reference book on chemical engineering v_ii

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NEW
AGE INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS
Reference
Book
on
Chemical
Engineering
THIS PAGE IS
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Reference
Book
on

Chemical
Engineering
Volume
II
D.
Sel
B.
Ch
.E.
Fellow
of
the Institution
of
Engineers (Indi
a)
Former Listed lOBI Consultant
and
Retired
Chief
Engineer
(Chern.)
of
BVFCL, (Formerly
HFCL)
Namrup
Unit,
Assam
NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL
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UMITED, PUBUSHERS

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'To
My
MotlUr
'Wno
lias
t~n mucfi interest
in
progress
of
tlU 600ft I
tlU 600ft is t!eaicatea
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PREFACE
This volume II
contains
a
large
number
of
data
tables
and
graphs
in
Part
A
whereas
in
Part
B
essential
information
on
other
engineering
disciplines viz. civil,
mechanical, electrical,
instrumentation
and
general
matters
were given for Chemical

Engineering
students
as
well
as
for professionals. Some
of
the
information
on
other
engg.
areas
and
finance
were
written
by
experienced
senior
engineers
and
finance
executives from
industry
to
make
this
volume more
interesting.

This volume was also
reviewed by Professor U.P. Ganguly (retd.) of Chemical
Engg
. Deptt.
of
IIT, Kharagpur.
I
thank
to all who
have
assisted
in
this
work.
Kolkata
D. SEN
THIS PAGE IS
BLANK
CONTENTS
Preface (vii)
PART
I : DATA
TABLES
AND
GRAPHS
1-135
PART
U :
OTHER
INFORMATION

1. Civil
Engineering
Information
137
2.
Mechanical Engineering Information
140
3.
Electrical Engineering Information
151
4. SpeCifie Requirement
of
Electrical Equipment
160
5.
Process Instrumentation
183
6. Instrumentation-Practical Guide
190
7.
General
196
8.
Glossary of Thrms
in
Chemistry and Others
198
Index
212
THIS PAGE IS

BLANK
PART I
Data Tables and Graphs
THIS PAGE IS
BLANK
Table 1 : Chemical and physical Data of Various Elements
Symbol Atomic Den- Melting Boiling Brinell
Mass sity
6
) Point Point at Hardness
760 Torr
12
C = 12 g/cm
3
°C °C HB
(20°C)
Aluminium Al 26.98 2.70 659 2447 16
Antimony Sb 121.75 6.69 630.5 1637 30
Arsenic As 74.92 5.72
1
) 815 613 –
Barium Ba 137.34 3.61 710 1637 42
Beryllium Be 9.01 1.85 1283 2477 60
Boron B 10.81 2.33 2030 3900 –
Cadmium Cd 112.40 8.64 321 765 35
Calcium Ca 40.08 1.54 850 1487 13
Carbon
3
) C 12.01 2.20 3800 – –
Cerium Ce 140.12 6.77 797 3470 21

Chromium Cr 52.00 7.20 1903 2642 70
Cobalt Co 58.93 8.90 1492 2880 125
Copper Cu 63.54 8.96 1083 2595 50
Fluorine F 19.00 1.70 –219.6 –188 –
Gold Au 196.97 19.30 1064.8 2707 –
Iodine I 126.90 4.93
2
113.6 182.8 –
Iron Fe 55.85 7.87 1536 3070 45
Lead Pb 207.19 11.34 327.4 1751 3
Magnesium Mg 24.31 1.74 649.5 1120 –
Manganese Mn 54.94 7.43 1244 2095 –
Mercury Hg 200.61 13.55 – 38.9 356.7 –
Molybdenum Mo 95.94 10.22 2620 4800 160
3
TABLES
4 REFERENCE BOOK ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Nickel Ni 53.71 8.91 1455 2800 70
Nioblum Nb 92.91 8.55 2468 ~4900 250
Phosphorus P 30.97 2.69
4
) 44.2
5
) 281 –
Potassium K 39.10 0.86 63.2 753.8 0.037
Rhodium Rh 102.91 12.50 1960 3960 110
Silicon Si 23.09 2.33 1423 2355 –
Silver Ag 107.87 10.50 961.3 2180 20
Sodium Na 22.99 0.97 97.8 890 0.07
Sulphur S 32.06 2.07 115.2 444.6 –

