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12 January 2007
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www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 315 12 JANUARY 2007
151
CONTENTS
CONTENTS continued >>
DEPARTMENTS
157 Science Online
158 This Week in Science
162 Editors’ Choice
164 Contact Science
167 Random Samples
169 Newsmakers
257 New Products
259 Science Careers
COVER
Scanning electron micrograph of
Trichomonas vaginalis parasites (gray-green)
adhering to vaginal epithelial cells (pink).
Attached parasites are flattened and
amoeba-like; parasites that do not adhere
are pear-shaped. See page 207.
Image: Antonio Pereira-Neves and Marlene
Benchimol, Santa Ursula University, Rio de
Janeiro
EDITORIAL
161 Outreach Training Needed
by Alan I. Leshner
176
190
LETTERS
PTSD and Vietnam Veterans E. Vermetten et al.; 184

D. G. Kilpatrick; T. C. Buckley; B. C. Frueh
Response R. J. McNally
Response B. P. Dohrenwend et al.
Disbelievers in Evolution A. Mazur
CORRECTIONS AND CLARIFICATIONS 187
BOOKS ET AL.
A Cultural History of Modern Science in China 188
B. A. Elman, reviewed by T. S. Mullaney
Deflecting Immigration Networks, Markets, and 189
Regulation in Los Angeles
I. Light, reviewed by S. Sassen
POLICY FORUM
The Obvious War 190
M. R. Samardzija
PERSPECTIVES
Dipping into the Rare Biosphere 192
C. Pedrós-Alió
A Supernova Riddle 193
D. C. Leonard
>> Report p. 212
The Missing Years for Modern Humans 194
T. Goebel
>> Report p. 223
Electron Nematic Phase in a Transition Metal Oxide 196
E. Fradkin, S. A. Kivelson, V. Oganesyan
>> Report p. 214
A Proteomic Snapshot of Life at a Vent 198
C. R. Fisher and P. Girguis
>> Report p. 247
Amplified Silencing 199

D. C. Baulcombe
>> Reports pp. 241 and 244
Volume 315, Issue 5809
NEWS OF THE WEEK
Versatile Stem Cells Without the Ethical Baggage? 170
Consortium Wins Big Drilling Technology Contract 171
Head of Weapons Program Fired 171
Platinum in Fuel Cells Gets a Helping Hand 172
>> Science Express Report by V. R. Stamenkovic et al.; Report p. 220
In Asians and Whites, Gene Expression Varies by Race 173
SCIENCESCOPE 173
With Plutonium, Even Ceramics May Slump 174
Panel Urges Environmental Controls on Offshore 175
Aquaculture
NEWS FOCUS
Agent Orange’s Bitter Harvest 176
Fruit Fly Fight Club 180
Float Like a Butterfly, Sting Like a Bee?
GM Technology Develops in the Developing World 182
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www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 315 12 JANUARY 2007
153
CONTENTS continued >>
SCIENCE EXPRESS
www.sciencexpress.org
MATHEMATICS
Clustering by Passing Messages Between Data Points
B. J. Frey and D. Dueck

An algorithm that exchanges messages about the similarity of pairs of data points
speeds identification of representative examples in a complex data set, such as genes
in DNA data.
10.1126/science.1136800
CHEMISTRY
Improved Oxygen Reduction Activity on Pt
3
Ni(111)
via Increased Surface Site Availability
V. R. Stamenkovic et al.
The Pt-enriched outer surface layer of the close-packed (111) surface has an altered
electronic structure that favors O
2
adsorption over species such as OH.
>> News story p. 172
10.1126/science.1135941
EVOLUTION
BREVIA: Floral Gigantism in Rafflesiaceae
C. C. Davis, M. Latvis, D. L. Nickrent, K. J. Wurdack, D. A. Baum
Rafflesiaceae plants with huge flowers but neither stems nor leaves have been
evolutionarily mysterious; they are now shown to be spurges (Euphorbiaceae).
10.1126/science.1135260
CHEMISTRY
Ex Situ NMR in Highly Homogeneous Fields:
1
H Spectroscopy
J. Perlo, F. Casanova, B. Blümich
A movable array of permanent magnets can produce a homogeneous magnetic field
anywhere, allowing portable nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at high
resolution.

10.1126/science.1135499
CONTENTS
TECHNICAL COMMENT ABSTRACTS
GENETICS
Comment on “A Common Genetic Variant Is 187
Associated with Adult and Childhood Obesity”
C. Dina et al.
full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/315/5809/187b
Comment on “A Common Genetic Variant Is Associated
with Adult and Childhood Obesity”
R. J. F. Loos et al.
full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/315/5809/187c
Comment on “A Common Genetic Variant Is Associated
with Adult and Childhood Obesity”
D. Rosskopf et al.
full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/315/5809/187d
Response to Comments on “A Common Genetic Variant
Is Associated with Adult and Childhood Obesity”
A. Herbert et al.
full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/315/5809/187e
REVIEW
CELL BIOLOGY
Proteasome-Independent Functions of Ubiquitin 201
in Endocytosis and Signaling
D. Mukhopadhyay and H. Riezman
BREVIA
EVOLUTION
Haploid Females in the Parasitic Wasp 206
Nasonia vitripennis
L. W. Beukeboom et al.

