16 how to write in arabic

How to Write in
Arabic
El Mustapha Lahlali
How to Write in Arabic
El Mustapha Lahlali
E
dinburgh
ISBN 978 0 7486 3588 7
Edinburgh University Press
22 George Square
Edinburgh
EH8 9LF
www.euppublishing.com
Cover image: www.istockphoto.com
Cover design: www.paulsmithdesign.com
How to Write in Arabic
El Mustapha Lahlali
This book is designed to help learners of Arabic at all levels develop
and refine their writing skills, focusing on the structure of Arabic
sentences and paragraphs, and the cohesive links between them.
It provides a variety of phrases and idiomatic expressions that can
be used in writing and places great emphasis on writing in different
genres, including literary and media texts. Learners are also introduced
to the cultural aspects of writing, such as writing and responding to
different types of letters.
A chapter on creative writing in Arabic is featured to encourage
learners to utilise their vocabulary and grammar skills, and a chapter
on learners' writing errors will enable readers to reflect on the type of
mistakes they may make in their writing, and how to overcome them.
Key Features
• Includes a broad range of writing genres such as letters,

summaries and articles
• Provides a theoretical and practical guide on how to use
connectors and cohesive devices
• Helps the learner accumulate a wide range of vocabulary in context
• Challenges the learner with a variety of Arabic writing exercises
El Mustapha Lahlali is a Lecturer in the Department of Arabic and
Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Leeds.
How to Write in Arabic
IN0023 - 00 LAHLALI pages i-iv.indd iIN0023 - 00 LAHLALI pages i-iv.indd i 10/6/09 10:38:0310/6/09 10:38:03
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How to Write in Arabic
El Mustapha Lahlali
Edinburgh University Press
IN0023 - 00 LAHLALI pages i-iv.indd iiiIN0023 - 00 LAHLALI pages i-iv.indd iii 10/6/09 10:38:0310/6/09 10:38:03
© El Mustapha Lahlali, 2009
Edinburgh University Press Ltd
22 George Square, Edinburgh
www.euppublishing.com
Typeset in 11/13 Times
by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire, and
printed and bound in Great Britain by
CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978 0 7486 3587 0 (hardback)
ISBN 978 0 7486 3588 7 (paperback)
The right of El Mustapha Lahlali
to be identifi ed as author of this work
has been asserted in accordance with
the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
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Contents
vii Acknowledgements
ix Introduction
1 Unit 1: Connectors ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺮﻟﺍ :ﻰﻟﻭﻷﺍ ﺓﺪﺣﻮﻟﺍ
2 ﻲﻓﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﻂﺑﺮﻟﺍ
3 ﻲﻛﺍﺭﺪﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﻂﺑﺮﻟﺍ
4 ﻲﻨﻣﺰﻟﺍ ﻂﺑﺮﻟﺍ
6 ءﺎﺼﺣﻹﺍ
8 ﺔﻴﺒﺒﺴﻟﺍ
8 ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻟﺍ
9 ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ
10 ﺔﻳﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍﻭ ءﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻋ
12 ﺭﺎﺼﺘﺧﻹﺍ
12 ﻱﺃﺮﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺮﻴﺒﻌﺘﻟﺍ
14 ﻞﺜﻤﻟﺍ
15 ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﻹﺍ
16 ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖﻴﻠﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻋ
17 ﺭﺍﺮﺻﻹﺍ
18 ﺭﻮﻌﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﻹﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺮﻴﺒﻌﺘﻟﺍ
18 ﻦﻣ ﻢﻏﺮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ – ﻦﻣ ﻢﻏﺮﻟﺎﺑ – ﻢﻏﺭ : ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻂﺑﺮﻟﺍ
19 ﻯﺮﺧﺃﺮﻴﺑﺎﻌﺗﻭ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ
20 ﺓﺩﺮﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ
21 ءﺎﻨﺜﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ
22 ﺔ
ّ
ﻴﻁﺮ
ّ
ﺸﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﺠﻟﺍ
ﻲﻓ ﻂﺑﺮﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ
23 ﻞﻤﺠﻟﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻂﺑﺮﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ (ﺪﺑﻻ) ﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﺍ

25 ﺕﺍﺮﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ
34
Unit 2: Letters ﻞﺋﺎﺳﺮﻟﺍ :
ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﺣﻮﻟﺍ
34 ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺭ
37 ﺔﺌﻨﻬﺗ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺭ
40 ﺔﺌﻨﻬﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﻟﺍ
41 ﺐﺣ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺭ
46 ﺔﻳﺰﻌﺗ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺭ
50 ﺭﺍﺬﺘﻋﺇ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺭ
53 ﻯﻮﻜﺷ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺭ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ
56 ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﺐﻠﻁ
vi
59 ﺔﻴﺗﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ
61 ﺔﻟﺎﻘﺘﺳﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺭ
63 ﺔﻴﻧﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ
64 ﺓﺮﻛﺪﻣ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ
65 ﺕﺎﻧﻼﻋﻹ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻧ
67 Unit 3: Stylistic Expressions and Vocabulary ﺔﻴﺑﻮﻠﺳﺃ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻋ:ﺔﺜﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﺣﻮﻟﺍ
67 ﺔﻗﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﻞﻴﺼﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻋ
68 ﺬﻬﺠﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺮﻴﺒﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻋ
69 ﺱﺎﺴﺣﻹﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺮﻴﺒﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻋ
71 ﺱﻮﻤﻠﻣ ﻦﺴﺤﺗ ﻦﻋ ﺮﻴﺒﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻋ
71 ﻞﺸﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﻴﺨﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺮﻴﺒﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﻝﺎﻌﻓﺃﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻋ
73 ﺮﻫﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺮﻴﺒﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻋ
74 ﺔﻳﺭﺎﺠﺗﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻋﻭ ﻝﺎﻌﻓﺃ
77 ﺔﻴﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻋ
78 ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﻒﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻋ
82 ﻞﻴﻤﺠﻟﺎﺑ ﻑﺍﺮﺘﻋﻻﺍ
82 ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﻻﺍﻭ ﻚﺸﻟﺍ

84 ﻊﻟﻮﻟﺍﻭ ﻞﻴﻤﻟﺍ
84 ﺔﻧﺎﺒﺠﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﺠﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺃﺮﺠﻟﺍ
93
Unit 4:
Writing Articles ﺕﻻﺎﻘﻣ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ :ﺔﻌﺑﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﺣﻮﻟﺍ
93 ﺺﻴﺨﻠﺗ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻛ
94 ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﺺﻴﺨﻠﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻋﺎﺴﺗ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻋ
100 ﺔﻤﺗﺎﺧﻭ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻛ
103 ﻱﺭﺎﺒﺧﺇ ﻝﺎﻘﻣ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻛ
113 ﻲﺑﺩﺃ ﻝﺎﻘﻣ /ءﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻛ
125 ﻲﻧﻮﻳﺰﻔﻠﺗ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﻟ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺝﺫﻮﻤﻧ
127 Unit 5: Creative Writing ﺔﻴﻋﺍﺪﺑﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ :ﺔﺴﻣﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﺣﻮﻟﺍ
127 ﺓﺮﻴﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ
128 ﺔﻴﻏﻼﺑ ﺢﻣﻼﻣ
134 ﺓﺮﻴﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﺢﻣﻼﻣ
143
Answers
151
Appendix 1: Analysing Students’ Errors ﺔﻴﺑﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺏﻼﻄﻟﺍ ءﺎﻄﺧﺃ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗﻭ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ
164 Appendix 2: Expressions in Context ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻋ
vii
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who made this book possible. I wish to
thank first and foremost my colleagues in the department of Arabic and Middle Eastern
Studies, University of Leeds, for their support and encouragement. My special thanks
go to James Dale for his valuable comments on a draft of this book. I would also like to
thank Nicola Ramsey, Edinburgh University Press, for supporting this project.
I am obliged to Brigit Viney for her valuable feedback and comments on a draft of
this book.
My heartfelt appreciation also goes to all my friends for their support, help and

encouragement. Special thanks go to my friend Naemi Nakagawa for her encourage-
ment throughout the writing stages of this book.
Lastly, and most importantly, I would like to express my warm thanks to my
parents, brothers and sisters for their unfailing love, encouragement and support.

