory O pinion [2004] ICJ Reports 135 283
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons (WHO Case), Advisory Opinion

[1996] ICJ Reports 226
76
North
Sea Continental Shelf (Denmar k v. Germany and Netherlands v. Germany)
[1969] ICJ Reports 3 79
xii
Nottebohm Case (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala), Second Phase [1955] ICJ Reports 4 247
Reparation for Injuries Suffered intheServiceoftheUnitedNations, Advisory Opinion
[1949] I CJ Reports 174 85
Serbian and Brazilian Loans cases, France v. Yugoslavia; France v. Brazil (1929) PCIJ
Ser A, Nos. 20–1, Judgments 14–15 214, 230, 291, 292
SS ‘Lotus’ (France v. Turkey) (1927) PCIJ Ser A, No. 10 253
Tunis and Morocco Nationality Decrees (1923) PCIJ Ser B, No. 4 103
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
Prosecutor v. Furundzija (1999) 38 ILM 317 282
Prosecutor v. Tadic (1996) 35 ILM 32 95
International arbitra l awards
Azinian v. Mexico, ICSID ARB(AF)/97/2 (Award, 1 November 1999) 268
Azurix Corp.v.The Argentine Republic, ICSID ARB/01/12 (Awar d, 14 July 2006) 265
Feldman v. Mexico, ICSID ARB (AF)/99/1 (NAFTA) (Award, 16 December 2002) 267
International Thunderbird Gaming Corporati on v. Mexico (NAFTA) (Award, 26
January 2 006) 267
Loewen v. United States, ICSID ARB (AF)/98/3 (NAFTA) (Award, 26 June 2003) 254, 267
Metalclad Corp.v.United Mexican States, ICSID ARB (AF)/97/1 (Award, 30 August
2000) 266
Mondev International Ltd v. United States, ICSID ARB ( AF)/99/2 (Award, 11 October
2002) 267
Neer Claim (192 6) 4 UNRI AA 60 265
Roberts Claim (1926) 4 UNRIAA 77 265
Waste Management, Inc.v.Mexico (Number 2), ICSID ARB (AF)/00/3 (NAFTA)

(Award, 30 April 2004) 267
World Duty Free Company Ltd v. Kenya, ICSID ARB/00/7 (Award, 4 October 2006) 276
European Court of Justice
Accession of the Community to the European Convention on Human Rights [1996] ECR
I-1759, ECJ Opinion 2/94 199
Ahlström (A) Osakeyhtiö v. EC Commission [1988] EC R 5193, Case 89/8 5 235
Boukhalfa v. Germany [1996] ECR I-2253, Case C-214/94 197
Cassis de Dijon [197 9] ECR 649, Case C-120/78 200
Centros Ltd v. Erhvervs- og Selskabsstyrelsen [1999] ECR I-1459, Case C-212/97 200
Comet BV v. Produktschap voor Sierge wassen [1976] ECR 2043, Case 45/76 197
Debaecke r v. Bouwman [1985] ECR 1779, Case 49/84 196
Denilauler v. Couchet Frères [198 0] ECR 1 55 3, Case 12 5/ 79 190
cases, judicial opinions and arbitral awards xiii
Eco Swiss China Time Ltd v. Benetton International NV [199 9] ECR I -305 5 , Case
C-126/97 195, 19 6
Eurofood IFSC [2006] ECR I-3813, Case C-341/04 195
European Agreement on Road Transport Case (Commission of the European Communities
v. Council of the European Communities) [1971] ECR 263, Case 22/70 181
Grunkin and Paul, Case C-353/06 (14 October 2008; Opinion of the Advocate General,
24 April 2008) 204
Hengst Import BV v. Cam pe se [1995] ECR I-2113, Case C-474/93 190
Hoffmann v. Krieg [1988] ECR 645, Case 145/86 191
Ingmar GB Ltd v. Eaton Leonard Technologies Inc. [2000 ] ECR I-93 05, Case
C-381/98 192, 23 5, 258
Internationale Handelsgesellschaft v. Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle f ür Getreide und
Futtermittel [1970] ECR 1125, Case 11/70 199
Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken voor Amsterdam v. Inspire Art [2003] ECR
I-10155, Case C-167/01 200
Klomps v. Michel [1 981] ECR 1593, C ase 166/80 190
Kremzow v. Republik Öster reich [1997] ECR I-2629, Case C-299/95 196, 199