Although males in most Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants, and certain
flies) are haploid and produced from unfertilized eggs, haploid
females are found in a parasitic wasp.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
MICROBIOLOGY
Draft Genome Sequence of the Sexually Transmitted 207
Pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis
J. M. Carlton et al.
A common human parasite has an unusually large and repetitive
genome that contains many genes originally from bacteria and viruses.
REPORTS
ASTRONOMY
Spectropolarimetric Diagnostics of Thermonuclear 212
Supernova Explosions
L. Wang, D. Baade, F. Patat
A survey of supernovae shows that brighter ones have more spherical
explosions, constraining the physics of burning and improving their
use as standard candles.
>> Perspective p. 193
PHYSICS
Formation of a Nematic Fluid at High Fields in 214
Sr
3
Ru
2
O
7
R. A. Borzi et al.
A pronounced anisotropy in resistance associated with a quantum
phase transition in strontium ruthenate confirms predictions of a

new state of matter—a nematic Fermi liquid.
>> Perspective p. 196
226
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Who’s helping bring
the gift of science
to everyone?
As a child I got very interested in space travel.
When I was six my father gave me some
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realized those lights in the sky I was
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I wanted to go there. And I discovered
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found that physics is a gift that is ALWAYS exciting.
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I think it’s important to join because AAAS represents
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www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 315 12 JANUARY 2007
155
CONTENTS
CONTENTS continued >>
REPORTS CONTINUED
GEOCHEMISTRY
Highly Siderophile Element Constraints on Accretion 217
and Differentiation of the Earth-Moon System
J. M. D. Day, D. G. Pearson, L. A. Taylor
Iron-loving elements in the Moon’s mantle are 5 percent as abundant
as in Earth’s mantle, implying that they were replenished less by
accretion after the Moon’s formation.
CHEMISTRY
Stabilization of Platinum Oxygen-Reduction 220
Electrocatalysts Using Gold Clusters
J. Zhang, K. Sasaki, E. Sutter, R. R. Adzic
Nanoscale gold clusters can inhibit degradation of platinum catalysts
during oxygen reduction, potentially enhancing the efficiency of fuel
cells.

>> News story p. 172
ANTHROPOLOGY
Early Upper Paleolithic in Eastern Europe and 223
Implications for the Dispersal of Modern Humans
M. V. Anikovich et al.
Dates from an archaeological site on the Don River, Russia, imply that
modern humans occupied the central plain of eastern Europe by
45,000 years ago.
>> Perspective p. 194
ANTHROPOLOGY
Late Pleistocene Human Skull from Hofmeyr, 226
South Africa, and Modern Human Origins
F. E. Grine et al.
A skull from South Africa dates to about 35,000 years ago and may
represent early modern humans that emigrated from sub-Saharan
Africa to populate Europe and Asia.
IMMUNOLOGY
Regulation of γδ Versus αβ T Lymphocyte 230
Differentiation by the Transcription Factor SOX13
H. J. Melichar et al.
A transcription factor controls the development of immune cells,
supporting growth of one of the two major subsets of T cells while
opposing differentiation of the other.
BIOCHEMISTRY
A Systems Approach to Measuring the Binding 233
Energy Landscapes of Transcription Factors
S. J. Maerkl and S. R. Quake
A microfluidic method for measuring low-affinity molecular
interactions characterizes transcription factor binding to DNA.
ECOLOGY

A Large-Scale Deforestation Experiment: Effects of 238
Patch Area and Isolation on Amazon Birds
G. Ferraz et al.
As patches of Amazon forest get smaller, they support many
fewer species of birds; as they get more isolated, bird species
are differentially lost.
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198 & 247
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Distinct Populations of Primary and Secondary 241
Effectors During RNAi in C. elegans
J. Pak and A. Fire
Secondary siRNAs Result from Unprimed 244
RNA Synthesis and Form a Distinct Class
T. Sijen, F. A. Steiner, K. L. Thijssen, R. H. A. Plasterk
In RNA-directed gene silencing in worms, an unanticipated class of
small antisense RNAs is synthesized by cellular RNA-directed RNA
polymerase.
>> Perspective p. 199
MICROBIOLOGY

Physiological Proteomics of the Uncultured 247
Endosymbiont of Riftia pachyptila
S. Markert et al.
A proteomic survey of an endosymbiotic bacterium from a
hydrothermal vent worm reveals its unusual sulfide oxidation
and carbon fixation pathways.
>> Perspective p. 198
MICROBIOLOGY
An H-NS–like Stealth Protein Aids Horizontal DNA 251
Transmission in Bacteria
M. Doyle et al.
A bacterial gene facilitates horizontal transfer of plasmids
to other bacteria by inhibiting the deleterious effects to the
recipient’s fitness that would otherwise occur.
MICROBIOLOGY
Picobiliphytes: A Marine Picoplanktonic Algal Group 253
with Unknown Affinities to Other Eukaryotes
F. Not et al.
A tiny orange eukaryote has been discovered among the plankton
of northern seas.
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www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 315 12 JANUARY 2007
157
ONLINE
SCIENCE’S STKE
www.stke.org SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION KNOWLEDGE ENVIRONMENT
PERSPECTIVE: Proline-Rich Regions in Transcriptional
Complexes—Heading in Many Directions
V. Neduva and R. B. Russell
Proteins swap domains to preserve overall organization
of a transcriptional complex.
GLOSSARY
Boost your cell signaling vocabulary with newly added
terms and definitions.
SCIENCENOW
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Mammalian Ssdp-Ldb transcription complex.
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bed to explore other such exotic phases observed
in other quantum systems where electronic
correlation dominates.
Stability from a Gold Coat
A major problem for fuel cells in automotive
applications is the tendency of the oxygen-reduc-
ing platinum cathode to dissolve during the
repeated potential cycling required for braking
and acceleration. Zhang et al. (p. 220; see the
news story by Service) found that nanometer-
scale gold clusters deposited on carbon-supported
platinum particles effectively inhibit dissolution
during electrochemical cycling experiments in a
perchloric acid electrolyte. Surprisingly, the gold
does not significantly inhibit the catalytic O
2
reduction, despite the low activity of gold alone in
this reaction. X-ray absorption near-edge spectro-
scopic studies suggest that the presence of gold
raises the platinum oxidation potential.
Out of Africa When?
Some evidence implies that modern humans

spread out from Africa some 50,000
years ago and reached central and
western Europe about 40,000
years ago. The colonization of
northern Europe and Asia has been
more difficult to date; northwestern
Europe was covered in ice, but the land
areas to the east were more open but still frigid
(see the Perspective by Goebel). Anikovich et
al. (p. 223) now show through a comparison of
radiocarbon and luminescence dating and pale-
omagnetic data that a paleolithic archaeological
Supernova Shapes
Type Ia supernovae are widely used “standard
candles” for distance measurements. Wang
et al. (p. 212, published online 30 November;
see the Perspective by Leonard) have collected
spectra in polarized light of 17 such supernovae
to investigate the geometry of these explosions.
More powerful detonations produced more
spherical ejecta, and the outer ejecta layers are
more inhomogeneous than inner ones. These
findings constrain the physics of burning in the
supernovae and tightens the luminosity relations
of type Ia supernovae that are used for cosmo-
logical measurements.
A Nematic Fermi Liquid
Previous work on strontium ruthenate has
revealed the existence of a quantum critical
point where the phase transition is driven by

