The Protection of the Right to Education by International Law doc

The Protection of the Right to Education
by International Law
International Studies
in Human Rights
volume 82
The Protection of the Right to
Education by International Law
Including a Systematic Analysis of Article 13 of
the International Covenant on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights
by
Klaus Dieter Beiter
MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS
LEIDEN / BOSTON
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Beiter, Klaus Dieter
The protection of the right to education by international law: including a systematic
analysis of Article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and
Cultural Rights / by Klaus Dieter Beiter
p. cm. — (International studies in human rights; v. 82)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 90-04-14704-7
1. Right to education. I. Title II. Series.
K3259.5.B45 2005
344'.079—dc22 2005053919
Printed on acid-free paper.
ISBN 90-04-14704-7
© 2006 Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill Academic Publishers,
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored
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Printed in the Netherlands
To my parents,
my brother, my sister
&
Yvonne

CONTENTS
Preface ix
List of UN/UNESCO Documents & Bibliography xi
Table of Cases xxv
Internet Resources xliii
List of Abbreviations xlv
Explanation of Document Symbols xlvii
Chapter One: Introduction 1
Part A: A General Analysis of the Protection of the Right to
Education by International Law 11
Chapter Two: History and Nature of the Right to Education 17
Chapter Three: The Right to Education and the Disputed
Category of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 47
Chapter Four: The Protection of the Right to Education by
International Legal Instruments 85
Chapter Five: The Protection of the Right to Education by

Regional Legal Instruments 155
Chapter Six: The Protection of the Right to Education
by Legal Instruments of the United Nations Specialised
Agencies 225
Chapter Seven: Promoting the Right to Education at the
International Level 315
Part B: A Systematic Analysis of the Right to Education
as Protected in Article 13 of the International Covenant
on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 339
Chapter Eight: The Supervisory System of the International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 345
Chapter Nine: The General Provisions of the International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 373
Chapter Ten: Article 13 of the International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to
Education 459
Chapter Eleven: The Right to Education in the Concluding
Observations of the Committee on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights 571
Chapter Twelve: Strengthening Education as a Human Right,
and Improving the Supervision of Article 13 of the ICESCR
Under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights 605
Annex 655
Outline of Structure 689
Index 705
viii contents
PREFACE
This book originated as a doctoral thesis at the Ludwig-Maximilians-
Universität in Munich, Germany. Writing this preface concludes several

years of hard but exciting work. It took me three years to produce the
thesis, which I handed in on 3 April 2003. Subsequently, I updated the
manuscript so that the text of this book reflects the state of the law as on
15 March 2005. Certain earlier-dated legal materials not accessible to me
as on the latter date have not been taken into account. It has been my
ambition to deal with the topic of the book in a comprehensive manner,
i.e. to cover all salient issues concerning the protection of the right to edu-
cation by international law in adequate detail to render the discussion
meaningful. But, as one may imagine, it is virtually impossible to accom-
plish this goal. I therefore apologise, if aspects considered important have
not been addressed or have not been addressed in sufficient detail. On a
technical point, unless indicated otherwise, the use of the masculine form
in this book also includes the feminine form.
It remains for me to thank all those who contributed in one way or
another to the preparation of this book. At the same time, I emphasise
that solely I am responsible for its content and any mistakes it may con-
tain. The research for this book was mainly carried out at the Department
of Public International Law of the University of Munich. My special thanks
go to Prof. Dr. Bruno Simma, formerly Head of Department (now Judge
at the International Court of Justice), for the research facilities granted to
me at his department, for having supervised the writing of the thesis and
for having written the first rapporteur’s report on the thesis. I also wish
to thank Dr. Markus Zöckler, attached to the department, for his adminis-
trative and technical support. I further thank Prof. Dr. Moris Lehner of
the Institute for Political Science and Public Law who wrote the second
rapporteur’s report on the thesis. Then I would like to thank Dr. Richard
Lord of the University of Cape Town, South Africa, a friend of mine, for
having proof-read the script. Likewise, I wish to thank the German Academic
Exchange Service for its financial assistance, which, in fact, made possible
my doctoral studies in Germany and the writing of this book. Finally, I

express my deepest gratitude to Yvonne, whose moral support helped me
to bring this project to an end.
In conclusion, may I state that I would appreciate receiving comments,
suggestions and criticism concerning any aspect of this book at my e-mail
address at
Munich, 18 April 2005 Klaus Dieter Beiter

