Tạp chí khoa học số 2006-02-24

24 February 2006 | $10
YYePG Proudly Presents, Thx for Support
TeAM
YYePG
Digitally signed by TeAM YYePG
DN: cn=TeAM YYePG, c=US,
o=TeAM YYePG, ou=TeAM
YYePG, email=
Reason: I attest to the accuracy
and integrity of this document
Date: 2006.02.26 15:31:44
+08'00'
 $' $' $( ' (('+%'(
%%%&
##'(("''''+$ "'"# (  "#  
   ' !    ! $
$-' ''$%,'#
)/'%' $' ' $%,''*!&)
#!

 $ !

!"

  







0), #"-+,)!)4, ,",,4+-!+,
),#$-!5,",0)"-,#),!3!0!,
$)#)!"',+,$)!)4, ,+4+-!+,
),#"1""-,+4,-#,0+,",$)#1,
$4+# # 4,) 1"-,-## +,-#, )-,
4#0),2#)', -,)#!,,1)-4,#,#$-!5,
 ,",!,+4+-!+,-#,+0-,4#0),)+),"+," 0",,

,0!",!##-,0+ , +,",

,0!",,"! ,)#1+0 ),"#-  , +,",

,0!",!!)4,$-  , +,",

,0!",,"! ,+0 ),"#-  , +,",

,0!",)#" ,$-  , +,",



,#),,1)-4,#,$)#0-+,"-),)#0",
$#+,)+),",-+,$$ -#"+,",#+-4
-4$,,-+,)#1+0 ),++,",
#-),) -,+#))+',0),$)#0-+,),-+-,
",0)"-,-#,-,+-, 1 ,#,"0+-)4,
+-")+',0),$#+,$)#0-,#)"," 0+

)4#$)+)1,+00-"#0+,$)$#4-+,+# -,)#!,#!" ,-',


)4#$)+)1,1+) ,$)$#4-+,+# -,)#!,-,+0))#0"","4,#), )'

-,+-+,#,+00-"#0+,",1+) ,$)$#4-+,)#!,-,+!,#"#)'

)$#4-,)#2-,0!/,%/&,0 --
*
,#),-,+-,$)# )-#",",
)"--#",#,-+, +,#",-,!)-'

$#
.
,++4,"-,#),,+!$ ,(0"---1,!+0),#, $,0!0 -#"'
$$.'$ $$.' 
$$.'%$ $$.' +$
YYePG Proudly Presents, Thx for Support
Don’t leave accurate results to chance.
R&D Systems Parameter
™
Kits
From the company that manufactures Quantikine
®
ELISA Kits, the most trusted and referenced
assay kits available, now comes Parameter
™
: a new line of competitive immunoassay & colori-
metric biochemical assay kits. Our reputation for quality means we have earned the trust of
researchers worldwide. Now you can apply that same standard of quality and performance when
assaying for small molecules. Parameter
™
Kits offer simple and rapid assay protocols featuring

sample preparation methods and typical sample values. We demonstrate our validation with
recovery and linearity data. So, don’t just spin the wheel—instead achieve superb accuracy!
> excellent reproducibility
> quality assured
> fully validated
> additional controls available
Cancer Development Endocrinology Immunology Neuroscience Proteases Stem Cells
Quality | Selection | Performance | Results
Parameter
™
Kits
Product Kit Catalog #
cAMP KGE002
cGMP KGE003
Creatinine KGE005
Cortisol KGE008
LT B
4
KGE006
PGE
2
KGE004
Substance P KGE007
Nitrite, Nitrate, Total NO KGE001
SMALL MOLECULE ASSAYS
For research use only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.
U.S.& Canada | R&D Systems, Inc. | Tel: (800) 343-7475 |
Europe | R&D Systems Europe Ltd. | Tel: +44 (0)1235529449 |
Germany | R&D Systems GmbH | Tel: 0800 909 4455 |
France | R&D Systems Europe | Tel: 0800 90 72 49 |

R&D Systems is a trademark of TECHNE Corporation
www.RnDSystems.com
YYePG Proudly Presents, Thx for Support
Ni Sepharose
™
products from GE Healthcare give you greater flexibility and the highest
binding capacity available for histidine-tagged protein purification. They also assure
maximum target protein activity, thanks to their tolerance of a wide range of additives
and negligible nickel ion leakage.
His MultiTrap
™
prepacked multiwell plates let you directly apply unclarified lysate for greater
convenience and minimized degradation of sensitive target proteins. Ni Sepharose is also
available prepacked in His SpinTrap
™
, His GraviTrap
™
, HisTrap
™
and bulk packs to ensure
maximum flexibility in histidine-tagged protein purification.
www.gehealthcare.com/his
GE Healthcare
© 2006 General Electric Company - All rights reserved.
GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB, a General Electric Company.
Greater flexibility
in histidine-tagged
protein purification
GE01-06
YYePG Proudly Presents, Thx for Support

COVER
Artist’s reconstruction of Castorocauda
lutrasimilis diving into water. Castorocauda
is an omnivorous mammal from the Middle
Jurassic (~164 million years ago) and is the
earliest known semi-aquatic animal in the
mammalian lineage. See page 1123.
Image: Mark A. Klingler, Carnegie Museum of
Natural History
www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 311 24 FEBRUARY 2006
1061
CONTENTS
CONTENTS continued >>
DEPARTMENTS
1067 Science Online
1068 This Week in Science
1073 Editors’ Choice
1078 Contact Science
1079 NetWatch
1081 Random Samples
1097 Newsmakers
1112 AAAS News & Notes
1165 New Products
1166 Science Careers
EDITORIAL
1071 Medicine Needs Evolution
by Randolph M. Nesse,
Stephen C. Stearns, Gilbert S. Omenn
1088
LETTERS

Making Sure Public Health Policies Work 1098
M. Muller; M. Franco, R. Cooper, P. Orduñez
Linking Bats to Emerging Diseases M. B. Fenton et al.
Response A. Dobson
Voucher Specimens for SARS-Linked Bats
J. Salazar-Bravo et al.
Response S. Zhang et al.
CORRECTIONS AND CLARIFICATIONS 1100
BOOKS ET AL.
The Evolution of American Ecology, 1890–2000 1101
S. E. Kingsland, reviewed by N. Slack
Roving Mars 1102
G. Butler, reviewed by L. Rowan
EDUCATION FORUM
Genome Consortium for Active Teaching (GCAT) 1103
A. M. Campbell et al.
PERSPECTIVES
Sorting Out the Colors of Globular Clusters 1105
K. C. Freeman
>> Report p. 1129
Implementing a Quantum Computation by 1106
Free Falling
J. Oppenheim
>> Report p. 1133
“X”-Rated Chromosomal Rendezvous 1107
L. Carrel
>> Report p. 1149
Early Mammalian Evolutionary Experiments 1109
T. Martin
>> Research Article p. 1123

The Stress of Finding NEMO 1110
J. Bartek and J. Lukas
>> Report p. 1141
Volume 311, Issue 5764
1103
NEWS OF THE WEEK
Evangelicals, Scientists Reach Common Ground 1082
on Climate Change
Accelerator Delay Stuns U.S. Scientists 1082
Ohio School Board Boots Out ID 1083
New Study Casts Doubt on Plans for 1084
Pandemic Containment
Bird Flu Moves West, Spreading Alarm 1084
Massive Outbreak Draws Fresh Attention to 1085
Little-Known Virus
SCIENCESCOPE 1085
Foiled Dendritic Cell Suicide May Lead 1086
to Autoimmunity
>> Report p. 1160
U.S. Caps Number of AIDS Researchers 1086
at Toronto Meeting
Math Clears Up an Inner-Ear Mystery: 1087
Spiral Shape Pumps Up the Bass
NEWS FOCUS
Gary Comer: An Entrepreneur Does Climate Science 1088
The Prion Protein Has a Good Side? You Bet 1091
Is the Education Directorate Headed for a 1092
Failing Grade?
AAAS Annual Meeting 1094
Don’t Sugarcoat Corals

