Báo cáo "Phản tự sự - dấu hiệu hiện đại hoá trong tư duy nghệ thuật của Lev Tolstoy (trường hợp Cái chết của Ivan Ilych). " potx

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TU
SIJ
- DAU HIEU BXEIV BAI HOA
• • • • •
TRONG
TU*
DUV
NGH€
THUAT
CUn L€V TOLSTOV
• •
(TRU'ONG
HOP
cmCHif cunIVnNIL¥CH)
Ths.
Nguyen Thi Nhu Trang
Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xd hoi vd Nhdn vdn
•• ;!
:nvj
riii
ro
/
.
,
,i\.
Ve Lev Tolstoy, it ai tranh cai vdi luan
diem:
dng la mdt nha ed dien
ciia

the
ki
XIX.
Tuy nhien khi dpc eae thien tu
sir
ciia
dng,
dae biet la nhirng truyen ngan, truyen vira
viet vao cudi ddi, cd the thay, neu
van
hinh
dung tac pham theo
each
hinh dung ve tu
sir
truyen thdng, ta se bd qua rat nhieu net dde
dao trong "'chien luge tran thuat"
ciia
nha
van nay va bo qua nhii-ng nhan td ggi md
them nhii-ng y nghTa
ciia
cau ehuyen chay
giira va phia sau cae ddng viet. Chiing tdi thir
dpc tac pham
ciia
dng tir phuo-ng dien
la
mdt
"phan

tu
sir""
(anti-narrative), di tim nhiing
dau hieu hien dai hda trong tu duy nghe thuat
ciia
nha van nay va ehpn Cdi chet cua
Ivan
Ilych
- mdt '"thanh tuu kheo leo nhat,
hoan
hao nhat va phirc tap nhat"'
ciia
Lev Tolstoy,
nhu danh gia cua V.Nabokov, de phan tich.
Bai
viet
ciia
chiing tdi khdng phai la
cdng trinh dau tien dat ra khai niem phan
lie
su (anti-narrative) khi nghien cim tac
pham
ciia
Lev Tolstoy. Erie de Haard tir nhii'ng
nam 80 cua the ki XX da viet cudn Narrative
* Ky
nicm
100 nam ngay mai cua dai van hao
L.Tolstoy
(1828-1910).

' Vladimir Nabokov, Lectures on Russian
Literature. "The Death of
Ivan
Ilych"
[Cdc bdi giang
ve Vdn hoc Nga.
""Cdi
chet
ciia Ivan
Ilych
"].
New
York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,
1980.
p.
149.
and Anti-Narrative Struclures in Lev Tolslo's
Early Works chi ra nhirng yeu td
lam
nen
kieu eau true phan tu su trong tae pham cua
Lev Tolstoy.
Day
la cdng trinh ggi suy nghT
ve each dpc
tac
pham
ciia
Lev Tolstoy ndi
rieng va

eae
tu
sir
ed dien
ciia
the ki
XIX
ndi
chung theo ldi "ngugc" vdi nhirng "md hinh""
tran
thuat da dinh hinh ve van hpc giai doan
nay^.
Tuy nhien, chimg tdi nhan thay diem
dirng
eiia
Erie de Haard la d chd: Kham pha
cac
yeu td mang tinh "phan
tir
sir""
trong cac
tac
pham thdi ki dau
ciia
Lev Tolstoy, nhung
nha nghien ciru hau nhu chua chi ra nguyen
tac
CO
ban
ciia

each td chirc cau true, ket can
tu
sir
dii
rang hai khai
mem
fahula va syuzhel
trd di trd lai rat nhieu lan, khien cho ngudi
dpc
cam
giac nhu
day
la
mdt
sir
liet ke don
gian
cac
yeu td va dau hieu bieu hien tinh
chat 'phan tu
sir".
Hon nira, trong sudt cdng
trinh
ciia
minh, Eric de Haard da qua di sau
vao
cac
yeu td mang tinh chat hinh thuc
ciia
tac

pham
ma
chua cd
sir
li giai
xac
dang
va
'
Eric de Haard, Narrative and
Anti-Nurrative
Structures in Lev Tolstoy's Early Works [Cdu trite tu
sic
vd phdn tu
sir
trong cdc tdc pham thai ki ddu cuu
Lev Tolstoy]. Studies in Slavic Literature and Poetics,
volume
XVI.
Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1989.
'
Ve mot so dac trung
ciia
mo thuc ty su truyen
th6ng
xin xem Robert Scholes (2007), The Nature of
Narrative [Bdn chdt
ciia
ttr su], Oxford University
Press,