Krombach v. Bamberski [2 000] ECR I-1935, Case C-7/9 8 191, 195, 196, 199, 205
Lugano Convention (7 February 2006), ECJ Opinion 1/03 182
Mund & Fester v. Hatrex Internationaal Transport [1 994] ECR I-467, Case
C-398/92 195
Open Skies Case (Commission of the European Communities v. Federal Republic of
Germany) [2002] ECR I-9855, Case C-476/98 181
Owusu v. Jackson [2005] ECR I-1 383, Case C-281/02 119, 181, 182
, 27
2
Pendy Plastic Products BV v. Pluspunkt Handelsgesellschaft mbH [1982] ECR 2723,
Case 22 8/8 1 190
Renault v. Maxicar [2000] ECR I-2973, Case C-38/98 191, 195, 196
Rewe-Zentralfinanz eG et Rewe-Zentral AG v. Landwirtschaftskammer für das
Saarland [1976] ECR 1989, Case 33/76 197
Solo Kleinmotoren GmbH v. Emilio Boch [1994] ECR I-2237, Case C-414/92 191
Tessili v. Dunlop [1976] ECR 1473, Case 12/76 22
Überseering v. Nordi c Construction Comp any Baumanagement [2002] ECR I-9919,
Case C-20 8/0 0 200, 20 1
Van Gend en Loos v. Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration [1963] ECR 1, Case
26/62 186
European Court of Human Rights
Bosphorus v. Ireland (2006) 42 EHRR 1 199
Drozd and Janousek v. France and Spain (1992) 14 EHRR 745 285
Iribarne Perez v. Fra nce (1996) 22 EHRR 153 285
James v. United Kingdom (1986) 8 EHRR 123 104
xiv cases, judicial opinions and arbitral awards
K v. Italy (2006) 43 EHRR 50 285
Lithgow v. United Kingdom (1986) 8 EHRR 329 104
Loizidou v. Turkey (1995) 20 EHRR 99 196
Mamatkulov v. Turkey (2005) 41 EHRR 25 285

Pellegrini v. Italy (2002) 35 EHRR 2 285
Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein v. Germany [2001] ECHR 467 286
Soering v. United Kingdom (1989) 11 EHRR 439 285
X v. Belgium and the Netherlands (1975) 7 D&R 75 283
Australia
Ainslie v. Ainslie (1927) 39 CLR 381 283
Anderson v. Eric Anderson Radio & TV Pty Ltd (1965) 114 CLR 20 161
Armstead v. Ar mst ead (1954) VLR 733 118
Attorney-General (United Kingdom) v. Heinemann Publishers Australia (1988) 165
CLR 30 228
Australian Capital Television v. Commonwealth (1992) 177 CLR 106 164
Australian Temperance & General Mutual Life Assurance Society Ltd v. Howe (1922)
31 CLR 290 158
Blunden v. Commonwealth (2004) 203 ALR 189 165
Breavington v. Godleman (1988) 169 CLR 41 120, 157, 162–6, 170, 174
Chaff and Hay Acquisition Committee v. JA Hemphill and Sons Pty Ltd (1947) 74 CLR
375 120
Dow Jones v. Gutnick [2002] HCA 56 245
Harris v. Harris [1947] Vict LR 44 161
Hodge v. Club Motor Insurance Agency (1974) 7 SASR 86 161
Jones v. Jones (1928) 40 CLR 315 161, 162
King v. Kidman (1915) 20 CLR 425 158
Koop v. Bebb (1951) 84 C LR 629 162
Lange v. Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1997) 189 CLR 520 164
Laurie v. Carroll (1 958) 98 C LR 310 120
Lloyd v. L
loyd (1962) ALR 279 118
McKain v. RWMiller&Co.(SA)PtyLtd(1992) 174 CLR 1 164, 174
Merwin Pastoral v. Moolpa Pastoral (1933) 48 CLR 565 162
Musgrave v. Commonwealth (1937) 57 CLR 514 158