Tantalum Ta 180.95 16.60 2996 5400 30
Titanium Ti 47.90 4.51 1668 3280 160
Uranium U 233.03 19.10 1130 3930 –
Vanadium V 50.94 6.12 1890
≈
3380 260
Bismuth Bi 203.98 9.79 271 1560 9
Tungsten W 183.85 19.27 3390 5500 250
Zinc Zn 65.37 7.13 419.5 907 35
Tin Sn 113.69 7.29 231.9 ~2687 4
Zirconium Zr 91.22 6.50 1855
≈
4380 160
Chlorine Cl 35.46 2.49
6
–101.6 –34.6 –
Helium He 4.00 0.137 –272.2 –268.9 –
Hydrogen H 1.008 0.069 –259.1 –252.7 –
Krypton Kr 83.70 2.818 –169 –151.8 –
Neon Ne 20.183 0.674 –248.6 –245.9 –
Nitrogen N 14.00 12.5
7
–209.8 –195.8 –
Oxygen O 16.00 1.105 –218.4 –183 –
Radium Ra 226.05 5.0 960 1140 –
(1) For the rhombic modification. (2) At 25°C. (3) For graphite. (4) For black phosphorus. (5) For
white phosphorus. (6) At. 20°C (7) At 0°C and H
2
O = 1
Source

: D ANS Lax, Chemists and Physicists Pocket Book, 3rd edn 1967 except B.H.
Table 2 : Groups of chemicals
There are about 70, 000 chemicals in use through out the world. The chemicals can be
classified in three groups as below :
Group A
1. Adhesive chemicals
2. Pesticides
3. Fertilisers (agro chemicals)
4. Basic chemicals
5. Bulk drugs
DATA TABLES AND GRAPHS 5
6. Catalytic chemicals
7. Cosmetics and detergents
8. Dyes and Pigments
9. Lab. reagents
10. Fine chemicals
Group B
11. Perfume chemicals
12. Food preservatives (additives)
13. Food Processing Chemicals
14. Heavy chemicals
15. Intermediates
16. Leather chemicals
17. Metal Processing chemicals
18. Organic chemicals
19. Oil and drilling chemicals.
20. Paper processing chemicals.
Group C
21. Petrochemicals
22. Plastic Polymers

(straight, addition and condensation)
23. Pharma chemicals
24. Speciality chemicals
25. Textile processing chemicals
26. Printing and Writing ink
27. Optical whiteners
28. Oils & fats
29. Rubber chemicals
30. Photographic chemicals.
N. B. Some chemicals have overlapping existence in other groups.
6 REFERENCE BOOK ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Table 3 : Physical Data of various Elements and Compounds
Substance For- Molecular Density Boiling Heat of Specific Melting Critical Critical
mula Weight kg/m
3
kg/m
3
Point Vapor- Heat C
p
Point Temper- Pressure
12
C=12 gaseous liquid 760 Torr isation kcal/kg ature
°C kcal/kg deg C °C °C kp/cm
2
Hydrogen H
2
2.016 0.09 71 (–253) –252.8 108.4 3.424 –259.2 –239.9 13.2
(18)
Oxygen O
2

32.00 1.43 1195 (–195) –183.0 50.9 0.22 –218.8 –118.3 51.8
(48)
Nitrogen N
2
28.02 1.25 812 (–196) –195.8 47.3 0.25 –210.0 –146.9 34.5
Air 28.96 1.29 520 (–146) –191.4 47 0.240 –213.0 –140.7 38.5
Chlorine Cl
2
70.91 3.21 1574 (–40) –34.1 68.8 0.114 –101.0 144 78.5
Water H
2
O 18.01 0.804 1000 (4) 100.00 539 1.007 0.000 374.2 225.6
Hydrochloric HCl 36.47 1.63 1194 (–86) –85.0 105.8 0.19 – 114.2 51.5 84.7
acid
Hydrogen H
2
S 34.08 1.54 964 (– 60) –60.2 131.0 0.24 – 85.7 100.4 91.9
sulphide
Sulphur SO
2
64.07 2.93 1460 (–10) –10.0 93.1 0.145 – 75.5 157.5 80.4
dioxide
Ammonia NH
3
17.03 0.77 650 (–10) –31.0 288.8 0.50 – 77.4 132.4 115.2
Carbon monoxide.CO 28.01 1.250 791 (–191) –191.6 51.6 0.243 – 205.1 – 140.2 35.7
Carbon dioxide CO
2
44.01 1.98 960 (– 6) –78.5 137 0.202 – 56.6 31.0 75.3
See notes to Table 1 for Tables 3 to 15

