Pipeline and risers (elsevier ocean engineering series)

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PIPELINES
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ELSEVIER OCEAN
ENGINEERING
BOOK
SERIES
VOLUME
3
PIPELINES
AND
RISERS
YONG
BAI
Stavanger University College, N-409
1
Stavanger, Norway
and
American
Bureau

of
Shipping, Houston,
TX
77060,
USA
OCEAN ENGINEERING SERIES EDITORS
R.
Bhattacharyya
US
Naval Academy,
Annapolis,
MD,
USA
M.E. McCormick
The Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore,
MD,
USA
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V
SERIES
PREFACE
In this day and age, humankind has come to the realization that the
Earth's resources are limited.
In
the
19'h
and 20th Centuries, these resources
have been exploited to such an extent that their availability to future
generations is now in question.
In
an attempt
to
reverse this march towards
self-destruction, we have turned out attention to the oceans, realizing that
these bodies
of
water
are

both sources for potable water, food and minerals
and are relied upon for World commerce.
In
order to help engineers more
knowledgeably and constructively exploit the oceans, the
Elsevier
Ocean
Engineering
Book
Series
has been created.
The
Elsevier Ocean Engineering
Book
Series
gives experts in
various
areas
of
ocean technology the opportunity to relate to others their
knowledge and expertise.
In
a continual process, we are assembling world-
class technologists who have both the desire and the ability to write books.
These individuals select the subjects for their books based on their educational
backgrounds
and
professional experiences.
The series differs from other ocean engineering book series
in

that the
books are directed
more
towards technology than science, with a few
exceptions. Those exceptions we judge to have immediate applications to
many of the ocean technology fields.
Our goal is to cover the broad areas
of
naval architecture, coastal engineering, ocean engineering acoustics, marine
systems engineering, applied oceanography, ocean energy conversion, design
of offshore structures, reliability of ocean structures and systems and many
others. The books
are
written
so
that readers entering the topic fields can
acquire a working level of expertise from their readings.
We hope that the books
in
the series are well-received
by
the ocean
engineering community.
Ramesw ar Bhattacharyy a
Michael
E.
McCorrnick
Series
Editors

vii
FOREWORD
This new book provides the reader with a scope and depth of detail related to the design of
offshore pipelines and risers, probably not seen before in a textbook format. With the benefit
of nearly
20
years of experience, Professor Yong Bai has been able to assimilate the essence
of the applied mechanics aspects of offshore pipeline system design in a form of value to
students and designers alike. The text is well supported by a considerable body of reference
material to which Professor Yong Bai himself has made a substantial contribution over his
career.
I
have been in the field
of
pipeline engineering for
the
best part of
25
years and
in
that time have seen the processes involved becoming better and better understood. This book
further adds to that understanding.
Marine pipelines for the transportation of oil and gas have become a safe and reliable part
of
the expanding infrastructure put
in
place
for
the development of
the

valuable resources below
the world's seas and oceans. The design of these pipelines is a relatively young technology
and involves a relatively small body of specialist engineers and researchers worldwide. In
the early
1980's
when Professor Yong Bai began his career in pipelines, the technology was
very different than it is today, being adapted from other branches of hydrodynamics,
mechanical and marine engineering using code definitions and safety factors proven
in
other
applications but not specific to the complex hydrodynamic-structure-seabed interactions seen
in
the behaviour of what
is
outwardly a simple tubular lying on or slightly below the seabed.
Those designs worked then and many of the systems installed, including major oil and gas
trunklines installed in the hostile waters of the North Sea, remain in safe service today. What
has happened in the intervening period is that pipeline design processes have matured and
have been adapted and evolved
to
be fit for purpose for today's more cost effective pipelines;
and will continue to evolve for future application in the inevitable move into deeper waters
and more hostile environments.
An aspect of the marine pipeline industry, rarely understood by those engineers working
in
land based design and construction, is the more critical need for a 'right first time' approach
in
light of the expense and complexity
of
the materials and the installation facilities involved,