A First Look at a Comet’s Dust
Hot Times for the Cretaceous Oceans
Preyed Upon, Hominids Began to Cooperate
YYePG Proudly Presents, Thx for Support
YYePG Proudly Presents, Thx for Support
YYePG Proudly Presents, Thx for Support
YYePG Proudly Presents, Thx for Support
www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 311 24 FEBRUARY 2006
1063
CONTENTS continued >>
SCIENCE EXPRESS
www.sciencexpress.org
Microheterogeneity of Singlet Oxygen Distributions in Irradiated Humic
Acid Solutions
D. E. Latch and K. McNeill
A hydrophobic probe reveals that there is much more reactive singlet oxygen, which
degrades pollutants, in aqueous suspensions of organic matter than has been thought.
10.1126/science.1121636
Electrostatic Self-Assembly of Binary Nanoparticle Crystals with a
Diamond-Like Lattice
A. M. Kalsin et al.
Oppositely charged nanoparticles self-assemble into mega–crystal lattices when the
extent of their electrostatic interaction is similar to their size.
10.1126/science.1125124
Toll-Like Receptor Triggering of a Vitamin D–Mediated Human
Antimicrobial Response
P. T. Liu et al.
In humans, vitamin D is necessary for efficient induction of antimicrobial peptides that
act against tuberculosis, perhaps explaining the therapeutic effect of sunlight.
10.1126/science.1123933

A Periodically Active Pulsar Giving Insight into Magnetospheric Physics
M. Kramer, A. G. Lyne, J. T. O’Brien, C. A. Jordan, D. R. Lorimer
An intermittent pulsar switches off entirely for several weeks every 30 to 40 days and
slows more rapidly when on, implying that pulsar winds periodically slow its spinning.
10.1126/science.1124060
CONTENTS
BREVIA
VIROLOGY
Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with 1117
Chronic Wasting Disease
R. C. Angers et al.
Significant amounts of infectious prions are found in the muscles of deer
infected with chronic wasting disease, not just in the nervous tissues as
in infected cattle.
RESEARCH ARTICLES
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Noncoding RNAs of Trithorax Response Elements 1118
Recruit Drosophila Ash1 to Ultrabithorax
T. Sanchez-Elsner, D. Gou, E. Kremmer, F. Sauer
Three noncoding RNAs recruit activator proteins to transcription
regulatory elements in order to epigenetically activate Drosophila
genes.
PALEONTOLOGY
A Swimming Mammaliaform from the 1123
Middle Jurassic and Ecomorphological
Diversification of Early Mammals
Q. Ji, Z X. Luo, C X. Yuan, A. R. Tabrum
A ~164-million-year-old mammal from China, resembling a beaver
with body fur and a broad scaly tail, shows that early mammals were
large and inhabited aquatic environments.

>> Perspective p. 1109
REPORTS
ASTRONOMY
X-ray Flares from Postmerger Millisecond Pulsars 1127
Z. G. Dai, X. Y. Wang, X. F. Wu, B. Zhang
X-ray flashes that follow some short-duration gamma-ray bursts may be
produced by magnetic energy released from a millisecond pulsar formed
by a neutron star merger.
TECHNICAL COMMENT ABSTRACTS
ECOLOGY
Comment on “On the Regulation of Populations 1100
of Mammals, Birds, Fish, and Insects” I
W. M. Getz and J. O. Lloyd-Smith
full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/311/5764/1100a
Comment on “On the Regulation of Populations
of Mammals, Birds, Fish, and Insects” II
J. V. Ross
full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/311/5764/1100b
Comment on “On the Regulation of Populations
of Mammals, Birds, Fish, and Insects” III
C. P. Doncaster
full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/311/5764/1100c
Response to Comments on “On the Regulation of
Populations of Mammals, Birds, Fish, and Insects”
R. M. Sibly, D. Barker, M. C. Denham, J. Hone, M. Pagel
full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/311/5764/1100d
REVIEW
MICROBIOLOGY
Bacterial Small-Molecule Signaling Pathways 1113
A. Camilli and B. L. Bassler

1105 & 1129
YYePG Proudly Presents, Thx for Support
©2006 Promega Corporation. 13284-AD-CR
PROMEGA CORPORATION • www.promega.com
Measure as few as 10 cells in less than 10 minutes—with a single-step protocol
for quantifying intracellular ATP. From basic research to high-throughput drug
screening, the CellTiter-Glo Assay is judged the best. It enables you to easily
estimate cell number, m
easure cell viability or quantitate cytotoxic effects.
Discriminating scientific minds agree;
C
ellTiter-Glo is the perfect assay.
See for yourself. For a FREE SAMPLE visit: www.promega.com/celltiterglo
Dynamic range from less than
10 cells to over 10,000 cells.
Luminescence (RLU)
Cells per Well
0 100 200 300 400
0
10
20
0
400
800
1,200
1,600
2,000
10k 20k 30k 40k 50k
0
3171MC

YYePG Proudly Presents, Thx for Support
www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 311 24 FEBRUARY 2006
1065
CONTENTS
CONTENTS continued >>
REPORTS CONTINUED
ASTRONOMY
Explaining the Color Distributions of Globular 1129
Cluster Systems in Elliptical Galaxies
S J. Yoon, S. K. Yi, Y W. Lee
A nonlinear relation between metal content of stars and their
color, not age differences, produces the red and blue colors of
stars in globular clusters.
>> Perspective p. 1105
PHYSICS
Quantum Computation as Geometry 1133
M. A. Nielsen, M. R. Dowling, M. Gu, A. C. Doherty
The problem of finding efficient quantum algorithms can be recast in
terms of determining the shortest path between two points in a certain
curved geometry.
>> Perspective p. 1106
PLANETARY SCIENCE
Effects of Solar Flares on the Ionosphere of Mars 1135
M. Mendillo et al.
Observations from Mars Global Surveyor show that the x-rays in solar
flares strongly enhance the ionosphere of Mars nearly simultaneously
with their effects on Earth.
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE
Anthropogenic and Natural Influences in the 1138
Evolution of Lower Stratospheric Cooling

V. Ramaswamy et al.
Climate models show that the two-step cooling of the lower
stratosphere from 1980 to 2000 was caused by anthropogenic
climate change modified by natural factors.
CELL BIOLOGY
Molecular Linkage Between the Kinase ATM and 1141
NF-κB Signaling in Response to Genotoxic Stimuli
Z H. Wu, Y. Shi, R. S. Tibbetts, S. Miyamoto
A protein kinase that is stimulated when DNA is damaged leaves the
nucleus to activate survival signals in the cytoplasm.
>> Perspective p. 1110
CELL BIOLOGY
Cell Type Regulates Selective Segregation of 1146
Mouse Chromosome 7 DNA Strands in Mitosis
A. Armakolas and A. J. S. Klar
In dividing mouse embryonic stem cells, unexpected nonrandom
segregation of daughter chromosomes occurs in stem cells and
endodermal and neuroectodermal cells.
SCIENCE (ISSN 0036-8075) is published weekly on Friday, except the last week in December, by the American Association
for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Periodicals Mail postage (publication No.
484460) paid at Washington, DC, and additional mailing offices. Copyright © 2006 by the American Association for the Advancement
of Science. The title SCIENCE is a registered trademark of the AAAS. Domestic individual membership and subscription (51 issues): $139
($74 allocated to subscription). Domestic institutional subscription (51 issues): $650; Foreign postage extra: Mexico, Caribbean (surface
mail) $55; other countries (air assist delivery) $85. First class, airmail, student, and emeritus rates on request. Canadian rates with GST
available upon request, GST #1254 88122. Publications Mail Agreement Number 1069624. Printed in the U.S.A.
Change of address: Allow 4 weeks, giving old and new addresses and 8-digit account number. Postmaster: Send change of address to Science, P.O. Box 1811, Danbury, CT 06813–1811. Single-copy sales:
$10.00 per issue prepaid includes surface postage; bulk rates on request. Authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under circumstances not falling within the fair use provisions of
the Copyright Act is granted by AAAS to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that $18.00 per article is paid directly to CCC,
222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. The identification code for Science is 0036-8075/83 $18.00. Science is indexed in the Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature and in several specialized indexes.
1110 & 1141

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Transient Homologous Chromosome Pairing Marks 1149
the Onset of X Inactivation
N. Xu, C L. Tsai, J. T. Lee
Inactivation of the extra X chromosome in female mice requires
noncoding RNA and a transient interaction between the pair of
X chromosomes.
>> Perspective p. 1107
BIOCHEMISTRY
Structure of a DNA Glycosylase Searching 1153
for Lesions
A. Banerjee, W. L. Santos, G. L. Verdine
A DNA repair enzyme searches for damaged bases by inserting a
phenylalanine residue into the intact DNA helix, causing buckling
and sensing deformed bases.
ECOLOGY
Coherent Sign Switching in Multiyear Trends 1157
of Microbial Plankton
W. K. W. Li, W. G. Harrison, E. J. H. Head
In the waters off of Nova Scotia, changes in the abundance of
phytoplankton predict similar changes in plankton-eating bacteria,
illustrating their trophic coupling.
IMMUNOLOGY
Dendritic Cell Apoptosis in the Maintenance 1160
of Immune Tolerance
M. Chen et al.
Mice in which immune dendritic cells do not undergo their normal
programmed death exhibit autoimmune disease, implicating these
cells in the control of autoimmunity.
>> News story p. 1086