Lodon Oxford New York,
416
p.
,<
'J)hdn
tu iu'- duu hieu hien itai hda
55
thuyet phuc ve y nghTa
eiia
cac yeu td phan
tu
sir
dugc
chi
ra, thieu nhirng nhan dinh ve
muc dich tdng quat eua nhii-ng
thii
phap hinh
thirc dd. Vdi bai viet
nay,
khi khao
sat
mdt
trudng hgp cu the
la
truyen
vii'a
dugc viet
vao giai doan eudi ddi
ciia

Lev Tolstoy,
chung tdi hudng den kham pha nguyen tac td
chire
tac
pham khi cd
sir
tham gia
eiia cac thii
phap mang tinh phan tu
sir va
nhiing hieu
img tao ra, nhirng ldp y nghTa duge sinh
thanh. Va muc tieu eudi ciing hudng den van
la "giai ma"" each nhin cude ddi cua nha van
(sir
sdng va
cai
chet,
sir
sinh tdn va buy diet,
qua trinh va
sir
ket thiic), dac biet la
vao
giai
doan cudi ddi
-
khi dng da trai nghiem
nhung "thang
tram"

trong chang dudng di
tim va thir nghiem nhirng triet li
va
dinh
hudng ve cude sdng, qua dd lam rd nhiing
net rieng trong phong
cadi
van xudi Lev
Tolstoy.
Phan tu
sir
(anti-narrative)
la
khai
niem
van
thudng duge dung de chi
cac tac
pham
ciia
the ki XX, d do nhiing
each
tan,
pha each ve mat hinh thuc khien eho cac
khudn khd dugc dinh hinh
ciia
mdt
ty sir
truyen thdng bi pha vd. Nhirng
tae

pham
kieu nhu Jealousy eua
Robbe-Grillet
hay
Molloy
ciia
S.Beckett duge gpi la nhirng
phan tu
sir.
Vay lieu viee dimg mdt khai
niem
ciia
van hpc the ki XX cho
tae
pham
van hpe cd dien the ki XIX cd phai la
each
lam ap
dat
va
khien cudng? ban khoan dd cd
thd dugc giai
dap
bang dinh nghTa khai niem.
Trong cudn A dictionary of
narratology.
Prince Gerald dinh nghTa: "Phan tu
sic Id
mpt
vdn bdn (ngdn tic

hocic
phi ngdn lie) chdp
nhdn nhieng
thii
phdp cua
tie sic
nhung ve
mat he thdng ddt logic
tie
su vd nhieng quy
udc
tie
su trong su hodi nghi" . Su "'hoai
nghi" dd khdng phai den the ki XX mdi dugc
bde
Id.
Cd nhiing bieu hien cu the, tham chi
dua den
ca
nhirng phan irng
circ
doan^,
thuc
ra da dugc uam
mam
tir
manh dat
tudng
chimg nhu "phang lang"
ciia

the ki XIX.
Chinh bdi the mdi cd mdt dien trinh tu
sir,
mdt the gidi ludn ehuyen ddng trong nhiing
"md hinh ehien luge tu
sir""
tudng nhu it bien
ddng.
1.
T\x
sy "thao dd" cac trat tu nhan
qua va tuyen tinh
. Khdng the
phii
nhan rang Cdi chit cita
Ivan
Ilych
van la
mdt kieu tu
sir
cd
sir
kien.
cd bien cd, cd tinh hudng va vi vay tdn tai d
dd mdt khung edt truyen tuong ddi rd
rang.
Nhung
day
khdng phai
la

kieu edt truyen
dien tien theo md hinh tir mdt tinh hudng bi
an,
hanh
ddng,
mau
thuan duge
day
len dinh
diem, cd nhiing hanh ddng tam hoan de tim
giai phap cho mdt ket thuc. Cude hanh trinh
ma
nhan vat chinh
ciia
can chuyen theo dudi
la
cude hanh trinh trong tiem thiie, trong
nhiing suy tu ve su tdn tai
ciia
minh, mdt
hanh
trinh nd
lire
nhan thirc cude sdng,
va
"*
Prince, Gerald (2003), A dictionary of
narrate
University of Nebraska Press,
p.6.