magnetic fields. Borzi et al. (p. 214, published
online 23 November;
see the Perspective by
Fradkin et al.) show
that easy and hard
directions for
current flow can
be observed that
depend on the
direction of the
applied magnetic field
and that this anisotropy
breaks the tetragonal symmetry
of the underlying crystal structure. The authors
argue that their results are consistent with a
recently predicted quantum phase of matter, a
nematic Fermi liquid, and may present a test
site on the Don River, Russia (about 400 miles
south of Moscow) dates to about 45,000 years
ago. Although there are many fossils from this
time scattered throughout Europe and Asia,
ones from Africa for comparison and to test this
hypothesis are scarce. Grine et al. (p. 226)
have dated a skull first discovered in 1952 from
Hofmeyr, South Africa, to about 36,000 years
ago based on luminescence data of attached
quartz. The skull displays several features that
are more primitive than contemporaneous Euro-
pean skulls but is consistent with the emergence
of modern humans from sub-Saharan Africa.

Interference in
the Secondary
The effector molecules in RNA interference
(RNAi) are small interfering (si)RNAs. The initial
population of “primary” siRNAs, ~22-
nucleotides in length with 5’-monophosphates
groups, is generated by the Dicer nuclease.
Amplification and “spreading” of the initial
trigger population are thought to contribute to
strength of the RNAi response in a number of
systems and involves an RNA-dependent RNA
polymerase (RDRP) (see the Perspective by
Baulcombe). To investigate the nature of this
secondary response, Pak and Fire (p. 241, pub-
lished online 23 November) and Sijen et al.
(p. 244, published online 7 December) analyzed
the course of an experimentally induced RNAi
reaction in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis
elegans and also examined endogenous small
RNAs. They found distinct populations of
“secondary” siRNAs that are antisense to the
EDITED BY STELLA HURTLEY AND PHIL SZUROMI
12 JANUARY 2007 VOL 315 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org
158
CREDITS (TOP TO BOTTOM): NASA PHOTOS; BORZI ET AL.
Lunar Differentiation >>
Highly siderophile elements (HSE) are concentrated in
Earth’s core and depleted in its silicate mantle, but little is
known about their lunar distribution. Day et al. (p. 217)
present Re-Os isotope and HSE abundance data for lunar

basalts which indicate that the lunar mantle has chondritic
HSE ratios similar to Earth’s silicate mantle, but
with absolute abundances that are 20 times lower.
Thus, the silicate-metal equilibration accompany-
ing core formation must have depleted the HSEs in
the silicate mantle of both the Moon and Earth,
and continued accretion of meteoritic material
replenished their mantles with HSEs. However, this
late accretion must have terminated earlier on the
moon than Earth, and is likely related to sealing of
the lunar mantle by crust formation at or before
4.4 billion years ago.
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www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 315 12 JANUARY 2007
159
CREDIT: RICHARD O. BIERREGAARD JR.
This Week in Science
messenger RNA target, that have a di- or triphosphate moiety at their 5’ ends, and that may map
both upstream and downstream of the original dsRNA trigger. Primary siRNAs do not appear to act
as primers for RdRP, but rather guide RdRP to targeted messages for the de novo synthesis of sec-
ondary siRNAs that further boost the RNAi response.
Genome of an Often Disregarded Pathogen
Trichomonas vaginalis is a common but often neglected sexually transmitted pathogen that colonizes
the urogenital tract in men and women. Carlton et al. (p. 207; see the cover) describes its genome,
which at 160 megabases is significantly larger than any other parasitic protest known so far, and
which provides insight into the parabasilids, which lack mitochodria and peroxisomes and instead
bear organelles called hydrogenosomes. The highly repetitive nature of this genome, which expands
its genome size and hence cell volume, might provide the parasite with a selective advantage for the
phagocytosis of bacteria and host epithelial cells.

Separate Ways
Two dominant lineages of T cells (αβ and γδ T cells) are highly distinct in function and anatomical
location, yet share a common precursor within the thymus. Exactly how one cell fate is decided over
another remains unresolved. Melichar et al. (p. 230) present evidence that selection to the γδ T cell
branch in the thymus is controlled by the transcriptional factor Sox13, which supports and possibly
even initiates γδ T cell development, while opposing differentiation of their αβ T cell brethren. The
authors noted that SOX13 inhibited an important effector of the central T cell developmental signal-
ing pathway mediated by the WNT protein.
Area Versus Isolation
in Habitat Reduction
The worldwide expansion of urban
and agricultural land has led to
widespread reduction in size and
increasing isolation of natural habi-
tat patches. Ferraz et al. (p. 238)
examined this phenomenon from a
large-scale experimental perspec-
tive by quantifying the effects of
patch size and patch isolation on
the occupancy dynamics of 55
species of forest birds from the
central Amazon, Brazil. Patch-size reduction had a consistently strong and negative effect on
species occurrence, whereas the effects of isolation were often negative but varied considerably
across species. Thus, although isolation is important, many species are absent from small patches
simply because of area limitation, regardless of isolation.
One Ubiquitin, Two Ubiquitin, Three Ubiquitin, Four
The role of protein ubiquitination is well known in promoting regulated protein degradation.
Mukhopadhyay and Riezman (p. 201) review what is known about the contribution of protein ubiqui-
tination in other cellular pathways, including intracellular signaling, endocytosis and protein sorting.
Reconstructing Tube Worm Metabolism

