Insight and Control of Infectious Disease in Global Scenario Edited by Priti Kumar Roy potx

INSIGHT AND CONTROL
OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE
IN GLOBAL SCENARIO

Edited by Priti Kumar Roy











Insight and Control of Infectious Disease in Global Scenario
Edited by Priti Kumar Roy


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Copyright © 2012 InTech
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First published March, 2012
Printed in Croatia

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Additional hard copies can be obtained from


Insight and Control of Infectious Disease in Global Scenario, Edited by Priti Kumar Roy
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0319-6

Contents

Preface IX
Part 1 General Epidemics
and Its Control Through Mathematical Approach 1
Chapter 1 Biomedical Importance
of Host Genetic Factors in Infectious Diseases 3
Farrukh Jamal, Tabish Qidwai and Sangram Singh
Chapter 2 Development of Therapeutic
Interventions for Emerging Diseases 29
Nigel J. Silman
Chapter 3 Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis B
and Hepatitis C Virus Infections Among Injecting and
Non-Injecting Drug Users in Inner City Neighborhoods 45
Lu-Yu Hwang and Carolyn Z. Grimes
Chapter 4 Isolator System For Laboratory Infectious Animals 61
Xin Pan
Chapter 5 Mathematical Modeling of IL-2 Based
Immune Therapy on T Cell Homeostasis in HIV 79
Priti Kumar Roy, Sonia Chowdhury,
Amarnath Chatterjee
and Sutapa Biswas Majee
Chapter 6 Oxidative Stress in Human Health and Disease 97
Isaac K. Quaye
Chapter 7 Worldwide Trends in Infectious Disease

Research Revealed by a New Bibliometric Method 121
Hiromi Takahashi-Omoe and Katsuhiko Omoe
Part 2 Immuno-Kinetics and Vaccination 139
Chapter 8 Chemokine Responses to Hepatitis C Virus
and Their Impact in Mediating
the Treatment Responses of Antiviral Treatment 141
Jon Florholmen and Rasmus Goll
VI Contents

Chapter 9 Immunological Pathogenesis of Septic Reactions and
Elimination of Triggers and Mediators of Inflammation 157
Irina Shubina, Natalia Anisimova, Elena Gromova,
Irina Chikileva and Mikhail Kiselevsky
Chapter 10 Studies on the Association
of Meningitis and Mumps Virus Vaccination 179
Alejandra Lara-Sampablo, Nora Rosas-Murrieta,
Irma Herrera-Camacho, Verónica Vallejo-Ruiz,
Gerardo Santos-López and Julio Reyes-Leyva
Chapter 11 Synthetic Peptide Vaccines 201
Alexandr A. Moisa and Ekaterina F. Kolesanova
Part 3 Environmental Epidemics
in the Course of Therapeutic Outlook 229
Chapter 12 Cytotoxicity of Aspergillus Fungi
as a Potential Infectious Threat 231
Agnieszka Gniadek
Chapter 13 Expression and Characterization
of Bovine Milk Antimicrobial Proteins
Lactoperoxidase and Lactoferrin by Vaccinia Virus 249
Tetsuya Tanaka, Xuenan Xuan, Kozo Fujisaki and Kei-ichi Shimazaki
Chapter 14 Three Cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Infection Initially Recognized by Focus
Changing Examination in Gram Staining 261
Yoshiko Atsukawa, Sayoko Kawakami, Yasuo Ono,
Ryuichi Fujisaki, Yukihisa Miyazawa and Hajime Nishiya
Chapter 15 Temperature Sensitivity
of the Diphtheria Containing Vaccines 271
Ümit Kartoğlu
Chapter 16 Iron and Microbial Growth 289
Argiris Symeonidis and Markos Marangos
Part 4 Molecular Epidemiology and Mitigation Strategy 331
Chapter 17 Diphtheria Disease and Genes Involved in Formation
of Diphthamide, Key Effector of the Diphtheria Toxin 333
Shanow Uthman, Shihui Liu, Flaviano Giorgini, Michael J.R. Stark,
Michael Costanzo

and Raffael Schaffrath
Chapter 18 Diphtheria Toxin
and Cytosolic Translocation Factors 357
Ryan C. Ratts and John R. Murphy
Contents VII

Chapter 19 Pattern Recognition Receptors and Infectious Diseases 383
Ardi Liaunardy Jopeace, Chris B. Howard, Ben L. Murton,
Alexander D. Edwards and Tom P. Monie
Chapter 20 Stem Cells in Infectious Diseases 415
Ramesh Chandra Rai, Debapriya Bhattacharya and Gobardhan Das
Chapter 21 The Importance of Haem vs Non-Haem Iron in
the Survival and Pathogenesis of Brucella abortus 427
Marta A. Almirón, Nidia E. Lucero and Norberto A. Sanjuan