Nationwide News v. Wills (1992) 177 CLR 1 164
Neilson v. Overseas Projects Corporation of Victoria [2005] HCA 54 17, 166, 251, 259
Oceanic Sun Line Special Shipping Company Inc.v.Fay (1988) 165 CLR 197 22, 223
Pederson v. Young (1964) 110 CLR 162 120
Permanent Trustee Co. (Ca nberra) v. Finlayson (1967) 9 FLR 424 162
Permanent Trustee Co. (Ca nberra) v. Finlayson (1968) 122 CLR 328 162
Pfeiffer v. Rogerson (2000) 203 CLR 503 120, 162, 164–6
cases, judicial opinions and arbitral awards xv
Potter v. The Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited (1906) 3 CLR 479 239
Re Cth A gricultural Service Engineers Ltd [1928] SASR 342 161
Re E and B Che micals and Wool Treatment [1939] SASR 441 161
Re E and B Che micals and Wool Treatment (No. 2) [1940] SASR 267 161
Régie National des Usines Renault SA v. Zhang (2002) 210 CLR 491 163, 165, 223, 246
Robb Evans of Robb Evans and Associates v. European Bank Ltd [2004] NSWCA 82 228
Stevens v. Head (199 3) 176 CLR 433 164, 17 4
Union Stea mship Co. o f Australia Pty Ltd v. King (1988) 166 CLR 1 163
Voth v. Manildra Flour Mills Pty Ltd (1990) 171 CLR 538 22
Walton v. Walton [1948] Vict LR 487 157
XYZ v. The Commonwealth [2006] HCA 25 247
Canada
Amchem Products Inc.v.British Columbia (Workers’ Compensation Board) [1993] 1
SCR 897 172, 174, 231
Beals v. Saldanha [2003] 3 SCR 416 171, 222, 223
Braintech Inc.v.Kostiuk [1999] 63 BCLR 3d 156 169
British Columbia v. Imperial Tobacco Canada Ltd [2005] 2 SCR 473 171
Castillo v. Cas til lo [2005] SCC 83 171
Dupont v. Taronga Holdings Ltd (1986) 49 DLR (4th) 335 170
Gillespie Management Corp.v.Terrace Properties (1989) 39 BCLR 2d 337 193
Gray v. Kerslake [1958] SCR 3 170
Hanlan v. Sernesky (1998) 38 O R 3d 479 175

Hunt v. T&N [1993] 4 SCR 289 170, 171, 17 4 , 207, 222, 223
Lung v. Lee (1928) 63 OLR 194 120
Morguard Investments Ltd v. De Savoye [1990] 3 SCR 1077 120, 16 8–174, 223
Mutual Trust Co.v.St-Cyr [1996] RDJ 623 172
Pro Swing v. Elta Golf [2006] SCC 52 8
R v. Hape [2007] SCC 26 229, 26
1
Reference re Secession of Que bec [1998] 2 SCR 217; 37 ILM 134 0 86, 10 4
Tolofson v. Jensen [1994] 3 SCR 10 22 10, 164, 173– 5, 222, 245, 246
Unifund Assurance Co.v.Insurance Corp. of British Columbia [2003] 2 SCR 63 171
United States of America v. Ivey (1995) 26 OR 3d 533 244
United States of America v. Ivey (1996) 30 OR 3d 370 169, 172, 228, 244
United States of America v. Shield Development Co. ( 2005 ) 74 OR 3d 5 83 171
Weir v. Lohr and Allstate Insurance Co. of Canada (1967) 65 DLR 2d 717 168
Wong v. Wei (1999) 65 BCLR 3d 222 175
France
Avianca (Cass, 1e civ, 20 February 2007) 242
Corp. del Cobre v. Bradden Copper Corp. (1984) 65 ILR 57 282
xvi cases, judicial opinions and arbitral awards
Simitch v. Fairhurst (Cass, 1e civ, 6 February 1985) 242
SNTR v. CATA (1984) 65 ILR 83 282
Pajot (Cass, 1e ci v, 22 May 2007) 242
Prieur v. de Montenach (Cass, 1e civ, 23 May 2006) 242
Germany
Nigerian masks ca se (BGH 22 June 1972 NJW) 280
Verenigde Deli-Maatsch appijen v. Deutsc h-Indonesisc he Tabak-Handelgesellsch aft
mbH (1963) 28 ILR 16 281
The Netherlands
Alnati, Supreme Cou rt (Hoge Raad), 13 May 1966, NJ 1967, 3 193
Indonesian Corp . PT Escomptobank v. NV Assurantie Maatschappij de Nederlanden