The deep-sea hydrothermal vent tube worm (Riftia pachyptila) plays host to bacterial sulfide-oxidizing
endosymbionts. These microbes have not been cultivated, inhabit a remote and nearly inaccessible
environment, and form the basis for high degrees of primary productivity at deep-sea hydrothermal
vents. Markert et al. (p. 247; see the Perspective by Fisher and Girguis) extend the metabolic
reconstruction of the symbionts to reveal mechanisms of dealing with oxidative stress, two carbon
fixation pathways, and the sulfide oxidation pathway. In particular, they have been able to infer
relative protein stoichiometries, as well as compare symbionts in different physiological niches.
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www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 315 12 JANUARY 2007
161
CREDIT: PETER HOEY
EDITORIAL
Outreach Training Needed
SCANNING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE AND SOCIETY RECALLS CHARLES DICKENS’
lead for A Tale of Two Cities: “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times . . .” Scientific
advances are coming at an unprecedented pace, and they hold great promise for further
improving the human condition. The public is clearly happy about this. At the same time,
however, society is exhibiting increased disaffection, fostered by instances of scientific fraud
and by scientists charged with financial conflicts of interest. Perhaps worse, public skepticism
and concern are increasingly directed at scientific issues that appear to conflict with core
human values and religious beliefs or that pose conflicts with political or economic expediency.
These include embryonic stem cell research, the teaching of evolution in schools, evidence
for global climate change, and controversies over genetically modified foods. The ensuing
tension threatens to compromise the ability of the scientific enterprise to serve its broad societal
mission and may weaken societal support for science.
There is a growing consensus that to lessen this tension, scientists must engage
more fully with the public about scientific issues and the concerns that society
has about them. Efforts that focus simply on increasing public understanding
of science are not enough, because the problem is not merely a lack of
scientific comprehension. In some cases, the public generally does
understand scientific content in a fundamental way but still doesn’t like it.
Thus, the notion of public engagement goes beyond public education.
We must have a genuine dialogue with our fellow citizens about how we can
approach their concerns and what specific scientific findings mean. This
kind of outreach is being encouraged by government agencies and private
sources in Europe, Canada, and the United States. Effective public

engagement requires long-term commitment, because many issues are
complex and tension is persistent. The creationism/evolution issue showed us
this. It would be convenient to leave this task in the hands of a few representa-
tives selected especially for their communication skills, but that won’t work. Given the breadth of
issues and the intensity of the effort required, we need as many ambassadors as we can muster.
Engaging the public effectively is an acquired skill, and preparation for outreach strategies
has seldom been part of scientific training programs. There are a few exceptions, including the
Aldo Leopold Leadership Program and Research!America’s Paul G. Rogers Society for Global
Health Research. Many young colleagues are enthusiastic about discussing their work with the
public, but they also are under tremendous pressure to stick to the bench, secure hard-to-get
research grants, and publish rapidly and repeatedly in high-quality journals. Many even feel that
the culture of science actively discourages them from becoming involved in public outreach,
because it would somehow be bad for their careers.
What can be done? First, the scientific reward system needs to support our colleagues’
efforts to interact with the general public concerning their work and its implications. Funding
agencies such as the Wellcome Trust and the U.S. National Science Foundation and National
Institutes of Health have begun encouraging the scientists they support to include outreach
efforts in their proposals. Academic institutions need to join in this chorus by rewarding faculty
members who fulfill commitments to such work. That will entail putting public outreach efforts
among the metrics used to decide promotion and tenure.
Second, university science departments should design specific programs to train graduate
students and postdoctoral fellows in public communication. Unfortunately, this means adding
yet another element to already overtaxed research training programs. Many students acquire
teaching experience through assistantships, but public engagement activities are different and
require other strategies. We need to add media and communications training to the scientific
training agenda.
This will doubtless be an additional burden on existing systems. Unfortunately, there is no
alternative. If science is going to fully serve its societal mission in the future, we need to both
encourage and equip the next generation of scientists to effectively engage with the broader
society in which we work and live.

– Alan I. Leshner
10.1126/science.1138712
Alan I. Leshner is chief
executive officer of AAAS
and executive publisher
of Science.
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envision making similar composites using a
shear-thickening fluid, which responds in accor-
dance with its rate of deformation and so would
not require a magnetic field to adaptively alter its
properties. — MSL
Smart Mater. Struct. 16, 106 (2007).
MICROBIOLOGY
A Fluke Migration
Parasites in the trematode family, which
includes liver flukes and schistosomes, have
fantastically complicated life cycles that often
involve snails and other aquatic hosts, as well
as birds and mammals that prey on the inter-
mediate hosts. Mud snails are small estuarine
species that can harbor the intermediate stages
of many species of trematode. A century ago on
the coast of California, the Japanese mud snail
was accidentally introduced when oysters were
imported; it can outcom-
pete the native snails
partly because it is
victimized by fewer

trematodes parasites—
only three.
Miura et al. have
studied the population
genetics of these travel-
ing trematodes and
have found a different
itinerary for each. The
most common North
American species is also
162
CREDITS (TOP TO BOTTOM): JOHN N. LOUIE/UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO; RYAN HECHINGER
EDITORS’CHOICE
MATERIALS SCIENCE
Adapting to the Blow
Designing equipment to protect an individual
from a collision or impact often requires compro-
mises between safety and comfort. For example,
seat cushions, armrests, or headrests need to be
fairly soft and compliant to be comfortable, but
under these conditions they fail to absorb much
energy in a collision. Deshmukh and McKinley
have designed a series of adaptive energy-
absorbing materials using polyurethane foams
impregnated with a magnetorheological fluid
(MRF). An MRF consists of a suspension of
micometer-sized magnetizable particles, which
flow like water under normal conditions. When
subjected to a magnetic field, however, the parti-
cles align with the field to form columns or