and the inability to simply 'go back and fix it' after the fact when your pipeline is sitting in
water depths well beyond diver depth and only accessible by robotic systems. Money spent
on good engineering up front is money well spent indeed and again a specific fit for purpose
modem approach is central to the best in class engineering practice requisite for this right
first time philosophy. Professor Yong Bai has made important contributions
to
this coming
of age of our industry and the benefit of his work and knowledge is available to those who
read and use this book.
It is well recognised that the natural gas resources in the world's ocean are gaining increasing
importance as an energy source to help fuel world economic growth in the established and
emerging economies alike. Pipelines carry a special role in the development and production
of gas reserves since, at this point in time, they provide one of the most reliable means for
transportation given that fewer options are available than for
the
movement of hydrocarbon
liquids. Add to this
the
growing need
to
provide major transportation infrastructure between
gas producing regions and countries wishing to import gas, and future oil transmission
systems, then
the
requirement for new offshore pipelines appears to be set for several years to
come. Even today, plans for pipeline transportation infrastructure
are
in development for
regions with more hostile environments and deeper waters than would have
been

thought
viii
achievable even ten years ago. The challenges are out there and the industry needs a
continuous influx of young pipeline engineers ready to meet those challenges. Professor
Yong Bai has given
us,
in
this
volume,
an
excellent source
of
up to date practices and
knowledge
to
help equip those who wish
to
be
part of the exciting future advances to come in
our industry.
Dr Phillip
W
J
Raven
Group Managing Director
J
P Kenny Group of Companies
ix
PREFACE
This book is written for engineers who work on pipelines, risers and piping. It summarizes the

author’s
18
years research and engineering experience at universities, classification societies
and design offices.
It
is intended to develop this book
as
a textbook for graduate students,
design guidelines for engineers and references for researchers. It is hoped that this book may
also
be used for design of offshore structures as it mainly addresses applied mechanics and
desigdengineering.
Starting from August
1998,
the book has been used in
a
teaching course for
MSc.
students at
Stavanger University College and IBC training course for engineers in pipeline and riser
industries.
The preparation of the book is motivated by recent developments
in
research and engineering
and new design codes. There is a need for such a book to educate more pipeline engineers and
provide materials for on-job training on the use of new design codes and guides.
Thanks is given to my colleagues who have guided me into this field: Prof. Torgeir Moan at
Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Prof. Robert Bea and Prof.
A.
Mansour at

University of California at Berkeley; Prof. Preben Temdrup Pedersen at Technical University
of Denmark Prof. Tetsuya Yao at Hiroshima University; and Chief Engineer Per A. Damsleth
at
J
P Kenny
A/S
(Now part of ABB Offshore Systems AS). The friendship and technical
advice from these great scientists and engineers have been very helpful to generate basis for
this book.
As the Chief Engineer, Per Damsleth has given the author a lot of advice and supports during
last years. Managing Director Jan-Erik Olssm and Engineering Manager Gawain Langford of
J P Kenny
AIS
are acknowledged for a friendly and creative atmosphere.
Dr.
Ruxin Song and
Terjer Clausen at Brown
&
Root Energy Services (Halliburton) are appreciated for their
advice on risers and bundles. Jens Chr. Jensen and Mark S@rheim
are
deeply appreciated for
editing assistance during preparation of the book. Senior Vice President Dr. Donald Liu at
ABS provided guidance and encouragement for the completion of this book.
Special thanks to my wife, Hua Peng, daughter Lihua and son Carl for their love,
understanding and support that have been very important for the author to continue many
years of hard work and international traveling in different cultures, languages and working
environments.
Professor Yong Bai
Stavanger University College, N-4091 Stavanger, NORWAY

and
American Bureau of Shipping, Houston, TX
77060,
USA

Contents
XI
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
Series
Preface
Foreword
Preface
V
vii
ix
Chapter
1
Introduction
1
1.1
Introduction

1
1.2 Design Stages and Process

1
1.2.1 Design Stages

1
1.2.2 Design Process

4
Pipeline Design Analysis

9
1.4.1 General

9
1.4.2 Pipeline Stress Checks

9
1.4.3 Span Analysis

IO
1.4.4 On-bottom Stability Analysis

11
1.4.5 Expansion Analysis

14
1.3
I
.
4
Design Through Analysis (DTA)