ix
Introduction
The chief aims of this book are to help learners of Arabic at higher-intermediate and
advanced levels to:
1 develop and refine their writing skills in Arabic;
2 achieve a degree of competency in writing with efficient Arabic style, through
a wide range of Arabic writing exercises;
3 learn Arabic linguistic features which are necessary for fluent writing styles;
4 adopt Arabic stylistics with a view to enhancing their Arabic writing;
5 become familiar with different aspects of writing, such as letters, summaries,
articles, etc.;
6 acquire vocabulary for their writing usage.
In order for the above-mentioned aims to be achieved, this textbook provides practi-
cal sessions and exercises which are designed solely to meet the objectives set for this
textbook. Each unit contains a wide range of exercises which will enable learners to
practise the concepts introduced in each unit.
Why this textbook?
Over the last few years, many books have been published on Arabic grammar and
Arabic literature, but there is not, to my knowledge, a comprehensive academic book
on writing in Arabic. Writing is a key skill in any language, and Arabic is no exception.
However, there are not sufficient resources on writing in Arabic for learners of Arabic
as a foreign language. This textbook will enable learners to acquire the ability to write
effectively and fluently in Arabic in both their personal and professional lives. It will
not only be useful to those learners who wish to familiarise themselves with the style
and structure of writing in Arabic, but will also help them build their Arabic vocabu-

lary, with phrases and idiomatic expressions, which will help them improve their style.
There is a section of answers to some of the exercises at the back of the book and this
key will help learners check their answers and facilitate their learning.
The textbook is composed of five units, which have more or less the same structure
and layout, organised into the following topics:
Unit 1: Connectors This unit focuses on the structure of Arabic sentences and para-
graphs, and the cohesive links between them. It introduces learners to different Arabic
cohesive devices, giving examples of their usage in sentences.
x
Unit 2: Letters This unit focuses on drafting, writing and responding to differ-
ent types of letters. Students are introduced to different letter formats and styles, for
instance, writing personal letters, love letters, professional letters, job application
letters and CVs, condolence letters, congratulation letters, e-mails and memos.
Unit 3: Stylistic Expressions and Vocabulary This unit provides a variety of
phrases and idiomatic expressions that can be used in writing. Key verbs and phrases
are categorised in themes and used in sentences to acquaint students with their contex-
tual usage. This is followed by a wide range of practical exercises.
Unit 4: Writing Articles This unit deals with writing different genres of texts, liter-
ary texts and media texts. Through a variety of materials, students are introduced to
writing coherent and cohesive texts/articles in Arabic, as well as formulating concise
introductions and conclusions. Students are introduced to different Arabic phraseolo-
gies which are used in writing introductions and conclusions. They are also introduced
to writing a précis in Arabic. A section on punctuation is included in this unit.
Unit 5: Creative Writing The aim of this unit is to introduce learners to writing nar-
rative texts such as short stories. The unit equips learners with tools and mechanisms
for writing literary works. Samples of short stories are introduced in this unit in order
to acquaint students with the Arabic literary style. The unit also introduces students to
some of the rhetorical features often used in creative writing.
Answers Towards the end of the book there is a key section which provides stu-
dents with answers to the main questions in each unit. The key is designed to encour-

age autonomous learning. Exercises with answers in the key are marked with this
symbol: ✓.
Appendix 1: Analysing Students’ Errors This appendix provides students with a
wide range of exercises based on common writing errors made by students. By iden-
tifying different types of errors and correcting them, learners of Arabic should be able
to understand, or at least identify, the reasons for making those errors – some of which
are spelling, grammatical and lexical errors, as well as errors related to expression and
style. The errors are authentic and selected from learners’ writings.
Appendix 2: Expressions in Context This appendix provides a wide range of addi-
tional expressions and vocabulary in context.
1
Connectors
UNIT 1: CONNECTORS ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺮﻟﺍ : ﻰﻟﻭﻷﺍ ﺓﺪﺣﻮﻟﺍ
Arabic language is characterised by its rich vocabulary and complex sentences. Now
that you have learnt how to write basic and simple sentences, you can express yourself
in more complex ways. To do so, you need to learn how to link different ideas and sen-
tences in order to create a coherent and cohesive text. The use of connectors in Arabic
can help you improve your style and link your ideas in a way that would help the reader
to follow your argument. Arabic language provides a wide range of connectors which
serve different functions.
Each section below will introduce you to a different type of Arabic connectors and
their functions. It is worth mentioning here that these connectors are very varied and
serve different functions.
These connectors have different functions and link both words and sentences. Below is
a summary of the main connectors used in Arabic.
1
1
ﺮﺌﺒﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻝﺰﻧ .ءﺎﻣ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺍﺮﺌﺑ ﺪﺠﻳ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺫﺈﻓ ﻪﻘﻳﺮﻁ ﻲﻓ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒﻓ .ﻪﺸﻄﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻱﻭﺮﻳ ءﺎﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﻳ ﺡﺍﺭﻭ ﻝﺍﺰﻏ ﺶﻄﻋ
ﺐﻠﻌﺜﻟﺍ
ّ

ﺮﻣ ﻢﺛ .ﺩﻮﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﻊﻄﺘﺴﻳ ﻢﻠﻓ ﻕﺯﺄﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﺪﺟﻭ ﺮﺌﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺩﻮﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺎﺣ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻦﻜﻟ ، ﻪﺸﻄﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﻏ ﻰﻔﺷﺃﻭ
ﻝﺍﺰﻐﻟﺍ ﺪﺠﻳ ﺓ
ّ
ﺭﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺪﺣﺄﺑ ﺍﺫﺈﻓ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﺳ ﺕ
ّ
ﺮﻣﻭ .ﻯﻭﺪﺟ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻦﻜﻟ ﺪﻌﺼﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻝﻭﺎﺤﻳ ﻢﻟﺄﻤﻟﺍ ﻪﻟﺎﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﺍﺰﻐﻟﺍ ﺪﺟﻮﻓ
ﻢﻟ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻻﺇ ﻞﺟﺮﻟﺍ ﺐﻌﺗ ﻢﻏﺭ .ﺮﻴﺒﻛ ﺪﻬﺟ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺮﺌﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺟﺮﺧﺍﻭ ﻝﺍﺰﻐﻟﺍ ﻞﺟﺮﻟﺍ ﺪﻋﺎﺳ .ﻂﻘﺴﻳ ﻢﺛ ﺪﻌﺼﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻝﻭﺎﺤﻳ
.ﺮﺌﺒﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻝﺍﺰﻐﻟﺍ ﻙﺮﺘﻳ
.ﻪﺘﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺟﺮﻟﺍ ﻝﺍﺰﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻜﺷ ﺍﺮﻴﺧﺃ ﻭ
ﺎﻬﻋﻮﻧ ﺍﻭﺩ
ّ
ﺪﺣﻭ ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻮﺟﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺮﻟﺍ ﺍﻮﺟﺮﺨﺘﺳﺍ
As mentioned above, there are a variety of connectors that are used in writing.
Find the connectors in this passage and study their usage.
✓
2
2
ﺱﺎﻓ ﺔﻨﻳﺪﻣ ﺎﻧﺭﺯ ﺪﻘﻟ .ﺔﻴﺨﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻪﻧﺪﻣ ﻢﻈﻌﻣ ﺎﻧﺭﺯ ﺏﺮﻐﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﻴﺿﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻄﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻧﺮﻓﺎﺳ
.ﻲﺴﻠﻁﻷﺍ ﻂﻴﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺊﻁﺎﺷ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻳﺩﺎﻏﺃ ﺎﻧﺭﺯ ﺏﻮﻨﺠﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺶﻛﺍﺮﻣ ﺔﻨﻳﺪﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺎﻨﻬﺟﻮﺗ
ﺏﺮﻐﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻨﺒﺠﻋﺃ ﺪﻘﻟ .ﻒﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺭﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺎﻫﻮﺟ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺣﺎﻳﺮﺑ ﺔﻓﻭﺮﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻳﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺎﻧﺭﺯ
.ﻲﺑﺮﻐﻤﻟﺍ ﻦﻴﺟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺲﻜﺴﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻛﺃ ﺎﻨﺒﺠﻋﺃ ﺍﺮﻴﺜﻛ
ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺮﻟﺍ ﺪﺣﺃ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻏﺍﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺍﻮﻤﻤﺗﺃ
Try to complete the blanks with appropriate connectors.
✓
2
How to Write in Arabic
1.1 Additive conjunction ﻲﻓﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﻂﺑﺮﻟﺍ 1.1
Additive conjunctions are connectors used to link two words, clauses, sentences or
ideas. Arabic is rich with additive conjunctions. However, each has its own function.
And ﻭﺍﻮﻟﺍ