van 1845 (1970) 40 ILR 7 282
Senembah Maatschappij NV v. Republiek Indonesie Bank Indonesia and De Twentesche
Bank NV (1959) 30 ILR 28 282
United Kingdom
A&Orsv. Se cretary of Sta te for the Home Dep artme nt [2005] UKHL 71 283
Adams v. Adams [1971] P 188 280
Adams v. Cape Industries Plc [1990] Ch 433 8, 16, 224, 240, 284
Air Foyle Ltd v. Center Capital Ltd [2002] EWHC 253 5 15
Airbus Industrie GIE v. Patel [1998] 2 All ER 257 231
Aksionairnoye Obschestvo AM Luther v. James Sagor & Co. [1921] 3 KB 532 281
Al-Bassam v. Al-B ass am [2004] EWCA Civ 857 285
Anglo-Iranian Oil Co.v.Jaffrate (The Rose Mary) [1953] 1 WLR 246 (Supreme C ourt
of Aden) 279, 282
Arkwright Mutual Insurance v. Bryanston [1990] 2 QB 649 22
Armitage v. Nanchen (1983) 4 FLR 293 284
Attorney-General (New Zealand) v. Ortiz [1984] A C 1 228, 280
Banco Atlantico SA v. British Bank of the Middle East [1990] 2 Lloyd’sRep504 274
Boys v. Chaplin [1971] AC 356 162
Britannia Steamship Insurance Association v. Ausonia Assicurazioni SpA [1984] 2
Lloyd’sRep98 274
British Airways Board v. Laker Airways Ltd [1984] QB 142 (CA) 262, 273
British Airways Board v. Laker Airways Ltd [1985] 1 AC 58 (HL) 262, 273
Br
itish South Africa Co.v.Companhia de Moçamb ique [189 3] AC 60 2 239
Buehler v. Chronos Richardson Ltd [1998] 2 All ER 96 0 21
cases, judicial opinions and arbitral awards xvii
Buttes Gas & Oil v. Hammer (No. 3) [1982] AC 888 93
Caglar v. Billingham (1996) 108 ILR 510 280
Canada Trust Co.v.Stolzenberg (No. 2) [2002] 1 AC 1 254
Carl Zeiss Stiftung v. Rayner and Keeler Ltd (No. 2) [1967] 1 AC 853 280