'
Nhung binh luan ve phan
iing cue
doan
6
phuong
dien hinh thirc, chang han, trong tieu thuyet
ciia
Robert
Grillet,
xin xem: Dang Anh Dao, Doi moi
nghe thuat tieu thuyet phuong Tdy hien dgi, NXB. Dai
hpc
Qu6c
gia Ha Noi,
2001.
56
NGHIEN CLfu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03
(126).2011
"giay dua" trong cam giac
lan
at rang minh
dang cd gang nhan thirc
nliung
khdng nhan
thire dugc dieu gi
ea.
Cd le ehinh vi the Lev
Tolstoy lam cho ngudi dpc quen bang di thir
logic

nhan
qua, nhiing trat
tir
tuyen tinh chat
che,
bdi thir cudn hp
vao la
nhiing
suy
tu luc
tinh tao, luc ban loan
ciia
mdt ngudi dang ddi
dien vdi cai chet.
Hay thir hinh dung lai dien trinh
ty
sy
trong
tae
pham nay. Truyen md
dau
bang
eai
chet va le tang
Ivan
Ilych - mdt kieu ""in
medias res" (bat
dau
tir quang giiia). Nhung
eai

chet dudng nhu ehi
la cai
ed, la sy kien
thoang qua de nha
van
nhan manh ban the
gidi
ciia
nhiing ngudi sdng xung quanh
xac
chet dd, mdt the gidi gia tao
va tan
nhan
niip
dudi ve mat u
sau,
day
tinh thuang
va
trach
nhiem. Tiep sau do
la
hinh
anh ciia
Ivan
Ilych nhiing
ngay
cdn sdng, nhiing
ngay
tdn

tai
va
hda nhap
vao
the gidi gia ddi, u tdi kia,
mdt Ivan Ilych vat va vdi nhiing
cam giae
sdng
va
giai thoat khdi cude sdng ay, trong
nhiing ddi
sanh
giiia cude sdng xung quanh
dang dien ra
va
nhiing can dau den tdt ciing
dang hanh ha tirng phiit Truyen dien tien
trong sy song chieu nhu vay khien cho dpc
gia
cam
nhan rd rang cude sdng
va cai
chet
ddu tdi te nhu nhau, deu dang sg nhu nhau,
dii am
dieu
eiia
cude sdng kia
la
phang lang,

dii am
dieu
eiia cai
chet
la
ddn dau,
la gao
thet. Nhu vay diin trinh tu sy dien ra trong
sy song chieu, ddi sanh, nd dudng nhu
khdng qua bd hep trong trat ty tuyen tinh hay
nhan qua nira.
Ndu
xet mdi lien he giira thdi gian van
ban va thdi gian edt truyen. ta se
tha}-
trpng
tam eiia
tu su rai
vao
nhiing ddng mieu ta
trang thai ban loan, day nhirng lo lang,
nhirng kiem tim
va
suy nghT
ciia
nhan vat
\'e
eai
chet. ve
ban

chat
ciia
nhimg
ngay
minh
da sdng, ve khat vpng duge sdng (55
trang/83 trang van
ban
danh cho \'iec mieu ta
qua
trinh nay) 0 dd sy kien. bien cd gan
nhu
"liii
budc", de lai tren trang giay the gidi
ciia cam
giac,
eiia
mdt chudi ddng y thiic. 0
dd nhan vat dudng nhu trai qua mdt
cude
hanh
trinh, mdt cude tdng duyet lai tat ca
nhirng gi da
va
dang dien ra trong cude ddi
minh, xung quanh minh, nhung quan trpng
ban
la cam
nhan ve sy vd nghTa cua tat ca
nhiing dieu do.