aggregates that must be deformed or broken
under flow; thus the field confers considerable
stiffness. This adaptability is in turn
transferred to the foam when an MRF
coats the struts of its open cells, offer-
ing a means of stiffening upon stress.
Application of magnetic fields in the
0-to-0.2 tesla range effectively modu-
lated the energy absorbed by these
composite foams by up to a factor of
50. A scaling model allowed the
authors to express all of the response
data on a single curve governed by
only three parameters, a convenient
framework for tuning the properties of
the composite. Furthermore, they
GEOLOGY
Upheaval Down Under
New Zealand sits astride a transition from a west-dipping subduction zone
toward the north (responsible for the volcanism of the North Island) to an
east-dipping subduction zone toward the south. The transition forms a sys-
tem of right-lateral strike-slip faults that have produced the dramatic
topography of the South Island, as well as several large earthquakes. One
of these was the 1855 magnitude 8.2 temblor on the Wairarapa Fault just
east of the city of Wellington. Rodgers and Little remeasured offsets pro-
duced by this earthquake and conclude that the ground slipped by as much
as 18 m, an enormous amount for a strike-slip fault. For comparison, the
devastating 1906 San Francisco earthquake produced a maximum of about
6 m of slip at the surface. Furthermore, the earthquake extended laterally
only about 150 km (versus 480 km for the 1906 quake). An earlier quake

may have produced surface slip of 14 m. The authors explain the paradox of
a huge slip and short surface rupture by suggesting that the Wairarapa
Fault extends deep into the crust, connecting with the northern-dipping
subduction zone at depth. — BH
J. Geophys. Res. 111, B12408 (2006).
the most common one in northeastern Japan,
whereas the rarest one was found only at Elkhorn
Slough and at the original oyster source in Mat-
sushima Bay. The third showed a striking level of
genetic diversity, rarely seen in introduced
species and probably due to its repeated re-
importation by migrating shore birds. Before the
accidental entry of its preferred host (native mud
snails simply won’t do), this trematode was
merely a passenger in transit. — CA
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 19818 (2006).
CHEMISTRY
Pinned Propeller
Many coordination complexes have been prepared
with threefold symmetry. However, exploiting chi-
rality in such compounds tends to be challenging,
in some cases because labile ligands scramble
their orientation about the metal center, and in
others because there is no feasible means of
asymmetric induction in the synthesis, which
therefore affords a racemic product mixture that
must be laboriously resolved. Most chiral catalysts
instead rely on a twofold symmetric motif.
Axe et al. have used an embedded ligand
stereocenter to direct and enforce the threefold

helical chirality of a tris(phenolate) titanium
complex. Their tetradentate ligand consists of a
central nitrogen atom bound through benzylic
carbons to three alkyl-substituted phenol rings.
One of these benzylic carbons also bears a
methyl group in an enantiopure configuration.
When the ligand reacts with a Ti(IV) precursor,
EDITED BY GILBERT CHIN AND JAKE YESTON
12 JANUARY 2007 VOL 315 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org
A free-swimming
trematode.
Wairarapa Fault
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www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 315 12 JANUARY 2007
the phenyl rings fan out in a propeller arrange-
ment around the metal, and the methyl group
induces a specific helical cant. Nuclear magnetic
resonance spectroscopy confirmed exclusive for-
mation of a single diastereomer in solution. The
structure was likewise characterized in the solid
state by x-ray crystallography. — JSY
Org. Lett. 10.1021/ol062655w (2006).
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
A Microbial Mystery
One consequence of the widespread access to
DNA sequencing machines and the accompanying
proliferation of genomes and genes is a renewed
focus on RNA. As the most labile and hard-to-
handle biological polymer, it had been valued

primarily as a carrier (messenger RNA and trans-
fer RNA) of information or as a structural, and
occasionally functional, macromolecule (riboso-
mal RNA). Noncoding RNAs of the micro and
small interfering kinds have taken center stage
recently, along with riboswitches, which exhibit
small molecule–induced conformational changes
that regulate gene expression.
Puerta-Fernandez et al. have identified a large
noncoding RNA (approximately 600 nucleotides
in length) on the basis of a sequence that is highly
conserved across 15 microbes that inhabit harsh
environments (defined as extremes of pH, salt, or
temperature). A consensus
model of secondary
structure reveals con-
served regions within
loops and bulges, sug-
gesting that there are
likely to be functional
constraints on its tertiary
structure, though what this func-
tion might be is a mystery. Nearby
genes do not fall into a single type of
metabolic pathway, but immediately downstream
in 14 out of the 15 bacterial genomes is a puta-
tive membrane protein that may form a complex
with this enigmatic RNA. — GJC
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 19490 (2006).
CELL BIOLOGY

Growing Old and Falling to Pieces
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, yet
experience a remarkably tumultuous life, repeat-
edly fusing with each other and then parting in a
fissional process. This lifestyle seems to take its
toll, and in aged cells, mitochondria are often
found in pieces.
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Scheckhuber et al. examined mitochondrial
morphology in yeast and in cells of a filamen-
tous fungus as they aged. Young cells flaunted a
filamentous network of mitochondria, whereas
discrete mitochondria populated older cells.
When mitochondrial fission was blocked, by
deleting the mitochondrial fission protein
dynamin-related protein 1, cells stayed younger
longer and did not suffer the loss of fitness when
compared to normally aging cells in other long-
lived strains. It seems that reductions in mito-
chondrial fission can actually extend the life
span of a cell, possibly by diminishing its suscep-
tibility to mitochondria-induced apoptosis.
Because similar mitochondrial dynamics are
observed elsewhere, it will be interesting to see if
reductions in mitochondrial fission can increase
the healthy life span of other organisms. — SMH
Nat. Cell Biol. 10.1038/ncb1524 (2006).
BIOMEDICINE
Unstable Neighbors
Solid tumors may be conceptualized as a malig-
nant mass of epithelial cells, but in fact they

contain normal cells such as fibroblasts and the
endothelial and smooth muscle cells that com-
pose tumor blood vessels. The molecular conver-
sations between malignant cells and these stro-
mal cells can profoundly influence tumor growth;
thus, stromal cells have become possible targets
for cancer therapy. In contrast to tumor
cells, stromal cells are widely believed
to be genetically stable and hence
would not be expected to develop
resistance to therapy.
Pelham et al. have investigated the
possibility that tumor-associated stro-
mal cells, like their malignant neigh-
bors, acquire genetic alterations dur-
ing tumor progression. They used
high-resolution DNA copy-number analy-
sis to study human breast and colorectal
tumors that had grown in mice for 30 to 150
days, an experimental design that allowed the
stromal components to be readily identified by
virtue of their mouse origin. Surprisingly, the
stromal cells had undergone amplification or
deletion of several genes, some of which can
plausibly be linked to tumorigenesis. The magni-
tude of the genetic changes suggests that clones
of mutant host cells had been selected for during
tumor establishment or progression. Whether
these changes reflect a selective pressure placed
on stromal cells by the tumor in order to invoke a