Cherney v. Deripaska [2008] EWHC 1530 (Comm) 272
Citibank NA v. Rafidian Bank & Anor [2003] EWHC 1950 195
Connelly v. RT Z [1998] AC 854 272
Cottington’sCase(1678) 3 Car 2 , 2 Swanst 326 244
Dallal v. Bank Mellat [1986] 1 QB 441 270
De Wutz v. Hendricks (1824) 2 Bing 314 278
Definitely Maybe (Touring) Ltd v. Marek Lieberberg Konzertagentur GmbH [2001] 4
All ER 283 240
Duport Steels Ltd v. Sirs [1980] 1 All ER 529 5
Edmunds v. Simmonds [2001] 1 WLR 1003 251
EI Du Pont de Nemours v. Agnew [1987] 2 Lloyd’sRep585 22
Emanuel v. Symon [1908] 1 KB 302 16, 250
Foster v. Driscoll [1929] 1 KB 470 193
Glencore International A/G v. Metro Trading [2001] All ER (Comm) 1 03 239
Government of India v. Taylor [195 5] AC 491 228
Government of The United States of America v.
Montgomery (No. 2) [2
004]
UKHL 37 285
Grovit v. De Nederlandsche Bank & Ors [200 7] EWCA Civ 953 226
Gur Corporation v. Trust Bank of Africa Ltd [1987] QB 599 280
Hall v. Brooklands Auto-Racing Club (1933) 1 KB 205 9
Harding v. Wealands [2004] EWCA Civ 1735 249
Harding v. Wealands [2006] UKHL 32 249, 287
Herceg Novi v. Ming Galaxy [1998] 4 All ER 238 273
Hesperides Hotels v. Ae ge an Turkish Hol idays Ltd [1 978] 1 QB 205 93, 280
Holland v. Lampen-Wolfe [2000] UKHL 40 226
Huntington v. Attrill [1893] AC 150 228
In re Claim by Helbert Wagg & Co. [1956] Ch 323 278, 282
In re Fried. Krupp AG [1917] 2 Ch 188 278

In re Macartney [1 921] 1 Ch 522 283
In re Meyer [197 1] P 298 278
In re Missouri Steamship Co. (1889) 42 Ch D 321 278
Irish Ship pin g Ltd v. Commercial Union Assurance Co. Plc ( The Irish Rowan) [1991] 2
QB 206 273
JH Rayner (Mincing Lane) Ltd v. Department of Trade and Industry [1990] 2 AC 418 91
Jones v. Minister of the Interior of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [2006] UKHL 26 232
Kaufman v. Gerson [1904] 1 KB 591 278
Kennedy v. Cassillis (1818) 36 ER 635 244
Konkola Copper Mines v. Coromin [2005] EWHC 898
182
xviii cases, judicial opinions and arbitral awards
Kuwait Airways Corp.v.Iraqi Airways Co. (Nos. 4 and 5) [2002] 2 AC 883 278–80
Lubbe v. Cape Plc [2000] 4 All ER 268 262, 272
Luke v. Lyde (1759) 97 ER 614 129
Maharanee of Baroda v. Wildenstein [1972] 2 QB 283 237
Marconi Communications International Ltd v. PT Pan Indonesia Bank Ltd [200 5] 2 All
ER (Comm) 325 240
Marie Brizard et Roger International SA v. William Grant & Sons Ltd (No 2) [2002]
SLT 1365 195
Maronier v. Larmer [2003] QB 620 195, 285
Mbasogo v. Logo Ltd [2006] EWCA Civ 1370 228
Midland Bank Plc v. Laker Airways Ltd [1986] QB 689 231, 273
Mirza Salman Ispahani v. Bank Melli Iran [1997] EWCA Civ 3047 193
Mohammed v. Bank of Kuwait and Middle East KSC [1996] 1 WLR 1483 272
Mostyn v. Fabrigas (1774) 98 E R 1021 37
Novello and Co.v.Hinrichsen Edition [1951] 1 All ER 779 278
Occidental Exploration & Production Company v. Republic of Ecuador [2005] EWCA
Civ 1116 83, 26 6, 270
Oppenhei mer v. Ca tt ermo le [1976] AC 249 277