O
do nha van
day
trang thai
va nhiing bien chuyen
tam
li len ngdi vi
dau
tien
can
quan tam, day edt truyen den chd di
chech
khdi truyen thdng, nd ehi cdn la sy ndi
ket cua
eae
yeu td "phi sy kien". Chinh vi
sire nang cua ty su ddn ve phan "giai trinh""
nhiing suy nghT cua Ivan Ilych nen rd
rang
thien truyen dudng nhu
la
mdt
qua
trinh
nhan vat ty nhan thirc
va
dan dan pha bo.
thao dd
cae
trat ty cude sdng vdn da va dang

tdn tai dinh hinh trong tu duy. Di cimg vdi
hanh trinh suy tu cua nhan vat, dde gia cd the
thay
siie
nang eua trat ty
nhan
qua, trat ty
thdi gian vdn tdn tai trong ty sy truyen thdng
khdng cdn
la
yeu td chi phdi manh me qua
trinh
xam
nhap
vao
mach ty sy
eiia
nd niia.
ma cam giac
lan
at va
ndi trdi chinh
la:
ve
ban
chit, cude ddi
la
mdt
qua
trinh khdng the

nim bat dugc - mdt thu cam thire
ma
cac nha
^Iiun
tu iu'
—
duu hieu hien itai hda.
57
van the
ki
XX thudng
dao
sau.
Dpc
tac
phim
ta
thay
rd, nhirng ngudi gin giii nhit trd nen
xa la va khd hieu vdi Ivan Ilych.
Vao
nhiing
giay phut eudi eiing
eiia
cude ddi,
cai
chet
den
gan
nhung lai

rat
xa vdi, con ngudi
mudn dugc giai thoat khdi ndi dau dang hanh
ha the
xac,
va nhiing dan vat ve tinh than
nhung van bi niu keo bdi mdt udc mudn tran
tuc va gian di
la
dugc sdng, nhan vat trd nen
xa la, dang sg vdi chinh minh: "Ong ndm
quay mat vdo lung di vdng, cd dpc giica mpt
thdnh phd ddng ngudi, giica vd vdn
ngicdi
quen biet vd gia dinh minh, ngay
dicdi
ddy
bien,
tren mat ddt, khdng ddu cd cdnh ed dan
Iron
ven han the" . Cd le vi vay
ma
nhiing
trang van viet ve nhii'ng thdi khae Ivan Ilych
vat va tren giudng benh ggi nhd den mdt K.
ciia
Kafka trong Bien dgng.
Tir gdc dp ngdn ngii hpc, mdt dien ngdn
la mdt
cau

triic cd eu phap vdi su ndi lien
cua
cac
thanh phan khae nhau d
cac cap
dp:
ddi vi (paradigmatic)
va
ket hgp
(syntagmatic)^.
Neu hinh dung ty sy ciing
la
Lev Tolstoy, Xevaxtopon - Truyen chon loc (2
tap)//Ca/
chet cua
Ivan
Ilych,{tap 2) Nguyen Hai Ha
dich,
Nxb
Van hoc, HaNoi, 1984,
tr.78.
'
Cao Xuan Hao trong Tieng Viet - mdy vdn de ngic
dm,
ngii
phdp vd ngic nghia (NXB Giao
due,
2003,
tr.
175) va Nguyen Thien Giap trong 777 khdi niem

ngon ngu hoc (NXB Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi,
2010,
tr.363-364) deu coi paradigmatic la truc/quan he
d6i
vi,
con syntagmatic la truc/quan he ket hgp. Chimg toi
hi^u
truc/quan he doi vi (paradigmatic) lien quan
d6n
mot loat cac
m6i
quan he thay the hoac doi lap, cac
thanh
16
ngon ngu co moi quan he vai nhau va co
thi
thay
thi
nhau trong mot ngu canh. Chang han, m6i
quan he
ciia
tir "sun" trong cau "The sun is shining"
voi cac danh
tii-
khac nhu "moon", "star", "light" -
nhung danh
tii-
co
thi
thay the no trong cau vira neu,

