raffauf - plant alkaloids - a guide to their discovery and distribution [dp] (fpf, 1996)

FOOD PRODUCTS PRESS
An
Im
print
of
The Haworth Press,
In
c.
Herbs,
Spices, and Me
di
cinal Plants
Ly
le
E.
Craker, PhD
Se
ni
or
Editor
Plall'
Al
kaloids: A Guide
10
Their DiscovelY
and
Distributi
on
by
Robert
F.

Raffauf
Herb
s,
S
pi
ces,
and
Medici
nal
Plams: Recent Advallces
ill
BolallY
. Horticulture,
alld
Pharmacology.
Volum
es
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Ly
le E. Craker and James
E.
Simon
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nt
erest
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Th
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el
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E.
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Herbs ojC/lOice:
71!e

711erapelltic
Us'e
oj
Ph
ytomedici
l/
a/s
by ValTo E. Tyler
Plant Alkaloids
A Guide to Their Discovery
and
Distribution
Robert
F.
Raffau
f,
FL
S,
FMAS
Food Prodltcts Press
An
l!nprinl
of
The
H<lwOrlh
Press, Ine.
New
York
. London
Published hy

.
i"
ood
Pr
oduels l'Tess,
a~
imprint
"fThe
Haworth
"r
ess,
11I
e
10
Alice Sired Binghamton,
NY
13904·1580
t)
1996 by The Ilaworth
Pr
ess,
li
te. All righls reserved. No pm! of Ihis wurk
n~ly
be rCllfoduccd
or
IIli
liz.:d
in
Any

form
Of
by
HII)'
m
eliUS,
e!cC
lronic
01
mech:Ulicnl. iuclutlillg phott)Cllllyilll!.
micrufilm and recording, or by any illforn1aI,o'l slnragc al
l<'
rc tric~a
l
system, witho
ll
t permission
in
writ
ing
{Iu
rn
Ihe
J)u
bl
i
>h~r,
J>ri
n\
L'd

in tlie Uniled
SiDles
uf
Am
errca.
Ralfaur, n ober! F. (Koher! I'mucis). 1916-
l)l~nl
alkaloids
11
guide to t
he
ir discovery and dislri
\)lIli
on { Robe
rt
F.
Rll
ilnu
f.
p. em.
Includ
es
hihliogmphical lclcrcnccs (p. )
~nd
i
lideA
.
I
SB
N

1·
560
22
·860· I
(I
lk. paper)
I.
Alkaloid
s.
2.
BQ(nn
i
cal
chemislry.1.
Til
le.
QKK9
8
.M
IOS 1996
581.19'24
2ok20
90·5319
CII'
CONTENTS
Fo
rewo
rd
VII
Richard

EVQ1ls
Schultes
Preface
IX
Alkaloid Test Results
Appendix
225
Bibliography
229
Generic Index
23
1
ABO
UT
HIE
AUTUOI!
Rob
e
rt
F. Ra
ffauf
,
PhD
, is Professor Eme
ri
tus
of
Phannacognosy
and Medicinal
Che

mist
ry
at
Nor
theaste
rn
University in Boston.
li
e
cu
rrently hol
li
s an appointment as Research Associate at the Botani-
ca
l Museum of Harvard University,
whe
re he has al
so
tau
ght
Il
c
has served as Visiting P
ro
fessor at
th
e School
of
Ph
ar

macy at
th
e
U
ni
versi
ty
of Pue
rt
o
Ri
co
and al
th
e School of B
io
logical Sciences
of
lh
e
Na
tional Polytechnic
In
stitute of Mexico. Dr. Ranilllf has led
numerous expedit
io
ns in
Ill
a n y paris of
th

e wo
rl
d in the
SC:U'C
~l
f
or
n
ew
plants of pOI entia I medic
in
al value and has lectured
ex
ten
SIve
ly
on thi s and related ma
tt
ers,
in
cluding
th
e rain forests and conserva-
ti
on. lie is
th
e author of eig
ht
books,
69

jo
urnal
pu
blicat
io
ns, and
four
pate
nt
s, a
nd
he con
ti
nu
es to work with graduate s
tu
de
nt
s i
nt
er-
ested
in natu
ra
l p
ro
ducts research. A 50-year member or
th
e Ameri-
can Che

mi
cal Society, Dr. Ra
fT
a
uf
is <
ll
so a Fe
ll
ow
of
th
e
Li
nncan
Society of London and
of
th
e American Associat ion
of
Advance-
me
nt
of
Science. In 1988, he was awar
de
d an appointme
nt
as Resi-
de

nt Scholar at the Rockefeller Study Center in Be
ll
agio, I
ta
ly.
Foreword
During scveral years
of
fi
eld work in
th
e Nor
th
wcst
A
I
~lazon
i
~,
I
li
ved
and worked with members
of
many of the AmaZO
ni
an
In
dian
tribes.

Il
was an extrao
rd
inary opp0l1uni
ty
10 obscl
ve
, apprcciat
e,
and record their local customs, rituals, and particularl
y,
as a botan
ist
,
th
e
ir
inte
ll
igent uses
of
th
e plants
of
the
fo
rests in w
hi
ch
th

ey
lived.
The imp
0l
1a
nce
of
lhis i
nf
ormation, beyo
nd
sim
pl
y creating an
in
te
r-
es
tin
g ethnobotan
ie
al record, was not en
ti
re
ly obvio
lL
s at
th
e tim
e.

A
fi
cr my return
to
more acade
mi
c pursuit
s,
I met the author ·of
th
e
fo
ll
ow
in
g pages, then a che
mi
st
fo
r
II
major North American
pharmaceuti cal
co
mpnn
y,
with an interest primarily
in
th
at portion

of my notes
d
en
ling wi
th
the treatme
nt
of
disease as
it
WHS under-
stood by
th
e Indian
peo
pl
es. Some ph
ill
iS,
it
was though
t,
could be
so
ur
ces of new che
mi
cal
co
mpo

un
ds lor cventual use in o
ur
ow
n
system of medicine. Furthermore, in
(I
n
u
t
~Clllpl
t
o
reach that
g?
(l
I,
th
e addition of che
mi
cal and phan
naco
loglc(li data to
th
c botalllcal
record would expa
nd
our kn
ow
ledge

of
the ra
in
fo
rest and its plant
a
mi
<
lIli
mal inhabitants. A co
ll
abora
ti
on seemed a natural and log-
ical consequence.
As
a resu
lt
of the work des
cr
ibed
in
th
is book, many p
la
nts have
been the subjects
of
further botanical, che
mi

cal, and phalmncologi-
cal research. This integrated, interdisciplinary approach has been
of
gr
ea
t advantage to our students, thosc in my
cO
~l
rses
at Harvard
Un
iversity as we
ll
as
th
ose
of
Professor Raffaul at
t:'!0
11heaste
rn
Un
iversi
ty.
A
nu
mber of our studen
ts
have even
carncd

out
fi
e
ld
wo
rk
in v
ar
iolls pa
rt
s
of
tr
op
ical A
1I1
erica.
Wi
th them we have been
able to co-author a number
of
tec
hn
ic
al
papers on aspects of the
wealth
of
natural resources in
th

e Weste
rn
Amaw ll a
nd
to sup
pl
y
th
em w
ith
cha
ll
en
gi
ng problems
in
th
e numerous disciplines bear-
in
g on ra
in
forest
sc
ience. Toge
th
er we
ha
ve pub
li
shed two b

oo
ks
(T
he Healillg Forest,
Ville
0/
tl
i"e
SO
Il
I)
extending our kn
ow
ledge
of
th
e biodivers
it
y of this vast area
of
So lith America.
•
1'11/
PLANT ALKALOIDS
It
is
Ollr
hope that the inFonnation which my colleague has
as~
se

mbled here will
cont
inue to encourage academic as well as
com~
mercial research
on
th
e uselulncss
of
plants to humans and
con
trib~
ute to current efforts at conservation
of
Amazonian resources, some
of
which are on
th
e verge
of
extinction as a result
of
continued
uncontrolled devastation
in
many areas of these marvelous forests.
~
Richard
Evans Schultes.
PhD.

FMLS
Jeffrey Professor
of
Biology.
Emeritus
Direc!OI;
Botanical Museum,
Harvard University,
Cambridge,
Massachusetts
Preface
The senrch for plant alkaloids
ofnovcl
chemical structure having
potential va
lu
e as medicinal agents, as toxic principles,
or
as
ap~
propriate starling materials for synthetic modification leading to
other useful products, has occupied the attention
of
phytochemisls
for
over
150
years.
In
19

50, about 2,000
of
these substances were
recognized; by
1970 this
number
had increased to about
4,000
and
20
years later 10,000 were known

In
recent times,
th
ey have been
considered as uscthl taxonomic markers
in
attempts to constru
ct
more
"natural"
systems
of
plant classification through
chemotax~
onomy, and as suitable substances for
th
e study
of

biosynthctic
pathways
in
plant metabolism. During the laller part
of
the present
century, emphasis
on
the conservation
of
plant resources and the
e
thl1
obotanical information concerning their use by many
of
the
world's aboriginal societies
has given
added
impetus to the
imp
or~
tance
of
the continued study
of
the
"chemical
factory," represented
by the large unexploited portion

of
the plant kingdom before much
or
it
disappear!>
under
the pressures incident
to
the mass movements
of
peoples and the increase
in
the
world's
p
op
ulation. Both
li
re
in
large part responsible for devastation
of
many
nom
s, particularly
those
of
the rain forests. Not only will a number
of
species be lost

even before they arc known
and named
by
botanists, but litemlly
thousands
of
chemical compounds
new
to
sc
ience will disappear
forever.
During the past
40 years I have been involved,
in
one way or
another, with the screening
of
several thousand plants for
th
e presence
of alkaloids
as
potential medicinal agents under
th
e auspices
of
a
number
of

governmental, industrial, and academic institutions.
Under~
ly
ing
this activity has
been
the hope thai the discovery
of
new
eo
m
~
pounds
of
this class would lead to substances at least as usefi
.1
as tJlose
which
sim
il
ar studies have produced
in
the
pasL.
This screening
ha
s
been done on
lI
·esh

plant material
in
the field, on small qu
ant
ities laken
ix
PLAN1'ALKALO/VS
fmrn hcrbmium spec
im
cn
s,
and in
th
c labo
ra
tOty
using a f
ew
grams of
dricd
male
ri
a
lmad
e available by bot.anists,
colk"C
tors, herb dcalers, and
my
personal
co

ll
ections
in
many p
<u1
S
of
th
e wor
ld
.
Va
ri
o
ll
s methods for the scr
ee
ning
of
largc num
be
rs
of
plant
samplcs
f
or
alkaloids have b
ee
n

lI
sed by many investigators
more
or
l
ess
sliccessfully (Famsworth, 1966).
Seve
ml
of
thcse were used,
depending
on
the faciliti
es
available
at the time, but most o f
th
e
results reported herein were
ob
tained by si
mp
lc methods described
some
years
ago
(R
arTa
uf

, 1
962a;
RafTauf and A
lt
schul, 1968).
In
the
fi
el
d,
th
ese
involve spoiling a droplet
of
plant s
ap
on filter paper and
applyi ng
a
drop
le
t of
Dmgc
ndorfT's rcagcnt; the d
evelo
pment o f
II
red·onlll
ge
color

iwJ
icates the
presence
of
alkaloids.
In
the laboral
o·
ry or h
er
barium, simplc
ext
r
ac
ts
of
dried plant mat
er
ial
ma
y
bc
used,
with certain
limitations, for
th
c samc purp
ose
(Balick,
Ri

vier,
and
Pl
ow
man, 1982).
Methods may
be adapted to needs
of
t
he
in
ves
ti
gator; tests
fo
r somc
speci
fi
c types
of
nitrogeno
ll
s
co
mpounds may be included (e.g
.•
in·
dole
s.
simplc amines. and amino acids).