Source : Chemists and Physicists pocket book-D Ans Lax 3rd edn. 1967.
Where the liquid-state density shown does not refer to 20°C, the relevant temperature is indicated in brackets.
Where the heat of evaporation does not refer to the boiling point at 760 Torr (760 mm Hg), the relevant temperature is added in
brackets.
Specific heat at constant pressure C
p
. Where the information shown does not refer to 20°C for liquids or 25°C for vapours or gases,
the relevant temperature is given in brackets.
DATA TABLES AND GRAPHS 7
Table 4 : Physical Data of Various Hydrocarbons
Substance Mole- Density Boiling Heat of Specific Melting Critical Critical
Formula cular Point Evapora- Heat C
p
Point Temper- Pressure
Weight 760 Torr tion kcal/kg ature
Normal Paraffins
12
C = 12 kg/m
3
°C kcal/kg deg C °C °C kp/cm
2
Methane CH
4
16.04 0.717
1
–164 121.9 0.532 –184 –82.5 47.3
Ethane CH
3
—CH
3

30.07 1.356
1
–88.5 116.7 0.419 –172.1 32.1 50.0
Propane CH
3
—CH
2
—CH
3
44.10 2.02
1
–44.5 101.8 0.399 –189.9 96.8 43.5
n
-Butane CH
3
—CH
2
—CH
2
—CH
3
58.12 2.703
1
–0.5 92.1 0.406 –135 152.0 38.6
i
-Butane
CH
3
CH
3

CH—CH
3
58.12 2.673
1
–10.2 87.5 0.39 –145 133.7 37.7
n
- Pentane CH
3
—(CH
2
)
3
—CH
3
72.15 626 36.15 85.4 0.543 –130.8 197.2 34.1
2-Methyl butane
(isopentane)
3
3
CH —CH—CH —CH
32
|
CH
72.15 625(15) 28.0 81.5 0.541 –159.6 194.8 34.4
n
-Hexane CH
3
—(CH
2
)

4
—CH
3
86.18 664(15) 68.8 80 0.532 –93.5 234.7 31.9
2-Methyl pentane
3
223
3
CH —CH—CH —CH —CH
|
CH
86.18 669(15) 63.2 76.5 (60) 0.523 –153.7 224.9 30.9
n
-Heptane CH
3
—(CH
2
)
5
—CH
3
100.21 684 98.3 75.6 0.525 –90.5 267.2 28
n
-Octane CH
3
—(CH
2
)
6
—CH

3
114.23 702 125.8 71.9 0.522 –57.0 296.2 25.5
n
-Nonane CH
3
—(CH
2
)
7
—CH
3
128.26 718 140.6 68.8 0.52 –51.0 322.0 23.7
(1) kg/nm
3
(at 0°C and 760 Torr)
8 REFERENCE BOOK ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
CH
2
—CH
2

CH
2
—CH
2


|
CH
2

—CH
2

CH
2
—CH
2

CH
2
—CH
2

CH
2
—CH
2
CH
2

CH
2
—CH
2

|
CH
2
—CH
2

—CH
2
CH
2
—CH
2
—CH
2

|
CH —
2
CH
2
—CH
2

CH
2
—CH
2
CH
2

CH —
2
CH
2
—CH

2

|
CH
2
—CH
2

—CH —CH
22
CH
2
—CH
2
—CH —CH
22

|
Table 5
Mole- Boiling Heat of Specific Melting Critical Critical
cular Point Evapora- Heat C
p
Point Temper- Pressure
Substance Formula Weight Density 760 Torr tion kcal/kg ature
12
C = 12 kg/m3 °C kcal/kg deg C °C °C kp/cm
2
Naphthenes) (Cycloparaffins)
Cyclobutane 56.11 703 (0) –7.5 103 0.31 – 80
Cyclopentane 70.14 745 49.5 94 0.43 –93.3 238.6 46.1