hoac
I7i6i
quan he cua "is shining" vai "was
shining".
mdt dien ngdn thi truyen vira
nay ciia
Lev
Tolstoy
ehii
yeu lien ket
cac
nhan vat
va eae
diem nhin theo quan he ddi vi, khdng
chii
trpng nhieu den quan he ket hgp bdi d dd sy
chat che cua mdi quan he nhan qua da bi ndi
long, tham chi bi pha vd.
2.
Den su tham gia
ciia
trd choi va
gieu nhai vao cot truyen
Tdn tai trong mdt md hinh ty sy nhu
vay,
cae
nhan vat
eiia
Lev Tolstoy chiing
minh sy hien tdn

ciia
minh theo mdt
each
rieng. Chung dua
vao
trong edt truyen mdt
thir trd chai
va
ehinh chung vira
la
ngudi
choi vira
la
ngudi dieu khien trd choi dd.
Dieu
dau
tien cd the nhan thay la
cac
nhan vat trong Cdi chet
ciia
Ivan Ilych vira
la
anh ta lai vira
la
mdt ngudi khae. Mdi ngudi
nhu mdt dien vien, ty
khoae
cho minh mdt
thii
mat na trong bdi

canh
trd choi
ma
hp tao
ra. Cd the bat gap hinh anh dd qua nhiing
ddng mieu
ta
le tang
eiia
Ivan Ilych: Hai
nhan vat ndi bat d
day la
Pyotr Ivanovich
va
ba qua
phy Fedorovna:
" Pyotr
Ivanovich
nhdm ngudi len di gd do cho bd vd chiec
ghe tua thdp dugc gidi thodt bdt ddu hdi hpp
hdt dng lin. Bd qud phu tu ga mdnh ddng ten
ciia minh
vd Pyotr Ivanovich lgi ngdi
xudng.
"shone", "will shine", ciing nhu vai "is rising", "is
setting", Con truc/quan he ket hop (syntagmatic) chi
moi quan he giira cac
don
vi ngon ngu- trong mot cau
true

hoac mot chuoi, chang han nhu moi quan he giua
"n" va cac am gan ke trong
tii-
"not", "ant", "ton"
Trong phan sau cua bai viet chung toi chiing minh ro
hon
cap do "doi vj" ("paradigmatic") khi dat ra van de
nhan
vat
tir
deo mat na, nhan vat vira la anh ta vira
khong phai la anh ta.
58
NGHIEN
COu
CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW
N°03 (126).2011
de len chiec ghe lua dudi mdng minh" .
Nhirng hanh ddng "lap cap" kieu nhu vay
phan anh sy
"bap
benh", mong manh
ciia
thu'
"'mat na"" ma nhan vat ty cap eho minh, nd
dang
tir
gieu nhai chinh
ban than
minh.

Sir
tuang tac giira cac nhan vat lam cho thir trd
choi ma hp theo dudi
Id
dien: Pyotr
Ivanovich hien dien trong le eau hdn dd nhu
de khang dinh chae chan them nhiing thuan
lgi ve cdng danh \a tu lgi danh cho ban sau
cai chet
ciia
Ivan Ilych, Fedorovna can theo
dudi mdn tien cd dugc sau cai chet
ciia
chdng. Dac biet trong mdi quan he giira
nhirng ngudi than cua
Ivan
Ilych eiing dien
ra mdt kieu trd choi, mdt kieu ung phd vdi
mdt sy kien
ma
hp biet la tat yeu se xay ra -
cai
chet. Vp, con gai deu biet rang
cai
chet
hien
hiin
ben trong nhu'ng con dau va co the
heo tan
dan ciia