Used to link words, clauses, sentences and paragraphs. It is used within and between
sentences.
1 ﻕﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻲﻠﻋﻭ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﺝﺮﺧ
2 ﺓﺭﻭﺎﺠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﻳﺪﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻘﻳﺪﺻﻭ ﺪﻴﻌﺳ ﺎﻧﺭﺯ
3ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺮﻫﻷﺍ ﺕﺭﺯﻭ ﺮﺼﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺕﺮﻓﺎﺳ
While, as ﻝﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﻭﺍﻭ
ﻝﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﻭﺍﻭ
starts the circumstantial Hal and is followed either by a nominal sentence or a
verbal sentence.
1 ﺎﻬﻘﻳﺪﺻ ﻕﺍﺮﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻨﻳﺰﺣ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺎﻨﺗﺭﺍﺯ
2 ﻝﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﺗﺮﻣ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻠﻔﺤﻟﺍ ﺕﺮﻀﺣ
3 ﺓﺪﻳﺪﺠﻟﺍ ﻪﺘﺟﻭﺯ ﻪﻌﻣﻭ ﻩﺪﻠﺑ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻊﺟﺭ
4 ﻪﺘﻠﺋﺎﻋ ﻪﻌﻣ ﺬﺧﺃ ﺪﻗﻭ ﺎﺑﻭﺭﻭﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺮﻓﺎﺳ
5ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺷ ﻱﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺤﻳ ﻢﻟﻭ ﻩﺪﻠﺑ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺩﺎﻋ
In addition to linking words, clauses and sentences, ﻭ can be used to link paragraphs
and is often used to begin one. This is prevalent in media texts.
Then ﻢﺛ
Like ﻭ , ﻢﺛ can be used to link two sentences.
1 ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺮﻫﻷﺍ ﺕﺭﺯ ﻢﺛ ﺮﺼﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺕﺮﻓﺎﺳ
2ﺎﻬﻠﻫﺄﺑ ﺖﻴﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﺛ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺑ ﺕﺭﺯ
After that ﻚﻟﺫ ﺪﻌﺑ
Used to indicate that one action precedes another.
1 .ﻢﻌﻄﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺎﻨﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺪﻌﺑﻭ ﺓﺮﻴﺜﻛ ﺔﻠﺌﺳﺃ ﺎﻨﻟﺄﺳ ﻭ ﺓﺮﺿﺎﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻧﺮﻀﺣ
2 ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺠﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺖﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺪﻌﺑﻭ ﺭﻮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺖﻟﻭﺎﻨﺗ ﻢﺛ ﺍﺮﻛﺎﺑ ﻡﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺖﻈﻘﻴﺘﺳﺍ
3ﻪﻟﺎﺤﻟ ﺎﻨﻣ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﻞﻛ ﻖﻠﻄﻧﺍ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺪﻌﺑﻭ ﺎﻌﻣ ﻢﻠﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺎﻧﺪﻫﺎﺷ
In addition to the above additive conjunctions, there are other additive conjunctions
that are used to link sentences and ideas. Like any other language, Arabic offers a range
of additive conjunctions that have the same meaning.
3
Connectors

1 ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻀﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺍﺰﺟﻮﻣ ﺎﺼﻴﺨﻠﺗ ﺖﺒﺘﻛ (in addition to) ﻚﻟﺫ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑﻭ ﺎﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺕﺃﺮﻗ
(besides) ﻚﻟﺫ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ﻰﻟﺇﻭ
(in addition to) ﻚﻟﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺎﻳﺯﻭ
(add to that) ﻚﻟﺫ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻒﺿﺃﻭ
(add to that) ﻚﻟﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺯﻭ
1.2 Contrastive conjunction ﻲﻛﺍﺭﺪﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﻂﺑﺮﻟﺍ 1.2
Adversative conjunctions are the conjunctive relations of elements of sentences or
paragraphs that express the opposition of their meanings. The following connectors are
used in Arabic to contrast one idea or action with another.
But, however
ّ
ﻦﻜﻟ /ﻦﻜﻟ
1 ﺔﻴﻟﺰﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻪﻨﻳﺭﺎﻤﺗ ﺰﺠﻨﻳ ﻢﻟ ﻪﻨﻜﻟ ﺓﺮﺿﺎﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺮﻀﺣ
2 ﺎﻬﻓﺎﻓﺯ ﻞﻔﺣ ﺮﻀﺤﺗ ﻢﻟ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻟ ﺔﻨﻳﺪﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺕءﺎﺟ
3 ﺔﻘﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻟﺍ ﻞﺤﻟ ﺕﺎﺿﻭﺎﻔﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻝﻮﺧﺪﻟﺍ ﺎﻀﻓﺭ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻜﻟ ﻲﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺮﻤﺗﺆﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻓﺮﻄﻟﺍ ﺮﻀﺣ
.ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺑ
ﻚﻟﺬﻟ ﺎﻓﻼﺧ – on the contrary ﻚﻟﺫ ﺾﻴﻘﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ – on the contrary ﻚﻟﺫ ﺲﻜﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ – but ﻥﺃ ﺪﻴﺑ
ﻯﺮﺧﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻧ ﻦﻣﻭ /ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﺔﻬﺟ ﻦﻣﻭ – on the other handﺮﺧﺁ ﺪﻴﻌﺻ ﻰﻠﻋ – on the contrary
on the other hand
1 ﺢﺠﻧ ﺪﻘﻓ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺲﻜﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﻜﻟ ﻪﻧﺎﺤﺘﻣﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻞﺸﻔﻴﺳ ﻪﻧﺃ ﺖﻨﻨﻅ
2 ﻊﻗﻮﺗ ﺎﻣ ﺾﻴﻘﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺩﺭﺎﺑﻭ ﺍﺮﻄﻤﻣ ﻮﺠﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ
ﺃ
A
1 ﺮﻤﻋ ﺮﻜﺑ ﻮﺑﺃ ﻝﻮﺳﺮﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻓﻼﺨﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﻮﺗ
2 ﻩﺮﺸﻨﻳ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺐﺘﻜﻳ
3 ﺔﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻛ ﺐﺣﺃ ﻻ ﻡﺪﻘﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻛ ﺐﺣﺃ
4 ﺔﻳﺭﺪﻨﻜﺳﻹﺍ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺭﺯ ﻲﺿﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻒﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ
5 ﻪﺗﺎﺒﺟﺍﻭ ﻞﻛ
ّ
ﻢﺗﺃ ﺪﻗ ﺓﺮﺿﺎﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺮﻀﺣ

6 ءﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺐﺻ ﺮﻜﺳ ﺔﻘﻌﻠﻣ ﺏﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺎﺷ ﺲﻴﻛ ﻊﺿ :ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﻮﻄﺨﻟﺍ ﻊﺒﺗﺍ ﻱﺎﺷ ﺏﻮﻛ ﺰﻴﻬﺠﺘﻟ
ﻱﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﺏﺮﺷﺍ ﺏﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﻙﺮﺣ
ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺮﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﺠﻟﺍ ﺍﻮﻄﺑﺭﺍ
Connect the following sentences with the appropriate additive conjunctions.
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4
How to Write in Arabic
3 ﻪﻓﺍﺪﻫﺃ ﻞﻛ ﻖﻘﺤﻳ ﻢﻟ ﻪﻧﻷ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻧ ﻦﻣ ﻞﺸﻓ ﻪﻨﻜﻟ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻧ ﻦﻣ ﺢﺠﻧ ﺪﻘﻟ
4ﺕﺍﺭﺪﺨﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﻣﺪﻣ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺮﺧﺁ ﺪﻴﻌﺻ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭ ﺍﺮﺑﺎﺜﻣ ﺎﺒﻟﺎﻁ ﻥﺎﻛ
ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﺔﻬﺟ ﻦﻣﻭ
1.3 Temporal conjunction ﻲﻨﻣﺰﻟﺍ ﻂﺑﺮﻟﺍ 1.3
There are numerous cohesive devices in Arabic to express the time relationship between
sentences. The following are examples.
ﻉﺭﺎﻀﻣ +ﻥﺃ + ﻞﺒﻗ
The use of
ﻞﺒﻗ
indicates that there are two actions; one is accomplished before the
beginning of the other.
ﻞﺒﻗ
can either be followed by
ﻉﺭﺎﻀﻣ