YYePG Proudly Presents, Thx for Support
YYePG Proudly Presents, Thx for Support
www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 311 24 FEBRUARY 2006
1067
ONLINE
SCIENCE CAREERS
www.sciencecareers.org CAREER RESOURCES FOR SCIENTISTS
GLOBAL: Crossing Continents
A. Forde
Molecular biologist Javier Palatnik talks about his experiences in the
U.S. and Europe and why he returned to his native Argentina.
US: Guarding the Wire—Working in Computer Security
A. Fazekas
Next Wave talks with U.C. Berkeley professor and computer security
expert David Wagner about succeeding in this field.
MISCINET: Educated Woman, Chapter 48—
Micella Hits the Road
M. P. DeWhyse
Micella talks to other students about the trials and tribulations of
graduate school.
MISCINET: MentorDoctor—Suffering From a Lack of Direction
ScienceCareers Staff
The MentorDoctor team helps a Ph.D. student who feels his adviser
isn’t helping keep his project on track.
GRANTSNET: International Grants and Fellowship Index
A. Kotok
Learn about the latest funding opportunities from Europe, Asia, and
the Americas.
Returning home to Argentina.
SCIENCE’S SAGE KE

www.sageke.org SCIENCE OF AGING KNOWLEDGE ENVIRONMENT
NEWS FOCUS: The Sour Side of Sweet
M. Leslie
Sugar derivatives take a toll on cells.
CLASSIC PAPER: Detection of Inactive Enzyme Molecules in
Ageing Organisms
H. Gershon and D. Gershon
Accumulation of nonfunctional proteins may play a key role in
senescence; Nature 227, 1214 (1970).
Separate individual or institutional subscriptions to these products may be required for full-text access.
www.sciencemag.org
SCIENCENOW
www.sciencenow.org DAILY NEWS COVERAGE
The Case of Mistaken IQ
New test indicates autistics are smarter than people think.
Turning Buildings on Their Heads
New computer program could allow architects to create more
complex structures.
Spit Hides Clues to Disease
Researchers find markers for breast cancer and diabetes in
human saliva.
SCIENCE’S STKE
www.stke.org SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION KNOWLEDGE ENVIRONMENT
PERSPECTIVE: Meeting Report—Barossa 2005,
Signaling Networks
M. A. Guthridge, G. J. Goodall, S. M. Pitson
Highlights from this meeting show how knowledge of signaling
complexity reveals insight into disease.
PERSPECTIVE: Retinoic Acid Signaling in the
Functioning Brain

U. C. Dräger
The locations and mechanisms through which retinoic acid affects
cortical synchrony in the mature brain remain a mystery.
Vitamin A and cortical synchrony.
YYePG Proudly Presents, Thx for Support
looked for evidence of chromosome-specific
nonrandom strand segregation in various cell
types. After mitotic recombination, mouse chro-
mosome 7 shows random segregation in car-
diomyocytes, pancreatic, and mesoderm cells,
whereas nonrandom segregation is seen in
embryonic stem cells, endoderm cells, and neu-
roectoderm cells. These segregation patterns
may be important for developmental decisions
and have implications for imprinting and inheri-
tance.
Wind Up
Recent evidence suggests that short-duration
gamma-ray bursts are produced by fast mergers
of compact objects, such as double-neutron
stars and neutron-star, black-hole binaries.
However, lingering x-ray emissions seen hun-
dreds of seconds after some bright gamma-ray
bursts are still a problem for this model
because simulations predict the merger should
happen in seconds. Dai et al. (p. 1127) sug-
gest that the merger process proceeds less cata-
strophically, producing a differentially rotating
millisecond pulsar rather than a
final black hole. Because the pul-

sar’s layers spin at different rates,
its magnetic fields become wound
up and release energy sporadically
through reconnection-driven explo-
sive x-ray flares.
Red and Blue
Globular star clusters in elliptical galaxies come
in two colors, red or blue. Many astronomers
Early Aquatic Mammal
Mesozoic mammals have been thought to have
been small, nocturnal, and confined to a few
niches on land until the demise of the
dinosaurs 65 million years ago. Most are
recorded by isolated jaw fragments or teeth. Ji
et al. (p. 1123; see the cover and the Perspec-
tive by Martin) now describe a Jurassic mam-
mal from China that breaks this mold. The fos-
sil is well preserved, and impressions of fur can
be seen on its body and scales on a broad tail
(similar to a beaver overall). The animal was
fairly large, approaching not quite half a
meter in length, and the shape of its limbs
suggest that it was adapted for swimming and
burrowing. The combination of both primitive
and derived features in this early mammal,
and the demonstration that mammals had
occupied aquatic habitats by this time,
expands the evolutionary innovations of early
mammals.
Segregating Old and

New Chromatids
During chromosome replica-
tion, paired chromatids ulti-
mately separate during cell
division to become individual
chromosomes in daughter
cells. Although one might
expect segregation of chro-
matids (with old versus newly synthesized
strands) to daughter cells to be random, some
studies have suggested that nonrandom segre-
gation can occur. Armakolas and Klar (p. 1146)
have assumed the colors reflected age differ-
ences, such that blue clusters formed more
recently than red ones, and implying two epochs
of globular cluster formation during the growth
history of elliptical galaxies. Yoon et al. (p. 1129,
published online 19 January; see the Perspective
by Freeman), however, show that a single coeval
population of globular clusters can exhibit color
bimodality due to a nonlinear relationship
between color and metallicity in stars. Galactic
spectral models that include treatment of hori-
zontal branch stars can reproduce the color dis-
tributions even with stars of similar age, remov-
ing the need for multiple populations of globu-
lar clusters.
Finding the Path for Quan-
tum Computing
Quantum computers hold great promises for solv-

ing difficult problems otherwise intractable on
classical computers. However, actually finding
algorithms, or the quantum circuitry on which the
algorithms can be implemented, is challenging
because the number of components in the quan-
tum circuits should grow only polynomially with
the complexity of the problem you want to solve.
While manipulation of a single qubit can be
thought of as the rotation of a unit vector in a
sphere, a quantum computer will typically have n
interacting qubits, giving rise to a 2
n
-dimensional
space, Thus Nielsen et al. (p. 1133; see the Per-
spective by Oppenheim) recast the problem of
finding an efficient quantum algorithm in terms
determining the shortest path between two points
in a certain curved, or Riemannian, geometry. The
EDITED BY STELLA HURTLEY AND PHIL SZUROMI
24 FEBRUARY 2006 VOL 311 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org
1068
CREDITS (TOP TO BOTTOM): RAMASWAMY ET AL.; ARMAKOLAS AND KLAR
Dissecting Stratospheric
Temperature Trends
Since 1980, the lower stratosphere has cooled significantly. This
cooling trend has been ascribed to the influence of anthropogenic
effects—mainly stratospheric ozone depletion and the buildup of
greenhouse gases. However, this process occurred in two major
steps. Ramaswamy et al. (p. 1138) investigated the temporal
structure of the trend using simulations with a climate model, in

order to delineate the roles of natural and anthropogenic forc-
ings. Although the overall downward trend in temperature is the
result of anthropogenic factors, natural forcing by changes in
solar irradiance and volcanic aerosols have superimposed on the
gradual longer term decrease the shorter time-scale structure
recorded in the observations. Thus, while anthropogenic factors
are responsible for the 25-year-long stratospheric cooling trend,
the steps were caused by natural forcing.
YYePG Proudly Presents, Thx for Support
www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 311 24 FEBRUARY 2006
1069
CREDIT: CHEN ET AL.
This Week in Science
mathematical tools of Riemannian geometry can then be used to provide an understanding of quantum
computation and a possible route to determine efficient quantum algorithms.
Bacteria Have Social Lives Too
Quorum sensing provides a mechanism for bacteria to monitor one another’s presence and to modu-
late gene expression in response to changes in population density. Camilli and Bassler (p. 1113)
review how the synchronous response of bacterial populations to small molecule autoinducers that is
involved in quorum sensing confers social behavior to bacteria. Autoinducers are packaged in a vari-
ety of ways and have varying half-lives, depending on their roles. Autoinducer signals are integrated
within each cell by second-messenger systems, probably by cdiGMP signaling.
Positive and Negative Transcription Regulators
The Drosophila Polycomb group (PcG) and Trithorax group (trxG) of epigenetic regulators main-
tain, respectively, either repressed or active chromosomal transcriptional states. They act via the
same dual-function chromosomal elements to exert their effects. Transcription through these ele-
ments switches them from silent Polycomb response elements (PREs) to active Trithorax response
elements (TREs). Sanchez-Elsner et al. (p. 1118) show that noncoding RNAs generated by
PRE/TRE transcription in the ultrabithorax (Ubx) locus function to recruit the histone methyltrans-
ferase Ash1, an activator of Ubx expression. Ash1 interacts specifically with the chromatin-associ-