All
npprox
im
ation of
th
e
quantity of a
lk
alo
id in
n sample may
be
made by co
mpm
ing
th
e
intensity
of
the color produced
in
th
c Dragendor
fT
test with
th
ose
produced by standard alkaloid
so
lutions

of
kn
ow
n concentratio
ll
. fiy
using
the Dragc
nd
o
rn
'
fC.lgent
as a spray,
it
is
also poss
ibl
e
10
conduct
thin-
la
yer chromatographic studies in the
fi
cl
d. Several
yt 'ars
ago, in an
a

tt
empt to devise a method for the idenlification
of
specific compounds
in a p
ar
ticular alkaloid-positive co
ll
ection,
11
po
l1
able laooratOlY was
assembled for
th
e eva
lu
a
ti
on
of
sma
ll
extracts of fres h plant material
by chromatograp
hi
c analysis using alumina-coated microscope slides
and samples
of
the alkaloids expected to

be
presc
nt.
In
the
co
urse
of
th
e stud
y,
it was found that
so
me of
th
e compou
nd
s were prese
nt
on
ly
during a
re:'i
tlicted portion
of
the plant's growth cycle.
We
now
kn
ow

that,
in
so
me cases
at
least, alkalo
id
s are indeed further modi lied by
th
e
plants
t
hnl
produce
th
em.
An advantage o f
th
ese
simple methods
is
{I
wt they a
ll
ow
such
studies to bc done far Irom a
so
urce
of

el
ec
tr
ic
power and other
ame
nities
of
lhe laboratory. But it
is
al
so
t
me
t
hutt
hcre arc a Ilumber
of
ullcertainties
in
such pro
ce
dur
es; nol al! nitrogc
l1
-eo
ntni ni
ll
g sub-
stances will react with either DragendortT's

or
Mayer'
s reagen
t.
A
ballery of test r
eage
nts wou
ld
give
a more de fin itive although, even
Pr
e/act!
then, not an i
nf
allible result
(Ab
isch and Reichstein, 1960).
Fal
~c
positi vc tests arc given by many Iyp
es
of
n
o
ll
a
lk
al~
idal

plant
co
n
~
ht
.
uents with a variety
of
alkaluidal rcagents (H
ab
ib,
~980)
.
Ballck.
Ri
vier
and
Pl
owman
( 1
982)
have
pointed
ou
t the
Im
po
rtan
ce
of

methods used in
field
dr
y
ing
li
nd pr
ese
rvation
of
herbar!
um
spec
i·
mens
with
respect to the rel iability of the
re s
ult
~
ob
tamcd when
tcsting
them
. A plea for
such
testing nnd a
revt~w
of the
.

n~
o
re
el
ega
nt
methods for
it
s
accomp
li
shment has been given. by
Plllllp~
·
son ( 1
982).
Furlhe
nn
ore,lIs
every
plant
co
ll
ector
h
as
(
ll
scove
red, It

is
not always
pr
ac
ti
ca
l in a given instan
ce
to
co
llect all
of
tl~
e
p
ar
ts
of
a
pl
ant in which alkaloids
may
occu
r.
Nonetheless, an
es
timated
85
percent
of

nlkaloid
·co
lltaining pl
an
ts can bc
d~
t
cc
t
c
d
by the methods
described
her
e;
a
numb
er
of
kn
own
a
lk
alO
id
al plants ha
ve
b
~e
n

in
cluded in thc
survcy
to serve
us
controls.
.'
Il
erbarium specimens repr
ese
nting
othe
rwise relati
ve
ly Ina
cc
e
s·
sible
spec
ics
of
severa
l families
(Apocy
no
~eac,
B
o
mba

~ a
ceac,
L~.
copodiaceae, Lytliraceae, Orchidaceae, Rubtaceae)
wc
r
~
mdu
d
c,
d
III
Ih
is
survey. Small s
amples
were
sel
ec
ted
fr
~)1
n
sh
ee
ts
III
the.
Gra~.
Oakes Ames, and Arnold Arborctum herb<lna

of
Ilarvard
Untvers~·
ty
und
er the guidan
ce
of
Prof
essor
Richard
Evan
~
Sc
hul~
es,
E
men
-
tus Dire
ctor
of the Botanical
Mu
seum, wh
ose
as
sistan
ce
IS grateful·
Iyacknow

ledged. .
Not
all
of
this
testing
was
done
by m
e;
so
me
of
It
was
don
e by
anthropologists,
et
hnobota
ni
sts,
~
Ild
pl
,a
llt col.l
ec
t
ors

in
the cour
se
of
field work sp
onsore
d
by
academiC or
IIldU
Sl
rllll
programs
und~r
.my
directi
on
some
by
laboratory technicians under my
su p
c
r
v
l
s
l~n
,
somc by ' fonner students as preliminary
exerci~s

i
ll
phy
t
oc
helnl
s·
try,
and
some in
co
ll
abora
ti
on wi
th
phyto
chemical.
programs
sup-
porl
ed
by
the
COli
li
cils of
Sc
ientific and lndus
tnal

Resenrch
of
Australia and
So
uth Africa. P
or
ti
ons
of
the test r
csu
lts from these
pm
grams which had been at my disp
osa
l,
I~ave
b
een
i
n
cl
ud
e~
l
h
e.
re
for completen
css

in order to
cO
ll
vey s
ome
Id
ea
of
the
alk
al
?ld
di
S·
tribution in plant fam
il
ies represented in the southern
h e
l
~
l
s
ph~re
.
Further data 0
11
these studies,.as well
as
the r
es

ults
of
the Isola
ti
on
and pharmacological t
es
ting of a large n
umber
of
nlkaloids,
arc
to
be
fOllnd
in
a r
ccent
exce
ll
e
nt
publication by the
Melb
ourne
gro
up
(Co
liins et aI., \
99

0
).
ALKALOID TEST RESULTS
•
A
ACANT
H
ACEAE
346
gelJcl'U; 4,300 sp
ecies
This is a pantropical fami ly wi th four centers
of
diversification:
Amazon, Central America, Africa, and Indo-Malaysia.
It
s c1assili-
cation has not been. and may not yet be, a
ma
ll
cr
of
agreem
ent
among taxonomists, but
alt
he momenl lhc fam
il
y

wO
lll
d seem to be
divided into three subfamilies with a close relationship
of
several
members to t
he
Scrophulariaceac. Some members arc cuhivated as
ornamentals.
Alkaloids have been detected previously in a few genera.
In
this
study
of
about 400 samples representing 297 species, six known
alkaloidal species were included:
Acanthus ilicifolius (1/2), Adha!o-
da
vasica, Anisoles sessi/ijlorus, f-lypoestes verticillaris
(2
/4), Macro-
rtmgia
/ungistrobus, Rhinacont/lIls commllnis
(112).
Alkaloids were also detected
in
the
fo
ll

owin
g:
Angkafal1thus
lrQl1SVaafeflsis
(2/2), Allisacaflthus illsignis, Aphelaf/dra deppeana
(1
/4), Asystasia atripficiJolia, A. we/wifchii, Barfel'ia matopoellsis,
B.
Ivlllndi/o!ia, B. sinensis, Blechllln pyramidalum
(113),
Blepha!'is
boerhaaviJolia, B. 11/argillata, B. lIatalensis, Btephan's
sp
., Cmss(fn-
dra spinescens, Dicfiptera cfinipodio,
Duvemoya
(= Justicia) aco-
ni/iJolia, D. adhatoides (1/2),
Dyscho!'iste hirsutissimo ( 1/4), Ecbo-
lium sp., Elylraria acaulis,
E.
squamosa (3/3), Hellligmphis hirta
(whole
plant), I-1emigmphis spp.
(2
/2
),
Hypoesfes aristata
(113),
Ja

cobinia
(=
Jlls/icia)
.~picigera
(112),
Justicia america no, J. allsel-
liana,
J.
elegantllla,
J.
jlava (112), J. montalla, J. orchioides,
J protracta (2/2), J salviae/olia, J. thymi/olio,
1.
lrinervia, J. ven-
lricosa, Mirandea grisea, Monechma atherstol1ei,
M.
australis,
M.
ineal/uIII, Monechmo sp. ( 1
/3
), Net/racanth"s aji'iclllltls ( 1/2),
OrthO{aClus lI/onlallus
(1
12, leaves and
fl
owers), Peris/raphe cer-
Ill/a, Ph/ogacanthus thyrsiflorus
(1
/
2,

root), Rultya ova/a (1/2),
Sallchezia lhinophila (bark), Siphonoglossa ramosa.
-'
PLANTALIVILOIDS
The alkaloids
of
AdlUltoda vasica have been reviewed (Jain,
19
84).
Acallthlls
iJiCijiJ/iIiS
contains bcnzoxazolinc¥2-one;
th
e al
ka¥
lo
id
s
of
Acallthl/s mollis
ha
ve been reporled (Wolf ct al., 1
985)
and
new spennine-type alkaloids ha
ve
becn isolated from Aphe/alldm
piJosa (Tawil el aI., 1989). In
vie}v
of

the native use
of
at least one
spec
ie
s
of
Justicia as a hallucinogcn
jn
Sou
th
Amcrica (Schultes and
Holmstcdt, 1968),
the
report
of
its
presumed conte
nt
of
Ilypt
am
ine
needs corroboration. In t
hi
s
cO
IUl
ee
ti

on, the several listed alkaloid-
positive speci
es
from other pariS
of
the world should be
of
interest.
Negative t
es
ts were obtained from the following species: AcolI-
tllOpsis
cardlli/olia, A canth
ll
s
ebracteatu.~·,
A. 1II0/lis, AdelloslI/a g/u¥
tinosum,
Adhatoda sp., Allcy/acallilms baillesii, Allisacalltlms
gOIl-
zalezii, A. qlladrifolills, A. ocholerena
e,
A. lllllrheri, A. lulellsis,
A. wrightii, Anisolesji)/'II/osissiI1lIIS, Aphe/alldm auriontiaca, A. blal/-
cherial/a,
A. clWlllissol1ialla, A. deppeana, A. ifl(:erta, A. pilosa,
Alplle/antll'll
::'1)., ASleracalltha
(==
Hygrophila) spinosa, Asystasia

gallgelica,
A. schimperi, A. varia,
Bad
eria a/bostellala,
8.
cristata,
B.
cros.wlIIdrijormis, 8. discolor, 8. e/egans, 8.
guemii,
B.
herero-
triclm,
B.
kirkii, B.
lwu
:ijulill,
B.
/ugal'dii, B. mical/s,
B.
vbtllsa,
B.
pl'elorieflsl:5.
B.
priol/Uoides,
B.
pUllgell.l',
IJ.
pyramidata,
IJ.
rall-

dii,
B.
rigida,
B.
'scandens, Barleria sp., Beloperol/e
(==
Jilsticia)
ca/i/ornica,
B.
comasa, B./ragilis,
B.
gllt/ata, Be/operolle .\p., Ble-
chum
nipPolI/CIIIII,
B. plagiogy/'ijIorus, BlechuIII
::.p.,
B/epIUl/'is
Cll-
pellsis,
B.
diw:/'sispilla,
B.
gllllllacea,
B.
maderaspatellsis, B/epharis
sp.,
8.
squarrosa, Bravaisia illlegerrillla, Cal'iowrightia g/abrata,
C.
glandu/osa,