+ ﻥﺃ
, or by a gerund
ﺭﺪﺼﻣ
1 ﺶﻴﺠﻟﺎﺑ ﻖﺤﺘﻠﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺔ
ّ
ﻳﺮﻜﺴﻋ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺝ
ّ
ﺮﺨﺗ

2 ﺔ
ّ
ﻳﺮﻜﺴﻋ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺝﺮﺨﺗ ﺶﻴﺠﻟﺎﺑ ﻖﺤﺘﻠﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻞﺒﻗ
3 ﻪﺋﺎﻗﺪﺻﺃ ﻊﻣ ﺮﻓﺎﺴﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻪﺘﻠﺋﺎﻋ ﻉ
ّ
ﺩﻭ
4ﺔﻘﻴﺛﻮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﻮﻌﻗﻮﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺓ
ّ
ﺩﺎﺣ ﺕﺎﺿﻭﺎﻔﻣ ﻢﻬﻨﻴﺑ ﺕﺭﺍﺩ
ﺭﺪﺼﻣ + ﻞﺒﻗ
1 ﺔﻳﺮﻜﺴﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﻤﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻂﺑﺎﻀﻟﺍ ﺝﺮﺨﺗ ﺶﻴﺠﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﻗﺎﺤﺘﻟﺇ ﻞﺒﻗ
2 ﺪﻠﺒﻠﻟ ﺎﺴﻴﺋﺭ ﻪﺒﻴﺼﻨﺗ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﻹﺎﺑ ﺯﺎﻓ
3ﻪﺒﺼﻨﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﻘﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻪﺋﺎﻄﺧﺃ ﻦﻋ ﺮﻳﺯﻮﻟﺍ ﺭﺬﺘﻋﺍ
ﺃ
A
1 .ﺔﻴﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﺎﻣﻮﺳﺭ ﻥﻮﻌﻓﺪﻳ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻄﻳﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻣﺎﺠﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻼﻄﻟﺍ ﺐﻠﻏﺃ ﻡﻮﻴﻟﺍ ﺎﻧﺎﺠﻣ ﻢﻳﺪﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ
2 ﻊﻗﻮﺘﻳ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺎﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺿﺮﻣ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺣ
3 ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺍﻭﺮﻀﺣ ﺪﻘﻓ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﻹﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺍﻮﺒﻴﻐﺘﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺮﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻥﺎﻛ
4 ﻲﻓ ﺖﻘﻔﺧﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻟ ﻦﻴﻓﺮﻄﻟﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺕﺎﺿﻭﺎﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﺤﺠﻧ ﺪﻘﻟ
5 .ﻚﻟﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺟﻭﺯ ﺮﺸﺘﺴﺗ ﻢﻟ ﺪﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺖﻌﻗﻭ
6 .ﺔﻴﻗﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﻡﻼﻓﻷﺍ ﺐﺤﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻪﻘﻳﺪﺻ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻐﻟﺍ ﻡﻼﻓﻷﺍ ﺓﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻲﺧﺃ ﺐﺤﻳ
7ﺮﻈﺘﻨﻳ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺎﻣ ﺔﻴﺿﺮﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ
ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻛﺍﺭﺪﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﻂﺑﺮﻟﺍ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﺠﻟﺍ ﺍﻮﻤﻤﺗﺃ
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate adversative conjunction.
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5
Connectors
ﻚﻟﺫ ﻥﻮﻀﻏ ﻲﻓ – ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﺲﻔﻧ ﻲﻓ
Used to indicate simultaneous time sequence.
1 ﻞﺘﻘﻤﻟ ﻪﻧﺰﺣ ﻦﻋ ﺏﺮﻋﺃ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﺲﻔﻧ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻦﻳﺰﺠﺘﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺡﺍﺮﺳ ﻕﻼﻁﻹ ﻪﺣﺎﻴﺗﺭﺇ ﻦﻋ ﺮﻴﻠﺑ ﺮ

ّ
ﺒﻋ
.ﻕﺍﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﻮﻨﺟ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻮﻨﺟ ﺔﻌﺑﺭﺃ
2 ﻲﻓ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣﺇ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺢ
ّ
ﻤﻟ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﺲﻔﻧ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺕﺎﺿﻭﺎﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺮﻤﺘﺳﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺲﻴﺋﺮﻟﺍ ﺪﻛﺃ
ﺕﺎﺿﻭﺎﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻞﺸﻓ ﻝﺎﺣ
3 ﺮﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻥﻮﻀﻏ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻦﻳﺰﺠﺘﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺡﺍﺮﺳ ﻕﻼﻁﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺇ ﻲﻧﺎﻄﻳﺮﺒﻟﺍ ءﺍﺭﺯﻮﻟﺍ ﺲﻴﺋﺭ ﺐﻟﺎﻁ
ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺮﻋﻷﺍ ﻒﻟﺎﺨﻳ ﻪﻧﺄﺑ ﻲﻧﺍﺮﻳﻹﺍ ﻞﻌﻔﻟﺍ ﻲﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﺲﻴﺋﺮﻟﺍ
When ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ – ﺎ
ّ
ﻤﻟ – ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺣ
1 ﻥﺪﻨﻟ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺭﺯ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺣ ﺪﻴﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺮﺜﻋ
2 ﺔﻨﻳﺪﻤﻟﺍ ﻂﺳﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺑ ﺖﻴﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺣ ﺎﻬﺘﺼﻗ ﻲﻟ ﺖﻜﺣ
3 ﺩﻻﻭﻷﺍ ﺝﺮﺧ ﺏﻷﺍ ﻞﺧﺩ ﺎ
ّ
ﻤﻟ
4ﺱﺮﺠﻟﺍ
ّ
ﻕﺩ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻒﺼﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺧﺩ
Whenever ﺎﻤ
ّ
ﻠﻛ
ﻪﺘﺒﻠﻁ ﺎﻤﻠﻛ ﻲﺗﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﺾﻓﺭ
ﻪﺘﻴﻋﺪﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻤﻠﻛ ﻞﻔﺤﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺮﻀﺤﻳ
ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ – ﺔﻈﺤﻠﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻲﻓﻭ – ءﺎﻨﺛﻷﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ
1 ﻲﻓ ﻲﺛﻮﺤﺑ ﺮﺸﻨﻟ ﻲﺗﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﻪﻨﻣ ﺖﺒﻠﻁ ءﺎﻨﺛﻷﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺓﺮﻣ ﻝﻭﻷ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺠﻟﺍ ﺲﻴﺋﺮﺑ ﺖﻴﻘﺘﻟﺍ
ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣ
2 ﻪﺗﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﺕﺭ
ّ

ﺮﻗ ﺔﻈﺤﻠﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺽﺮﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﺷ ﻦﻣ ﻦﺌﻳ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺭﺮﻣ
3ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻑﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺭ
ّ
ﺮﻗ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺓﺮﻣ ﻝﻭﻷ ﺎﻫﺪﻫﺎﺷ
While ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ
Indicates that two simultaneous actions are taking or have taken place.
1 ﺐﻌﻠﻳ ﻲﺧﺃ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ ﺱﺭﺩﺃ ﺖﻨﻛ
2ﻢﻬﻠﻛ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺮﻀﺣ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ ﺎﺟﺎﺠﺘﺣﺇ ﺱﻭﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺏﻼﻄﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﻏ
6
How to Write in Arabic
1.4 Listing ءﺎﺼﺣﻹﺍ 1.4
When we list a number of temporal sequences, we use the following:
1 ﺔﻓﺮﻐﻟﺍ ﻒﻈﻨﻳ ﻲﺧﺃ ﻥﺎﻛ -ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺭﺩﺃ ﺖﻨﻛ
2 ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺑ ﺡﻼﺻﻺﻟ ﻞﺧﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺭ
ّ
ﺮﻗ – ﻥﺎﻤﺻﺎﺨﺘﻳ ﺎﻤﻬﺑ ﺕﺭﺮﻣ
3 ﺮﻤﺗﺆﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺑ ﺖﻴﻘﺘﻟﺍ – ﺓﺮﻣ ﻝﻭﻷ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﺒﺣﺃ
4 ﻲﺘﻴﺑ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺮﻴﺧﺃ ﻲﻧﺭﺍﺯ – ﺍﺮﻴﺜﻛ
ّ
ﻲﻠﻋ ﻰﻜﺘﺷﺍ
5 ﻩﺍﺭﻮﺘﻛﺪﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺷ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻟﻮﺼﺣ – ﺓﺪﻴﺟ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺣ
6 ﺎﻴﻧﺎﻄﻳﺮﺑ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻞﺻﺄﺳ – ﻚﺑ ﻞﺼﺗﺄﺳ
7 ﺮﻴﺧﻷﺍ ﻱﻮﻨﺴﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﺤﺘﻣﺇ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺮﻀﺣﺃ ﺖﻨﻛ – ﻞﻀﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻪﺠﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻳ ﻲﺧﺃ ﻥﺎﻛ
8 ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﻤﻋ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻪﺘﻴﻗﺮﺗ ﺮﺒﺨﺑ ﺎﻬﻐﻠﺑﺃ – ﺎﻬﺒﺘﻜﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﺍﺯ
9ﻢﻬﺻﻼﺧﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺑﻼﻁ ﺮﻜﺷ – ﺓﺮﻴﺧﻷﺍ ﻪﺗﺮﺿﺎﺤﻣ ﻰﻘﻟﺃ
ﺎﻌﺑﺍﺭ  –  ﺎﺜﻟﺎﺛ  –  ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺛ  –  ﻻﻭﺃ
.ﺎﺜﻟﺎﺛ ﻩﺮﺸﻨﺑ ﺖﻤﻗ ﻭ ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﻋ
ّ
ﺯﻭ ﻢﺛ ﻻﻭﺃ ﻝﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﺒﺘﻛ
ﺃ