ated TRE noncoding RNAs. Although TRE noncoding RNAs are retained at Ubx TREs, possibly
through RNA-DNA interactions, they can also act in trans to recruit Ash1 to their counterpart TREs
and activate Ubx transcription.
Timely Demise and
Immune Control
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a fundamen-
tal means by which the immune system regulates
itself. Autoimmunity develops when components of the cell death machinery, such as the cell sur-
face receptor Fas and its ligand, are mutated or absent. Generally, this change is considered to be
due to direct defects in lymphocytes, leading to their aberrant activation and proliferation. How-
ever, Chen et al. (p. 1160; see the news story by Marx) challenge this assumption by revealing
that correctly regulated cell death of another central immune cell—the dendritic cell (DC)—is also
required to maintain immune control. To prevent apoptosis, a transgene encoding a caspase
inhibitor was targeted to DCs in mice, resulting in the accumulation of these cells; both in their
resting state, as well as in situations of antigen-priming. As a consequence, T cells in these animals
became chronically activated and dysregulated, leading to telltale signs of autoimmunity.
DNA Damage-Transcription Links
Damage to DNA in cells (like that produced by some anticancer drugs) is sensed by the cell and
causes cellular responses that determine whether a cell lives or dies. Wu et al. (p. 1141; see the Per-
spective by Bartek and Jiri) provide a new link by which this signal can be conveyed from the nucleus
to the cytoplasm. The protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is activated in response to
DNA damage and directly phosphorylates NEMO, one of the proteins in the IκB kinase (IKK) complex
that regulates the activity of the transcription factor NF-κB. NF-κB in turn mediates signals that pro-
mote cell survival. After DNA damage, ATM was exported from the nucleus and then interacted in the
cytoplasm with another protein in the IKK complex, ELKS. Activated IKK then caused activation of NF-
κB–dependent transcription.
Searching for a Damaged Needle in a DNA Haystack
How does a DNA repair enzyme find a deleterious base lesion within a huge excess of normal base
pairs? Banerjee et al. (p. 1153) show that a bacterial DNA glycosylase can examine an intact DNA
helix, and does not need to extrude damaged base pairs. Instead, a conserved phenylalanine

residue inserts into the helical stack and causes buckling at the intercalation site. The probe
residue senses a deformed base within the intact helix and allows for base extrusion events only at
damaged sites.
STKE gives you essential tools to power
your understanding of cell signaling. It is
also a vibrant virtual community, where
researchers from around the world come
together to exchange information and
ideas. For more information go to
www.stke.org
To sign up today, visit promo.aaas.org/
stkeas
Sitewide access is available for
institutions. To find out more e-mail

The definitive
resource on cellular
regulation
STKE – Signal Transduction
Knowledge Environment offers:
• A weekly electronic journal
• Information management tools
• A lab manual to help you organize
your research
• An interactive database of signaling
pathways
Institutional Site
License Available
a
Q

What can Science
STKE give me?
YYePG Proudly Presents, Thx for Support
Please visit us in Booth 1333.
All truths are easy to
understand once they are
discovered; the point is to
discover them.
Galileo Galilei
Italian physicist, astronomer, philosopher (1564-1642)
Shimadzu transcends modern assumptions and limits to shine a beam of light on yet undiscovered scientific truths.
Shimadzu believes in the value of science to transform society for the better. For more than a century, we have led the way in
the development of cutting-edge technology to help measure, analyze, diagnose and solve problems. The solutions we
develop find applications in areas ranging from life sciences and medicine to flat-panel displays. We have learned much in
the past hundred years. Expect a lot more.
YYePG Proudly Presents, Thx for Support
Medicine Needs Evolution
THE CITATION OF “EVOLUTION IN ACTION” AS SCIENCE’S 2005 BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR
confirms that evolution is the vibrant foundation for all biology. Its contributions to understanding
infectious disease and genetics are widely recognized, but its full potential for use in medicine has yet
to be realized. Some insights have immediate clinical applications, but most are fundamental, as is the
case in other basic sciences. Simply put, training in evolutionary thinking can help both biomedical
researchers and clinicians ask useful questions that they might not otherwise pose.
Although anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and embryology are recognized as basic sciences
for medicine, evolutionary biology is not. Future clinicians are generally not taught evolutionary
explanations for why our bodies are vulnerable to certain kinds of failure. The narrowness
of the birth canal, the existence of wisdom teeth, and the persistence of genes that cause
bipolar disease and senescence all have their origins in our evolutionary history. In a whole
array of clinical and basic science challenges, evolutionary biology is turning out to be
crucial. For example, the evolution of antibiotic resistance is widely recognized, but few

appreciate how competition among bacteria has shaped chemical weapons and resistance
factors in an arms race that has been going on for hundreds of millions of years. The
incorrect idea that selection reliably shapes a happy coexistence of hosts and pathogens
persists, despite evidence for the evolution of increased virulence when disease transmission
occurs through vectors such as insects, needles, or clinicians’ hands. There is growing
recognition that cough, fever, and diarrhea are useful responses shaped by natural selection,
but knowing when is it safe to block them will require studies grounded in an understanding
of how selection shaped the systems that regulate such defenses and the compromises
that had to be struck.
Evolution is also the origin of apparent anatomical anomalies such as the vulnerabilities
of the lower back. Biochemistry courses cover bilirubin metabolism, but an evolutionary
explanation for why bilirubin is synthesized at all is new: It is an efficient free-radical
scavenger. Pharmacology emphasizes individual variation in genes encoding cytochrome
P450s, but their evolutionary origins in processing dietary toxins are just being fully appreciated. In
physiology, fetal nutritional stress appears to flip an evolved switch that sets the body into a state that
protects against starvation. When these individuals encounter modern diets, they respond with the
deadly metabolic syndrome of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes.
The triumphs of molecular biology call attention to evolutionary factors responsible for certain
genetic diseases. The textbook example is sickle-cell disease, whose carriers are resistant to malaria.
Similar protection against infection has been hypothesized for other disorders. Which aspects of the
modern environment are pathogenic? We need to find out. Increases in breast cancer have been
attributed to hormone exposure in modern women who have four times as many menstrual cycles as
women in cultures without birth control. Other studies suggest that nighttime exposure to light increases
the risk of breast cancer by inhibiting the normal nighttime surge of melatonin, which may decrease
tumor growth. Evolution has also provided some explanations for conditions such as infertility. The
process that eliminates 99.99% of oocytes may have evolved to protect against common genetic defects.
And some recurrent spontaneous miscarriages may arise from a system evolved to protect against
investing in offspring with combinations of specific genes that predispose to early death from infection.
These and other examples make a strong case for recognizing evolution as a basic science for
medicine. What actions would bring the full power of evolutionary biology to bear on human disease?