C.
selpyJ/i/olia, Cal'iowrighlia spp. (2), C"aetacan-
,hus
seliger, Chae/ollly/ax hatschbachii, ChilenwthemulI/ vio/a-
ce
lllll
, Codol/acant/llIs pal/eijloms, Crabbell allgLlstifolia,
C.
hirsula,
Crossal/dra greellsfockii,
C. ulldululae/olia, Cyrtal/lhera pohlialla,
Daedalacallihus
(=
Erallihemum)
I1lOlIfallu.\·,
D.
lIerVOSlIS,
D.
pur-
purescens, Dialllhera
(=
J/I:)·ticia)
ovala, Diapedilllll
(=
Diclipfera)
assurgel1s, D. chillellsis, D. lIIicral/lhllS,
D.
I/obilis, D. pedullcula-
ris,
D.

pringlel,
D.
resupil/ata, D. rigidissima, Disperma
(==
Duos-
penna)
crena/lilli, Dysc/lOriste declIlIlbells, D. fischeri,
D.
ovala,
D.
microphylla,
D.
quadrangularis, D. rogersii, DyscilOriste sp.,
D.
verticil/aris, Ebermaiera
(=
Staltrogylle) cOl'1liclilata, Echo/ill//!
(Jlllplexicallle,
E.
lilllwealfllll,
E.
revo/Ilf11I11,
mytraria bromoides,
Enm/helllfllll
eidomdo,
E.
lIel'l'OSIIIII,
GrapfopllyllwlI piC/lilli, Grap-
/1lkaloia
Te

.
rl
Resu/ls
5
lophylllllll sp., Haplan/hlls lIi1gherriellsis, Hcmi
gmphis
e/egolls val'.
crellala,
H.
hirta, H latebrosa, Hemigraphis spp. (2), Hellrya
(=
Telramerillm) Yl1ca/(ll1el/sis, Hygrophila taxi/olia, H salici/olia,
/-/ygrophi/a
.\jJp.
(4),
/1.
.v)illo.m, Hypoesles
jlorib
lllldll, H
p/I(llop~
soides,
I-/.
pUI'plll'ea, !sag/ossa
gra
ll/i
i,
isog/o::"sa
!J1).,
I.
stipitata,

I. woodi;, Jacobillia
(==
Justicia)
aschellbomimw,
J.
candicans,
J.
heterophylla,
1.
iIlC(lIU1,
1.
mexicalla, J. pal/icil/ala,
J.
sellow;wUl,
Jacobillia spp.
(2), J. stellata, Juslicia al1gal/oides,
J.
belollica,
J.
belol1icoides, J. beyrichii, J. bmsilialla, J. campeciJialla, J. ca
lll
-
py/ostemoll,
J.
cheirial/tllijolia, J.jiII'Caia, J. gel1dal'llssa,
1.
kirkialla,
J.
kraussii,
J.

mexic(lIw,
J.
odorala, 1. ova/a,
J.
pelio/aris, J. pro-
cllmbells,
J. secllnda, Jus/icia spp. (5), Lepidagalltis /ormosensis,
L.
illclIrva,
L.
microchilo,
L.
persimilis, Lepidagathis sp., Mackaya
bella, Macronmgia
/ormosiss
ima, Mel/dOl/cia coccinea,
M.
hoJJ~
mOllllseggitllla, M. sefiow
iww,
Mel/dOl/cia sp. (t
hi
s gellus is
so
me-
times placed in
a family
of
its own, Mendonciaceac), MOllee/llna
debile,

M.
divarica/lIlIl, M.jimhricatum,
M.
lIIo/issiuIII,
M.
pselldo-
palululII,
M.
scabridlllll , Monechma spp. (2), Odolltollema ca/ysta-
chum,
0.
c
il
sp
idatulll, Odolltol/ema spp. (2), Pachyslaeliys cocci-
Ilea,
Pe"i.~·/rop"e
bica/yclI/a((l,
P.
grandibrachiat(J, P. lIata/ellsis,
PelalidiuIII wvmariculI1,
P.
barlerioides,
P.
braeleollllll,
P.
oblongi-
[oliulII,
P.
/'ubescells,

PIU/u/
apsis belollica,
P.
imbricato, Ph/oga-
canlhtls Ihyrsijlorus, Pselldel'lllltiJemulII praecox, Pse
ud
era
l1th
e-
mum spp. (2), i?hillacollflius xerophi
/u
s,
Rllel/ja alba,
R.
a/bicoillis,
R.
a/bijlora, R. bourgei,
R.
c%
rata,
R.
cordala, R. /orlllosa,
R.
ill/lIlda/a, R. macropilyl/a,
N.
I/Iul
ijlora, R. lIudifiora
val'.
yuca/a-
110,

R. palmeri,
R.
patu/a, R. pellinslI/ari
s,
R. pi/osa, R. prostrata,
Rllellia spp. (4), R. speciosa, R. tubero.m,
R.
tweet/ialla, Rlmgia
parvijlora,
Rl/
spol
ia
hypocralel'ijol'lIIi.<:,
Sallchezia I/obilis, Sclero-
chilOl/ harveyalllls, Sel'icographis
(==
JU'<:ficia)
cordifolia,
Sipl/ofI(}
~
glossa pilosella, S. Iubu/o:w, Slellalldrillm ba/'bawlII, S/1Vbi/alllhes
c
ll
sia, S./ormosallus, Teliostocliya
(=
Lepidagathis) alopecuroides,
7etramer;UIII
aure/ill/,
T.
lIi::'1);dlllll,

7:
su
/'
elllll, Thllllbergia all/oena,
T.
atriplici/olia,
T.
el'(~cl{J,
T ji'agr(llls,
'J:
gmlldijIora,
T.
/anci/olia,
T lIota/ellsis,
'l1l11l1belgia
sp. (the genus is sometimes placed in
Thunbergiaceae),
Thyrsacallllllls
(=
Odolttonellla)
callistaL'hyu.~,
Tricallthera gigolltell.
10
l'LAN'J'ALKALOJDS
Redf
earn, 1981
).

Their biosynthesis
of
the Scetefilllll alkaloids has
been studied
(
li
erbert and Kallah, 1989).
R
EFERENCES
Ilerbert. It B.
Knd
E.
Kallah
, Tetrahedron Lellers
30
(1989)
p.
141.
Jeffs, P.
W.
inn/e
Alkaloids
19
(1981) p. 1, Academic Press,
New
York
.
J
efTs,
P. W

.o
T.
M.
Ca
pp
s,
lind
R.
R
ed
f
earn,
.l
OI
II'IUl
f
of
Organic Che
ll/i
S/
If
47
(1982)p
.3
611
.
Ri
zk. A.M
.,
II

.
I.
!l
eiba, B. A.
Ma
'aycvgi. and K. H. Batanouny,
fo'il
oler
(lp
ia
57
(1986)
p. I.
ALANGIACEAE
J gelllts;
/7
IJpeci
es
The one genus, Alaflgilllll.
of
th
e tropics and semitropics
of
the
O
ld
Wor
ld
, is
ri

ch
in
alkalo
id
s, not a
ll
of
w
hi
ch have had stnlctural
assignments.
Co
nsiderable synonymy exists
in
th
e family. The
chemistry
of
A/{lllgillm lamarckii has been studied in somc deta
il
and p
os
iti
ve lests
fo
r alkaloids were obtained from the single smn-
pi
c of Indian origin
in
cluded in

thi
s stud
y.
ALISMATACBAB
11
gellera;
95
s
peci
es
This is a cosmopolitan family but it oceurs mainly
in
temperate
and tropical regions
of
the northe
rn
hemisphere.
So
me species arc
used as o
rn
amentals, o
th
ers are fam
ili
ar
aquarium pla
nt
s,

and
the
roots
of Sagittaria are used
as
food
in
China. Twe
nt
y-two samples
of
16 specics were tested
and
pos
iti
vc results were given by
I:.'c
" il/o-
dum
s
/"(U/iCfIflS
(2/2), Sagittaria engelmal/I/i(ll/(/,
S.
grall/
ill
ea (1/2),
and
S.
/a
li/olia.

Th
e family is not known
fo
r the presence
of
alka-
loid
s;
th
ere arc but two ea
rli
er
repo
rt
s of thcir
occ
urrence.
Nega
ti
ve tests were obtained f
or
AIi.wllI plantago, A. p/alliagoll-
qllali
ca, A.
:m
bco
rcl
afll
m,
A.

tr
illillle, CaMes
;a
panwssijolia,
Ec
hi
-
/lndortls cordi/alills,
E.
grtmdijl"rlls, E.
Vir~(lI
U
S,
LiIll
O
ph
ytoll
vhw-
Al
k(f/
o;ll
'fb i
Re
.fI4
lrs
/I
sifolium,
LophOlo
cmplis
(=

Sagillaria) gtlayamell,
\';
,
\',
Sagifl{lria
lanc{(olia,
and
S.
sagillarifolia.
ALSTROEMBRIACEAB
4 genera; 200 ,
\1J
ecies
Th
is sma
ll
group
of
Ce
ntral and
SO
llth American plants has been
considered by some taxonomists as a fami ly in its own right. Oth
ers
ha
ve placed it
as
a division
of
th

e Amaryllidaccac. Mabb
cric"y,
who
follows Cronq
ui
s
t'
s system
of
classification, now lists even
th
e
Amaryllidaccae as a subdivision
of
the Liliaccac. The chemistry of
these taxa
is suffici
en
tl
y
<!iO
c rent to argue f
or
their separatc family
status, which wi
ll
be maintained here.
No alkaloids
arc known nor were they det
ec

ted in
15
sampl
es
re
pr
esenting four sp
ec
ies
of
AIsflVemeria and nine
of
BOfllarea:
Al
stroemeria il1odora. A. pelegril/a. A/slroemeria .
\1)P.
(2), BOil/area
acutijolia,
B.
edlilis, B. IIirlella, B. orata, D. sa/icoides, Domarea
sp
p.
(4).
ALOEACEAE
7
ge
ll
era: 400
l1Jecies
Thc

fa
mil
y,
characte
ri
stic
of
Arabia
and
Soulh Afri
ca
with s
ome
species in o
th
er parts
of
Af
rica and Madagasca
r,
has been separated
from the Liliaceae. Species have been
in
troduced elsewhere. Several
have bcen
lI
sed as a source
of
laxative anthraquinones and as a
compone

nt
ofcosme
ti
c preparations. Aloe
is
one
of
the oldest
dmg
s.
Ilo
s
iti
ve alkaloid t
es
ts are a
pt
to be due 10
Ih
e fonnation
of
com-
plexes
of
nonalkaloidal c
Dn
stituents with
th
e Dragen
dorff

reagent;
alkaloids are not known
in
th
e liun
il
y.
Positive tests were obtained here with Aloe c(lII/IVllii,
A.
cl
eclIrlla,
A.
exe
e/sa, A. globliligemllla,
A.
Utfora/is,
A.
III/IIIC
"ii
,
A.
orlh%-
plio (212), and
A.
SI!flidta.
On the other hand,
17
other speci
es
of

Aloe,
one
of
Gasteria. and
th
ree
of
HOlV
orthia were nega
ti
ve: Aloe clwbmulii,
A.
christianii,
14
PLANT
/lLKALO/IJS
l lippcastrtllfl jJlllli
ce
ulfl, /-lippeaslmm
Sp.,
Ilymellu
ca/Jis keyensis,
I/.
ocddelllaJis, Narcissus sp.t Zephynmthes
tlllllllfl
SCO
,
Z.
car

ilillta,
Z.
raseo.
Negative results were obtai
ne
d
fo
r
Alllmy/lis
vinolllm, At/oigall-
tl
lIIS (= CyrwIIIllIIs) brel'ijlorus,
Brm
'oa
gemillijlora,
Brut/faca
1'111-
chella. Cri",lm ma
crow
flllii,
C.
mflC
rtllllherum,
and an uniden
ti
fied
Cr
illllm s
pe
cies.