A








ﻉﻮﺒﺳﻷﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻒﺻ ﻲﻓ ﻢﺘﻤﻠﻌﺗ ﺍﺫﺎﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺓﺮﻴﻐﺻ ﺓﺮﻘﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻩﻼﻋﺃ ءﺎﺼﺣﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺍﻮﻣﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ
Use the above listing connectors in a short paragraph of your own about what
you have learnt in Arabic class during the whole week.
ﺃ
A
ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻣﺰﻟﺍ ﻂﺑﺮﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺄﺑ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﻮﻄﺑﺭﺍ
Connect the following phrases using the appropriate temporal conjunction.
✓
7
Connectors
Consolidation exercises
1 ﺮﺧﺁ ﺪﻴﻌﺻ ﻰﻠﻋ
2 ﻚﻟﺫ ﺾﻴﻘﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ
3 ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﺔﻬﺟ ﻦﻣﻭ
4 ﺔﻈﺤﻠﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ
ﺃ
A
ﺓﺪﻴﻔﻣ ﻞﻤﺟ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻠﻳﺎﻣ ﺍﻮﻣﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ
Use the following in full sentences.
ﺏ
B

1 .ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺝﺍﻭﺰﻟﺍ ﺍﺮﻴﺜﻛ ﺎﻬﻠﺳﺍﺭ
2 ﻦﻴﺒﻧﺎﺠﻟﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺕﺎﺿﻭﺎﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻞﺸﻓ ﺏﺮﺤﻟﺍ ﺖﻌﻟﺪﻧﺍ
3 ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺑ ءﺎﻘﻟ ﺮﺧﺁ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺑ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻨﺜﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﺓﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻘﻔﺗﺍ
4 ﻰﻄﻋﺃ ﻦﻳﺭﺎﻤﺘﻟﺍ ﺯﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻼﻄﻟﺍ ﺪﻋﺎﺳ ﺓﺮﺿﺎﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﻷﺍ ﺡﺮﺷ
ﻦﻳﺭﺎﻤﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﻠﺤﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ
5؟ﻲﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻀﻘﻨﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺰﻴﺟﻭ ﺓﺪﻤﻟ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻢﻴﻘﻧ ﻥﺪﻨﻟ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺮﻓﺎﺴﻧ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﻞﻫ
ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻂﺑﺮﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺄﺑ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﺠﻟﺍ ﺍﻮﻄﺑﺭﺍ
Link the following sentences using the appropriate connectors.
ﺝ
C
.ﻚﻘﻳﺪﺻ ﻦﻴﺑﻭ ﻚﻨﻴﺑ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﻹﺍﻭ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﻪﺟﻭﺃ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺍﻭ ﻙﺍﺭﺪﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻦﻴﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﻣ ﺓﺮﻴﻐﺻ ﺓﺮﻘﻓ ﺍﻮﺒﺘﻛﺃ
Use adversative and additive conjunctions in a paragraph in which you compare
yourself with a friend. List ways in which you are similar and different.
Use a separate piece of paper for your work.
8
How to Write in Arabic
1 ﺎﻤﺋﺍﺩ ﺮﻄﻤﻤﻟﺍ ﻮﺠﻟﺍ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ﺪﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻐﻣ ﺕﺭ
ّ
ﺮﻗ
2 ﻦﻣﺰﻤﻟﺍ ﻪﺿﺮﻣ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ﻪﻘﻳﺮﻓ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻐﻣ ﺮﻄﻅﺍ
3 ﻚﻟﺬﺑ ﻪﻟ ﺢﻤﺴﻳ ﻢﻟ ﻩﺎﺑﺃ ﻥﻷ ﻡﻮﻴﻟﺍ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺝﺮﺨﻳ ﻢﻟ
4 ﻪﺘﺳﺍﺭﺪﺑ ﻢﺘﻬﻳ ﻢﻟ ﻪﻧﻷ ﺮﻴﺧﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﺤﺘﻣﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺢﺠﻨﻳ ﻢﻟ
ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺠﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺐﻫﺬﺗ ﻢﻟ ﺍﺬﻟ ﺔﻀﻳﺮﻣ ﺩﺎﻌﺳ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ
ﺍﺬﻬﻟﻭ
ﺐﺒﺴﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻬﻟﻭ
ﺽﺮﻐﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻬﻟﻭ
ﻚﻟﺫ ءﺍﺮﺟ ﻦﻣﻭ
1.5 Causality ﺔﻴﺒﺒﺴﻟﺍ 1.5
Causality in Arabic expresses the relationship between the cause and the effect. The
following Arabic connectors of cause show that one thing caused another.

1.6 Result ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻟﺍ 1.6
ﻚﻟﺬﻟ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ
(as a result of that) expresses the consequences of an action.
ﻰﻟﺇ ﻯﺩﺃ
expresses
the cause which led to an action.
ﻥﻷ  –  ﺐﺒﺴﺑ
ﺃ
A
1 ﻪﺗﺮﺳﺃ ﻞﻛﺎﺸﻤﺑ ﻪﻟﺎﻐﺸﻧﺇ ﺓﺮﺿﺎﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻡﻮﻴﻟﺍ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺐ
ّ
ﻴﻐﺗ
2 ﻲﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻹﺍ ﻊﺟﺍﺮﺗ ﺕﻮﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻌﺳﺃ ﺖﻀﻔﺨﻧﺍ
3 ﻲﻠﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻚﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺮﺳ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻁﺭﻮﺗ ﺔﻤﻜﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻣﺃ ﺎﻬﻤﻳﺪﻘﺗ
ّ
ﻢﺗ
4 ﻪﻴﺧﺃ ﻑﺎﻓﺯ ﺮﻀﺤﻳ ﻢﻟ ﺪﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺧﺮﻓﺎﺳ
5.ﻪﺘﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻌﺑﺎﺘﻤﻟ ﺎﻴﻧﺎﻄﻳﺮﺑ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺮﻓﺎﺳ ﻩﺍﺭﻮﺘﻛﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﺤﻨﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺣ
ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺒﺴﻟﺍ ﺓﺍﺩﺄﺑ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﺠﻟﺍ ﺍﻮﻤﻤﺗﺃ
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate causality conjunction.
✓
ﻰﻟﺇ ﻯ
ّ
ﺩﺃ  –  ﻚﻟﺬﻟ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ
1 ﺐﺋﺍﺮﻀﻟﺍ ﻊﻓﺭ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺕﺎﺣﺎﺠﺘﺣﻹﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺮﻫﺎﻈﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﻌﻗﻭ
2 ﺕﺍﺮﻫﺎﻈﻣﻭ ﺕﺎﺟﺎﺠﺘﺣﺍ ﻉﻮﻗﻭ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺐﺋﺍﺮﻀﻟﺍ ﻊﻓﺭ ﻯﺩﺃ
9
Connectors
1.7 Comparison ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ 1.7
Although the following prepositions/phrases and verbs cannot be considered conjunc-