favorable microenvironment or, conversely, a
host-initiated selection of mutant stromal cells
designed to suppress tumor progression is not
yet clear. — PAK
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 19848 (2006).
163
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structure.
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CREDIT: PUERTA-FERNANDEZ ET AL., PROC. NATL. ACAD. SCI. U.S.A. 103, 19490 (2006)
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12 JANUARY 2007 VOL 315 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org
164
John I. Brauman, Chair, Stanford Univ.
Richard Losick, Harvard Univ.
Robert May, Univ. of Oxford
Marcia McNutt, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Inst.
Linda Partridge, Univ. College London

Vera C. Rubin, Carnegie Institution of Washington
Christopher R. Somerville, Carnegie Institution
George M. Whitesides, Harvard University
Joanna Aizenberg, Bell Labs/Lucent
R. McNeill Alexander, Leeds Univ.
David Altshuler, Broad Institute
Arturo Alvarez-Buylla, Univ. of California, San Francisco
Richard Amasino, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison
Meinrat O. Andreae, Max Planck Inst., Mainz
Kristi S. Anseth, Univ. of Colorado
John A. Bargh, Yale Univ.
Cornelia I. Bargmann, Rockefeller Univ.
Brenda Bass, Univ. of Utah
Ray H. Baughman, Univ. of Texas, Dallas
Stephen J. Benkovic, Pennsylvania St. Univ.
Michael J. Bevan, Univ. of Washington
Ton Bisseling, Wageningen Univ.
Mina Bissell, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab
Peer Bork, EMBL
Dianna Bowles, Univ. of York
Robert W. Boyd, Univ. of Rochester
Dennis Bray, Univ. of Cambridge
Stephen Buratowski, Harvard Medical School
Jillian M. Buriak, Univ. of Alberta
Joseph A. Burns, Cornell Univ.
William P. Butz, Population Reference Bureau
Doreen Cantrell, Univ. of Dundee
Peter Carmeliet, Univ. of Leuven, VIB
Gerbrand Ceder, MIT
Mildred Cho, Stanford Univ.

David Clapham, Children’s Hospital, Boston
David Clary, Oxford University
J. M. Claverie, CNRS, Marseille
Jonathan D. Cohen, Princeton Univ.
Stephen M. Cohen, EMBL
Robert H. Crabtree, Yale Univ.
F. Fleming Crim, Univ. of Wisconsin
William Cumberland, UCLA
George Q. Daley, Children’s Hospital, Boston
Edward DeLong, MIT
Robert Desimone, MIT
Dennis Discher, Univ. of Pennsylvania
W. Ford Doolittle, Dalhousie Univ.
Jennifer A. Doudna, Univ. of California, Berkeley
Julian Downward, Cancer Research UK
Denis Duboule, Univ
. of Geneva
Christopher Dye, WHO
Ric
hard Ellis, Cal Tech
Gerhard Ertl, Fritz-Haber-Institut, Berlin
Douglas H. Erwin, Smithsonian Institution
Barry Everitt, Univ. of Cambridge
Paul G. Falkowski, Rutgers Univ.
Ernst Fehr, Univ. of Zurich
Tom Fenchel, Univ. of Copenhagen
Alain Fischer, INSERM
Jeffrey S. Flier, Harvard Medical School
Chris D. Frith, Univ. College London
John Gearhart, Johns Hopkins Univ.

H. C. J. Godfray, Univ. of Oxford
Jennifer M. Graves, Australian National Univ.
Christian Haass, Ludwig Maximilians Univ.
Dennis L. Hartmann, Univ. of Washington
Chris Hawkesworth, Univ. of Bristol
Martin Heimann, Max Planck Inst., Jena
James A. Hendler, Univ. of Maryland
Ray Hilborn, Univ. of Washington
Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Univ. of Queensland
Ary A. Hoffmann, La Trobe Univ.
Ronald R. Hoy, Cornell Univ.
Evelyn L. Hu, Univ. of California, SB
Olli Ikkala, Helsinki Univ. of Technology
Meyer B. Jackson, Univ. of Wisconsin Med. School
Stephen Jackson, Univ. of Cambridge
Daniel Kahne, Harvard Univ.
Bernhard Keimer, Max Planck Inst., Stuttgart
Elizabeth A. Kellog, Univ. of Missouri, St. Louis
Alan B. Krueger, Princeton Univ.
Lee Kump, Penn State
Mitchell A. Lazar, Univ. of Pennsylvania
Virginia Lee, Univ. of Pennsylvania
Anthony J. Leggett, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Michael J. Lenardo, NIAID, NIH
Norman L. Letvin, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Olle Lindvall, Univ. Hospital, Lund
Richard Losick, Harvard Univ.
Ke Lu, Chinese Acad. of Sciences
Andrew P. MacKenzie, Univ. of St. Andrews
Raul Madariaga, École Normale Supérieure, Paris

Anne Magurran, Univ. of St. Andrews
Michael Malim, King’s College, London
Virginia Miller, Washington Univ.
Yasushi Miyashita, Univ. of Tokyo
Edvard Moser, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology
Andrew Murray, Harvard Univ.
Naoto Nagaosa, Univ. of Tokyo
James Nelson,
Stanford Univ. School of Med.
Roeland Nolte, Univ
. of Nijmegen
Helga Nowotn
y, European Research Advisory Board
Eric N. Olson, Univ. of Texas, SW
Erin O’Shea, Harvard Univ.
Elinor Ostrom, Indiana Univ.
Jonathan T. Overpeck, Univ. of Arizona
John Pendry, Imperial College
Philippe Poulin, CNRS
Mary Power, Univ. of California, Berkeley
Molly Przeworski, Univ. of Chicago
David J. Read, Univ. of Sheffield
Les Real, Emory Univ.
Colin Renfrew, Univ. of Cambridge
Trevor Robbins, Univ. of Cambridge
Barbara A. Romanowicz, Univ. of California, Berkeley
Nancy Ross, Virginia Tech
Edward M. Rubin, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab
Gary Ruvkun, Mass. General Hospital
J. Roy Sambles, Univ. of Exeter