Cyclohexane 84.16 773 80.8 86 0.497 6.4 281 41.9
Cycloheptane 98.19 812 118 0.44 –12
Cyclooctane 112.12 834 148.5 14.3
Aromatic Hydrocarbons Table 5A
Benzene C
6
H
6
78.11 879 80.2 94.2 0.413 5.5 288.9 49.9
Methyl benzene C
6
H
5
CH
3
92.14 872(15) 110.8 85 0.41 –95 319.9 41.6
(toluene)
1, 2-Dimethyl
benzene
(
O
-Xylene) C
6
H
4
(H
3
)
2
106.17 881 143.6 83 0.414 –27.9 358.0 37.3

m
-Xylene C
6
H
4
(CH
3
)
2
106.17 866 139 82 0.410 –49.3 353 37.7
DATA TABLES AND GRAPHS 9
Mole- Boiling Heat of Specific Melting Critical Critical
cular Point Evapora- Heat C
p
Point Temper- Pressure
Substance Formula Weight Density 760 Torr tion kcal/kg ature
12
C = 12 kg/m3 °C kcal/kg deg C °C °C kp/cm
2
p
-Xylene C
6
H
4
(CH
3
)
2
106.17 861 138.4 81 0.406 13.3 343 37.2
Ethyl benzene C

6
H
5
—CH
2
—CH
3
106.17 867 136.1 81.1 0.415 –94.4 346.4 38.1
1, 3, 5-Trimethyl
benzene
(Mesitylene) C
6
H
3
(CH
3
)
2
120.2 864 164.4 77.5 0.42 –52.7 388 34.3
n
-Propylbenzene C
6
H
5
—CH
2
—CH
2
—CH
3

120.12 862 159.6 76.0 99.2 363 33.1
Diphenyl C
6
H
5
—C
6
H
5
154.2 989(77.1) 255.9 74 0.295 70 528 42.7
Condensed Aromatics Table 6
Naphthalene 128.18 976(85.3) 218 75 0.306 80 478.5 41.9
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetraphyd- 132.21 973 207 79.3 0.40 –35
ronaphthalene (Tetraline)
Cis-Decahydronaph- 138.25 894 193 71.0 (120) 0.41 –51
thalene (Decalin)
Anthracene 178.24 1252 (0°) 342 0.28 218
Phenanthrene 178.24 1041 (131.1) 332 0.31 101
H
H
H
H
10 REFERENCE BOOK ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Table 7
Mole- Density Boiling Heat of Specific Melting Critical Critical
cular kg/m3 Point Evapora- Heat C
p
Point Temper- Pressure
Substance Formula Weight 760 Torr tion kcal/kg ature
12

C = 12 °C kcal/kg deg C °C °C kp/cm
2
Mono-olefines
Ethylene CH
2
= CH
2
28.05 1.26
'
–103.9 125 0.371 –170 9.5 51.7
Propylene CH = CH
2
—CH
3
42.08 647 (–79) – 47 104.7 0.363 –185 91.8 47.1
Butylene-(1) CH
2
= CH—CH
2
—CH
3
56.11 607 (9.8) – 6.1 96.1 0.38 – 190 146.4 37.5
Isobutylene 56.1 626.8(–6.6) –6.6 92.8 0.38 –146.8 144.0 40.0
Pentene-(1) CH
2
= CH—CH
2
—CH
2
—CH

3
70.14 637 (18) 39.5 75 0.530 –166.2 202.6 41.7
Hexene-(1) CH
2
= CH—(CH
2
)
3
–CH
3
84.16 679 (15) 63.4 79.5 0.50 –139.0 230 31.5
Heptene-(1) CH
2
= CH—(CH
2
)
4
—CH
3
98.19 705 98.5 0.49 –119.4 262 28.7
Diolefines Table 8
Propadiene CH
2
= C = CH
2
40.07 652 (–25) 32 125 0.35 –146 120.8 53.5
Butadiene- CH
2
= CH—CH = CH
2