tions, they are used to compare people or objects.
1 ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ  +  ﻚﻟﺬﻟ  +  ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ
ﺍﺪﻴﺟ ﺱﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺖﻤﻬﻓ  ﻚﻟﺬﻟ  ﺎﻌﺘﻤﻣ ﺱﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ
2 ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ  +  ﻥﻷ  +  ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ
ﻞﻄﻬﻳ ﻱﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺮﻄﻤﻟﺍ  ﻥﻷ  ﺎﻬﺘﻌﻓﺭﻭ ﻲﺘﻠﻈﻣ ﺖﺤﺘﻓ
3 ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ  +  ﻥﻷ ﺍﺮﻈﻧ  +  ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ
ﺎﻔﻴﻌﺿ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻢﺼﺨﻟﺍ  ﻥﻷ ﺍﺮﻈﻧ  ﻖﻳﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺯﺎﻓ
4 ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ  +  ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ  +  ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ
ﺔﻗﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﺼﺧﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺣﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ  ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ  ﺔﻗﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺪﻴﺟ ﺖﺑﺭﺪﺗ
5 ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ  +  ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ  +  ﻥﻷ
ﻖﻳﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺯﺎﻓ  ﻒﻴﻌﺿ ﻢﺼﺨﻟﺍ  ﻥﻷ
6 ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ  +  ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ  +  ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ
ﻲﺋﺎﻗﺪﺻﺃ ﻊﻣ ﺝﺮﺧﺄﺳ ﻲﻧﺈﻓ  +  ﺍﺪﻴﺟ ﻮﺠﻟﺍ  +  ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ
ﺃ
A
ـﻟ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ
ﻥﻷ ﺍﺮﻈﻧ
ﻰﻟﺇ ﻯﺩﺃ
ﻢﻛﺪﻨﻋ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺪﻴﻔﻣ ﻞﻤﺟ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻠﻳﺎﻣ ﺍﻮﻌﺿ
Use the following in meaningful sentences.
ﻒﻟﺎﺨﻳ  –  ـﻟ ﻒﻟﺎﺨﻣ  –  ـﻛ  –  ﻞﺜﻣ  –  ﻲﻛﺎﺤﻳ  –  ﻲﻫﺎﻀﻳ  –  ﻪﺒﺸﻳ
1 ءﺎﻛﺫ ﺍﺪﻴﻌﺳ ﻪﺒﺸﻳ ﺪﻳﺯ
2 ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺛ ﺎﻧﺪﻠﺑ ﻞﺜﻣ ﺪﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ
3 ﺮﻴﻐﺼﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻄﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﻲﻛﺎﺤﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻪﺘﻠﻣﺎﻌﻤﻟ ﺢﺗﺭﺃ ﻢﻟ
4 ﺎﻨﺘﻓﺎﻘﺛ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ
5 ﺎﻨﺗﺭﺎﻴﺴﻟ ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻐﻣ ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ
10
How to Write in Arabic
1.8 Introduction and conclusion phrases ﺔﻳﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍﻭ ءﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻋ 1.8
: ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ

The following phrases are often used in both written and spoken Arabic to indicate the
beginning of a text or speech.
ﺃ
A
ﺎﻬﺗﺮﻈﻧﻭ ﺮﻤﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻛﺎﺤﻳ ﺎﻬﻬﺟﻭﻭ ﻞﻴﻠﻟﺍ ﻞﺜﻣ ﺎﻫﺮﻌﺷ ﺔﻠﻴﻤﺟ ﺓﺎﺘﻓ ﻯﺭﺃ ﻲﺑ ﺍﺫﺈﻓ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﻳﺪﻣ ﻉﺭﺍﻮﺷ ﻲﻓ ﻝﻮﺠﺗﺃ ﺖﻨﻛ
ﻪﺑﺎﻴﺛ ، ﺓ
ّ
ﺭﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻩﺪﻳ
ّ
ﺪﻤﻳ ﻞﺟﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﺮﺼﺑ ﻊﻘﻴﻟ ﻖﻟﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﺟ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻜﻓﺃ ﺎﻧﺃﻭ ﺔﺗﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﺖﻴﺸﻣ .ﺔﻣﺎﺴﺘﺑﻹﺎﻛ
ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻟ ﺖﻠﻗ .ﺭﺎﻀﺘﺣﻻﺍ ﺔﻈﺤﻟ ﻲﻓ ﺾﻳﺮﻤﻟﺍ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻳ ﻒﻴﻌﺿ ﻪﺗﻮﺻ ،ﺏﺭﺎﺤﻤﻟﺎﻛ ﺙﻮﻠﻣ ﻩﺮﻌﺷﻭ ، ﻝﻮﺴﺘﻤﻟﺎﻛ ﺔﻗ
ّ
ﺰﻤﻣ
؟ﺾﻗﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺍﺫﺎﻤﻟ ﻝءﺎﺴﺗﺃ ﺎﻧﺃﻭ ﻲﻘﻳﺮﻁ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺮﺻ .ﻞﻫﺎﺠﻟﺍﻭ ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻤﻟﺍ ،ﺮﻴﻘﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﻐﻟﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ .ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻀﻗﺎﻨﺗ ﻩﺬﻫ
:ﻼﺋﺎﻗ ﻝﺎﻋ ﺕﻮﺼﺑ ﻲﻨﻌﻁﺎﻘﻳ ﻩﺮﻤﻋ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺮﺸﻋ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﻎﻠﺒﻳ ﺮﻴﻐﺻ ﻞﻔﻄﺑ ﺍﺫﺈﻓ ﻱﺮﻣﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺮﻴﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻧﺃﻭ
ﻩﺬﻬﻟ ﺖﺑﺮﻐﺘﺳﺍ .ﻞﻬﺠﻟﺍ ﻩﻭﺪﻋﻭ ﻪﺘﻴﻗﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﻤﻠﻗﻭ ﻪﺣﻼﺳ ﻪﺘﻈﻔﺤﻣ ،
ّ
ﻱﺪﻨﺟ ﺬﻴﻤﻠﺘﻟﺍ :ﻼﺋﺎﻗ ﻰﻀﻤﻓ ، “ﻢﻜﻴﻠﻋ ﻡﻼﺴﻟﺍ”
ﻲﻓ ﺖﻴﺸﻣ .ﺔﺒﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻕﺪﻳ ﻢﻟ ،ءﺎﻛﺫ ﻞﺟﺮﻟﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﻀﻳ ﻞﻔﻁ ﻢﻓ ﻦﻣ ﺖﺟﺮﺧ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﺋﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ
ﻭ ﻲﺘﻨﻳﺪﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺖﻌﺟﺭ .ﺔﻌﻁﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺲﻤﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﺖﺤﺗ
ّ
ﺪﻜﻤﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﻔﻟﺎﻛ ﻲﻬﺟﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺤﺿﺍﻭ ﻭﺪﺒﻳ ﺐﻌﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻘﻳﺮﻁ
.ﻲﻠﻘﻋﻭ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢ
ّ
ﻴﺨﺗ ﺖﻠﻅ ﺔﻀﻗﺎﻨﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﻳﺪﻣ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ
ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻴﺒﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺍﻮﺟﺮﺨﺘﺳﺍ
Find words and phrases suggesting comparison in the following text.
ﺏ
B
1 ﺔﻋﺎﺠﺷ ﻊﺒﺴﻟﺍ ﻲﺧﺃ

2 ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺕﺎﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲﻓ ﻦﻳﺮﺧﻵﺍ ﺏﻼﻄﻟﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﺎﻨﻔﺻ ﺏﻼﻁ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ
3 ﺮﻴﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺮﻤﻘﻟﺍ ﺎﺿﺎﻴﺑ ﻊﻤﻠﻳ ﺎﻬﻬﺟﻭ
4ﻲﺋﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﻢﺗﺎﺣ ﻡﺮﻛ ﻪﻣﺮﻛ
ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻪﻴﺒﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺄﺑ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﺠﻟﺍ ﺍﻮﻄﺑﺭﺍ
Connect the following sentences with the appropriate
ﻪﻴﺒﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ
✓
ﻲﻓ  –  ﺔﻳﺍﺪﺑ  –  ﺔﻳﺍﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ  –  ءﺪﺑ ﻱﺫ ﺉﺩﺎﺑ  –  ﻞﻬﺘﺴﻣ ﻲﻓ  –  ﻞﻬﺘﺳﺍ
ﻻﻭﺃ  –  ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ
1 ﺎﻬﺗﺎﻴﺒﻠﺳﻭ ﺎﻬﺗﺎﻴﺑﺎﺠﻳﺇ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻕﺮﻄﺗﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻟﻮﻌﻟﺍ ﻑ
ّ
ﺮﻋﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺪﻳﺭﺃ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻞﻬﺘﺴﻣ ﻲﻓ
2 ﻝﺎﻴﺟﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﻮﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺚﻳﺪﺤﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﺑﻻ ءﺪﺑ ﻱﺫ ﺉﺩﺎﺑ
3 ﻦﻴ
ّ
ﻤﻬﻣ ﻦﻴﻤﺴﻗ ﻦﻋ ﺙﺪﺤﺗﺄﺳ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻲﻓ
11
Connectors
: ﺔﻤﺗﺎﺧ
The following phrases are used to summarise a text or speech.
1 ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺟﺃ ﺔﻐﻠﻛ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟ ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻣ ﻞﻜﻟ ﻱ
ّ
ﺪﺤﺗ ﻰﻘﺒﺗ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻝﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﺠﻣﻭ
2 ﻂﺳﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔ
ّ
ﻴﺟﺭﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺔ
ّ
ﻴﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﺔﺳﺎ
ّ
ﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻝﻮﻗﺃ ﻥﺃ