David S. Schimel, National Center for Atmospheric Research
Georg Schulz, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Paul Schulze-Lefert, Max Planck Inst., Cologne
Terrence J. Sejnowski, The Salk Institute
David Sibley, Washington Univ.
Montgomery Slatkin, Univ. of California, Berkeley
George Somero, Stanford Univ.
Joan Steitz, Yale Univ.
Thomas Stocker, Univ. of Bern
Jerome Strauss, Virginia Commonwealth Univ.
Marc Tatar, Brown Univ.
Glenn Telling, Univ. of Kentucky
Marc Tessier-Lavigne, Genentech
Michiel van der Klis, Astronomical Inst. of Amsterdam
Derek van der Kooy, Univ. of Toronto
Bert Vogelstein, Johns Hopkins
Christopher A. Walsh, Harvard Medical School
Graham Warren, Yale Univ. School of Med.
Colin Watts, Univ. of Dundee
Julia R. Weertman, Northwestern Univ.
Ellen D. Williams, Univ. of Maryland
R. Sanders Williams, Duke University
Ian A. Wilson, The Scripps Res. Inst.
Jerry Workman, Stowers Inst. for Medical Research
John R. Yates III, The Scripps Res. Inst.
Martin Zatz, NIMH, NIH
Huda Zoghbi, Baylor College of Medicine
Maria Zuber, MIT
John Aldrich, Duke Univ.
David Bloom, Harvard Univ.

Angela Creager, Princeton Univ.
Richard Shweder, Univ
. of Chicago
Ed W
asserman, DuPont
Lewis Wolpert, Univ. College, London
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AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals proudly announcesthe
22
nd
Annual Excellence in Chemistry Award Winners
At AstraZeneca, we recognize that advances in medicine rely on innovations in
chemistry. As a commitment to future advances, each year we award talented
academic researchers who, early in their careers, have made outstanding
contributions to synthetic, mechanistic, or bioorganicchemistry. In selecting these
awardees, ourseniorscientists consult a world-leading chemist, who also serves
as the distinguished lecturer. This year marks the 22
nd
year of the AstraZeneca

Excellence in Chemistry Award.
With best wishes for continued innovation and excellence in chemical research,
AstraZeneca congratulates this year’s award winners.
www.astrazeneca-us.com © 2006 AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP 11/06
Awardees:
Professor Jeffrey Bode
University of California, Santa Barbara
Professor Melanie Sanford
University of Michigan
Distinguished Lecturer
:
Professor Stephen Buchwald
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Pictured from left are Jeffrey Bode, Daniel Hill (Committee Chair), Melanie Sanford and Stephen Buchwald.
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Who’s working
to increase support
for science?
Top quality research depends on comprehensive support.
AAAS is present at every stage of the process – from
advising on funding policy initiatives to tracking the US
Federal R&D budgeting process. As the experts, we
brief Congressional staffers and representatives from
governments around the world. And only AAAS Funding
Updates – sent out monthly – provide continual coverage
of R&D appropriations. By actively working to increase
support for research, AAAS advances science.
To see how, go to
www.aaas.org/support

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www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 315 12 JANUARY 2007
167
RANDOMSAMPLES
EDITED BY CONSTANCE HOLDEN
Japan is ratcheting up the information age
another notch—using Tokyo’s famous Ginza
shopping district as the test bed for a scheme to
beam location-specific directions to pedestrians.
Those equipped with Internet-accessible mobile
phones or special hand-held terminals provided
by project organizers will be able to summmon
up directions or information about surrounding
shops and restaurants.
The Ginza trial, to run for 3 months
beginning 21 January, is part of the Tokyo
Ubiquitous Network Project. The project is the
brainchild of University of Tokyo computer
scientist Ken Sakamura, who has made a name
for himself urging that computing capabilities
be built into virtually everything.
Pedestrians with hand-held terminals will
have their location automatically pinpointed
by some 10,000 wireless and infrared beacons
and radio frequency identification tags
mounted on streetlamps and buildings along
roughly 12 blocks of two major streets in
Ginza. They will be able to choose from
options presented on the screen. People

with camera-equipped phones can take a
snapshot of two-dimensional bar codes placed
throughout the area. They will then be con-
nected to special Internet pages that describe
what’s around them and include ads for
local establishments—in Japanese, English,
Chinese, or Korean.
“This is at the experimental phase,
but we’re hoping it will be adopted widely,”
says Chika Satou of Tokyo’s Bureau of Urban
Development. She says shoppers will be
surveyed for their opinions.
Creationism at the
Grand Canyon
A government watchdog group is still fretting
about the fact that there’s a creationist book in
the Grand Canyon’s bookstore.
Three years ago, seven scientific groups
wrote the National Park Service (NPS) asking
that the bookstore remove The Grand Canyon:
A Different View, by Tom Vail, which claims the
canyon was formed about 4500 years ago,
from its science bookshelf (Science, 16 January
2004, p. 308). In response, NPS
geologists reviewed the book and
concluded that it should not be
sold at all. NPS officials compro-
mised, moving the book to the
store’s “inspirational” section.
The Washington, D.C.–based