54.09 650 (–6) 4.75 108.0 0.561 (0) –108.9 152 44.1
(1, 3)
Pentadiene- CH
2
= CH—CH = CH—CH
3
68.12 683.0 (15) 42.1 0.36 – 87.5
(1, 3)
68.12 681 34.3 92.1 (25) 0.58 (25) –120
(1) kg/nm
3
(at 10°C and 760 Torr)
Source
: Chemists and Physicists pocket book-D Ans Lax 3rd edn. 1967
2-Methyl buta-
diene (1, 3)
(Isoprene)
CH
2
= C—CH = CH
2

CH
3
DATA TABLES AND GRAPHS 11
Table 9
Mole- Density Boiling Heat of Specific Melting Critical Critical
cular kg/m
3
Point Evapora- Heat C

p
Point Temper- Pressure
Substance Formula Weight 760 Torr tion kcal/kg ature
12
C = 12 °C kcal/kg deg C °C °C kp/cm
2
Acetylenes
Acetylene
CH CH≡
26.04 618 (–81.8) –83.6 198 0.403 –81.8 35.5 63.7
Methyl acetylene
3
CH — C CH
≡
40.07 713 (–55) – 27.5 0.362 – 105 127.9
Ethyl acetylene
32
CH —CH —C CH
≡
54.09 668 (0) 18 –137
Dimethyl
32
CH —C C—CH
≡
54.09 650 27.2 119 0.552 –32.3 215.5
acetylene
Halogenated Hydrocarbons Table 10
Methyl chloride CH
3
Cl 50.49 2.307

1
–23.7 102 0.193 –97.7 142.8 68.2
Methyl fluoride CH
3
F 34.03 1.545
1
–78.2 124 0.26 –141.8 44.5 59.9
Methylene chloride CH
2
Cl
2
84.93 1336 40.7 78.7 0.276 –96 237 62
Chloroform CHCl
2
119.38 1482 60.7 60.6 0.237 –63.5 262.5 56.7
Carbon CCl
4
153.82 1592 76.7 46.6 0.203 –22.9 283.1 46.5
tetrachloride
Trichloro-monofluoro CFCl
3
137.37 1494 (17.2) 24.9 43.6 0.211 –111 198.0 44.6
methane
(Freon 11)
Dichloro-difluoro CF
2
Cl
2
120.91 1486 (–30) – 29.8 40 0.137 –111 115.5 40.9
methane

(Freon 12)
(1) kg/nm
3
(at 0 and 760 Torr)
12 REFERENCE BOOK ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Table 10 (contd.)
Mole- Density Boiling Heat of Specific Melting Critical Critical
cular kg/m
3
Point Evapora- Heat C
p
Point Temper- Pressure
Substance Formula Weight 760 Torr tion kcal/kg ature
12
C = 12 °C kcal/kg deg C °C °C kp/cm
2
Chloro-trifluoro
methane
(Freon 13) CF
3
Cl 104.47 927 –81.5 36 0.15 –181.0 28.7 39.4
Ethyl chloride C
2
H
5
Cl 64.52 917 (6) 13.1 91.3 0.382 –142.5 189 56.8
Ethylene dichloride
(1,2) CH
2
Cl—CH

2
Cl 98.96 1253 83.7 84.1 0.31 (30) –35.5 288 54.8
Ethylene dichloride
(1,1) CHCl
2
–CH
3
98.96 1184 (15) 57.3 57.3 0.21 –96.6 250 51.7
1,1-Dichloro
ethylene CH
2
= CCl
2
96.94 1218 37 65 0.28 –122.5
1,1,1-Tichloro-
ethane CCl
3
—CH
3
133.41 1311 (25) 74 0.257 –32.6
1,1,2-Trichloro-
ethane CHCl
2
—CH
2
Cl 133.41 1443 113.7 67 –35.5
Trichloro
ethylene CCl
2
= CHCl 131.39 1470 (15) 86.9 57.8 0.277 –83