We suggest three. First, include questions about evolution in medical licensing examinations; this will
motivate curriculum committees to incorporate relevant basic science education. Second, ensure
evolutionary expertise in agencies that fund biomedical research. Third, incorporate evolution into every
relevant high school, undergraduate, and graduate course. These three changes will help clinicians and
biomedical researchers understand that both the human body and its pathogens are not perfectly
designed machines but evolving biological systems shaped by selection under the constraints of
tradeoffs that produce specific compromises and vulnerabilities. Powerful insights from evolutionary
biology generate new questions whose answers will help improve human health.*
Randolph M. Nesse, Stephen C. Stearns, Gilbert S. Omenn
10.1126/science.1125956
*References for this editorial can be found at www.EvolutionAndMedicine.org.
Randolph M. Nesse is
professor of Psychiatry
and Psychology at the
University of Michigan,
working in the field of
evolution and medicine.
Stephen C. Stearns is
Edward P. Bass Professor
of Ecology and
Evolutionary Biology
at Yale University,
working in the field of
evolutionary biology.
Gilbert S. Omenn is
president of AAAS and
professor of Medicine and
Genetics at the University
of Michigan, working
in cancer proteomics,

computational biology,
and science policy.
www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 311 24 FEBRUARY 2006
1071
CREDIT: JUPITER IMAGES
EDITORIAL
YYePG Proudly Presents, Thx for Support
“All real-time PCR assays worked in the first run”
— Neven Zoric, TATAA Biocenter, Sweden
Increase lab productivity
Design custom assays online in 30 secondsand perform qPCR assays
without optimization.
Obtain the benefits of probes at near-SYBR Green I prices
Use prevalida ted Universal ProbeLibraryprobes to detect specific
amplicons – not primer-dimers or nonspecific products.
Benefit from complete assay sequence information
O btain primer, probe, and amplicon sequencesfrom the free, online
ProbeFinder assay design software.
To learn more, and to design your next assay,visit
www.universalprobelibrary.com
Use the online assay design center and Universal
ProbeLibrary probes to generate over 2.6 million
assays for multiple transcriptomes.
Roche Diagnostics GmbH
Roche Applied Science
68298 Mannheim
Germany
Simplify array validation and
gene knockdown quantification
www.roche-applied-science.com

Universal ProbeLibrary
This product is a Licensed Probe. Its use with an Authorized Core Kit and
Authorized Thermal Cycler provides a license for the purchaser’s own internal
research and development under the 5' nuclease patents and basic PCR patents
of Roche Molecular Systems, Inc. and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. No real-time
apparatus or system patent rights or any other patent rights owned by Applera
Corporation, and no rights for any other application, including any in vitro diag-
nostic application under patents owned by Roche Molecular Systems, Inc. and F.
Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd claiming homogeneous or real-time amplification and
detection methods, are conveyed expressly, by implication or by estoppel.
PROBELIBRARY is a registered trademark of Exiqon A/S, Vedbaek, Denmark.
Other brands or product names are trademarks of their respective holders.
© 2006 Roche Diagnostics GmbH. All rights reserved.
Human
Mouse
C. elegans
Rat
Arabidopsis
Primates
Drosophila
YYePG Proudly Presents, Thx for Support
difficult. Many individual measurements must be
combined to create a composite picture of the
whole, and techniques that track surface elevation
accurately in the larger, more uniform interior
sections are not as accurate when applied to the
relatively narrow, high-relief coastal margins.
Moreover, mass change estimates based only on
elevation data do not take into account the
height variations caused by compaction of the

snow that covers the ice. Recent studies have
documented mass loss along the margins and
concurrent mass gain in the interiors, but the net
effect of these compensatory processes is unclear.
Zwally et al. used satellite-based radar
altimeters to track elevation changes for nearly
all of Greenland and Antarctica over a decade. In
addition to applying improved methods of data
analysis, the authors incorporated estimates of
density variation due to firn compaction. Their
integrated assessments suggest that although
Greenland is gaining mass, Antarctica is melting
at a comparatively faster rate, resulting in a net
www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 311 24 FEBRUARY 2006
1073
CREDITS (TOP TO BOTTOM): J. SCHUMACHER / PETER ARNOLD;J. MCCONNICO/AP PHOTO
EDITORS’CHOICE
ECOLOGY/EVOLUTION
Long-Term Loss of Landbirds
Recent studies have documented the effects of climate variation on the distribu-
tion and local survival of a variety of animal species. However, the effects of
contemporary climate change on population density across the entire range of
a species, and hence on its potential population decline, have remained
mostly unexplored.
Birds are the only group of organisms for which reliable data exist over
ecologically significant stretches of time. Anders and Post quantified the rela-
tionships over four decades between climatic oscillations, local temperatures,
and population biology of the yellow-billed cuckoo, a North American migrant
landbird, using data from the U.S. Geological Survey’s Breeding Bird Survey. The
cuckoo population densities across their breeding range showed a lagged effect,

declining after years when the local temperatures were high. The strength of this
effect was predictive of longer-term population decline, which may be caused by a rela-
tive scarcity of invertebrate prey after warmer winters. — AMS
J. Anim. Ecol. 75, 221 (2006).
ASTRONOMY
Stellar Construction Sites
How and when did galaxies assemble all their
stars? Two studies report a census of galaxies
across cosmic time and the evolution of star for-
mation rates over the universe’s history. Using
near-infrared and optical emission data, Kong et
al. found that in 80% of distant large galaxies,
stars formed at a prodigious rate, much more
rapidly than in galaxies of similar mass today.
These ancient galaxies appear to have formed all
of their stars in a vigorous burst, lasting only a
hundred million years.
Caputi et al. observed a similar pattern of
exceptionally rapid star formation in old galax-
ies. By analyzing mid-infrared emission detected
with the Spitzer space telescope, they also found
evidence for the presence of complex molecules
(polyaromatic hydrocarbons) in the interstellar
region of these galaxies at early times. Both
teams suggest that their findings favor a “cosmic
downsizing” phenomenon, with galaxy formation
being more active and rapid in the young uni-
verse than at present. — JB
Astrophys. J. 638, 72; 637, 727 (2006).
EARTH SCIENCE

Weighing Ice Sheets
Melting of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets
is the largest potential contributor to sea level
rise, but calculating the mass balance over time
of such large and topographically diverse areas is
rise in sea level. These conclusions differ both in
sign and in magnitude from those of several
other studies (for instance, see Rignot and Kana-
garatnam, Reports, 17 February 2006, p. 986),
leaving open the question of how to reconcile the
findings. — HJS
J. Glaciol. 51, 509 (2005).
CHEMISTRY
Two Rings to Bind Them All
Metallocene polymerization catalysts—two
cyclic aromatic rings flanking a central metal
(generally Ti, Zr, or Hf) center—have recently
been optimized for the commercial production
of plastics. Although heterogeneous catalysts
are more widely used, the well-defined struc-
ture and ligand tunability of the metallocenes
offer more rational control over the characteris-
tics of the polymer product, particularly its
stereochemistry. However, these molecular cat-
alysts have generally been ineffective in mak-
ing ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene,
an especially tough, resilient plastic.
Starzewski et al. have designed a zir-
conocene that overcomes this deficiency and
yields polyethylene with chain molecular

weights exceeding a million g/mol. They tuned
the catalyst’s electronic properties to favor
continual insertion of ethylene monomers into
the growing polymer chain and achieved the
necessary >10,000:1 selectivity for chain
growth over termination by linking the cyclic
EDITED BY GILBERT CHIN
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE RECENT LITERATURE
Continued on page 1075
A view of the Greenland ice sheet.
Coccyzus americanus.
YYePG Proudly Presents, Thx for Support
Accelerating Customers' Success through Leadership in Life Science, High Technology and Service
SIGMA-ALDRICH CORPORATION • BOX 14508 • ST. LOUIS • MISSOURI 63178 • USA
• Taking siRNA manufacturing to a new level by
providing a rapid turnaround, high throughput
and cost effective service that caters to your
siRNA needs
• M
ISSION™ TRC shRNA libraries, comprising
150,000 pre-cloned shRNA constructs targeting
15,000 human genes and 15,000 mouse genes
• Lentiviral shRNA delivery that boasts flexibility of
long and short term silencing, 100% transduction
efficiency and enables experimentation with
difficult to study cell types such as non-dividing
or primary cells
Create!
with Sigma, the new leader in RNAi
create your advantage

Member of the RNAi Consortium
MISSION is a trademark belonging to Sigma-Aldrich Co.
and its affiliate Sigma-Aldrich Biotechnology LP.
The RNAi Consortium shRNA library is produced and
distributed under license from the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology.
sigma.com/rnai
INNOVATION @ WORK
Faster siRNA manufacturing? 100% transduction efficiency of shRNA constructs? Long and short term silencing?
Sigma has developed the most comprehensive array of cutting edge products for every step of your RNAi
experimental design – creating for you a real advantage.
So whether you are determining gene function, analyzing signal transduction or screening for potential
drug targets, why not discover how you can create your RNAi advantage.
YYePG Proudly Presents, Thx for Support
ligands around Zr through a dative bond
between a phosphine on one ring and a borane
on the other. — JSY
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45,
10.1002/anie.200504173 (2006).
CELL BIOLOGY
Recruitment to an Organization
Eukaryotic cells contain a dynamic array of
microtubules (tubulin polymers), which play
diverse roles in interphase but are dramatically
rearranged into a
spindle during
mitosis to promote
chromosome segre-
gation. The centro-
some, which is com-

posed of a pair of
centrioles and asso-
ciated material, is a
key organizer of
microtubules and
contains the γ iso-
form of tubulin. In
mammalian cells,
γ-tubulin is found in
a ring-like complex
together with other proteins, and Haren et al.
characterize NEDD1, a protein of the centrosome
that is associated with γ-tubulin ring structures.
NEDD1 is not required for γ-tubulin ring com-
plex assembly; in its absence, the complex is not
correctly recruited to the centrosomes although
NEDD1 is targeted to the centrosome even in the
absence of γ-tubulin. Depletion of NEDD1 causes
centrosomal defects and compromises the qual-
www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 311 24 FEBRUARY 2006
1075
Big online
news
from
Science
• Daily news feed
• Download figures
• New product resources
New website – retooled
and redesigned.