LIST OF UN/UNESCO DOCUMENTS & BIBLIOGRAPHY*
List of UN/UNESCO Documents
UN Documents
General
– Compilation of General Comments and General Recommendations Adopted by Human
Rights Treaty Bodies, UN Doc. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.7 of 12 May 2004. (cited
as Compilation, 2004)
Commission on Human Rights
– Amor, A., Racial Discrimination, Religious Intolerance and Education, UN Doc.
A/CONF.189/PC.2/22 of 3 May 2001 (Study prepared by the Special
Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on Freedom of Religion
or Belief for the Preparatory Committee of the World Conference against
Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance,
held at Durban, South Africa from 31 August to 8 September 2001).
– Reports submitted by the Special Rapporteur of the Commission on
Human Rights on the Right to Education:
Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education,
UN Doc. E/CN.4/1999/49 (Preliminary Report submitted by the
Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the Right
to Education). (1999a)
Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education,
UN Doc. E/CN.4/2000/6 (Progress Report submitted by the Special
Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the Right to

Education). (2000a)
* Reports/studies/articles/books in this list of documents/bibliography will be referred
to as follows in this book: author, date/year of publication, page/paragraph reference, e.g.
Alston, 1994, p. 137. When there are two or more entries for an author with the same
date/year of publication, the relevant entries will show in brackets the date/year of pub-
lication, as supplemented by small letters in an alphabetical order, e.g. (2001a), (2001b),
(2001c) etc., to facilitate referring to the reports/studies/articles/books in the book, e.g.
Toma“evski, 2001b, pp. 14–17. In the case of documents, the UN/UNESCO document
reference will always be mentioned, e.g. Toma“evski, 2001a, paras. 64–77 (UN Doc.
E/CN.4/2001/52).
Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education:
Mission to Uganda (26 June–2 July 1999), UN Doc. E/CN.4/2000/
6/Add.1 (Report submitted by the Special Rapporteur of the Com-
mission on Human Rights on the Right to Education). (2000b)
Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education:
Mission to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (England)
(18–22 October 1999), UN Doc. E/CN.4/2000/6/Add.2 (Report sub-
mitted by the Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human
Rights on the Right to Education). (2000c)
Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education,
UN Doc. E/CN.4/2001/52 (Annual Report submitted by the Special
Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the Right to
Education). (2001a)
Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education,
UN Doc. E/CN.4/2002/60 (Annual Report submitted by the Special
Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the Right to
Education). (2002a)
Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education:
Mission to the United States of America (24 September–10 October 2001), UN
Doc. E/CN.4/2002/60/Add.1 (Report submitted by the Special

Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the Right to
Education). (2002b)
Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education:
Mission to Turkey (3–10 February 2002), UN Doc. E/CN.4/2002/60/Add.2
(Report submitted by the Special Rapporteur of the Commission on
Human Rights on the Right to Education). (2002c)
Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education,
UN Doc. E/CN.4/2003/9 (Annual Report submitted by the Special
Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the Right to
Education). (2003a)
Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education:
Mission to Indonesia (1–7 July 2002), UN Doc. E/CN.4/2003/9/Add.1
(Report submitted by the Special Rapporteur of the Commission on
Human Rights on the Right to Education). (2003b)
Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education:
Mission to the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) (24 November–1 December
2002), UN Doc. E/CN.4/2003/9/Add.2 (Report submitted by the
Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the Right
to Education). (2003c)
Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education,
UN Doc. E/CN.4/2004/45 (Annual Report submitted by the Special
Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the Right to
Education). (2004a)
xii list of un⁄unesco documents & bibliography
Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education:
Mission to the People’s Republic of China (10–19 September 2003), UN Doc.
E/CN.4/2004/45/Add.1 (Report submitted by the Special Rapporteur
of the Commission on Human Rights on the Right to Education).
(2004b)
Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education:

Mission to Colombia (1–10 October 2003), UN Doc. E/CN.4/2004/
45/Add.2/Corr.1 (Report submitted by the Special Rapporteur of the
Commission on Human Rights on the Right to Education). (2004c)
– Background Papers prepared for the Intergovernmental Working Group
on the Effective Implementation of the Durban Declaration and
Programme of Action:
Fontani, P., UNESCO’s Action to Combat Racism and Discrimination through
Education, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2004/WG.21/BP.6.
Toma“evski, K., Five Necessary Steps to Eliminate Racism and Xenophobia in
Education, and through Education: Recommendations by the Special Rapporteur
of the Commission on Human Rights on the Right to Education, UN Doc.
E/CN.4/2004/WG.21/BP.5. (2004d)
– “Draft optional protocol to the International Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights”, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1997/105.
Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights ( formerly
Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities)
– Eide, A. (as Chairperson of the Working Group on Minorities), Commentary
to the UN Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic,
Religious and Linguistic Minorities, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.5/2001/2.
Hadden, T., International and National Action for the Protection of Minorities:
The Role of the Working Group on Minorities, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/
AC.5/2004/WP.3 (Working Paper prepared for Working Group on
Minorities).
Mehedi, M., Multicultural and Intercultural Education and Protection of Minorities,
UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.5/1999/WP.5 (Working Paper prepared
for Working Group on Minorities). (1999a)
Siemienski, G., Education Rights of Minorities: The Hague Recommendations,
UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.5/1997/WP.3 (Working Paper prepared
for Working Group on Minorities).
Report of the International Seminar on Intercultural and Multicultural

Education, held at Montreal, Canada from 29 September–2 October
1999, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.5/2000/WP.4.
– Mehedi, M., The Realisation of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Realisation
of the Right to Education, including Education in Human Rights, UN Doc.
E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/10 (Working Paper submitted to the Sub-Com-
mission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities).
list of un⁄unesco documents & bibliography xiii
Mehedi, M., The Realisation of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The
Realisation of the Right to Education, including Education in Human Rights:
The Content of the Right to Education, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/10
(Working Paper submitted to the Sub-Commission on Prevention of
Discrimination and Protection of Minorities). (1999b)
– Eide, A., The New International Economic Order and the Promotion of Human
Rights: Report on the Right to Adequate Food as a Human Right, UN Doc.
E/CN.4/Sub.2/1987/23 (Final Report submitted by the Special
Rapporteur of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination
and Protection of Minorities on the Right to Food).
– Türk, D., The Realisation of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, UN Doc.
E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/16 (Final Report submitted by the Special
Rapporteur of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination
and Protection of Minorities on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights).
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
– Basic reference documents:
“Status of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights and reservations, withdrawals, declarations and objections under
the Covenant”, as at 1 October 2001, UN Doc. E/C.12/1993/3/Rev.6.
Rules of Procedure, UN Doc. E/C.12/1990/4/Rev.1.
“Revised general guidelines regarding the form and contents of reports
to be submitted by States parties under articles 16 and 17 of the
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights”,

UN Doc. E/C.12/1991/1.
– Reports of UN agencies/organs, including the following three reports of
UNESCO: UN Docs. E/1982/10, E/1988/7 and E/1990/8.
– Information from NGOs
– Reports of states parties
– Concluding Observations: eighth session (May 1993) until thirty-first ses-
sion (November 2003)
– Summary Records
– Reports of the Committee on the various sessions:
Report on the First Session (1987), UN Doc. E/1987/28.
Report on the Second Session (1988), UN Doc. E/1988/14.
Report on the Third Session (1989), UN Doc. E/1989/22.
Report on the Fourth Session (1990), UN Doc. E/1990/23.
Report on the Fifth Session (1990), UN Doc. E/1991/23.
Report on the Sixth Session (1991), UN Doc. E/1992/23.
Report on the Seventh Session (1992), UN Doc. E/1993/22.
Report on the Eighth and Ninth Sessions (1993), UN Doc. E/1994/23.
xiv list of un⁄unesco documents & bibliography
Report on the Tenth and Eleventh Sessions (1994), UN Doc. E/1995/22.
Report on the Twelfth and Thirteenth Sessions (1995), UN Doc. E/
1996/22.
Report on the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Sessions (1996), UN Doc. E/
1997/22.
Report on the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Sessions (1997), UN Doc. E/
1998/22.
Report on the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Sessions (1998), UN Doc.
E/1999/22.
Report on the Twentieth and Twenty-First Sessions (1999), UN Doc.
E/2000/22.
Report on the Twenty-Second, Twenty-Third and Twenty-Fourth Sessions