Tetrachloro
ethane CHCl
2
—CHCl
2
167.85 1603 (15) 146.4 55.0 0.27 (16) –42.5
Tetrachlorethy-
lene CCl
2
= CCl
2
165.83 1624 (15) 121.1 50.0 0.210 –23.5
Fluroro
benzene C
6
H
5
F 96.11 1024 85.1 77 0.364 –40.5 286.5 46.1
Chloro
benzene C
6
H
5
Cl 112.56 1112 (15) 132 77.6 0.31 –45 359.2 46.1
DATA TABLES AND GRAPHS 13
Table 11
Mole- Density Boiling Heat of Specific Melting Critical Critical
cular kg/m
3
Point Evapora- Heat Cp Point Temper- Pressure

Substance Formula Weight 760 Torr tion kcal/kg ature
12
C = 12 °C kcal/kg deg C °C °C kp/cm
2
Alcohols
Methanol (methyl
alcohol) CH
3
OH 32.04 795 (15) 64.7 263 0.596 –97.9 239.4 82.6
Ethanol (ethyl
alcohol) C
2
H
5
OH 46.07 794 (15) 78.3 202 0.572 –114.5 234.1 65.1
Glycol HO
.
CH
2
—CH
2
.
OH 62.07 1113 197.4 194 0.563 –12.4
n
-Propyl
alcohol C
2
H
5
CH

2
OH 60.10 804 97.4 180 0.560 –126.2 263.7 51.8
i
-Propyl
alcohol CH
3
CH(OH)CH
3
60.10 785 82.4 160 0.576 –89.5 243.5 54.9
Glycerine CH
2
OH
.
CHOH
.
CH
3
OH 92.10 1261 290 197 0.65 18
n
-Butyl
alcohol C
3
H
7
CH
2
OH 74.12 810 117.5 141 0.560 –89.3 289.7 45
i
-Butyl
alcohol (CH

3
)
2
CHCH
2
OH 74.12 803 108 138 0.552 –108 277.6 49.8
n
-Amyl
alcohol C
5
H
11
OH 88.15 824 (15) 138 123 0.553 –78.5 315
i
-Amyl alcohol (CH
3
)
2
CHCH
2
CH
2
OH 88.15 808 (25) 131.5 120 0.560 306.6
Cyclohexanol
(Hexalin)
100.16 938 (36.6) 160 108 0.418 23
Phenol C
6
H
5

OH 94.11 1071 (25) 182.2 122 0.333 40.8 419.2 62.5
o
-Cresol C
6
H
4
(OH)CH
3
108.14 1047 191 103 0.50 32 422 51
14 REFERENCE BOOK ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Table 12
Mole- Density Boiling Heat of Specific Melting Critical Critical
cular kg/m
3
Point Evapora- Heat C
p
Point Temper- Pressure
Substance Formula Weight 760 Torr tion kcal/kg ature
12
C = 12 °C kcal/kg deg C °C °C kp/cm
2
Aldehydes, Ketones
Acetone CH
3
COCH
3
58.08 791 56.2 125 0.515 –95.6 235.0 48.6
Diethyl ketone C
2
H

5
COC
2
H
5
86.13 816 (25) 101.7 90.8 0.55 (50) –39.9
Furfural 96.09 1160 161.7 108 0.418 (50) –36.5
Methyl furfural 110.11 1107.2 (18) 187.0
Table 13
Ethers
Dimethyl CH
3
—O—CH
3
46.07 2.11
1
–24.9 111.6 0.33 –140 126.9 53.7
ether
Methylethyl
ether CH
3
—O—C
2
H
5
60.10 726.0 (0) 6.4/724
2
98 0.32 164.7 44.8
Diethyl ether C
2

H
5
—O—C
2
H
5
74.12 714 34.6 86 0.371 —116.4 193.4 37.2
168.2 1089 (99.3) 287.0 83
(1) kg/nm
3
(at 0°C and 760 Torr) (2) 6.4 at 724 Torr
HC
CH
|
|
|
|
HC
.
O
.
C
.
CHO
−−
CH
CH
|
|
|

|
CH
.
C
.
O
.
C
CHO
3
−−
−−
Diphenylene
oxide