Public Employees for Environmental
Responsibility (PEER) maintains
that this still violates NPS policies
that all materials available to the
public “should be of the highest
accuracy and have undergone peer
review,” says its executive director,
Jeff Ruch. On 28 December 2006, PEER wrote
NPS Director Mary Bomar to renew its demand
that the book be banned from the store. At the
same time, PEER put out a press release claiming
that park personnel are not permitted to tell
visitors the Grand Canyon’s true age of 5 mil-
lion to 6 million years.
NPS has emphatically denied this charge.
As for the book, Corky Mayo, NPS’s manager
for interpretation and education, defends the
park service decision, saying, “Our job is not to
convince the public how to think.”
Deliciously Inefficient
Coffee may be the fuel that keeps many of us
going, but a coffeepot makes a lousy engine.
As part of a project to explore the physics of
kitchen devices, physicist Concetto Gianino of
the Institute of Advanced Secondary Instruction
“Q. Cataudella” in Scicli, Italy, and his students
analyzed the classic moka coffeepot—a two-
chambered device that sits
atop a burner. When water in
the lower chamber boils, the

pressurized vapor drives the
remaining liquid through a fil-
ter packed with coffee and into
the upper chamber. Comparing
the work done pushing the
water into the upper chamber
to the heat energy absorbed by
the boiler, the group found that
the pot turned heat into work
with an efficiency of 0.02%—
compared to about 20% for a
typical steam engine. Gianino, who reports the
work in the January American Journal of Physics,
notes in the moka’s defense that its job is not to
move water efficiently but to flavor it.
“This is the best way to show physics to
young people,” says physicist Antonino Foti of
the University of Catania. “You couple the image
of a coffeepot to the physics of a heat engine,
and students never forget it.”
CREDITS (TOP TO BOTTOM): AP; ISTITUTO DI ISTRUZIONE SECONDARIA SUPERIORE; MARGE GIBSON
Keeping Tabs on Killer Tabbies
They may look winsome curled up on the couch,
but cats are serial killers. The estimated 90 million
domestic cats in the United States slaughter more
than 1 billion birds and other small animals
each year. A new questionnaire from the
American Bird Conservancy (ABC) in
Washington, D.C., lets the general public detail
attacks on wildlife by cats and other predators

such as dogs and hawks.
These eyewitness reports will allow researchers at
ABC to answer questions such as whether feral or pet
cats take a larger toll. By comparing the results to those
of previous surveys, scientists will also be able to assess
whether the rising popularity of feline pets is translating
into a higher body count. (The conservancy not surpris-
ingly wants people to keep their cats indoors.)
You can read more about the impact of cats on
wildlife and fill out the survey at www.abcbirds.org/cats.
CONNECTED IN GINZA
NET
WATCH
Dining out.
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b
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www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 315 12 JANUARY 2007
169
NEWS MAKERS
EDITED BY KELLI WHITLOCK BURTON
DREAM COME TRUE. A Harvard psychiatrist celebrated New Year’s
Day by opening a sleep museum he hopes will awaken adolescents
to the wonders of the brain.
The Dreamstage Sleep and Brain Science Museum, created by
Allan Hobson, is housed in a renovated 150-year-old barn in Burke,
Vermont, and features a sleep lab and videos displaying various
aspects of sleeping and dreaming. “What I’m doing up here is about
the brain; most people don’t even know they have one,” says
Hobson, 73. That is, they don’t understand that everything they

experience “is a function of brain activity.”
Hobson, former director of the Laboratory of Neurophysiology
at the Massachusetts Mental Health Center, moved his equipment to
Vermont in 2003 when funding cuts closed his sleep lab. A longtime
advocate of education reform in medical schools and elsewhere,
Hobson believes that exposing young people to the complex and
fragile organ in their skulls will make them think twice before poi-
soning it with drugs. He plans to open the museum to educators
interested in teaching students about brain function.
In the News
ON CAMPUS
SCARY DATA PROCESSING. Anne Jefferson
hadn’t planned on her experimental stream-
flow data returning to her lab at Oregon State
University in Corvallis in a police evidence
bag, but it sure beat the alternative. She
thought they had been blown to smithereens
by police who
believed the data
recorders, left in the
trunk of a rental car,
were bombs.
Jefferson’s salva-
tion was the nature of
the experiment. The
small, perforated
plastic tubes filled
with gravel and disks
with flashing green
lights naturally

caught the attention
of an Avis car cleaner near the Minneapolis
airport on 17 December. The recorders were
designed to record temperature as water flows
through the gravel, part of a study of gravel
bed formation and evolution. Fortunately for
Jefferson, the police used high-pressure water
to detonate the suspected bombs, and the
recorders—designed for just such a situa-
tion—continued recording.
Jefferson says she learned as much from
the experience as from the data she recov-
ered. “If you’ve got an opportunity to down-
Got a tip for this page? E-mail
load data before you travel, do it.” And of
course, “don’t leave things in the trunk.”
MOVERS
REVOLVING DOOR. Alcino Silva was barely
installed as scientific director at the Bethesda,
Maryland, National Institute of Mental Health
(NIMH) before he stepped down in December,
just 3 weeks after giving his inaugural talk to
the faculty. Silva and his boss, NIMH chief
Thomas Insel, say the decision was mutual.
Silva came to NIMH in October from
the faculty of the University of California,
Los Angeles, with the goal of creating small,
intramural labs to scout for new research
projects. Insel agreed with this goal, says
Silva, “but we disagreed on some details”

of how to go about it. For his part, Insel says
it would be “too strong” to say that he and
Silva disagreed. Silva’s agenda for rapid
change worried senior staff; it was “not a
good fit,” says Insel.
NIMH Deputy Director Richard Nakamura
has stepped in as acting science director.
An independent review of the affair is under
way to help the agency understand what went
wrong. NIMH also plans a full-scale review of
its research program in 2007.
KNIGHTED. Her Majesty the Queen
rarely bestows knighthood on aca-
demics outside the United Kingdom.
So the announcement that J. Fraser
Stoddart, a chemist at the University
of California, Los Angeles, would
receive the honor was “a bolt out of
the blue,” he says.
Stoddart, however, is a special
case. The Scottish-born researcher’s work in mechanical bonds—the use of interconnected rings
or ring-and-dumbbell structures—has revolutionized biochemistry, offering nanotechnology
researchers a new set of building blocks not found in nature. The work could lead to advances
such as molecular switches and cancer-cell detection devices.
Stoddart says some 300 former and present graduate students and postdocs had a hand in his
success, as well as his late wife, Norma Stoddart, who died in 2004. “She asked the searching
questions,” he says.
Awards >>
CREDITS (TOP TO BOTTOM): CARLA OCCASO; JAMES JARVIS; REED HUTCHINSON
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