REFERENCE
Gl1Indon,
M. F
.,
N,,/umf
Prodllcts Reports Ii (1989) p.
79.
ANA
CA
RI)IACEAE
73
gel/ era; 850
!1
11ecie
!l
'
Represe
nt
atives of I
hi
s ma
inl
y t
rop
i
ca
l
fam
il
y

ex
tend
in
to north
temperate regions
of
Eurasia and North America. Several are of
economic impo
rt
ance (cashew and pistac
hi
o nuts, mango fmit, Jac-
quer) and some arc known for
th
eir
con
lent
of
substances high ly
irritating 10 the skin (unlshiol and its relatives). Seven species hove
been repo
rt
ed 10 give positive tesls for olkaloids.
In
t
hi
s study, 170
samplcs from
11
1 species gave only one positive test for 0

!:lpecies
previo
ll
s
ly
considered alkaloidal,
Dra
colliome/oll lIIaglliferum.
Othcrs lou
ll
d positive in Ih
is
survey included Asl
rOllfllm
jlaxinijo-
lililn
(
212),
Bu
ehallallia arborescens, Lmll/ea s/Ilhlmmlllii, L. wel-
witchii,
RlllIs
(lIIgusli/olia,
R.
ciliata,
R.
illCisll,
and
R.
vb-ens

(112).
The lo
ll
ow
in
g species were negative: Actil/ocheitajilici"ia, Ana-
cardiUIII
gigalltellln, A. micmcephalwlI,
A.
occidell/ale, Astmllium
graveole
ll
s, A. microcalyx, Astm
ll
iu
m sp.,
A.
ufei, 8leplwroc
my
a
invoillcrigera
(in
Bl
epharocaryaceae by some aut
ho
riti
c!:l),
811c11ll-
nanin heteropilylla, Comoc/lldia p/atyphylla,
COllloc/odin

sp., Coli-
I1I1S
coggygria, Dobillea
\l
lIl
garis,
Dracol1lomelOIl
dno,
D.
sylvestre,
Ellros
chim
ls
papl/wl/ls, Harpeph
yllulII
caffi'Uln,
Heeria argenlea,
I-/.
dispar, fI. il/signis, H pal/icll/osa,
H.
reliellluw,
lI
eeria
~pp.
(4),
J-I.
stellopliyfla, Lalll/ea discolor,
L.
edllJis.
L(

w
rophyJ/lIs
capell-
sis, Ulhmea brasiliellsis,
L.
lIIo/feoides, M{lIlgifera illdka,
OdifU
I
(= LWlllaea) wodier. Ozoroa
l-e
ticufata, Pistac
ia
c
hillell.\
·is,
/~
illteg-
e
,.,.i/l/tl
,
/
~
mc:
xicmw,
Pro/Or/illS
/ollgijiJ/ia,
Rh
odosplwera
rllOdall
-

A/hl/loid
Test
Re
s
lllt
.f
15
thera Rhus amerilla, R. batopliyllo,
R.
copallillll, R. delltala,
R. d;;secta, R. dregealla,
R.
dura,
R.
ernest;,
R.
eros~,
R.
g/~br~,
R.
giollcn,
R.
hypole
ll
Cl
l,
R.
i1llegrifolia, R.
illterm~dw,
R.

klrk.ll,
R.
Irmcea,
R. klllr;,ut,
R.
legati,
R.
le
llCllllllltl
, R. /ollglpes, R. longls-
pil/a,
R.
lucida,
R.
IIwg(lli~
'
m~lItalla,
R.
",~
c,"!,p
h
yll
a,
R.
1II01l!s,
R.
nataiellsis, R. ovala,
R.
pymltles, R.
ql/arllllUlIIa,

R.
l-e"lIIat~"IO
lUI,
R.
rigida, R. rosll/oi"ini/olia, R. sill/ii, Rhlls spp. (2),
~.
S/~lII~s
eem,
R.
succedellla,
R.
Imitel/sis, R. tellllillerVlIs, R.
ter~b/1lt"!roflfl
.'
R.
tomelllosa
R.
(rilubllta,
R.
typhilllt,
R.
ulUlu/ala,
ScllfIlllS
ellglen,
S.
//Iolfe
SC
/tfIlIlS
sp.,
S.

(crebin(hi/ulius,
S.
weimwmii/olius, Sclero-
cmyll
c~Jfra,
Semecol'pus alra,
S.
clU
tei/or",is,
Sl~/Odillgillm
argu-
tum, Spollt/ias
cY
ll
llu:rea,
S.
duleis,
S.
mOil/b
ill
,
S.
.I'U~Pll~-ea.
S.
ve
Il
OS(
I.
Tclpirim
gl/ai(lIIel/sis,

111JI1'Osodill
lll
paraellsls, "
;'X
ICO-
de
l/
dron
radica
l/
s.
AN
NO
NAC
EAE
128 ge
l/
e
ra
;
2,
050 species
This is a
fam
il
y of
th
e Old
Wo
r

ld
tropics, but Asimina is also
fou
nd
in temperate regions including the United States. The Anno-
naceae are famil iar
as a source
of
edible fruits throughout
th
e world
(custard apple, cherintoya, soursop, etc.). .
At least 50 genera includ
in
g some 75 specIes
a.rc
kn
own
to
b.e
al
ka
lo
id
al; benzy
li
:roqu
in
olincs, aporphines, berbe
nn

e!:l,
and a vari-
ety
of
oth
er
N-containing compounds arc
fo
~
nd
th
roug
h
ol~t
the
family Rccent revicws
of
some
of
th
esc const
it
uents are
aV31
lable
(Cave 'et a
I.
, 1989; Waterman, 1985; Zhong and
X~e,
1988). The

fo
ll
owing record
of
positive alkaloid tests was obta
lll
cd from 240
sa
mples
co
mprising 155 species. .
These
pl
a
nt
s. known to be alkaloidal,
we
re rccog
lll
zed:
AII
."o."a
1II
01ltall(l,
A.
muricata (2/4),
A.
reticu/ala,
A.
squamosa, Asmlllw

triloba
(516),
Gllatteria 'psi/opus (4/4
),
l'lexlilobus
mO
l/
opetalus
(1
/2),
MO
l/
odora myristica; Popowio
p
i
so~wp(l,
.R(l
l/
weflhoffla
le
iehllmrdlii, Rollill
ia
ml/cosa (8/9),
Tr
ivall'(lna pllllll/a
(2
1
2),
Xylo-
pia

aethiopica,
X.
paplllll/a. .
Other positive lests
in
cluded Alphollsea sp., A
nll
olla
(/,.eIUlr~a
(3/3),
A.
clllysophyl/a,
A.
crassf/lora ( 1
/2
),
A.
exSIlCC{/,
A.
pail/Sins.
A.
senegaiellsis (5/1),
A1II/(ma
.'iP".
(2), A. srellophylla,
A,.tabollJIS
16
I'I ANTAtKALOIDS
1I/OlIleiro.wte (112), A. o(/oralissima (slcm),
Asimillu

/ollsi/olia,
A. lIashii, A. parl'ijlora, A. speciosa, Bocagegop.\'is multiflora, C
a·
/lallga
b/aillii
(4
/4), C. adorala (516), Cleisfoc
hl
amys
kirkii
( 1/3),
Cleistopholis
pal
e
ll
s
(1
/3
), Cremalmpel'lIIu
fJol
yphleblllll, Cymbo-
petaftllll pellduliflorum
(212),
Des
m
os
sp., Duguelitl
afT
. all/o
zon

ica,
D. oc/arata, Duguelia
spp.
(3),
D.
spix;Iltl,
D.
surillamellsis (1
12
),
Elllleastemoll schweilljimhii, Ephedra/JI/lUs omuzollicu
s,
Ephe-
dralllhlls sl'p. (2), Fusaeu Jongi/olia
(3
/3),
Goniotfl%mus
sp.,
Guolfe
ria
b1aillil'
(3
/3), G. calva, G. t!lIcke
mw,
G.
dura (bark),
G. dO
l/
gaw,
G. megaphylla, G.

mic
ll
lls, G. oc/orata
(bark,
Icaf)
,
Gllatleria .
\PP
. (7118), MOl/adom gram/if/ora
(2
/3 ), Oxymitr(l s
p.
,
Pap
ll
a/,hia spp. (2), Phaeal/tJlIIs
I1IllClVpodllS
(212), Polyatlh
ill
or-
lII
i"wlft
(2
/3
),
/~
glauca,
P.
obto
ll

gijolia
(212)
, Polyat/hia sp., Popo-
Wi
ll
ji
lsca,
P.
obO)l
{ll
u
l1I
, Popowia sp., Psellduvaria spp.
(212)
, Rolli-
nia
sp.,
7e
f
nl
merr
lll
l/
lll
s d
l/
ckei, V
I/
o
l/

opsis
sp
.,
V
ll
aria
c:llftlll
ae,
UVll
ria sp., Xy/
opi
a
(l
mazo
ll
ica (4/4),X amlllalica (2/4),
X.
oeh
mll
-
tlUI
,
X.
sericea, Xy/opia
sp
.• X tomel/losa.
Nega
ti
vc tcsts were
ob

ta
in
cd for the fo
ll
ow
in
g:
Allaxagorea doli-
ehoe011}1I,
A
lll
uma
ambo/ay, A. dioica, A. globiflora, A. jiqllilah
",
A. IOllgijlora.
A.
fOllgipeps, A. mel/tico/a,
AIII/
O
IU
I spp. ( I
I)
. ArlaiJo-
fly

brachyperalus,
Cy
at/
lO
ca/yx ramll/ijlO

I'll
S,
C.
ridleyi, Cymbope-
falum
bra
.
~
·
i1iel/se
.
Des
mos
dlllJ'
II111SclwiIlS
, DlIgliefill fillfi1ra
ce
a,
Gllalteria llllstralis,
G.
il/sclIlpta,
G.
me/iodora, Guatteria spp.
( 10),
/
so
/
.
~lIa
Campal/

II
/ata, Miliusa ve/llliua, Mitrel/a (= Fissisfig-
ilia)
kel/lll, OXlllulm /m/
ceo
/ala, Po/yullliu
ll}.,
Ro/linia do/abripe-
Ill/lI
,
R.
eXlllbida, R. exsllcca, R. /llllrifolia. Rollil/ia spp. (6), Sacco-
pela/llm
(= Milius{l) lomenlosum, Vvaria ajielii, Xy/upia benl/wllli,
~
jhllesce
ns,
X.
gralUliflora, X IillgllSlijo/ill,
X.
/Oll
gs
dOljit
ma,
A:
. malayal/a, Xy /opia spp. (7).
R
EFE
R
ENCIZS

C
av
e,
A , M. Leb
eo
ur,
lUld
B.
K.
Cassels, Aflm/nids (J\C
lldcl11i
c
I'I
'ess)
JJ
( 1989)
M
l~.
'.
C.we,
A.
, M. Le
beou
r,
an
d P. G.
Wa
terman,
Alktl/oifk
Chelllic(ll alld Biological

Pel;~pe
c
/il'(
!
.~
J (
19X5
)
Pll
. 133-270.
Zhong, S. und
Xi
e, N., Z
Ii
O
IlgJ:II
O
Ya
oke Daxllc Xllcbo 19 (19tH!) p. 156
(C
h
em.
J\bs. 109; 9861] u).