Ivan Ilych, nhung tat
ca
deu
vd nhu chua bao gid biet den y niem dd, hp
van sdng vdi
cude
sdng quy tde
eiia
hp, vdi
nhirng niem vui bat tan do cude sdng dd tao
ra.
Man
kich, trd choi dien ra mdt
each
tu
ddng trong khoanh khae ngan
ngiii
khi hp
ngdi ben canh Ivan Ilych, trong sy im lang,
mdi ngudi mdt suy nghT, lanh liing va vd
cam,
gia ddi
Ivan
Ilych vira la nhan vat
hda nhap vao trd choi vira nd
lye
thoat ra
khdi sy vay
biia ciia
thir trd choi dd, de ty

ddi dien vdi chinh minh.
Ndi dung ban, eugc ddi
ciia
Ivan Ilych
la mdt
qua
trinh nhan vat tu khoae cho minh
mdt thir "mat na"
va
ty vat va vdi
qua
trinh
"lot bd" nd de cudi ciing
tir
li giai
\c
su tdn
tai
ciia
minh, tra Idi cau hoi ""Ta la
ai?"".
Nhirng nam thang tudi tre
ciia Ivan
Ilych trdi
di trong hinh
anh ciia mdt
ngudi de dang gia
nhap
vao
xa hdi quy tdc thugng

liru,
hinh
anh
eiia
mdt ngudi mang li tuong ""comme il
faut" (ehinh nhan
quan
tir). Nhirng su bien
kieu nhu nhiing tran cai nhau trien mien \di
vo,
nhii'ng dira con chet dudng nhu khdng
thay ddi li tudng ma anh ta dang cd theo dudi
va dyng nen dien mao eho hgp vdi
""cude
sdng hgp phap, myc tbudc va lich thiep"" .
Chi khi ddi mat vdi con dau, ddi mat vdi cai
chet dang den
gan
Ivan Ilych mdi nhan ra
rang
toan
bd
cude
ddi dng la "vd nghTa"" ("Ne
to").
Trong con mat cua dng
liie
nay.
ngudi
vg vdi

quan
ao,
vdc
dang,
each the hien cam
xiic,
gigng ndi, - tat
ca
ndi vdi dng mdt
dieu: vd nghTa. Nhiing
nam
thang da qua
"idl
ed ngdy edng trd nen den tdi han vd dien ra
ngdy cdng chdng vcinh han " . Nhirng trong
Ivan Ilych, cho den nhirng giay phiit cudi
cimg
eiia
cude ddi
van
tdn tai sy ludng lu.
nhan vat vira
la
chinh minh vira
la
mdt ngudi
khac,
vira nhan ra su vd
ngliTa
trong each tdn

tai
ciia
minh vira
phii
nhan nd: "Cd the giai
tbieh dugc neu nhu ndi rang minh da sdng
khdng ra sdng. Nhung khdng the thira nhan
dieu do dugc". Anh ta, vi vay, vira tdn tai
trong the gidi nhiing ngudi xung quanh vira
cd gang
vay
viing thoat khdi the gidi ay.
Xuyen sudt thien tu sy, ngudi dpc cd the
thay mdt
qua
trinh
va
mdt nd lye tao khoang
Lev Tolstoy, Sdd,
tr.l2.
'
Lev Tolstoy, Sdd, tr.80.
'°
Lev Tolstoy, Sdd, tr.79.
,rt
^pluiii
tu
ill
-
dau

hieu hien itai
hiUi.
59
each
giira Ivan
Il}'cb
vdi nhirng ngudi than
ciia
minh. Den nhirng giay phut cudi ciing
trudc khi ra di
\Tiih
vien, dng mudn ndi:
"Thu thic cho tdi" (Prosli) thi lai ndi: "Hay
de
cho Idi di" (Propusli). Dieu dd cd
ngliTa
la y thirc ve vice "tao ra khoang
each"",
"tao
ra
sir
xa la"" vdi the gidi xung quanh minh
ludn hien hien trong con ngudi
Ivan
Ilych,
thdi thiic nhan vat dd bd thir mat na, thir trd
choi ma minh da theo dudi. Va cd le cai chet
khdng cdn la mdt bi kjch, cai chet la mdt sy
giai thoat, dau an tirgng tir dau den cudi
truyen van la ndi sg hai cai