Preface

In a Global scenario, economically progressive nations have developed medical
sciences. But still it lacks precise information during the enhancement of potent drugs
to combat ailment, which is the legacy of the organisms that generate diseases. Rising
countries had long been perceived the threat, which at times, down the lane has been
the major factor for magnanimous economic disaster and human poverty. Lot of
resources was put into force by the world community to abscond the microbial fauna
and genetically inherited diseases to contain them within the safe limits. However,
endemics, epidemics and pandemics occur in recent situation due to various host-
pathogen interactions. Bioscience has been the buzz of the 21
st
century but
mathematical science has been the leader behind empowering the biologists to
formulate laws and theories to combat diseases with precise and accurate information.
Biomathematics and Epidemics has joined hands together to emerge as a novel
strategic tie up that lead to prognosis, diagnose and formulate effective combat
schedule to emerge and re-emerge as a winner against the dreadful infectious diseases.
Diseases like HIV, Mycobacterium and Diphtherias are the most feared and live
threatening fast communicable infection that can roam from one place to the other
within very short period. Over the years drug resistance has also contributed severe
efficacy loss to the conventional disease therapy. Mathematical models can contribute
and map the lagging information to the biologists to solve the puzzle and challenge

infectious disease effectively. This book has been a step forward in the modern era to
understand, analyze and fight infectious disease in an effective and accurate manner
through the language of biomathematics. The authors find great research potential in
combining the two fundamental branches of science to the most lucid detail that serves
the researchers, scholars, and medical professionals. The most crucial information
about the pathways of control theoretical approach is to be encroached about the
infectious diseases that are the menace in the world. As the pride editor of this
introspecting research compendium, I am privileged to account some modern and
interesting research topics in the prized volume of the book. I hope that this literature
serves as a lee forward in understanding the basic host-pathogen interaction in a more
coherent and scientific fashion and its modus operandi in relation to the various biotic
and abiotic modules. This book introspect the major thrust areas of infectious diseases
both in anthropogenic and zoonotic domains and as the editor; I include the research
articles in most prudent manner. I wish that this volume in its present format will
serve the nourishing and nurturing delicacy to the bio-mathematician, drug modelers
X Preface

and clinical researchers in a novel flavor. Pieces of writings have been preferred with
scrupulous concern; so that a few of them may imitate and include a huge number of
apparently oscillate looking ones, thus reducing the quantum of recurrence. My
intention in writing the book is not to talk about the infectious disease, but to let the
readers to be familiar with such manifestation as would them to undertake any
question in the mind.
I expect this book may have an immense impact on our socio-economical
environment. My endeavor is to enlighten the shady features of infectious disease to
surroundings, such that the humanity may emerge from blind superstitions.
It is too incongruous to cover the complete topics, based on infectious disease, but I
have performed my level best workings to include a big portion of the curriculum.
Analyses, information, gathered in this book, have been integrated from a variety of
national and international journals, to institute this text. My wholehearted effort will

be successful, if societal advantage may be achieved to the civilization.
I extend my heartfelt salute to the contributors of the volume for their articles and
christening me the honor as being the editor of the volume. I am grateful to Dr. Sumit
Nandi of Narula Institute of Technology, Dr. Joydeep Mukharjee of Jadavpur
University, Dr. Sutapa Biswas Majee of NSHM College of Pharmaceutical Technology,
Mr. Joydeep Pal of Indian Statistical Institute, my scholars specially Mr. Abhirup Datta
and all colleagues of my Department, for their incessant encouragement and
motivation. Without their hard strained efforts and impulsive collaboration, it is too
impossible for me to edit this book. I thank to the mighty god, my friends, well
wishers and family for keeping the energy live in me in finishing the job and present
this book to the society for a better knowledge to combat disease. Lastly, I obtain the
capacity of extending my heartfelt thanks to all the members of “Intech Open Science”
for their kind assistance in bringing out this book. With all the constrictions
concerning power, paper and time, I have tried to optimize the accessible benefit to the
readers with supreme concern. The ultimate responsibility for inaccuracy or misprints
is mine and notices will be auspiciously cherished for improvement of the book, if they
are pointed out.
Dr. Priti Kumar Roy,
Jadavpur University
Kolkata,
India


Part 1
General Epidemics and Its Control
Through Mathematical Approach