AJk(l/oid 1
es
t
Re
su
lt

s
A I
'O
CY
NAC
EA
E'
215 ge
ll
era,'
2,
100
sp
e
ci
es
17
Th
is
fa
mi
ly is almost cosmopol
it
an but c
hi
eny tropical with
some representa
ti
ves
in

the temperate zones. It is noted for many
ornamen
ta
ls, some speci
es
that yie
ld
rubber (Fill/lumia ,
wlldol-
phia). and several usef
ul
drugs (SlIvpluJl/I
/III
S, Ac
okalllhem
, ClIIha-
ralllhlls.
Rallvo/fia). Many arc toxi
c.
The Apocynaceae is probably the most
th
oroug
hl
y investigated
family for a
lk
alo
id
al
plants; about 1,000

of
these compollnds have
been isolated f
ro
m its Illany
Ill
cmbers. This
in
ten
sc
in
tcrcst
fo
l-
lowed the isolation a
nd
characterization
of
reserp
in
e and ils
re
la-
tives
fr
o
lll
the t
ra
ditional Indian drug Rauvoljia

selpe
l/
/i
ll
a and the
discovery
of
thc antilc
uk
cmic alkaloids of Clllharan
tl
lll
s. The study
repo
rt
ed here was donc, in pa
rt
,
du
r
in
g Ihe limc
th
ese even Is look
p
la
ce and, as a resull, a d
eg
ree
of

emphasis was placed on screening
"unusual"
rc
prescnlatives of the
fa
mi
l
y.
Some 775 samples
in
clud-
in
g 443 s
pe
cies
were
exam
in
ed.
Many of
th
e species recog
ni
zed as a
lk
aloidal by oth
er
inves
ti
ga-

tors were eonfi
nne
d as such: AI/all/allda eat/Illrlic
ll
(417), A/slonia
II/a
crophyJ/a, Alyxia olivaej(mlli.f. A.
I'fI
scifo/ia, As
pido
sperma dis-
color, A. ma
croCQ1pO
II
, A. megaloc(IIpulI, A. pyri/ofium.
Clltlllll"UlI-
Ihlls
1"Ose
ll
S (4/4),
Dip/
orhY
ll
clllls condyloc
mpoll
(617)
. Ervatll
llJ
ia
didlO/ollla

(5
15), FUIlf/lmia ajriclma ( 1/2), F elaslica (8/8),
F.
lali-
folia
(3
/5), Gabunia odomtissim{l (4/9), GeissospermulII vel/azii,
Haplophytoll cimicidwII, f{olllrrheJla
!ebrif
uga, If. ItIlllfsbergii, Ma-
coubea
glliallesis (
212
),
Ma/o
uelia arbollw, M. Iw/wqlwrillll (6/7),
NeriulII
oleander, Ochrosia ellipticll
(214)
,
Pl
lgianlllll
ce
rifera (212),
Parsonsia siraminea,
P.
velutiml ( 112), Peschierea affi
ll
is (6/6).
P/eiocarpa mll

ti
ca (8/8), Raullo/fia
cl
ifJ1'll,
U. chillel/sis,
R.
deglleri,
R.
hir.l'
lIla,
R.
ma
ll
iensis,
R.
telraphyl/a,
R.
verlicil/alo,
R.
vir
id
i
s,
R.
VO
II/
ilor
ill
(2/2), Uhazya
SlriC/(l

(5
/5), Stemmadellia dOllllell-
smithii
(212),
s.
galeoflillllll ( 1/2),
S.
obo)lata
(3
/4),
7ldJe
m
ae
mO
ll
la-
/l
a tiicholoma, T e/ega
ll
s,
T.
l
){
/
IU
/acqui,
7:
fidelii, T rigida,
r rupicu/a (3/3), Tondu
zi

a /onKi/olia (212),
J1
,llesia g/abra (4/4
),
/linea
ili
a/or,
V.
millar, Voacal/ga
/110111'.1';;,
r
Vrig
ll
li
ll
lo/llellfosll (flllit).
In addllion. the fo
ll
ow
in
g were pos
iti
ve: AI/amanda violacea
( 112), Alstonia boollei
(2
/
3)
, A. cO
l/
goensis, A. costa/a,

A.
glabriflo-
18
PLANT
ALKALOIDS
rtl
,
A.
mOlllana, Alttonill spp.
(214),
A.
vilells;s (2/2), Alyxia
(mll(l/Jltm
~
sis, A. bllxifo/ia,
A.
cOllcatellat
a (1(2),1 Alyxia
c[
markgrafia
(212)
.
A
.j
lallf!scens,
A.fi"agnms (I12),
A.
lancen/ala,
A.
laurinll,

A. /oesselia-
IIll,
A.
ILicida
(112),
A. pllllClalll,
/I,
sinem';s
(1
12
), A. s
pi
caro, A. zeyltm-
ie
a,
Ambelania
~p
.•
Amsonia breviflora, Apocynum
ollllro
.memifolilllll.
A.
ClImpo
rum, Aspidospentl1l cruellfum (hark, fmit),
A.
oliva
ce
lll/l,
Aspidmperma
~pp.

(4
/
5),
Bai
ssea wuljhorstii,
Beallmon(ia
gnmdiflora
(3
/
5).
BealllllOlllia !l]J.,
Bona/usia
hirlula,
B.
swulI1
ho,
B.
lefraslachya,
/J
. lInt/lllafa, Carissa bispinosa (1
12),
C.
gral/dijlom (1
12),
c.
tall
cea
/a
-
la

(112),
Ca
rmlh
ersia carrulhersia, Cij/al/drops;s (= M e!adil/lts)
I/OVO
-
gllillensis,
COllopharyngia
eiegalls,
C.
hol,
'!ii
(212),
E'rvalamia
erio·
ph
om (1/2), fhmferia
ajric(lIl(1
(3/3), H
ze
ylanica
(212),
Kop,via
jrulic
o.\'(l
(2
12
),
Lmuiolphi{/
kirkii, Lepilliopsis temate

ll
sis
(212),
A1(l
~
co
uhea
gLiianesis
(212),
Ma/oLielia
fwfuracea (3/3),
M.
Ilifida
,
Maf/(Ie
~
villa
ctllleifolia,
M.
iIIustris
(whole
pl
anO,
Mar
,w/e
llia
rubm/lis
ca,
Me
~

loilinus
kmrlolphoides, M
mOllogyllus
(212),
Oe
hro
sia
S(
lIIr1wi
ce
llsis
(2/2),
OdolllOdcnia
sp
., Pagiantha
di
chotoma (1
12
),
P.
h
eY
lleana
,
p.
oligantha,
P.
pll/meria/olia,
P.
spil

aemc
mpa
,
i~
:mbglobosa,
P
tilurst
ollii, Parsonsia albiflora,
P.
helicclllilra,
P
esc
h
ierea
australis,
P.
bahia,
P.
laela,
Pe
sc
hiel'ea
spp.
(6
n
),
Plum
eria
rubra,
Preslonia

mexjC
(lIIa
(212),
Preslollia
sp., Rauvolfia heterophylla
(212),
R.
oxy-
phy/fa,
R.
s(
lIIdwi
cellsis,
R.
sempetjlorells
(whole
plant)
R. s
uaveolenv,
Slemmailen;a ebracteata,
S.
gr(lIIdij1ora
,
S.
IXI/m
e
,.i
, Slemmadellia
spp.
(4/4

),
Stmphanthus gratus, Tabemaemolluwa alba
(1
/3
),
T
(Illg
ul
ata
,
T
bllrter;
(m),
1:
citrifolia
(313).
T.
cras,m.
7:
grandi/
lora
, T
/il/ort/lis
(2/2
),
T
lIuU"illla
, T
l1Iuricala
(212),

T ob
/on
gi/ol
;a
, T IXl
cific
a,
T p
\J
'c
lwtr
i/o!ia,
T
slI
l/allho
(3
/
3),
1flhemaemonlllll(1
spp,
(619),
1: Sl
l!
lI%ha,
T.
.1'
lIbmoJ/is
(212),
nJell(!lia
perllvi(llla,

1;
·ac:
h
e/o:.permll
lll
jragralls (bark), 1'rachelospermumjasminoides, Un:
eo
la
brac
hy
ce
pha·
la
,
Yinca
/al/
tea
(2(2), V pffsilla,
Vinca
spp.
(212),
VO(fCaflgll
"atal
ell~
sis,
Wrighlia
pubescells.
Negative t
es
ts

we
re
ob
t
ai
n
ed
from
the
follow
i
ng:
Acokmllhera
ob/angi/o
lia
,
A.
opposilifofia,
A.
scliimperi, Adenium multi/lol'llm,
Agallosma OC
Uli/illata,
A.
aganosma, A. c
OIy
op
hyllata,
A,
cymostl,
A. gracil

e,
A.
/1Iar
ginata, A. sch!echteriana, A. velul;,w, AI/amanda
spp.
(3), Alstonia macrophyl/a, A/stonia spp. (2), A/yxia aCI//i/olia,
A, aff/llis,
A.
amOelltl,
A.
miakel/sis,
A.
bodinieri, A. bract
e%sa,
A. brevipes,
A.
eael/milla,
A.
celas/rilla, Alyxill
cf.
de/oliala, Alyxia
Alk(lioitl1
esl
lkfllft
s
19
cf.
plllle;, A. cJllsiophyJ/a, A,
di
s

pJw
emcarpa,.
A.
{~?ratophylla,
A,
ellip/iea, A, ely
/h
rosperma,
A.
j1oribullda,
A.
forbesl/, A.
gfall
co
~
phylla,
A.
Iwillallensis, A, iliei/olia,
A.
intermedia,
A.
lamii,
A.
/at~
I ,
A, laxij1ora, A. levine;, A.
/el/
cogyne, A. Jillearifolia,
A.
Ill

z(J
"en'i~s,
A. microbllxus, A, mOlllieola, A. myrtillae/olia,
A.
mUII/mlllana,
A.
oroplrila,
A.
parvifolia,
A,
pisiform;s, A,
pseu.d~sill.ellsis,
A.
pur~
pur-eoc/ada,
A.
reil/ward
ii,
A. revo/uta,
A,
roma,tl1lijolta,
1'
s
c
"'e~~1,
teri,
A.
scabrida,
A.
scam/e

ll
s, A.
Se
lp
elllllta,
A.
slbuyalle,m ,
A.
sorgerensis, Alyxia '
\PP.
(2),
A.
srellala,
A.
slfbaip
;IIa,
A.
torquea-
ta,
A,
torresialla, A. yunkullialla,
An
chorllia sp., Allcylobothrys pet-
ersimw, Allgadellia berleri, A. lil/denialla, Anodendmll , affine,
A.
axillare,
A.
bellflwmjaflllm,
A,
candolleallum,

A.
corlOcelllll,
A.
{aeve,
A.
loheri,
A.
/IIal1l1briaf
U
III
, A. oblollgijoliwlI,
A.
pallicu
la
-
(!1m,
A. punctafullt, Apocynllm cfl,,"abilllllll,
A,
sibriclllll, Arria
o~'
bict/laris, Aspidosper
ma
polyneltroll, Aspidmperma sp., Camerarw
allgll
sti/olia,
C.
belizellsis,
C.
lull/olia,
C.