7
1.4.6 Buckling Analysis

14
I
.
4.7 Pipeline Installatio

17
1.5
Pipeline Simulator

19
1.6 References

Chapter
2
Wall-thickness and Material Grade Selection
23
2.1 General

23
2.1.
I
General

23
2.1.2 Pipeline Design Codes

23
Material Grade Selection

24
2.2.1 General Principle

24
2.2.2 Fabrication, Installation and Operating Cost Considerations

25
2.2.3
Pressure Containment (hoop stress) Design

26
2.3.1 General

26
2.3.2
2.3.3 Hoop Stress Criterion
of
ABS
(2000)

28
2.3.4 API
RPl
11
1
(1998)

2Y
2.2
Material Grade Optimization

25
Hoop Stress Criterion
of
DNV (2000)

27
2.3
2.4 Equivalent
Stress
Criterion

2.5 Hydrostatic Collapse

2.6
2.7
2.8 References

36
Wall Thickness and Length Design
for
Buckle Arrestors

34
Buckle
Arrestor Spacing Design

35
Chapter 3 BucklinglCollapse of Deepwater Metallic
Pipes

39
3.1
General

3.2
Pipe Capacity under Single Load

40
3.2.1
General

40
3.2.2 External Pressure

41
3.2.3
3.2.4 Pure Bending


46
3.2.5 Pure Internal Pressure

46
3.2.6 Pure Tension

46
3.2.7 Pure Compression
.

47

Bending Moment Capacity

44
XI1
Contents
3.3
Pipe Capacity under Couple
Load

47
Combined Pressure and Axial Force

47
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
Finite Element Model
55
3.5.1 General

55
3.5.2
3.5.3
3.5.4
Combined External Pressure and Bending

48
Pipes under Pressure Axial Force and Bending

49
The Location of the Fully Plastic Neutral Axis

51
The Bending Moment

5
1
Analytical Solution Versus Finite Element Results 56
Capacity of Pipes Subjected to Single Loads

56
Capacity of Pipes Subjected to Combined Loads

58
3.4
Case 1 -Corroded Area in Compression

49
3.5

3.6 References 61
Chapter
4
Limit-state based Strength Design
63
4.1 Introduction

63

Out of Roundness Serviceability Limit

64
Hoop Stress
vs
. Equivalent
Stress
Criteria

65
Bursting Strength Criteria for Pipeline

65
4.5 Fracture

70
Plastic Collapse Assessment

72
4.2
4.3 Bursting

65
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.4 Local Buckling/Collapse
67
4.5.1 PD6493 Assessment

70

4.5.2
4.6 Fatigue


73
4.6.1 General


73
4.6.2 Fatigue Assessment based on
S-N
Curves

74
4.6.3
4.7 Ratcheting

75
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.1
1
References 76
79
Fatigue Assessment based on
A&-N
Curves

74

Dynamic Strength Criteria

75
Accumulated Plastic Strain
75
Strain Concentration at Field Joints Due to Coatings

Chapter
5
Soil
and Pipe Interaction
5.1
General
5.2 Pipe Penetration in Soil


19
5.2.1 Verley and Lund Method

79
5.2.2 Classical Method

80
5.2.3 Buoyancy Method

81
5.3.
I
5.3.2 Breakout Force

82
5.4 References

83
85
6.1 Wave Simulators

85
6.2 Choice of Wave Tkeory

85
6.3 Mathematical Formulations used in the Wave Simulators

85
6.3.1 General

85
6.3.2 2D Regular Long-Crested Waves
86
6.3.3 2D Random Long-Crested Waves

87
6.4 Steady Currents

90
5.3
Modeling Friction and Breakout Forces

82
Anisotropic Friction

82
Chapter
6
Hydrodynamics around Pipes
Contents
XI11
6.5 Hydrodynamic
Forces

91
Hydrodynamic Lift Forces

94
6.6 References

95
6.5.1
6.5.2
Hydrodynamic
Drag
and Inertia
Forces

91
Chapter
7
Finite Element Analysis
of
In-situ Behavior 97

Description
of
the Finite Element Model

98
7.1 Introduction

97
7.2
Static Analysis Problems

98

101
7.2.1
7.2.2 Dynamic Analysis Problems

Steps in an Analysis and Choice
of
Analysis Procedure

7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3
The Static Analysis Procedure