OT Africa Line Ltd v. Hijazy (The Kribi) [2001] 1 Lloyd’sRep76 273
Pearce v. OVE ARUP Partnership Ltd & Ors
[1999] EWCA Civ 625 23
9
Pemberton v. Hughes [1899] 1 Ch 781 241
Phillips v. Eyre (187 0) LR 6 QB 1 162, 223
Princess Paley Olga v. Weisz [1929] 1 KB 718 281
R (on the application of Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament) v. Prime Minister of the
United Kingdom [2002] EWHC 2777 270
R v. Jones (Margaret) [2006] UKHL 16 270
Raiffeisen Zentralbank Österreich AG v. Five Star General Trading LLC (The Mount I)
[2001] Q B 825 15
Ralli Bros v. CompaniaNavieraSotayAznar[1920] 2 KB 287 193
Re Fuld’sEstate(No.3)[1968] P 675 252
Re Goodman’sTrusts(1881) 17 Ch D 266 256
Re Luck’s Settlement Trusts [1940] Ch 864 256
Red Sea Insurance Co. Ltd v. Bouygues SA [1995] 1 AC 190 162
Regazzoni v. KC Sethia Ltd [195 8] AC 301 (HL) 193, 228, 279
Republic of Somalia v. Woodhouse Drake & Carey (Suisse) SA (The Mary) [1993] 1 All
ER 371 280
Richardson v. Mellish [1824] 2 Bing 229 275
Robinson v. Bland (1760) 96 ER 129 37
Robinson v. Secr etary of Sta te for North ern Ireland [2002] UKHL 32 11
Royal Boskalis Westminster v. Mountain [1999] QB 674 278
Schibsby v. Westenholz (1 870) LR 6 QB 155 8,
240
Shaw v. Gould (186
8) LR 3 HL 55 256
cases, judicial opinions and arbitral awards xix
Sierra Leone Telecommunications v. Barclays Bank [1998] 2 All ER 821 280

Simpson v. Fogo (1863) 1 H&M 195 283
Somerset’sCase(Somersetv. Stewart) [1772] 20 St ate Trials 1 278
Stafford Allen & Sons, Ltd v. Pacific Steam Navigation Company [1956] 2 All
ER 716 93
Standard Steamship v. Gann [1992] 2 Lloyd’sRep528 22
The Siskina [1979] AC 210 183
TrialofEarlRussell[1901] AC 446 247
Vita Food Products Inc.v.Unus Shipping Co. [1939] A C 277 294
Vogel v. RA Kohnstamm Ltd [1973] QB 133 250
Williams & Humbert v. W & H Trade Marks [1986] AC 368 278, 281
Winkworth v. Christie, Manson & Woods [1980] Ch 496 239
Wolff v. Oxholm (1817) 6 M&S 9 2 278
United States of Ameri ca
Ackermann v. Levine (1 986) 788 F 2d 830 152, 221, 241
Aetna Life I nsurance Co.v.Tremblay (1912) 223 US 185 151
Alaska Packers Association v. Industrial Accidents Commission of California (1935) 294
US 532 130, 131, 139, 146
Allstate Insurance v. Hague (1 981) 449 US 302 142, 143
American Insurance Association v. Garamendi (2003) 539 US 396 123
Argentine Republic v. Amerada Hess Shipping Corporation (1 989) 488 U S 428 232
Asahi Metal Industry Co.v.Superior Court of California (1987) 480 US 102 149, 220, 236
Babcock v. Jackson (1963) 191 NE 2d 279 (NY) 250, 260
Bachchan v. India Abroad Publications Inc. (19 92) 585 NY S 2d 661 258
Baker v. General Motors Corp. ( 1998 ) 522 US 222 146, 151
Baldwin v. Missouri (1930) 281 US 586 141
Banco National de Cuba v. Sabbatino (1964) 376 US 398 122
Black & White Taxi Cab (1928) 276 US 518 135
Boumediene v. Bush (2008) 553 US __ 126
Boyle v. United Tech Corp. (19 88 ) 487 US 500 135
Bradford Electric v. Clapper (1932) 286 US 145 130, 139, 14