eliet,
la
sir
ban
khoan ve y nghTa cua cai chet. Tir viec thiet
lap mdt trd
cho'i,
va hoc tach cac Idp "'mat
na" nhu vay, Tolstoy cd le da gieu nhai ve sy
tdn tai
ciia
con ngudi: Phai den khi ddi mat
vdi cai chet, con ngudi mdi ty nhan ra sy vd
ngliTa eiia
minh, mdi ty ddi dien de ty kham
pha va tra Idi
cau
hdi "Ta
Id
ai?".
"Sic
that
cuoc ddi la
Id
gi? ". Nhan vat da cd gang, ndi
theo ngdn ngir
ciia
James Joyce trong
Ulysses, "ddnh liea Thuong de" ("diddle the
Almighty God") bang cude sdng myc tbudc,

lich lam eua minh, cudi cimg ciing nhan ra
su vd nghTa
ciia
nd de ty phan tu va tim mdt
ldi thoat theo diing quy luat
ciia
Thugng de.
Diem thir hai can ndi den khi dat
cac
nhan vat
ciia
truyen vira nay trong mdt
edt
truyen cd sy tham gia
eiia
trd chai chinh
la:
Nhan vat cd
liic
da dan than vao the gidi
ao.
Theo E.Fink, tinh chat
ao
la mdt trong nhiing
dac trung
ciia
trd choi . Cd the thay. trong
Cdi
chel
cita Ivan Ilych. Ivan Ilych nhan

rii
va thay rd thirc chat su tdn tai cua minh. co
liic
thay can phai thira nhan \a ddn nhan cai
chet nhu mdt
sir
giai thoat cho tat ca nhung
nhan vat lai sg chet, cd
liic
nhan vat nghi sc
khdi benh. Nha van hai lan mieu ta chi tiet
Ivan
Ilych nhin thay anh sang trong nhirng
ngay
cudi ciing khi cai
diet
can ke. Dudng
nhu anh ta dang di tren mdt con tau va hinh
dung rang minh dang di ve phia trudc trong
khi chinh minh dang budc giat
liii,
cudi cimg
hoang hdt nhan ra hudng di thuc cua minh.
Nhan vat
ciia
Tolstoy lac
vao
the gidi ao
nhung ddng thdi ciing ty thoat khoi the gidi
ao dd. Nhan vat

ciia
dng vira cd su hoang
mang vira cd sy ngd tinh. Theo Freud day la
mdt trong nhirng nhan td vc mat tam
li
tao
nen tinh chat hai budc, gieu nhai.
3.
Phan tu su va phan tu
^;ua
eon
ngudi ve su tdn tai
Nhieu nha nghien ciru cho rang Cdi chel
cua Ivan Ilych la mdt tac pham ndi ve cai
chet, suy
ngliT
ve cai chet trong cude ddi con
ngudi.
Qua
trinh di tim hieu cac yeu td phan
ty sy
va
y nghTa
ciia
nd trong tac pham.
chiing tdi nhan thay tac pham khdng chi bd
hep d dd, ma xuyen sudt tac pham la y thirc
phan tu ve sy tdn tai cua con ngudi. la hanh
trinh con ngudi di tim y nghTa ban the luan
ciia

minh.
Luan diem nay
ciia
E.Fink duoc Nguyin Thi Tir
Huy phan tich kha kT trong Alain
Rohhe-Grillet:
Su
that vd
dien
gidi,
Nxb Hoi nha van, 2009. trang
46-48,
60
NGHIEN
CQU
CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03
(126).2011
Khdng bi rang budc trong trat
tir nhan
qua va tuyen tinh, nha van dc cho nhan vat ty
viy viing, tu di tim y nghia dich
thye
trong
su tdn tai
ciia
minh. Cudi cimg vdi anh ta,
sir
tdn tai la mpt qua trinh rat khd nam bat, rat
khd li giai. the nen mdi cd nhirng hoang
mang. nhimg hdt hoang, the nen mdi ed