101
The Dynamic Analysis Procedure

101

Element Types used in the Model

102
7.4
7.5
Non-linearity and Seabed Model

104
7.5.1 Material Model

104
7.5.2 Geometrical non-linearity

7.5.3 Boundary Conditions

7.5.4 Seabed Model

Validation of the Finite-Element Model

7.6
7.7 References

106
Chapter
8
On-bottom Stability I09
8.1 General

109
8.2 Force Balance: The Simplified Method

110
8.3 Acceptance Criteria


110
8.3.2 Limit-state Strength Criteria


110
Special Purpose Program for Stability Analysis

111
8.4.
I
General

111
8.4.2 PONDUS

111
8.4.3
PIPE

113
8.5.1 Design Procedure


114
8.5.2 Seabed Intervention

8.5.3 Effect
of
Seabed Intervention

115
8.3.1
Allowable Lateral Displacement

110
8.4
8.5 Use of FE Analysis for
I
ntion Design

8.6 References

Chapter
9
Vortex-induced Vibrations
(WV)
and Fatigue
117
9
.I

117
9.2

9.2.1

9.2.2

9.2.3 Soil Stiffness Analysis

9.2.4
Vibration Amplitude and
Stress
Range Analysis

124

124

124
9.4.2
Cross-flow
VIV in Combined Wave and Current

128
9.5 Modal Analysis




.
129
9.5.1 Introduction

129

XIV
Contents
9.5.2 Single Span Modal Analysis

130
9.5.3
9.6 Example Cases

131
9.6.1 General

131
9.6.2 Fatigue Assessment

133
9.7 References

135
Multiple Span Modal Analysis

130
Chapter
10
Force Model and Wave Fatigue 137
10.1 Introduction

137
Fatigue
of
Free-spanning Pipelines

138
Fatigue Damage Assessment Procedure

140
Fatigue Damage Acceptance Criteria

141
Fatigue Damage Calculated using Time-Domain Solution

142
Fatigue Damage Calculated Using Frequency Domain Solution

142
The Equation of In-line Motion for a Single Span

144
10.3.2 Modal Analysis

145
Time Domain Solution

147
Frequency Domain Solution

150
Comparisons
of
Frequency Domain and Time Domain Approaches

152
10.6 References

154
Chapter
11
Trawl Impact, Pullover and Hooking Loads 155
11.1 Introduction

155
1
1.2 Trawl Gears

10.2 Fatigue Analysis

138
10.2.1
10.2.2
10.2.3
10.2.4
10.2.5
10.3.1
10.3.3
10.3.4
10.3 Force Model

144
10.4
10.5
Conclusions and Recommendations

153
1
1.2.1
1
1.2.2
11.3.1
11.3.2
Impact Response Analysis

157
11.4.1 General

157
11.4.2 Methodology for Impact Response Analysis

157
11.4.3 Steel Pipe and Coating Stifmess

160
11.4.4
11.4.5 Impact Response

11.5 Pullover Loads

11.6
Basic Types of Trawl Gear

155
Largest

Trawl
Gear in Present Use

156
Acceptance Criteria
for
Impact Response Analyses

156
Acceptance Criteria
for
Pullover Response Analyses

157
1 1.3
Acceptance Criteria

156
11.4
Trawl Board Stiffness, Mass and Hydrodynamic Added Mass

163
Finite Element Model for Pullover Response Analyses

168
11.6.1 General

168
11.6.2 Finite Element Models

168
11.6.3 Analysis Methodology

169
Case Study

170
11.7.1 General

170
11.7.2 Trawl Pull-Over For Pi
on
an
Uneven Seabed

170
1 1.8 References


175
Chapter
12
Installation Design 177
12.1 Introduction

177
12.2 Pipeline Installation Vessels

178
12.2.1 Pipelay Semi-submersibles

178
12.2.2 Pipelay Ships and B~g

182
1
1.7
Contents
xv
12.2.3
12.2.4
12.3.1 OFFPIPE

12.3.2 Code Requirements

Physical Background for Installation

12.4.1 S-lay Method