(2000), UN Doc. E/2001/22.
Report on the Twenty-Fifth, Twenty-Sixth and Twenty-Seventh Sessions
(2001), UN Doc. E/2002/22.
Report on the Twenty-Eighth and Twenty-Ninth Sessions (2002), UN
Doc. E/2003/22.
Report on the Thirtieth and Thirty-First Sessions (2003), UN Doc.
E/2004/22.
– Background Papers submitted to Committee on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights in view of the Day of General Discussion: Right to
Education (articles 13 and 14 of the International Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights):
Chapman, A. and S. Russell, Violations of the Right to Education, UN Doc.
E/C.12/1998/19.
Coomans, F., The Right to Education as a Human Right: An Analysis of Key
Aspects, UN Doc. E/C.12/1998/16. (1998a)
Fernandez, A. and J D. Nordmann, Right to Education: Survey and Prospects,
UN Doc. E/C.12/1998/14.
Ferrer, F., The Right to Education and Programmes to Remedy Inequalities, UN
Doc. E/C.12/1998/20.
Gomez del Prado, J., Comparative Analysis of the Right to Education as Enshrined
in Articles 13 and 14 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights and Provisions Contained in Other Universal and Regional Treaties,
and the Machinery Established, if Any, for Monitoring its Implementation, UN
Doc. E/C.12/1998/23.
Hunt, P., State Obligations, Indicators, Benchmarks and the Right to Education,
UN Doc. E/C.12/1998/11.
Kempf, I., How to Measure the Right to Education: Indicators and their Potential
Use by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, UN Doc.
E/C.12/1998/22.
list of un⁄unesco documents & bibliography xv

Kent, G., The Right to Quality Education, UN Doc. E/C.12/1998/13.
Meyer-Bisch, P., The Right to Education in the Context of Cultural Rights, UN
Doc. E/C.12/1998/17.
Toma“evski, K., The Right to Education, UN Doc. E/C.12/1998/18.
World University Service, The Right to Education, UN Doc. E/C.12/1998/15.
Zachariev, Z., Considerations on Indicators of the Right to Education, UN Doc.
E/C.12/1998/21.
Committee on the Rights of the Child
– Basic reference documents:
“Overview of the reporting procedures”, UN Doc. CRC/C/33 (1994).
Provisional Rules of Procedure, UN Doc. CRC/C/4 (1991).
“General guidelines regarding the form and content of initial reports to
be submitted by States parties under article 44, para. 1(a), of the
Convention”, UN Doc. CRC/C/5 (1991).
“General guidelines regarding the form and content of periodic reports
to be submitted by States parties under article 44, para. 1(b), of the
Convention”, UN Doc. CRC/C/58 (1996).
– Reports of states parties
– Concluding Observations: third session ( January 1993) until thirty-fourth
session (September/October 2003)
– Summary Records
– Reports of the Committee on the various sessions: second session
(September/October 1992) until thirty-fourth session (September/October
2003)
– Document on the first ten General Discussion Days, entitled “Committee
on the Rights of the Child: Reports of General Discussion Days”, com-
piled by the UNHCHR.
UNESCO Documents
UNESCO’s complaints procedure
– 104 EX/Decision 3.3 (1978)—“Study of the procedures which should