The new online version of
Science is here! Packed with
useful features, it gives you
easy access to a world of
scientific knowledge.
Visit www.sciencemag.org.
EDITORS’CHOICE
CREDITS: HAREN ET AL., J. CELL BIOL. 172, 505 (2006)
ity of the mitotic spindle and microtubule organ-
ization in interphase cells. Interfering with the
NEDD1–γ-tubulin interaction blocks centriole
duplication. Thus, it appears that NEDD1 medi-
ates the interaction between γ-tubulin and the
centrosome, which is necessary for centriole
duplication and the fidelity of mitosis. — SMH
J. Cell Biol. 172, 505 (2006).
BIOMEDICINE
Innate Immunity and Tumor
Growth
The Nod-like family of receptors of the intra-
epithelial cell are considered important sensors
of pathogenic bacteria. Nod1 is activated by
bacterial peptidoglycan and is associated with
apoptotic pathways in the cell.
Using retroviral mutagenesis in a human
breast cancer epithelial cell line (MCF-7), da Silva
Correia et al. tested the possibility that the
proapoptotic character of Nod1 might be involved
in another context where the regulation of cell
death is critical. In a Nod1-deficient MCF-7 clone,

the sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor α–induced
cell death and the apoptotic response to the
specific Nod1 activator diaminopimelic acid were
both greatly reduced. The disruption of Nod1 also
resulted in an increased ability of the MCF-7 clone
to generate tumors in immunodeficient mice and
an enhanced sensitivity to estrogen-induced
tumor growth. It will be interesting to explore how
a bacterial cell wall detector is involved in regulat-
ing tumor growth and whether this might afford a
therapeutic opportunity. — SJS
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 1840 (2006).
Continued from page 1073
<< Targeting Downstream Repercussions
The tumor suppressor p53, which enforces cell-cycle arrest or cell death,
is mutated in roughly half of malignant tumors. Nutlins are imidazoline
compounds that disrupt the interaction between p53 and the E3 ubiqui-
tin ligase MDM2 that targets p53 for degradation. Tovar et al. show that
in 10 cell lines (representing a range of solid tumors) that express wild-
type p53, adding nutlin-3a (and hence freeing p53) resulted in cell-cycle arrest although the extent
of apoptosis varied. The osteosarcoma cell line SJSA-1, which has a highly amplified mdm2 gene,
was the most sensitive to nutlin-3a–induced apoptosis. To verify that mdm2 amplification was
responsible, two other osteosarcoma cell lines—MHM, which has a moderately amplified mdm2,
and U2OS, which has a single copy of mdm2—were also analyzed. All three exhibited cell-cycle
arrest when exposed to nutlin-3a; however, the induction of apoptosis varied with mdm2 copy num-
ber. Microarray analysis showed that proapoptotic genes, such as puma, noxa, and bax, were more
strongly stimulated in cells with amplified mdm2 in response to nutlin-3a. Finally, nutlin-3a caused
tumor regression in nude mice with MHM and SJSA-1 tumors and halted the growth of tumors that
had normal MDM2 and p53. These results suggest that (i) nutlins may be effective clinically, espe-
cially for tumors with mdm2 amplification and (ii) cancer cells with normal p53 may have defects in

the p53 apoptotic pathway. — NRG
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 1888 (2006).
www.stke.org
During anaphase when
chromosomes (blue) sep-
arate, the mitotic spindle
(green) shows NEDD1
(red) localized at the
centrosome.
YYePG Proudly Presents, Thx for Support
Who’s opening the pipeline
to new discoveries?
Leonard Susskind Ph.D.
Professor of Physics
and AAAS member
YYePG Proudly Presents, Thx for Support
I started out as a plumber in the
Bronx, New York. My father was a
plumber. He wanted me to go to college
to learn engineering so we could go
into business together.
But I was no good at engineering
and switched to physics. I got
hooked, and quickly knew that
I wanted to be a physicist. I had
to break it to my father. He
didn’t know what a physicist
was, so I said – like Einstein.
Well, I may not be Einstein but I
did become a physicist. It appeals to

my curiosity.
At some point I just knew I wanted to
spend my life finding out how the natural
world works.
I’m a member of AAAS because I
believe in what it does for science
and scientists. A big part of that
work is in education. I think its
efforts to bring on the next
generation of scientists are vital
for our future.
Dr. Leonard Susskind is a professor
of physics at Stanford University.
He’s also a member of AAAS.
See video clips of this story ond others at
www.aaas.org/stories
“
”
YYePG Proudly Presents, Thx for Support
24 FEBRUARY 2006 VOL 311 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org
1078
John I. Brauman, Chair, Stanford Univ.
Richard Losick, Harvard Univ.
Robert May, Univ. of Oxford
Marcia McNutt, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Inst.
Linda Partridge, Univ. College London
Vera C. Rubin, Carnegie Institution of Washington
Christopher R. Somerville, Carnegie Institution
George M. Whitesides, Harvard University
R. McNeill Alexander, Leeds Univ.

Arturo Alvarez-Buylla, Univ. of California, San Francisco
Richard Amasino, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison
Meinrat O. Andreae, Max Planck Inst., Mainz
Kristi S. Anseth, Univ. of Colorado
Cornelia I. Bargmann, Rockefeller Univ.
Brenda Bass, Univ. of Utah
Ray H. Baughman, Univ. of Texas, Dallas
Stephen J. Benkovic, Pennsylvania St. Univ.
Michael J. Bevan, Univ. of Washington
Ton Bisseling, Wageningen Univ.
Mina Bissell, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab
Peer Bork, EMBL
Dennis Bray, Univ. of Cambridge
Stephen Buratowski, Harvard Medical School
Jillian M. Buriak, Univ. of Alberta
Joseph A. Burns, Cornell Univ.
William P. Butz, Population Reference Bureau
Doreen Cantrell, Univ. of Dundee
Peter Carmeliet, Univ. of Leuven, VIB
Gerbrand Ceder, MIT
Mildred Cho, Stanford Univ.
David Clapham, Children’s Hospital, Boston
David Clary, Oxford University
J. M. Claverie, CNRS, Marseille
Jonathan D. Cohen, Princeton Univ.
F. Fleming Crim, Univ. of Wisconsin
William Cumberland, UCLA
George Q. Daley, Children’s Hospital, Boston
Caroline Dean, John Innes Centre
Judy DeLoache, Univ. of Virginia

Edward DeLong, MIT
Robert Desimone, MIT
Dennis Discher, Univ. of Pennsylvania
Julian Downward, Cancer Research UK
Denis Duboule, Univ. of Geneva
Christopher Dye, WHO
Richard Ellis, Cal Tech
Gerhard Ertl, Fritz-Haber-Institut, Berlin
Douglas H. Erwin, Smithsonian Institution
Barry Everitt, Univ. of Cambridge
Paul G. Falkowski, Rutgers Univ.
Ernst Fehr, Univ. of Zurich
Tom Fenchel, Univ. of Copenhagen
Alain Fischer, INSERM
Jeffrey S. Flier, Harvard Medical School
Chris D. Frith, Univ. College London
R. Gadagkar, Indian Inst. of Science
John Gearhart, Johns Hopkins Univ.
Jennifer M. Graves, Australian National Univ.
Christian Haass, Ludwig Maximilians Univ.
Dennis L. Hartmann, Univ. of Washington
Chris Hawkesworth, Univ. of Bristol
Martin Heimann, Max Planck Inst., Jena
James A. Hendler, Univ. of Maryland
Ary A. Hoffmann, La Trobe Univ.
Evelyn L. Hu, Univ. of California, SB
Meyer B. Jackson, Univ. of Wisconsin Med. School
Stephen Jackson, Univ. of Cambridge
Daniel Kahne, Harvard Univ.
Bernhard Keimer, Max Planck Inst., Stuttgart