6
Broderick v. Rosner (1935) 294 US 629 145
Burger King Corp.v.Rudzewicz (1985) 47 1 US 462 149, 220
Burnham v. Superior Court of California (1989) 495 US 604 150, 237
Camp v. Lockwood (1788) 1 Dall 3 93 (Pa) 127
Carroll v. Lanza (1955) 349 US 408 140, 146
Clay v. Sun Insurance (1964) 377 US 179 140
Converse v. Hamilton (1912) 224 US 243 130
Day & Zimmerman v. Challoner (1975) 423 US 3 135
Dred Scott v. Sa ndford (1857) 60 US 393 50
xx cases, judicial opinions and arbitral awards
Edgar v. MITE Corp. (19 82 ) 457 US 624 126
Emory v. Grenough (1797) 3 Dall 369 127
Erie Railroad v. Tomkins (1938) 304 US 64 135, 137, 153–5 , 158
Estin v. Estin (1948) 334 U S 541 152
FHoffmann-LaRocheLtdv. Empagran SA (2004) 542 US 155 261
Fauntleroy v. Lum (1908) 210 US 230 151
Franchise Tax Board of California v. Hyat t (2003) 538 US 488 146
Franklin Supply Co.v.Tolman (1971) 454 F 2d 1059 220
Grace v. MacArthur (1959) 170 F Supp 442 237
Guinness v. Miller (192 3) 291 F 769 138
Gulf Oil Corp.v.Gilbert (1947) 330 US 501 137
Hanson v. Denckla (1958) 357 US 235 148, 150
Harris v. Polskie Linie Lotnicze (1987) 820 F 2d 1000 220
Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co.v.Delta & Pine Land Co. (1934) 292 US 143 131
Hartford Fire Insurance Co.v.Califor nia (1993) 509 US 764 261, 262
Harvey v. Richards (1818) 1 Mason 381 48
Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia v. Hall (1984) 466 US 408 149
Hilton v. Guyot (1895) 159 US 113 2, 15, 12
7, 217, 24 4

Home Insurance v. Dic k (1930) 281 US 397 132, 140, 146
Hughes v. Fetter (1951) 341 US 609 146
Hughes v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc. (2001) 250 F 3d 618 220
Huntington v. Attrill (1892) 146 U S 658 147
International Shoe Co.v.Washington (1945) 326 US 310 148
James v. Allen (1786) 1 US 188 127
Jepson v. General Casualty Co. of Wisconsin (1994) 513 NW 2d 467 219
John Doe v. Unocal Corp. (2002) 395 F 3d 932 220
John Hancock v. Yates (193 6) 299 U S 178 147
Johnston v. Compagnie Générale Transatlantique (1 926) 242 N Y 381 218
Judge v. American Motors Corporation (1990) 908 F 2d 1565 220
Kansas v. Colorado (1901) 185 US 125 12
Kenna v. So-Fro Fabrics, Inc. (1994 ) 18 F 3d 623 220
Klaxon v. Stentor Electric (1941) 313 US 487 136, 14 3, 153, 154, 156, 158
La Ninfa (Whitelaw v. United States) (1896) 75 F 313 93
Laker Airways Ltd v. Sabena, Belgian World Airlines (1984) 731 F 2d 909 22
1, 226, 262
Lauritzen v. Larsen (1953) 345 US 571 220
Lehman Brothers Commercial Corp.v.Minmetals International Non-Ferrous Metals
Trading Co. (2000) 179 F Supp 2d 118 294
Liberian Eastern Timber Corp.v.Liberia (1986) 65 0 F Supp 7 3 269
Loucks v. Standard Oil Co. of New York (1918) 224 NY 99 5, 145
Maxwell Communications Corp.v.Société Générale ( In re Maxwell Communications
Corp. Plc) (1996) 93 F 3d 1036 220
McGee v. International Life Insurance Co. (1957) 355 US 220 149
cases, judicial opinions and arbitral awards xxi
Medellín v. Texas (2008) 552 US __ 270
MGM Studios v. Grokster (2005) 545 US 913 111
Millar v. Hall (1 788) 1 U S 229 127
Miller v. Pilgrim’sPrideCorp. (2004) 366 F 3d 672 220