IOl/gil,
C.
retfls~,
CariS!):~1
edufis,
C.
haematocll1pa,
C.
macl'Ocmpa, CarrulherslO bmssfI,
C.
dal'OlIensis,
C.
maegregorii,
C.
pi/osa,
C.
lati/olia,
C.
scalldells,
Cerbera jloribwu/a,
C.
odal/am,
Ce
r/
)era
,rpp.
(3),
Cli((llldr~
orien/alis, COlldy/ocmpon
rOlt'v

oljiae,
Cor
mla
m(l
crocmpa,
C.
utl
-
lis,
Ecdysa
lltlr
era rosea, Ec
Mtes
Ilm~ e
llata,
F?rste,.of/ia
leptocarp~,
F
iuscJl1latltii,
F.
riedelii,
F.
ru/a, «()rs/emma spp. (3), F tlty,:sm.
dea
fl
imatarrt1'l1s
arlielllalus,
H.
braclcatus,
II

. obovalaus,
Hlma
-
/all;lw
s spp, (14), If. subcarllosa,
H.
steyermmtii,
icllllOCll1PUS
jr~l

lescells, Kopsia j1av;da,
/"ll1ul
olplt
;a
bu
challa/i.i,
L:
cape
rr
sIs,
L.
owarellsis, L.
IIgal/dellS;
S,
/"(lsegllca
e
re
c
ta,
/"YOIISlfJ

rrm
c
ulara,
Ma
-
clVs;phol/;a
brachysipllOn,
M,
hypo/euca, M. fongi/lora,
M.
I1I(1Cro
·
sipholl ,
M.
/1Iartii,
M. petraea,
Ma
c
lYJsip"~lIia
S
{JP
· (5),.
M.
ve/ame,
Malldev;lla filiformis, M. /oliasa,
M.
/UI/i/Ol'mlS,
M.
llIlllla
cu

lat~
.'
M.
kanvil/skii, M. lesigna, Malldevilla spp, (17),
M.
steycrmarkll,
M. st/bcarnosa, M. sllbsaggirala, Melorli
f/us
ba
tt
en·,
M. sual'colellS,
Mesechiles trifit/a,
M.
triJolia,
NeriuIII
int/icllII/,
N.
odorul1l,
0(/011-
todenia gral1diflora,
Pa
ehypodiulI/
Jeolii,
P sal/fldersii,
P.
sl~cclllen
tum, ?agicmtlia maclVcmpa,
P.
megacarpa,

P.
P(~lI~~(1CqUf,
Par~
~
hallcomia
sp"
P peruvialla, Parsons;a
baudoU1ff,
P.
bms
s
ll
,
P brlll/ellsis, P C
Wles
ce
llS
,
P.
cap.mlal'is,
P.
c
am
ea. P
cOlllusa,
P.
crebri/lora , P ellmmillgimlO, P curvisepa
la
,
~

e~lIlis,
P.
/ll
.
J\I~
,
P.
hetemphyl/a, P javonica,
P.
fa
evis,
Plata,
P.
ltJaclIla
,
P.
1II
01tssl-
"
20
PLANT
ALKALOIDS
ma,
P.
mlata.
I~
rubra,
Parsol1sia
sP't
P vell/ricos",

Pe/taste,\'
.\
1'.,
Peschierea australis, Plumeria (u
':
lIli/iJlia,
P.
oiJtm'a, Plumeriopsis
ahollai,
POlf
si
a
grr
ll1
tiijlora,
P.
faxijlom,
P ova
la
, PreSIOllia (lCllti-
falia,
P.
agglulillQ{a,
P
amanuensis,
P
balticlisis,
P.
bra
chy

poda,
P
cO
GIi/a,
P
cO
llcolor,
P.
gualamalellsis,
P.
IUlss/eri
,
P.
isrhmic
a,
p.
lilldleytllw,
I~
lilldmmlllii
, P' margillflta,
P
mollis, P
0/)0\1(1((1,
P peregrina, P porlohellellsis, P
lj
llill
qU(mgu/aris,
P.
riedeJii,
P so/alli/olia, Pres/onia spp. (5),

P.
IOmell
losa, P /rijida, Pteralyxia
mac
ro
c(l
I1)(l,
/?auvo/jia
lilleari.s.epala,
R.
seJlowii, Rhabdadellin bi-
color,
R.
bifiol'a,
R.
macrostomG, Sabajlorida,
Secondacia
dellsij1o-
ra, SkyulI/(!ms sP't Stipecoma pe/tata, Strophanthus gerardii,
S.
hi.\pidus,
S.
II/teolus,
S.
pelel"siallll,~',
S.
Sarll/e
ll
tosu
.\',

S.
specioslIs,
S.
weJwitchii, TabernaemolltmlO heYflealla, Tabemaemolllana spp.
(4), 7(mllladellia sp.,
T.
stellaris,
111evetia
lIeriifolia, T ovata,
1: peruviana, T rhel
Jet
oides, Urceolajavallica,
U.
lucida,
U.
philip-
pillel/sis,
U.
IOrulosa, Urechites alldrie
ll
xii,
U.
IUlea,
Val/oris hey-
/lei,
V.
so/allocea, Wrighria saligllfl, Wrighr/a
.w
Several samples
of

th
e less common genera
in
thi
s extensive
fami!y were supplied
in
the form
of
g
le
anings from herbarium
specimens.
A QUiFOLIACEAE
4 gelleraj 420
,
~pecies
Most
of
the speci
es
in this family are
in
the genus J/ex, which has
three centers
of
distribution: South America, North America, and
the
SO
llth Pacific. The genus

is
important as a sour
ce
of lumber and
ornamentals (holly) and, in Sou
th
America,
as
a basis for traditional
cancine-containing drinks (mate and guayusa).
The che
mi
stlY
of
the famity is that
of
th
e major genus
(lJex)
known for its contcnt
of
cafTeinc and theobromine along with cyano-
g
lu
cosides
of
a
SO
lt
which do not liberate

HeN
on usual hydrolysis.
Of
th
e 42 sp
ec
i
es
of /lex tested, only
fo
ur were regarded
as
posi
ti
ve:
I.
C(lssille,
I.
coriacea,
I.
crellata, and.
J.
glabra
(213).
I.
cassille and
I.
crellata had previously been repo'l
ted
as alkaloid-

posi
ti
ve.
The pu
ri
nes
do
not give definitive alkalo
id
tests with the
DragendorlT reagent and are not considered true alkalo
id
s by some
investigators.
Alkaloid lesl R
eMI
/i
s
21
The following spccics were nega
ti
vc:
Jlex
(ll/omala, /. amlremi-
ca,
I.
asprella,
I.
bioritellsis,l.
bwfordii,

1.
c/talllaedIJifo/ia,
J.
co
r
~
mila,
I.
discolor,I. diuretica,
I.
dtll1losa,
I.jOl"IIIOS(1I1(1
,
I.
IUlIl
ceal/a,
I.
im
pressivella, J. ;lIcana,
I.
inca
nw
ra,
I.
jell1tanii, I. l(levigala,
I. microd
o11fo
, J. mitis,
I.
opoca, J. parag/./ariellsis,

l.
parvifolia,
l.
pllbescells, J. rOlullda,
l.
serrata, /lex spp. (5), flex cf. versfeeghii,
I.
verlicil/ma,
l.
verticil/ara,
I.
vitis-idaea,
I.
vOlI/iroria.
P/telline
COlllosa.
SphcllosremOlI lIIiakcllsis, SphellosremOIl cf.
arfilkensis, and
S.
pap
l
lflllW1/
were al
so
negative;
th
ey arc
so
me-
times placed

in
families
of
their
ow
n, Phellinaceae and Sphc
li
os
te-
monaceae rcspectively.
ARACEAE
106 gellel"ll; 2,950
species
The family is mostly tropical and subtr
op
i
ca
l but extends into
temperate areas including a few represe
nt
atives in
th
e United Stales.
In
th
e New World, we
re
cognize some genera as ornamentals
(e.g.,
th

e calla lily); in the Old World, some roots arc lIsed as food
(e.g.,
la
ro) as are
th
e
flU
it
s
or
MOlIslera species.
Alkaloids
'are known for somc 25
gene
ra
(35 species) in the
family; coniinc, hydroxytryptamine, berberines, and an assortment
of other N-conlaining
compou
nds has been identified.
Ninety-four samples representing
73
sp
ec
ies we
re
examined in
this stud
y.
C%cosia

esculenla,
Symplocmplis
joetic/us, and Zmlle-
deschia aerhiopica
(1
15
)
had
becn previously reported
as
alkalo
id
-
positive.
Several o
th
er speci
es
were found here
to
give positive tests
as
well: Acorlls calamlls, A. gmminell.'i, AJocasio odora, AlIfllllriulII
sp.
(1
13
), Cyrlospermo jolll1slolli, PeJlwuJra virgillica, SympJocar-
pus joelidus, 1}pllOlIilllJl divaricalul1I, Urospallw saggitaefolilllll
(112),
Zallredeschia meltlllolellca,

Z.
rehmwlI1ii.
Some
of
the literature repo
rt
s
of
the presence of alkaloids ill this
family may have resulted from the use
of
ammonium hydroxide
during isolation. This
practice.,.has bcen
show
n
to
convert
ce
rtain
of
the plant constihlenls to N-containing compounds, which then r
eact
as
alkaloids
in
standard testing procedures.
Negative tests were obtained with the following species:
Acarus
22

PLANT ALKALOIDS
graminells
va
r. p"sillus, Aglaonel/la modes/lilli, A/ocasia intiica,
AmolpilopltllJllIs glabra,
A.
mOIl/ric/lOrdia,
Allt/lllriulIl
me.xicallulII,
A. perla/orad/alUm, AllfhuriuIII spp. (2), A. scam/ells, Arisaemo dra-
COlli/ifill,
A.
japoniculII,
A.
tripIJylllllll,
Amlll
maculallllll, Calla sp.,
C%casia
allliquorum,
EpiprelllulIl pilllUltlllll, fle/erops;s sp.,
Lasio
spinosa,
MOils
/era perlllsa,
MOIl/ri
chart/ia (= Amorphophallus) ar-
borescens, Montridwrdia
:,p.,
Drolltilllll
aqua/lelllll,

PhiloqelldrolJ
ill/be,
P inaeqllilarerum, P
obliquijoliulII,
P rut/gemwllI, P seqlline,
P sel/OI/1Il, Philudendron spp. (7), Pistia stmtioides, Pothos see-
II/atllli,
Rhodospatha I'Oseospadix, Richardia (= Zallledeschia) bra-
siliensis,
R.
scabra,
SpathiphyllulII
cochieari.\1)(lllwlII,
Spathiphyl-
111111
sp.,
Sty/o
chitofl flata/ellsis,
S.
p
fi
beru/lIs, Sty/oc
lli/OII
sp"
Symllltherias (= Amorphophallfls) syfl'atica, SYllgonium lIamasii,
S.
podophyllum, Syngonilllll sp.,
S.
lIeJ/osiwlIIlII, Urospatha sp.,
Xal/thosol1l(J mcru/ozae,

X.
//lexical/11m,
X.
rolmstw;,
X.
saggi(l!o-
li
ll
lll
,
X.
lI
iolacewlI.
AR
A
Li
ACE
AE
57
ge
ll
e
nt,'
800 sp e
ci
e
!1
'
This
is

primar
il
y a tropical
fam
i
ly
with centers
of
distribu tion in
Indo-Malaysia and trop
ica
l America. Three genera arc fo
un
d in the
Un
it
ed States.
Eng
li
sh i
vy
and
ot
hers are culti
va
ted as o
rn
amen
ta
l

s;
some are
used
<IS
med icine
(t
be tradition
al
Chinese dnlg g
in
seng belongs
in
t
hi
s fa
mi
ly).
Several unnamed a
lk
aloids have been recorded in some ten gen-
era
of
th
e nun
il
y.
Q
ui
nazolines have been chamctcrized from the
genus

Mackill/aya; the known
al
kaloidal
M.
schlechteri was also
found posi
ti
ve
ill t
hi
s stu
dy.
Positive tests were
li
kewise obta
in
ed w
it
h
th
e
fo
ll
owing species:
Aralia mcelllosa ( 1/4), Clissollia pal/icll/ala,
C.
thyrsiflora,
C.
11111
-

bellijera ( 1/3
),
Dendrop(lIIax peJl/lcipllllclata (115),
Didymopwwx
rremllllllll
(112),
Gasrol/ia pap"tllla, SeemaJmtlralitl gerrardii.
The fo
ll
owing species were negative: Acalllhopallax Irijoliallls,
Aralia cali/arnica, A. hispida,
A.
/Iumilis,
A.
l/IulicallJis, A. regelia-
/la, A.
spinosa, AstIVtricha asperijoJia,
A.
jlocosca,
Bra,~·.\'{lia
acti-
llopiJylla, Cussollia kirkii,
C.
naw/ensis,
C.
spicata, Dendropmrllx
l
Alkaloir/1est
Ue:,;ult
.