Alan B. Krueger, Princeton Univ.
Lee Kump, Penn State
Virginia Lee, Univ. of Pennsylvania
Anthony J. Leggett, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Michael J. Lenardo, NIAID, NIH
Norman L. Letvin, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Olle Lindvall, Univ. Hospital, Lund
Richard Losick, Harvard Univ.
Andrew P. MacKenzie, Univ. of St. Andrews
Raul Madariaga, École Normale Supérieure, Paris
Rick Maizels, Univ. of Edinburgh
Michael Malim, King’s College, London
Eve Marder, Brandeis Univ.
George M. Martin, Univ. of Washington
William McGinnis, Univ. of California, San Diego
Virginia Miller, Washington Univ.
H. Yasushi Miyashita, Univ. of Tokyo
Edvard Moser, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology
Andrew Murray, Harvard Univ.
Naoto Nagaosa, Univ. of Tokyo
James Nelson, Stanford Univ. School of Med.
Roeland Nolte, Univ. of Nijmegen
Helga Nowotny, European Research Advisory Board
Eric N. Olson, Univ. of Texas, SW
Erin O’Shea, Univ. of California, SF
John Pendry, Imperial College
Philippe Poulin, CNRS
Mary Power, Univ. of California, Berkeley
David J. Read, Univ. of Sheffield
Colin Renfrew, Univ. of Cambridge

Trevor Robbins, Univ. of Cambridge
Nancy Ross,
Virginia Tech
Edward M. Rubin, Lawrence Berkeley National Labs
Gary Ruvkun, Mass. General Hospital
J. Roy Sambles, Univ. of Exeter
David S. Schimel, National Center for Atmospheric Research
Georg Schulz, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Paul Schulze-Lefert, Max Planck Inst., Cologne
Terrence J. Sejnowski, The Salk Institute
David Sibley, Washington Univ.
George Somero, Stanford Univ.
Christopher R. Somerville, Carnegie Institution
Joan Steitz, Yale Univ.
Edward I. Stiefel, Princeton Univ.
Thomas Stocker, Univ. of Bern
Jerome Strauss, Univ. of Pennsylvania Med. Center
Tomoyuki Takahashi, Univ. of Tokyo
Mark Tatar, Brown Univ.
Glenn Telling, Univ. of Kentucky
Marc Tessier-Lavigne, Genentech
Craig B. Thompson, Univ. of Pennsylvania
Michiel van der Klis, Astronomical Inst. of Amsterdam
Derek van der Kooy, Univ. of Toronto
Bert Vogelstein, Johns Hopkins
Christopher A. Walsh, Harvard Medical School
Christopher T. Walsh, Harvard Medical School
Graham Warren, Yale Univ. School of Med.
Colin Watts, Univ. of Dundee
Julia R. Weertman, Northwestern Univ.

Daniel M. Wegner, Harvard University
Ellen D. Williams, Univ. of Maryland
R. Sanders Williams, Duke University
Ian A. Wilson, The Scripps Res. Inst.
Jerry Workman, Stowers Inst. for Medical Research
John R. Yates III, The Scripps Res. Inst.
Martin Zatz, NIMH, NIH
Walter Zieglgänsberger, Max Planck Inst., Munich
Huda Zoghbi, Baylor College of Medicine
Maria Zuber, MIT
John Aldrich, Duke Univ.
David Bloom, Harvard Univ.
Londa Schiebinger, Stanford Univ.
Richard Shweder, Univ. of Chicago
Ed Wasserman, DuPont
Lewis Wolpert, Univ. College, London
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Donald Kennedy
EXECUTIVE EDITOR Monica M. Bradford
DEPUTY EDITORS NEWS EDITOR
R. Brooks Hanson, Katrina L. Kelner Colin Norman
EDITORIAL SUPERVISORY SENIOR EDITORS Barbara Jasny, Phillip D. Szuromi;
SENIOR EDITOR/PERSPECTIVES Lisa D. Chong; SENIOR EDITORS Gilbert J. Chin,
Pamela J. Hines, Paula A. Kiberstis (Boston), Beverly A. Purnell, L.
Bryan Ray, Guy Riddihough (Manila), H. Jesse Smith, Valda Vinson,
David Voss;
ASSOCIATE EDITORS Marc S. Lavine (Toronto), Jake S. Yeston;
ONLINE EDITOR Stewart Wills; ASSOCIATE ONLINE EDITOR Tara S. Marathe;
BOOK REVIEW EDITOR Sherman J. Suter; ASSOCIATE LETTERS EDITOR Etta
Kavanagh;
INFORMATION SPECIALIST Janet Kegg; EDITORIAL MANAGER Cara

Tate;
SENIOR COPY EDITORS Jeffrey E. Cook, Harry Jach, Barbara P.
Ordway;
COPY EDITORS Cynthia Howe, Alexis Wynne Mogul, Jennifer
Sills, Trista Wagoner;
EDITORIAL COORDINATORS Carolyn Kyle, Beverly
Shields;
PUBLICATION ASSISTANTS Ramatoulaye Diop, Chris Filiatreau, Joi
S. Granger, Jeffrey Hearn, Lisa Johnson, Scott Miller, Jerry Richardson,
Brian White, Anita Wynn;
EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS E. Annie Hall, Lauren
Kmec, Patricia M. Moore, Brendan Nardozzi, Michael Rodewald;
EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT Sylvia S. Kihara
NEWS SENIOR CORRESPONDENT Jean Marx; DEPUTY NEWS EDITORS Robert
Coontz, Jeffrey Mervis, Leslie Roberts, John Travis;
CONTRIBUTING EDITORS
Elizabeth Culotta, Polly Shulman; NEWS WRITERS Yudhijit Bhattacharjee,
Adrian Cho, Jennifer Couzin, David Grimm
, Constance Holden, Jocelyn
Kaiser, Richard A. Kerr, Eli Kintisch, Andrew Lawler (New England),
Greg Miller, Elizabeth Pennisi, Robert F. Service (Pacific NW), Erik
Stokstad; Katherine Unger (intern);
CONTRIBUTING CORRESPONDENTS Barry
A. Cipra, Jon Cohen (San Diego, CA), Daniel Ferber, Ann Gibbons,
Robert Irion, Mitch Leslie (NetWatch), Charles C. Mann, Evelyn Strauss,
Gary Taubes, Ingrid Wickelgren;
COPY EDITORS Linda B. Felaco, Rachel
Curran, Sean Richardson;
ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT Scherraine Mack,
Fannie Groom

BUREAUS: Berkeley, CA: 510-652-0302, FAX 510-652-
1867, New England: 207-549-7755, San Diego, CA: 760-942-3252,
FAX 760-942-4979, Pacific Northwest: 503-963-1940
PRODUCTION DIRECTOR James Landry; SENIOR MANAGER Wendy K. Shank;
ASSISTANT MANAGER Rebecca Doshi; SENIOR SPECIALISTS Jay Covert, Chris
Redwood;
SPECIALIST Steve Forrester PREFLIGHT DIRECTOR David M.
Tompkins;
MANAGER Marcus Spiegler; SPECIALIST Jessie Mudjitaba
ART DIRECTOR Joshua Moglia; ASSOCIATE ART DIRECTOR Kelly Buckheit;
ILLUSTRATORS Chris Bickel, Katharine Sutliff; SENIOR ART ASSOCIATES Holly
Bishop, Laura Creveling, Preston Huey;
ASSOCIATE Nayomi Kevitiyagala;
PHOTO RESEARCHER Leslie Blizard
SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL
EUROPE () EDITORIAL: INTERNATIONAL MANAGING
EDITOR
Andrew M. Sugden; SENIOR EDITOR/PERSPECTIVES Julia Fahrenkamp-
Uppenbrink;
SENIOR EDITORS Caroline Ash (Geneva: +41 (0) 222 346
3106), Stella M. Hurtley, Ian S. Osborne, Stephen J. Simpson, Peter Stern;
ASSOCIATE EDITOR Joanne Baker EDITORIAL SUPPORT Alice Whaley; Deborah
Dennison
ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT Janet Clements, Phil Marlow, Jill White;
NEWS: INTERNATIONAL NEWS EDITOR Eliot Marshall DEPUTY NEWS EDITOR Daniel
Clery;
CORRESPONDENT Gretchen Vogel (Berlin: +49 (0) 30 2809 3902, FAX
+49 (0) 30 2809 8365);
CONTRIBUTING CORRESPONDENTS Michael Balter
(Paris), Martin Enserink (Amsterdam and Paris), John Bohannon (Berlin);