ّ
ﺩﻭﺃ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺎﻨﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻡﺎﺘﺧ ﻲﻓﻭ
ﺔﻟﺩﺎﻋ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺾﻌﺒﻠﻟ ﻭﺪﺒﺗ
3 ﻦﻴﻨﻁﺍﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻋﻭ ﻊﻓﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻋﺎﺴﺗ ﺮﻴﻳﺎﻌﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﺗ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻈﻓﺎﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻝﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻯﺭﺎﺼﻗﻭ
4 ﺔﺤﺼﻠﻟ ﻚﻠﻬﻣﻭﺮﻀﻣ ﻦﻴﺧﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻝﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺓﻮﻔﺻﻭ
ﺓﻮﻔﺻ  –  ﻝﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻯﺭﺎﺼﻗ  –  ﻝﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﺠﻣ  –  ﻝﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺻﻼﺧﻭ  –  ﺎﻣﺎﺘﺧﻭ
ﻝﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺮﺼﺘﺨﻣ  –  ﺎﻣﺎﺘﺧﻭ  –  ﺔﻳﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ  –  ﺔﻳﺎﻬﻧﻭ  –  ﻢﺘﺧﺄﺳ  –  ﻝﻮﻘﻟﺍ
ﺃ
A
● ﺔﻗﺍﺪﺼﻟﺍ
● ﺓﺮﺳﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫﺮﺛﺃﻭ ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ
ﻩﻼﻋﺃ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻴﺿﺍﻮﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻤﺗﺎﺧﻭ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺍﻮﺒﺘﻛﺍ
Write an introduction and conclusion to the following topics using the above
phrases.
Consolidation exercises
ﺃ
A
1ﻢ
ّ
ﻴﻗ ﺽﺮﻌﺑ ﻙﺭﺎﺷ ﻞﺑ ﺓﺮﺿﺎﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺮﻀﺤﻳ
2 ﺪﻳﺪﺠﻟﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﻷﺍ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﻞﻛ ﺮﻀﺣ
3 ﺍﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺍﺪﻠﺑ ﺓﺪﻳﺪﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﺪﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﻛ ﺖﻠﻔﺘﺣﺍ
4ﻚﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻗﺮﺘﺗ ﻲﻜﻟ ﻪﺟﻮﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﻛﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻚﺒﺟﺍﻮﺑ ﻡﻮﻘﺗ ﻥﺃ
5ﻚﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺢﺠﻨﺗ ﻙﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃ ﺢﺋﺎﺼﻧ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻊﻤﺘﺴﺗ
6ﻕﺍﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺑﺮﺣ
ّ
ﻦﺷ ﺎﻤﻟ ﺓﺪﺤﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻢﻣﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻊﺒﺗﺍ
ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻂﺑﺮﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺄﺑ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﺠﻟﺍ ﺍﻮﻤﻤﺗﺃ
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate connector.
✓

ﺏ
B
ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ءﺎﻨﺜﺘﺳﻹﺍﻭ ﺭﻮﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺓﺮ
ّ
ﺒﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻂﺑﺮﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺍﻮﺟﺮﺨﺘﺳﺍ
What are the connectors of exception and emotion in the following text?
12
How to Write in Arabic
1.10 Expressing opinions ﻱﺃﺮﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺮﻴﺒﻌﺘﻟﺍ 1.10
In debates, dialogues and discussions, the following expressions are used to indicate
the speaker’s stance. These phrases are employed to indicate one’s agreement and sup-
port to an argument, discussion or debate.
1.9 Summaries ﺭﺎﺼﺘﺧﻹﺍ 1.9
The following phrases can be used both in writing and speaking to summarise ideas.
However, they are not used frequently in media articles and texts. These phrases are
more often used in literary writing.
ﻲﻓ ﻞﻴﻁﺃ ﻦﻟ
  –  
ﺚﻳﺪﺤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺾﻴﻓﺃ ﻦﻟ
  –  
ﻝﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﻔﺘﻛﺍ
  –  
ﺺﺨﻟﺃ
  –  
ﺭﺎﺼﺘﺧﺎﺑ
ـﺳ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﻖﻴﻀﻟ
  –  
ـﺑ ﺉﺰﺘﺟﺍ
  –  
ﺯﺎﺠﻳﺈﺑ

  –  
ﺡﺮﺸﻟﺍ
1 ﻂﻘﻓ ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺔﻄﻘﻨﻟ ﺮﺿﺎﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻕﺮﻄﺗ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﻖﻴﻀﻟ
2 ﺪﺼﺣ ﻉﺭﺯ ﻦﻣﻭ ﺪﺟﻭ
ّ
ﺪﺟ ﻦﻣ :ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﺖﻠﻗﺎﻣ ﺺﺨﻟﺃ
3 ﻑﺍﺮﻁﻷﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺔﻘﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﻛﺎﺸﻤﻟﺍ ﻞﺤﻟ ﻞﻀﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺨﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﺋﺍﺩ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻣﻮﻠﺑﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻝﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﻔﺘﻛﺃﻭ
4 ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻲ
ّ
ﺒﺤﻣ ﻢﻋﺩ ﻝﺎﻨﺗ ﻦﻟ ﺔﻴﻣﺎﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﻰﺤﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺓﻮﻋﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺯﺎﺠﻳﺈﺑﻭ
ﺰﻬﺠﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺪﺑﻻ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺫﺇ .ﻪﺗﺩﻻﻭ ﺬﻨﻣ ﻪﺗﺎﻴﺣ ﺖﺑﺎﺷ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺣ ﻦﻋ ﺍﺪﻴﻌﺑ ﺪﻏﺍﺭ ﺶﻴﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺒﻠﻁ ﻪﻨﻁﻭ ﺝﺭﺎﺧ ﺮﻓﺎﺳ
ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﻭﻷﺍ ﺓﺮﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻟ ﻪﺘﻨﻳﺪﻣ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺭﺩﺎﻐﻴﺳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﻭﻷﺍ ﺓﺮﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻦﻜﺗ ﻢﻟ .ﻪﺗﺎﻴﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻔﻘﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻬﻟ ﻪﺴﻔﻧ
ﺮﻔﺴﻟﺍ ﺙﺪﺣﻭ .ﺕﺍﻮﻨﺳ ﺬﻨﻣ ﻩﺍﺮﻳ ﻢﻟ ﺎﻘﻳﺪﺻ ﻯﻮﺳ ﻪﺋﺎﻗﺪﺻﺃ ﻞﻛ ﻉ
ّ
ﺩﻭﻭ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﻞﻛ
ّ
ﺪﻌﺘﺳﺍ .ﻩﺪﻠﺑ ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺯﺎﺘﺠﻴﺳ
ﻮﻟ .ﺪﻳﺪﺠﻟﺍ ﻩﺪﻠﺑ ﻥﺎﻀﺣﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺑﺮﻐﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﻌﺸﻳ ﺎﻤﺋﺍﺩ ﻪﻠﻌﺟ ﻪﺋﺎﻗﺪﺻﻷﻭ ﻲﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﻩﺪﻠﺒﻟ ﻪﻗﺍﺮﻓ ﻦﻜﻟ ﺎﺑﻭﺭﻭﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺪﻤﺣﺃ ﺝﺮﺧﻭ
.ﻲﺒﻨﺟﺃ ﺪﻠﺑ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺮﺘﻏﺍ ﺎﻤﻟ ﻪﺘﺸﻴﻌﻣ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻤﺑ ﻊﻨﺘﻗﺍﻭ ﻩﺪﻠﺑ ﻲﻓ ﺪﻤﺣﺃ ﺲﻠﺟ
ﺃ
A
1 (ﻡﻼﻜﻟﺍ / ﺚﻳﺪﺤﻟﺍ / ﻝﻮﻘﻟﺍ ) ـﺑ ﻰﻔﺘﻛﺃ
2 (ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ / ﺚﻳﺪﺤﻟﺍ / ﺏﺎﻄﺨﻟﺍ / ﻡﻼﻜﻟﺍ / ﺡﺮﺸﻟﺍ ) ﻲﻓ ﻝﺎﻁﺃ
3 ( ﻡﻼﻜﻟﺍ / ﺚﻳﺪﺤﻟﺍ / ﺡﺮﺸﻟﺍ ) ﻲﻓ ﺽﺎﻓﺃ
4 ( ﺓﺮﺿﺎﺤﻤﻟﺍ / ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ) ﺺﺨﻟ
5 ﻲﻓ ﺯﺎﺟﺃ
ﺓﺪﻴﻔﻣ ﻞﻤﺟ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻠﻳﺎﻣ ﺍﻮﻌﺿ
Use the following phrases in sentences.
13
Connectors

● ﻱﺃﺮﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻖﻓﺍﻭﺃ
● ﻲﻓ ﻱﺃﺮﻟﺍ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺮﻁﺎﺷﺃ
● ﻲﻓ ﻚﺷ ﻰﻧﺩﺃ ﻱﺪﻟ ﺲﻴﻟ
● ﻲﻓ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺪﻳ ﻰﻠﻋ
ّ
ﺪﺷﺃ
● ـﺑ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﻘﻟﺍ ﻞﻛ ﻊﻨﺘﻘﻣ ﺎﻧﺃ
● ﻚﺷ ﻞﻛ ﻦﻋ ﺪﻴﻌﺑ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻪﺣﺮﻁ ﺎﻣ
1 ﻢﻬﺴﻔﻧﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻌﻗﻮﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﻢﻬﺸﻴﻤﻬﺗ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻗﻷﺎﺑ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻹﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻥﺄﺑ ﻱﺃﺮﻟﺍ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻖﻓﺍﻭﺃ
2 ﻡﻼﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﻢﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻁ ﻮﻫ ﺭﺍﻮﺤﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺃﺮﻟﺍ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺮﻁﺎﺷﺃ
3 ﻡﻮﻴﻟﺍ ﻪﻟﺎﻗ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻚﺷ ﻰﻧﺩﺃ ﻱﺪﻟ ﺲﻴﻟ
4 ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﺳﺃ ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻢﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻪﻟﻮﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻘﻳﺪﺻ ﺪﻳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﺷﺃ
5 ﺔﻳﺮﺼﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ءﺎﻀﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﻝﻮﺣ ﺓﺪﻳﺪﺠﻟﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻜﻓﺄـﺑ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﻘﻟﺍ ﻞﻛ ﻊﻨﺘﻘﻣ ﺎﻧﺃ
6ﻚﺷ ﻞﻛ ﻦﻋ ﺪﻴﻌﺑ ﻪﺼﻧ ﻲﻓ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻪﺣﺮﻁ ﺎﻣ
ﺪﺿ
The following phrases are often used to express opposition, doubt or rejection of
others’ ideas, arguments or opinions. They indicate strong disagreement on the part of
the speaker or writer.
1 ﺪﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﻢﻜﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺗﺍﺭﺪﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻚﺷ ﻱﺪﻨﻋ
2 ﻞﻛﺎﺸﻤﻟﺍ ﻞﺤﻟ ﻞﻴﺒﺴﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺡﺮﻁ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺣ ﻱﺃﺮﻟﺍ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺮﻁﺎﺷﺃ ﻻ
3 ﻉﺎﻨﻗﺍ ﻞﻛ ﻦﻋ ﺪﻴﻌﺑ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻪﺣﺮﻁ ﺎﻣ
4 ﺔﻐﻣﺍﺩ ﺔﻟﺩﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻳﻻ ﻲﺤﻄﺳ ﻪﻠﻴﻠﺤﺗﻭ ﻲﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺲﻴﻟ ﻪﺣﺮﻁ
5 ﻪﻳﺃﺮﺑ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻨﻗﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻌﻳﺭﺩ ﻼﺸﻓ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﺸﻓ
6ﺓﺮﻴﺧﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﻹﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﺤﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻪﺿﺭﺎﻌﻣ ﻱﺃﺭ ﺙﺪﺤﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻞﻓﺎﻐﺗ
● ﻚﺷ ﻱﺪﻨﻋ
● ﻱﺃﺮﻟﺍ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺮﻁﺎﺷﺃ ﻻ
● ﻉﺎﻨﻗﺍ ﻞﻛ ﻦﻋ ﺪﻴﻌﺑ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻪﺣﺮﻁ ﺎﻣ
● ﻲﺤﻄﺳ ﻪﻠﻴﻠﺤﺗﻭ ﻲﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺲﻴﻟ ﻪﺣﺮﻁ
● ﻲﻓ ﺎﻌﻳﺭﺩ ﻼﺸﻓ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﺸﻓ
● ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻓﺎﻐﺗ

ﻊﻣ
14
How to Write in Arabic
1.11 Similarity ﻞﺜﻤﻟﺍ 1.11
The following expressions are used to express similarity in Arabic.
ﻪﻴﺒﺷ  –  ﻝﺍﻮﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ  –  ﺯﺍﺮﻄﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ  –  ﻂﻤﻧ ﻦﻣ  –  ﻚﻟﺫ ﺭﺍﺮﻏ ﻰﻠﻋ
ﻚﻟﺫ ﻞﺜﻣ  –  ﺍﺬﻬﺑ
1 ﻚﻟﺫ ﻞﺜﻣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻴﺒﻋﻼﻟﺍ ﻞﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺏﺭﺪﻤﻟﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﻓ ﻯﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﻌﻟﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺮﻫﺎﺑ ﺍﺯﺎﺠﻧﺍ ءﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻘﺣ
2 ﻝﺍﻮﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺲﻔﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺐﻠﻁﻭ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻬﺘﺟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﺣﺪﻣ
3 ﻲﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﺯﺍﺮﻄﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺮﺋﺎﻁ ﻊﻨﺻ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻘﻔﺗﺍ
ﺏ
B
1ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻟﺍ ﺮﺳ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻝﻮﻗﺃ
2ﺝﺮﻓ ﻞﻛ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻣ ﺮﺒﺼﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻝﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ
3ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟﺍ ﺶﻳﺎﻌﺗ ﺱﺎﺳﺃ ﻢﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ
4ﺔﺜﻳﺪﺤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ ﻞﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻠﻨﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ
ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺺﻴﺨﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻌﺑ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﺠﻟﺍ ﺍﻮﻤﻤﺗﺃ
Try to complete the following sentences with the appropriate expression of
summary.
✓
ﺃ
A
1 ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﺳﺃ ﺩﺎﺠﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ
2 ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟﺍ ﺏﺍﺮﺧ ﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﺏﺮﺤﻟﺍ
3 ﻕﻼﻄﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻧ ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺮﻜﺒﻤﻟﺍ ﺝﺍﻭﺰﻟﺍ
ﻲﻠﻳ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻢﻜﻳﺃﺭ ﻦﻋ ﺍﻭﺮ
ّ
ﺒﻋ
Express your opinions on the following.
ﺃ

A
1 ﺔﻴﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﺓﺪﺤﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻻﻮﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻗﻭ ﺎﻣ – ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻹﺍ ﺔﻣﺯﻷﺍ ﺐﻨﺠﺗ ﺔﻴﺑﻭﺭﻭﻷﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺖﻟﻭﺎﺣ
2 ﻩﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃ – ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺳ
3ﻲﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷﺍ – ﺓﺮﺋﺎﻁ ﺎﻴﺳﻭﺭ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ
ﺓﺪﻴﻔﻣ ﻼﻤﺟ ﺍﻮﻧ
ّ
ﻮﻛﻭ ﻞﺜﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻌﺑ ﻲﻠﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺍﻮﻠﺻ
Connect the following phrases using the above expressions of similarity.
✓