\·
2.1
arbore'lIIl,
D.
CUI/eall/III,
D.
parlliflorum,
D.
peJlucidopullctatus,
Didymopallax Ol1gllslissillll1, D. morotololli, Didymopflllax spp. (3),
D.
vinosfl1I1,
Dizygotheca (= Sc/iejJlera) coel/osa, Dizygorlteca sp.,
Giliberlia
.
(l/"borea,
G,
clmeato, Ilec/era helix,
l/
ep/apJeu/"uIII
(=
SchejJlera) arborico
/ulII
.
H.
octophyllulII,
Ii.
velllltosulII,
K~lo


pfmax (= E/elliherococc
ll
s) pic/
ll
S,
Kissotielldl"OlI (= Po/ys
cUlS
)
mistraliam
ll
ll, Mackillftiya macrosciadia,
Me
l
yta
sp., Myodoc
arpll:<;
sp., Neopw/{/x arboreulIJ,
N.
colellsoi,
N.
simplex, Oreopanax capl-
{(III/Ill,
O. echillops,
0.
JUIIIIIIII,
0. sa lvinia, Oreopmwx
sp
p
,.
(2),

0. xa/apensis, Pallax gillsellg,
P/emndra
(= Sclle.Dlera)
stahltall~,
p.
lIifiellSis, Polyscias baljouriana, P elegal/s, P jiJicijolio, P gll/I-
joy/el,
P.
sambucijoli(l, Pse/ldOp(lIIflX crassijolillm, P edgerleYi,
p.
les!wllii, SchlejJ1em digitat{/,
S.
oClophylla,
S.
rail1'llllialla, Telra-
pal/ax papyrijerus, Terrap/asfll/(/m (= Gastollia) sp., 7ieghemopa-
1I0X (= Polyscias) elegalls.
ARA
UCA
RI
AC
E
AE
2 ge
ll
e
rll
; 32 species
Members
of

this fam
il
y are o
rn
am
en
tal southern
pi
nes
fa
miliar to
horticulturist
s.
In the sou
th
ern he
mi
sphere, exce
pt
in
Africa and
southeast Asia, some are
th
e source
of
lumber and res
in
s.
Therc
has been

bu
t one positive t
CS
I
fo
r al
ka
loids reco
rd
ed for
this sma
ll
gymnospelm family (Agalhis allsrralis). A test
of
tb
is
species was nega
ti
ve
as we
ll
as tests
on
A. moorei, A.
ova(~.'
A. rob/lsla, Agothis sp.,
A.
virellsis,
An
lll

caria bididellii, A. C
OOkll,
A.
cflllllillglwmii, A. excelsa. a
nd
A.
fltlei.
A
Rl
S 1'OLOC
flI
AC
E
AE
7
g'e
fl
era,' 410 specie .
.;
This is essentia
ll
y a t
ro
pi
cal
fa
mily but some represe
nt
atives
occur in

th
e temperate zon
e.
Nitrophenan
th
rcnes and their reduced (am
in
o)
cO
ll
nlelparls
.<lS
we
ll
as quarternary aporphines are characteristi
c.
Some species
have been used as med ici
na
l
s.
24
Pi.ANTALKALOIDS
Positive tesls for alkaloids were obtained with the following
species previously known to be alkaloidal:
Aris(olochia elegalls.
A.
gigallfea,
A.
fagala.

In
addition, an unidentified Aris/% c
/Jia
sp
.
was found 10 be positive (1/3).
Negative res
uit
s
we
re obta
in
ed for Arisrolochia burchellii,
A.
dh~)
I
/}IlI,
A
.jalisc(
lIIa, A. kallklillellsis, A. macrophylla,
A.
pau/is-
talla,
Ari
slOJoc/lia spp. (3), A.
11
:;
mlgll!aris, Asarum c
(lllad
e

ll
se.
A.
tell/ollii,
A.
laitoellse.
ASCLEPIADACEAE
347
genera,' 1,850 s
pe
cies
Although t
hi
s famil y is pantropical, most
of
its members arc
South American. A few
ge
n
en
) extend into temperate regions; olle
of
these is lhe familiar mi
lk
weed, Asclepias
sy
riaC(l
.
So
me

arc
ornamentals, some yield rubber, others are livestock poisons. The
taxonomy
of
the family is
1I0t
a matter
of
gencral agreemen
t.
Few alkaloids
ha
ve
been found
in
thi
s relatively large fam i
ly.
Those
in
CJyplOlepis, CYlI(lfIcllIIlIl, Pergu/aria,
7j
liophora,
and
Vill-
ce/oxiculIl have been characterized, some have been synthesized.
o
lh
ers have yel to be isolated in pure form.
In

thi
s stud
y,
1
82
species were tested
wi
th the fo
ll
owing pre-
vio
ll
sly known al
ka
lo
id
al
plants found positive: Asclepias c
ums
-
slll'i
ca
(2
/
13)
,
A.
linaria
(2
/

5),
Ca!olropis gigalllea (l/3), Ectadiop-
sis oblol1g{ji
)Jia
(1
/2
). MOl'sdellia cOllduran
go
.
These spccies were also
po
sitive:
Asclep
ias con/ijolia ( 1
12
).
A.
fil.'icicula/a, A.
jhlficosa.
A.
hUlI/i
slrala. A. I'OlImdifoiia. A.
sub-
vcrlicilla/(l
(21
4),
A.
veslira,
Bl
eplwrodon

sp
., Caralluma
mammi-
Jiaris, C
aml/ullla
sp., CJyplolepis oblollgifolia
(1
/2
),
CY
Il(lllclllllll
mi(reoJa,
C.
lIigrulII
,
C.
prae
co
x,
Gomplw
c
mpu
s
physocwpus
, Go-
lIoJolJIIs
gOIlUCWpIlS,
G.
obliqlllls, Hemidesl1l1ls illdiclls (1/
2)

, He/-
ero
s/e
mma
("·Ol/il/Illll,
H paplJ(lIla. l-Ioodill sp., Kal/(lhia JallijIora
( 1/2), Marg(lrelta rosea,
Mar.wJ
el/ia dregei.
M.
ros,rrala, Mic
r%m
a
iI/callum,
M.
massollii. M. saggitalwlI
(112),
Pa
chyc
Q/1JU
S rigida.
P
sa
lber. P
ec
lillaria brevi/oba, Pelliarrhillum illSipidlllll, Pergllla-
ria dae
mia-extensa
(3/1 0), Pelgu/aria sp., Secamolle gal'al'dii, Sla-
peJia

giganlea
(2/3),
S.
oJivacea,
S.
sc
hill
Zii,
Slapelia sp., Toxocal'-
A
lk
(l/oid
7;.s/
R
esll
it
s
25
PII
S wriglttimws, Tylophol'a l/laC/'ophylla,
'I:
ovata, X
ys
ma/obilllll
ulldlllallllll.
The
fo
ll
owing species gave negati
ve

test
s:
Arlll!iia
se
rico/era,
Asclepias albicallS,
A. ampfexicalllis, A. allgustijiJlia, A. oW'iculalll,
A. bidclIJata,
A.
bmchysJep/wllia,
A.
bur
chellii,
A.
cali/ol'llic
lI
,
A.
cO
lltrayerba, A. fililol'l/!is,
A.
gibba,
A.
glaberl'i1l1(1,
A.
glal/ces-
celiS,
A.
in
comala,

A. melmulta, A.
mexi
calla. A.
Il
e
gle
cla. A.
oello~
t/telVides,
A.
orata,
A.
oraloides, A.
ov
a to, A. pring/ei,
As
cle
pia
s JPp·
(2),
A.
Jpeciosa, A. suhulala, A.
sy
riaca,
A.
verticil/ala, A
sp
idog!os-
S
lim

bijlorum, B/epJwl'Odoll
IIII1
C
f'OlIatum
, n. sle
ud
eliwlI/l/I. Bl'ach
ys-
te
flll(l
pygmaell
lll
, C({mllul1la
pi
CHlllthoides.
C.
Cempegio abyssinica,
C.
occu/la, Ch/orocodoll (= Mondia) while;, Cosmostigmo racel/lo-
slim. Oyptofepis c
ap
ensis, C clyploJepoides, Cynane/wlII
aji"icOlIllIlJ
,
C.
ellipticum,
Cjlo
ribundwlI. C /reemrllli, C klmthii, C o/JtuSijO/illlll,
C.
parvijlo/'l/III, C prillg/ei, Disc

"idia
raffi
esifllla,
Di
sc
hidia sp.,
Dila
ss
a acel'Osa, D. ridelii,
D.
edlllllndoi, Ditassa !'p., Dregea abys-
sil/iea, Finlaysollia
obovata, Fockea /ugardii, E multiflora, Glossos-
telllla carsollii, Gomph
oe
mpus
(= Ascle
pias)
aureus,
G.
g/aucophyl-
Ius
, Gomph
oc
m1Jl1s
sp. ,
GOll%bus
cl
l1
),salllhus,

G.
broadwayi,
G.
piloslls.
G.
prodllctllS,
G.
IIIl!florus. GYlllllema
lalemijlo
rus,
G.
sy
iveslre, Ho
ya
bicarillala,
Mar
sdenia hilarialla.
M.
macrophy lla,
M.
mexicalla,
M.
pringJei,
M.
IUbmjilsc
li.
Male/ea
IIil'
s
IiIa.