INTERN Michael Schirber
ASIA Japan Office: Asca Corporation, Eiko Ishioka, Fusako Tamura, 1-8-
13, Hirano-cho, Chuo-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka, 541-0046 Japan; +81 (0)
6 6202 6272, FAX +81 (0) 6 6202 6271; ;
ASIA NEWS
EDITOR
Richard Stone +66 2 662 5818 () JAPAN NEWS
BUREAU Dennis Normile (contributing correspondent, +81 (0) 3 3391
0630, FAX 81 (0) 3 5936 3531; );
CHINA REP-
RESENTATIVE Hao Xin, + 86 (0) 10 6307 4439 or 6307 3676, FAX +86 (0)
10 6307 4358; ;
SOUTH ASIA Pallava Bagla
(contributing correspondent +91 (0) 11 2271 2896; )
www.sciencemag.org
1200 New York Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20005
Editorial: 202-326-6550, FAX 202-289-7562
News: 202-326-6500, FAX 202-371-9227
Bateman House, 82-88 Hills Road
Cambridge, UK CB2 1LQ
+44 (0) 1223 326500, FAX +44 (0) 1223 326501
SUBSCRIPTION SERVICES For change of address, missing issues, new orders
and renewals, and payment questions: 800-731-4939 or 202-326-
6417, FAX 202-842-1065. Mailing addresses: AAAS, P.O. Box 1811,
Danbury, CT 06813 or AAAS Member Services, 1200 New York Avenue,
NW, Washington, DC 20005
INSTITUTIONAL SITE LICENCES please call 202-326-6755 for any
questions or information
REPRINTS: Author Inquiries 800-635-7181

Commercial Inquiries 803-359-4578
Corrections 202-326-6501
PERMISSIONS 202-326-7074, FAX 202-682-0816
MEMBER BENEFITS Bookstore: AAAS/BarnesandNoble.com bookstore
www.aaas.org/bn; Car purchase discount: Subaru VIP Program
202-326-6417; Credit Card: MBNA 800-847-7378; Car Rentals:
Hertz 800-654-2200 CDP#343457, Dollar 800-800-4000 #AA1115;
AAAS Travels: Betchart Expeditions 800-252-4910; Life Insurance:
Seabury & Smith 800-424-9883; Other Benefits: AAAS Member Services
202-326-6417 or www.aaasmember.org.
(for general editorial queries)
(for queries about letters)
(for returning manuscript reviews)
(for book review queries)
Published by the American Association for the Advancement of Science
(AAAS), Science serves its readers as a forum for the presentation and
discussion of important issues related to the advancement of science,
including the presentation of minority or conflicting points of view,
rather than by publishing only material on which a consensus has been
reached. Accordingly, all articles published in Science—including
editorials, news and comment, and book reviews—are signed and reflect
the individual views of the authors and not official points of view adopted
by the AAAS or the institutions with which the authors are affiliated.
AAAS was founded in 1848 and incorporated in 1874. Its mission is to
advance science and innovation throughout the world for the benefit
of all people. The goals of the association are to: foster communication
among scientists, engineers and the public; enhance international
cooperation in science and its applications; promote the responsible
conduct and use of science and technology; foster education in science
and technology for everyone; enhance the science and technology

workforce and infrastructure; increase public understanding and
appreciation of science and technology; and strengthen support for
the science and technology enterprise.
INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS
See pages 102 and 103 of the 6 January 2006 issue or access
www.sciencemag.org/feature/contribinfo/home.shtml
SENIOR EDITORIAL BOARD
BOARD OF REVIEWING EDITORS
BOOK REVIEW BOARD
EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER Alan I. Leshner
PUBLISHER Beth Rosner
FULFILLMENT & MEMBERSHIP SERVICES () DIRECTOR
Marlene Zendell; MANAGER Waylon Butler; SYSTEMS SPECIALIST Andrew
Vargo;
SPECIALISTS Pat Butler, Laurie Baker, Tamara Alfson, Karena Smith,
Vicki Linton;
CIRCULATION ASSOCIATE Christopher Refice
BUSINESS OPERATIONS AND ADMINISTRATION DIRECTOR Deborah Rivera-Wienhold;
BUSINESS MANAGER Randy Yi; SENIOR BUSINESS ANALYST Lisa Donovan; BUSINESS
ANALYST
Jessica Tierney; FINANCIAL ANALYST Michael LoBue, Farida Yeasmin;
RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS: ADMINISTRATOR Emilie David; ASSOCIATE Elizabeth
Sandler;
MARKETING: DIRECTOR John Meyers; MARKETING MANAGERS Darryl
Walter, Allison Pritchard;
MARKETING ASSOCIATES Julianne Wielga, Mary Ellen
Crowley, Catherine Featherston, Alison Chandler;
DIRECTOR OF INTERNATIONAL
MARKETING AND RECRUITMENT ADVERTISING
Deborah Harris; INTERNATIONAL

MARKETING MANAGER
Wendy Sturley; MARKETING/MEMBER SERVICES EXECUTIVE:
Linda Rusk; JAPAN SALES Jason Hannaford; SITE LICENSE SALES: DIRECTOR
Tom Ryan; SALES AND CUSTOMER SERVICE Mehan Dossani, Kiki Forsythe,
Catherine Holland, Wendy Wise;
ELECTRONIC MEDIA: MANAGER Lizabeth
Harman;
PRODUCTION ASSOCIATES Sheila Mackall, Amanda K. Skelton, Lisa
Stanford, Nichele Johnston;
APPLICATIONS DEVELOPER Carl Saffell
ADVERTISING DIRECTOR WORLDWIDE AD SALES Bill Moran
PRODUCT (); MIDWEST Rick Bongiovanni:
330-405-7080, FAX 330-405-7081 •
WEST COAST/W. CANADA B. Neil
Boylan (Associate Director): 650-964-2266, FAX 650-964-2267 •
EAST
COAST/E. CANADA
Christopher Breslin: 443-512-0330, FAX 443-512-0331 •
UK/EUROPE/ASIA Tracey Peers (Associate Director): +44 (0) 1782 752530,
FAX +44 (0) 1782 752531
JAPAN Mashy Yoshikawa: +81 (0) 33235
5961, FAX +81 (0) 33235 5852
TRAFFIC MANAGER Carol Maddox; SALES
COORDINATOR
Deiandra Simms
CLASSIFIED (); U.S.: SALES DIRECTOR Gabrielle
Boguslawski: 718-491-1607, FAX 202-289-6742;
INSIDE SALES MANAGER
Daryl Anderson: 202-326-6543; WEST COAST/MIDWEST Kristine von Zedlitz:
415-956-2531;

EAST COAST Jill Downing: 631-580-2445; CANADA,
MEETINGS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS
Kathleen Clark: 510-271-8349; LINE AD
SALES
Emnet Tesfaye: 202-326-6740; SALES COORDINATORS Erika Bryant;
Rohan Edmonson Christopher Normile, Joyce Scott, Shirley Young;
INTERNATIONAL: SALES MANAGER Tracy Holmes: +44 (0) 1223 326525, FAX
+44 (0) 1223 326532;
SALES Christina Harrison, Svitlana Barnes; SALES
ASSISTANT
Helen Moroney; JAPAN: Jason Hannaford: +81 (0) 52 789
1860, FAX +81 (0) 52 789 1861;
PRODUCTION: MANAGER Jennifer Rankin;
ASSISTANT MANAGER Deborah Tompkins; ASSOCIATES Christine Hall; Amy
Hardcastle;
PUBLICATIONS ASSISTANTS Robert Buck; Natasha Pinol
AAAS BOARD OF DIRECTORS RETIRING PRESIDENT, CHAIR Gilbert S. Omenn;
PRESIDENT John P. Holdren; PRESIDENT-ELECT David Baltimore; TREASURER
David E. Shaw; CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER Alan I. Leshner; BOARD Rosina
M. Bierbaum; John E. Dowling; Lynn W. Enquist; Susan M. Fitzpatrick;
Alice Gast; Thomas Pollard; Peter J. Stang; Kathryn D. Sullivan
YYePG Proudly Presents, Thx for Support