Milliken v. Meyer (1940) 311 US 457 148, 151
Mills v. Duryee (1813) 11 US 484 128
Milwaukee v. ME White (1935) 296 US 268 133, 14 7
Modern Woodmen of America v. Mixer (1925) 267 US 544 130
Myers v. Government Employees Insurance Co. (1974) 225 NW 2d 238 220
Neely v. Club Med Management Services, Inc. ( 1995 ) 63 F 3d 16 6 220
Nesladek v. Ford Motor Company (1995) 46 F 3d 734 220
Nevada v. Hall (1 979) 440 US 410 123, 14 6
New State Ice Co .v.Liebmann (1932) 285 US 262 155
New York Life Insurance Co.v.Dodge (1918) 246 US 357 130, 131
New York Life Insurance Co.v.Head (1914) 234 US 149 130
Occidental Petroleum Corp.v.Buttes Gas & Oil Co. (1971) 331 F Supp 92 93
Oklahoma ex rel. Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Neely (1955) 282 SW 2d 150 147
Omni Capital I nternational v. Rudolf Wolff & Co. (1987) 484 US 97 150
Order of United Commercial Travellers v. Wol
fe (1947) 331 US 586 142
Pacific Em ployers Insurance Co.v.Industrial Accident Commission (1939) 306 US
493 130, 135, 15 2
Pennoyer v. Neff (1879) 95 US 714 60, 148, 237
Philips Petroleum Co.v.Shutts (1985) 472 US 79 7 142
Piper Aircraft Co.v.Reyno (1981) 454 US 235 137
Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon (2006) 548 US 331 270
Seizer v. Sessions (1997) 132 Wash 2d 642 220
Shaffer v. Heitner (1977) 433 US 186 148
Simpson v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. (1994) 28 F 3d 763 220
Slater v. Mexican National Railroad Company (1904) 194 US 120 133
Société Nationale Industrielle Aérospatiale v. United States District Court for the
Southern District of Iowa (1987) 482 US 522 221
Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain (2004) 542 US 692 137, 220, 232
State ex rel. Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Rodgers (1946) 193 SW 2d 919 147

Sun Oil Co.v.Wortman (1988) 486 US 717 127, 143, 147
Swift v. Tyson (184 2) 41 US 1 128, 129, 134, 135, 153
Tah
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Telnikoff v. Matusevitch (1997) 702 A 2d 230 258
The Bremen v. Zapata Off-shore Co. (1972) 4 07 US 1 137, 293
The Charming Betsy (1804) 6 US 64 91
Thomas v. Washington Gas Light Co . (1980) 448 US 261 151
Thornton v. Sea Quest Inc. ( 19 98) 999 F Supp 1219 220
Timberlane Lumber Co.v.Bank of America (1 976) 549 F 2d 597 227, 235
xxii cases, judicial opinions and arbitral awards
Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) 17 US 518 69
Tucker v. RA Hanson Co. (1992) 9 56 F 2d 215 146
United States v. Aluminum Co. of America (1945) 148 F 2d 416 221, 227, 261
United States v. Usama Bin Laden (2000) 92 F Supp 2d 189 220, 24 8
United States v. Clark (2004) 315 F Supp 2d 1127 247
United States v. Harvey (1993) 2 F 3d 1318 247
United States v. Reza q (1998) 134 F 3d 1121 248
United States v. Vasquez-Vela sco (1994) 15 F 3d 833 248
United States v. Yunis (No. 2) (1988) 681 F Supp 896 248
Waggoner v. Snow, Becker, Kroll, Klaris & Krauss (1993) 991 F 2d 1501 136, 139
Walker v. Armco Steel (1980) 446 US 740 135
Watson v. Employer’sLiabilityCorp. (1954) 348 US 66 140
Wells v. Simonds Abrasive (1953) 345 US 514 147
Willis v. First Real Estate and Investment Co. (1934) 68 F 2d 671 93
World-Wide Volkswagen v. Woodson (198 0) 444 U S 286 150, 22 0
Zschernig v. Miller (1968) 389 US 429 122
cases, judicial opinions and arbitral awards xxiii
ABBREVIATIONS
ECHR European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights

and Fundamental Freedoms 1950
ECJ European C ourt of Justice
ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966
ICJ International Court of Justice
ICSID International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
ICTY International C riminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
ILC International Law Commission
PCIJ Permanent C ourt of International Justice
VCLT Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969
WTO World Trade Organization
xxiv