be followed in the examination of cases and questions which might be
submitted to UNESCO concerning the exercise of human rights in the
spheres of its competence, in order to make its action more effective:
Report of the Working Party of the Executive Board” (104 EX/3).
– “Examination of the communications transmitted to the Committee on
Conventions and Recommendations” (2004) (UNESCO Doc. 169 EX/
CR/2).
xvi list of un⁄unesco documents & bibliography
The Convention, and the Recommendation against Discrimination in Education
– Report of the Committee on Conventions and Recommendations on the
First Consultation, UNESCO Doc. 15 C/11 (1968).
– Report of the Committee on Conventions and Recommendations on the
Second Consultation, UNESCO Doc. 17 C/15 (1972).
– Report of the Committee on Conventions and Recommendations on the
Third Consultation, UNESCO Doc. 21 C/27 (1980).
– Report of the Committee on Conventions and Recommendations on the
Fourth Consultation, UNESCO Doc. 23 C/72 (1985).
– Report of the Committee on Conventions and Recommendations on the
Fifth Consultation, UNESCO Doc. 26 C/31 (1991).
– “Examination of the reports and responses received in the Sixth Con-
sultation of member states on the implementation of the Convention
and Recommendation against Discrimination in Education”, UNESCO
Doc. 156 EX/21 (1999).
– “Sixth Consultation of member states on the implementation of the
Convention and Recommendation against Discrimination in Education”,
UNESCO Doc. 30 C/29 (1999).
– “Sixth Consultation of member states on the implementation of the
Convention and Recommendation against Discrimination in Education”,
30 C/Resolution 15 of 17 November 1999.
The Revised Recommendation concerning Technical and Vocational Education

– Report of the Committee on Conventions and Recommendations on the
First Consultation (1974 version of the Recommendation), UNESCO
Doc. 25 C/28 (1989).
– Report of the Committee on Conventions and Recommendations on the
Second Consultation (1974 version of the Recommendation), UNESCO
Doc. 27 C/89 (1993).
The Recommendation concerning the Status of Teachers, and the Recommendation
concerning the Status of Higher-Education Teaching Personnel
– Report of the Joint ILO/UNESCO Committee of Experts on the
Application of the Recommendation concerning the Status of Teachers
(CEART) on the First Consultation (Recommendation concerning the
Status of Teachers), Doc. CEART/II/1970/4.
– Report of the CEART on the Second Consultation (Recommendation
concerning the Status of Teachers), Doc. CEART/III/1976/10.
– Report of the CEART on the Third Consultation (Recommendation
concerning the Status of Teachers), Doc. CEART/IV/1982/12.
– Report of the CEART on the Fourth Consultation (Recommendation
concerning the Status of Teachers), Doc. CEART/V/1988/5.
list of un⁄unesco documents & bibliography xvii
– Report of the CEART of the Sixth Ordinary Session (Recommendation
concerning the Status of Teachers), Doc. CEART/VI/1994/12.
– Report of the CEART of the Seventh Session (Recommendation con-
cerning the Status of Teachers, and Recommendation concerning the
Status of Higher-Education Teaching Personnel), Doc. CEART/VII/
2000/10.
– Report of the Joint ILO/UNESCO Committee of Experts on the Appli-
cation of the Recommendations concerning Teaching Personnel (CEART)
of the Eighth Session (Recommendation concerning the Status of Teachers,
and Recommendation concerning the Status of Higher-Education Teaching
Personnel), Doc. CEART/VIII/2003/11.

The Recommendation concerning Education for International Understanding,
Co-operation and Peace and Education relating to Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms
– Synthesis of reports by member states in the context of the Permanent
System of Reporting on Education for Peace, Human Rights, Democracy,
International Understanding and Tolerance, First Consultation, UNESCO
Doc. 25 C/30 (1989).
– Synthesis of reports by member states in the context of the Permanent
System of Reporting on Education for Peace, Human Rights, Democracy,
International Understanding and Tolerance, Second Consultation, Doc.
ED-BIE/CONFINTED 44/INF.2 (1994).
– Synthesis of reports by member states in the context of the Permanent
System of Reporting on Education for Peace, Human Rights, Democracy,
International Understanding and Tolerance, Third Consultation, UNESCO
Doc. 31 C/INF.5 (2001).
– (First) Sexennial Report on progress made in implementing the Recom-
mendation concerning Education for International Understanding, Co-oper-
ation and Peace and Education relating to Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms, UNESCO Doc. 26 C/32 (1991).
– (Second) Sexennial Report on progress made in implementing the Recom-
mendation concerning Education for International Understanding, Co-oper-
ation and Peace and Education relating to Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms, UNESCO Doc. 29 C/INF.4 (1997).
The Recommendation on the Development of Adult Education
– Report of the Committee on Conventions and Recommendations on its
consultation on the Recommendation on the Development of Adult
Education, UNESCO Doc. 27 C/88 (1993).
xviii list of un⁄unesco documents & bibliography
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