cac
nhan vat tdn tai theo kieu mang "mat na"
va
ty gieu nhai ehinh minh.
Flirdng
den xay dyng mdt phan ty
sir,
nha van cd gang dat con ngudi trong mdt thir
trd choi. Trong vdng quay
ciia
trd choi,
nhan
vat nhan ra ndi cd
dem
trong sy tdn tai
eiia
minh, trong ehinh
ban
than minh
va
cude
sdng cua minb. Chi den khi cai chet can ke
eon ngudi mdi cd y thirc giai ma eau hdi:
"Ta
Id
ai?". "Ban chdt
sic
tdn tgi cua tdi
trong the gidi ndy?" Tolstoy nhan manh
rang bi kich thirc su vdi mdi

ca
nhan khdng
phai la eai chet ma
la
mdt
cude
sdng
tam
thudng vd
ngliTa,
khdng ed nhirng mdi quan
he xac tin cua eon ngudi. Cai chet trong quan
niem
ciia
dng cudi cimg van la mdt sy giai
thoat.
6
cudi
tac
pham, trudc khi ngirng thd,
Ivan
Ilych thay cd ngudi ndi vdi dng rang:
""The
Id
het"
(Kouneuo).
Trong Kinh Phiic
am, Jesus bi ddng dinh tren thap
tir
gia, trudc

khi guc dau ma trut linh hdn, Ngudi ndi
1
J
"Moi viec dd dugc
Iron"
(coeepuiu.tocb)
.
So sanh hai tir nay trong bdi canh van ban
tac pham va van ban Kinh Thanh se
thay
y
tudng
ciia
Tolstoy khac vdi y tudng cua
Kinh Phiic am. Neu nhu eai chet
ciia
Chiia
nhu
la
diem cao nhit. nhu la mdt sy
hoan
thanh kd hoaeh da dinh, dd hudng den sy
phuc sinh thi vdi
Ivan
Ilych,
nipt
ngudi nao
dd da
phan
quyet rang "The

Id
hit" -
dpi
ngpt va tao ra mdt
cai
mdc cham dirt nhirng
dien bien trude do trong cude ddi nhan vat -
cham dut nhiing gi duge gpi la trd choi, la vd
nghTa,
la
gia tao,
dau
sao dd cung
la
mdt sy
giai thoat, nhung rd rang khdng ggi den sy
phuc sinh. Ndi
each
khac. Chiia cd sy phuc
sinh sau cai chet, cdn vdi Ivan Ilych
cai
chet
nhu mdt sy cham dirt nhiing lo lang, nhii'ng
hoang mang, nhiing hoai nghi giira cai that
va khdng that. Khi
cai
chet can ke, nhan vat
mdi hieu ra rang: dd la mdt phan tat yeu
ciia
cude sdng,

ciia
sy tdn tai, hgp y Chiia, can
phai chap nhan nd. Sau cai chet cd the khdng
cd sy phye sinh, nhirng ehinh ldng yeu
thuang va trac
an
ty nhien
ciia
con ngudi
dem den sy phuc sinh ve tinh
than,
sy birng
ngd trong suy nghT, dieu nay dugc the hien
rd trong hinh tugng Gerasim. Chinh Tolstoy
da ndi rang: "Cupe sdng
Id
mpt gidc mo; cdi
chet
Id SIC
thiec tinh"
^, va
"Cham did suy
nghi vi cdi chet thi chua du, chiing ta phai
sdng trong y thiec ve cdi chet" . Vdi dng
"tdn gido eua edi chet" la "thiet yeu ddi vdi
ddi sdng tinh thdn"
^. ^
, ., ,
niflir
'^ Oln

theo: Constante Gonzalez Groba, Ivan Ilych
in
the Jim Crow South:
CarsonMcCullers
and Leo
Tolstoy, L&B
24:1,2
2004,
p.
1.
'•* Din
theo Constante Gonzalez Groba. sdd,
p.l.
'^
K.G.lsupov,
PyccKafi (jju.uocofiim
c\tepmii
(XVIII-
XX ee.) [Triit hoc Nga vi cdi chit (thi
ki
XVIll-XX],

EeaHceiue
om
I/oanna
[Phiic dm cua John]: 19: 30.