M.pavonii.
Mafa/ea sp., Mela
sle
lllla (= CY/UlIIchum) ongllslifolium, Melaste/ma
sp
.•
Micl'O/oma lewlI./!fo
liul1I
, MOlldia whilei, Olealldm wallichii.
Orrh
osia
ur
ce
o/ala, Oxypela/llm amouial1ulIl.
0.
banksii,
0.
1'01/-
O$um.
0.
ped
icil/allilll, Oxypetallllll spp. (9),
0.
sub/allatllm,
Pa
c
hy
-
CllI1Jl1,\'
appel/dicit/allis, P va/idus. Pel/talrapis cYllallchoides,

Per
gll-
laria spp. (2), Pilosligma
(=
COl/stamilla) thollnil/gii. Raphionllcme
burkei,
R.
elala, R
.jl
anogllni,
R.
hil'SIl!a, Ri
oe
l'euxia picta,
R.
londo-
sa, Sarcoloblls clausum,
Sarc%bus
cf. globosus, S e/eglllls,
S.
vimi-
/lale,
S.
mosel/sii, Sarcoslemma
sp
p.
(3), SchiSlOgylle
W·,
Schizog!os-
slim petherickalllllll, Secamolle albill;;,

S.
j;'ulescel/s,
s.
parvi/olill,
S.
geftleffii, Stapelia variegata, Sto
ma
tostelllllla
1IlOlIl
eiroae, Stu/Jilia
(=
Orbea) lapscollii, Thcazzea apicll/ala,
1i:l
ssadia pmpilliqua, 7jl/o-
phora grQlulijlora, Villcetoxicijlll sp.
The follow
in
g genera have been placed
in
a separate
fam
il
y,
Periplocaccac,
by
sor'ne taxonomists: Filliaysullia,
J/
e
mi
sdeslllus,

Montiia , RapiJio
nocm
e,
SlO
mato
sl
ellllJl
ll
, T(lcazzea.
•
26
B
PLANT
ALKALOIDS
"
BALANITACEAE
J gelllls; 25
~;J1ecies
The
ge
n
us
Balanites
of
tropical Asia and Africa
is
now
li
sted
amo

ng
th
e Zygophy
ll
aceae by some authorities.
Th
e seeds
of
some
species yie
ld
oi
ls used
in
soap makin
g;
o
th
ers are medicina
l.
One
sa
mple of
an
und
etemlined species g
av
e
II
positive test for

alkaloids in
th
is
study. The chemistry of the fami ly is otherwise
unknown,
althoug
h alkalo
id
s are known for the Zygophyllaceae.
BAL
AN
OPA
CACEAE
J
gellUS;
9 species
T
hi
s sma
ll
family is native to the southwest Pacific incl
uding
Quee
ns
la
nd
in
Austra lia.
It
has no economic uses.

One
spec
ies,
Bplallops
austra!imlll, gave a negative test for alka-
loid
s.
Nothing
is
known oCthe
chem
istry
of
the famil
y.
BALSAMINACEAE
2 gellertlj 850 species
These plants arc widely distributed hut
arc
mo
st
ab
undant in the
Asian and
Af
ri
c
an
tropics. Several species arc ornamentals.
Alkaloids have been reported for two species

of
Impatiens but 12
sa.
mples
jncl
~I ~l
i
ng
lhe following
II
species were tested
in
thi
~
survey
without poS
iti
ve results:
Im
patiens btflora,
I.
cecili, I. chillensis,
I.
dlll/liei
,.
/.
kirkii, I. pallida,
Impati
e
ll

s .
11J!).
(3),
I.
sy
lvi
cola,
I. IIl/iflora.
IJ
ASE
LL
ACEAE
4
gel/em;
15
!J1Jecies
This family
is
found mostly
in
tropical America and
th
e West
Indies, with
one
species native to Asia.
Some
are cultivated
as
/11kaloid

'lesl
Results
27
or.H
lInentals; others are used for
fo
od
s-
a leafy vegetable (Basel/a)
a
nd
a starchy root
of
the Andes (UI/Ileus).
Eight samples representing five species
gave
negati
ve
tests for
alkaloids,
Which have not yet been found in the family: Allredem
vesica
ria ,
Ba
sella rllbra,
BOffssi1lgallltia
(= AI/federa)
basel/oides,
B.
leptoslachys,

B.
rfllllosa.
BATACEAE (BA
TJDA
CEAE)
J
ge
l/lis; 2,fj
peci
es
This
is
a family
of
the shorelines
of
the tropics
an
d subtropics o f
the
New
World and Hawa
ii
.
It
is
of
no known economic impor
ta
nce.

Indolic glucosinolates ha
ve
been reported
in
Bat
is
maritima, but a
tcst
of
this spec
ie
s did not give a reaction w
it
h DragendorfT's reagent.
BEGONI
ACEAE
2
ge
l/
era;
co.
900.\pecies
The nunily has wide distribution throughout the tropics, especia
ll
y
ill South America. Varieties of many speci
es
ha
ve
been developed by

horticulturists and grown as familiar garden
and
house plant
s.
Alkaloids are not k
nown
in
the famil
y.
Twenty
~s
i
x
samples
repre~
senting
21
species
we
re tested without
pos
iti
ve
resu
lt
:
Begol1ia
bafSOlllillf!.ll,
B.
cajJi'(l,

B.
jhltico
.
WI,
B.
gmcil
is,
B.
herac/ei/o/ia,
B.
hispida, B. illcamala,
B.
inciso-serrata, B. macdollgaJli
i,
B.
lIe-
lllmbii/
o
lia,
B.
palmaris,
B.
prill
ceae,
B.
ramfai
ensis,
B.
I'icin
ijolia,

B.
sc
am/
ellS, Begonia spp. (4),
11.
tovarellsi,fj,
B.
u/m({o/ia.
IJERBERIDA
CEAE
15
gel/era;
570
species
A f
cw
member
s
of
tile fam
il
y arc fou nd in
So
uth
Ame
rica but as
a group the
l3
erberidaceae are chie
fl

y north temperate. Many are
llsed as orn
ame
ntals and so
me
bear edible 1
I'Lli!.
Ea
rl
ier taxonomists included
12
genera in the
fa
mil
y,
II
of w
hi
ch
34
PLANT
ALKALOIDS
A pos
it
ive lest for al
ka
loids had been reported for the p

in
eapple,
Allo"a.~
COIII
OS
U
S.
Tests on 45
sa
mpl
es
Inclu
di
ng 4 1 species
in
ten
other genera fai l
ed
to give a p.ositivc result.
The
se species were
negative:
Aec!Jmcll hraCleata, A. dis/ieolllha, A.
0/'11(//0,
Anollos
.WllillliS,
BiIlhetgia macro/epsis, Broil/clio pinguil/, Bromelin sp.,
Dyckia croeea,
D.
sel/owa,

Dy
ckia
-w.
Hechtia ghresbreghlii,
H.
glo
mera/a, H po(/mllha, fl. lexalla, Pilcairllia karwillskirllla.
Qllcsllelia illbriCllta,
7i1/anclsio
achyrostach
ys,
T.
olld
ri
eu
xii,
T.
be1r-
tlUlmifllla, T b
ul
bosa, T
Cap
lIHl1edll
Sae,
T./asciel/fata,
1:
iOllonlha,
T
jU
ll

cea,
T.
/tll'
ida
, 7: recurvafa,
T.
sc
hiee/eallo, Til/alii/
sin
spp. (6),
r.
tellllijt>/ia,
Vri
esia
ca
l'inata,
V.
!riburgellsis,
v.
gladioliffiwa,
V plolYllelllG, Vl'iesia sp.,
V.
va
ga
ll
s.
BI
IUN
I
ACE

A E
J 1 gen era; 69
~1J
ecie.\'
The fami ly is
SOll
th African; some are cult ivated for cut nower.s.
No alkaloids
are kn
ow
n. Eight samples repr
ese
nting seven s
pe
-
ci
es
gave but one positive result, Bel'zelia
im
ermedia. The rema
in
-
der were negative: Berzelia abmlal/ofdes,
LJ
. /allugillosa,
Bmllia
laevis,
H.
/wdijlora, Nebelia
(=

Bl"llnia)
palea
ce
a,
Swavia
radiata.
I
JU
R
SE
RA
CEAE
8
ge
ll
e/'
fl;
540
specie:,'
T
hi
s
fa
mily occurs
in
tro
pi
cal America and
in
the nOl1hcastern

portions of Africa.
The latter region
's
speci
es
are most famil iar
as
so
ur
ces
of
frankincense and myrrh since biblical times.
So
me have
li
se
as ornamentals.
Positive' alkaloid tests have been recorded f
or
species
of
Comllli-
p
Jw/"{/
, BoslVellia, and Protium.
fn
t
hi
s stud
y,

a total
of
1
49
sampl
es
including
95
spec
ie
s gave positive results for Prolium macgregorii
(
1/4
),
P neglect
ll/II,
<I
nd one
ot
her undetermined sp
ec
ies
of
th
at
genus.
Negative tests were
oblained for the remainder
of
the samples:

l10
swellia
ser
rala, LJllnem aptem , I1llrsera sp. al
l'.
aptera, B.
ar
h
o-
L
Alk(lloid
Test
Uesu/ts
35
rea,
B.
arfda,
B.
ari
e
l/
si
s,
lJ.
attenuata, B.
bi
eo
lor
, IJ bipilllwta,
/1.

cilronella,
13.
cOIIJ
usa,
11.
copal/ifera, B.
cOIycemJ'i.'i,
B.
crell{Jla,
n.
CII
l/
eaW,
Bwsera
sp. aff. CII/leata ,
Bur-
se
ra
sp. aff. del/ticl/lala,
B. diversija{ia, B. excelsa,
8.fagolloides,
11.
g
o/
eouia
na
, B. g/ob
,.
i-
Jolia, B. g

mll
dtfolia, B.
graveo
/ens,
B.
heleresthes, B. him/sial/a,
B.
illstabilfs,
B.
jomllensis,
13
. kerberi,
B.
IWIC
:(jo/ia, B. leptoph!o-
cos,
B. IOl/gipes,
B.
mierophyila,
11
.
///
oreJensis,
B.
mu/tUu
ga,
B.
lIesopola, B.
oec
lilla,

B.
odoraltl, B.
palm
er
i,
B.
penieil!ata,
B. sarco
poda
,
B.
se
hle
chlelldalii, B. simal'llba,
Bur
sera
sp
.
alT.
simaruba,
B.
sllbmoniliformis, 8. lerebe
ll
tJlIl
s
(l
Clllllillaw, B. lomell-
loso, 8. IriJolillla, 8 . Irime
ra
,

8.
veja
r-v
as
qu
ez;i,
CWJ(l
rill
lll
aCl/lifo-
lilllll,
C.
album,
C.
ausimlascilllll,
C.
Clllslmlimllllll,
C.
malI/elise,
C.
pimelllll1,
C.
viliense,
CV
l/llllipJw ra aji-ic(
ma
,
C.
cwyaf{fu/ia,
C.

eel
l/lis,
C.
glam/llio
.WI,
C.
harveyi, C.
marl
o/hi
i,
C.
m
erker
i,
C.
mollis,
C.
l1egl
ec
/(l
,
C.
pyraca
llll!
o
ide
s,
C.
rehmmmii,
C.

sc
him
~
peri,
C.
lellufpeliolala, Elaphriw/I
si
marollba, Garllga jloriblll1c/a,
f1a
pla
/alms jloriblillcills, H. gic
mdu/
os
lIs,
H.
leeijoli
ll
s,
H.
robllS/
Il
S,
Protium copal,
P.
gllianellsis, P heptaphylllllll, P klein;;,
P.
"odulo
-
S
I/III

,
P.
p
ara
ensfs, P po/yhrol
lllll
, ProtiulII spp. (4),
P.
.\j)f·lIcealllllll ,
p.
lelllli/olilllll,
P.
III1
i/olia/llm, Telragaslris balsamifera, 1hlllillni
ck-
ia
rhoijolia.
B
UXACEAE
5
ge
" era; 60
species
The f
am
il
y is primarily
of
the tropi
cs

and subtropics
or
the Old
World. Pachysandra procllmbel/s
of
the eastern United States is a
common grou nd
cov
er; Silllmo
ll
dsia is t
he
so
urce
of
a substitute for
whale oil. Others are ornamental
s.
The " Buxus alkal
oid
s,"
as the nitrogenous
compo
unds isolated
from this fam
il
y arc
co
mm
on

ly known,
have
been r
ec
orded rrom 33
species.
The
genus Simmrmdsia has b
ee
n placed
in
a family of its
own, Simll1ondsiaceac; its seeds have
been
repo
rt
ed to give a posi·
tive al
ka
loid test but other than a
cy
anog
lycos
id
e,
no
al
ko
loid has
been isolated.

'I
\vo
samples were tested:
Bu
x
lI
s lallci/olia was positive,
Sacro~
cocca Iwokeriana was no
t.