12.4.3 Curvature in Sagbend

12.4.4 Hydrostatic Pressure

12.4.5 Curvature in Overbend

192
12.4.6
Strain
Concentration and Residual
Strain

193
12.4.7 Rigid Section in the Pipeline

193
12.4.8 Dry weightlsubmerged weight

194
12.4.9 Theoretical
Aspects
of Pipe Rotation
12.4.10 Installation Behaviour
of
Pipe with Residual Curvature

201
Finite Element Analysis Procedure for Installation
of
In-line Valves

204
12.5.1 Finding Static Configuration

204
12.5.3 Installation
of
In-line Valve 208
Two Medium Pipeline Design Concept

209
12.6.1 Introduction

209
12.6.2 Wall-thickness Design for Three Medium and Two Medium Pipelines

12.6.3 Implication to Installation, Testing and Operation

12.6.4 Installing Free Flooding Pipelines

211
12.6.6 Economic Implication


215
Pipelay Reel Ships

183
Tow
or
Pull
Vessels

184
Software OFFPIPE and Code Requirements
185
12.3
12.4
12.4.2 Static Configuration

12.5
12.5.2 Pipeline Sliding on Stinger

. 207
12.6
12.6.5 S-Lay vs
.
J-Lay


12.7 References


Chapter
13
Reliability-Based Strength Design
of
Pipelines 219
13
.
1
General 219
13.2 Reliability-based Design

220
13.2.1 General

220
13.3.2 Classification
of
Uncertainties

13.3.4 Determination
of
Statistical Values

223
Calibration of Safety Factors
223
13.4.1 General
223
13.4.2 Target Reliability Levels

224
BucklingKollapse
of
Corroded Pipes

224
13.5.1 Buckling/Collapse

224
13.5.2 Analytical Capacity Equation

225
13.5.3 Design Format

225
13.5.4 Limit-State Function


. 225

13.5.5 Calibration of Safety Factors


226
13.6 Conclusions

227
13.7 References

. 227
13.4
13.5
XVI
Contents
Chapter
14
Remaining Strength
of
Corroded Pipes 229
14.1 Introduction

229
14.2 Review of Existing Criteria

230
14.2.1 NG-18 Criterion

230
14.2.2 B3 1G Criterion
231

14.2.3 Evaluation of Existing Criteria

232
14.2.4 Corrosion Mechanism

232
14.2.5 Material Parameters

235
14.2.6 Problems excluded
in
the B3
1G
Criteria 236
14.3
14.4 Evaluation ofNew Criteria

240
14.5 Reliability-based Design
240
14.5.1
Target
Failure Probability

241
14.5.2
14.5.3 Uncertainty

243
14.5.4 Safety Level in the B31G Criteria

245
14.5.5 Reliability-based Calibration

245
14.6 Example Applications

246
14.6.1 Condition Assessment

249
14.6.2 Rehabilitation

254
14.7 Conclusions

254
14.8 References

254
Development of New Criteria

237
Design Equation and Limit State Function

241
Chapter
15
Residual Strength
of

Dented Pipes with
Cracks
257
15.1 Introduction

257
15.2
Fracture
of
Pipes with Longitudinal Cracks 258
Failure Pressure of Pipes with Longitudinal Cracks

258
Burst Pressure
of
Pipes Containing Combined Dent and Longitudinal Notch 259
Burst Strength Criteria
261
Comparisons with Test

261
Fracture of Pipes with Circumferential Cracks
262
Material Toughness,
K,

263
15.2.1
15.2.2
15.2.3

15.2.4
15.3.1 Fracture Condition and Critical Stress

262
15.3.2
15.3.3 Net Section Stress,
Q

263
15.3.4 Maximum Allowable Axial Stress

263
Reliability-based Assessment and Calibration of Safety Factors

263
15.4.1
Design Formats vs
.
LSF 264
15.4.2 Uncertainty Measure

265
15.4.3 Reliability Analysis Methods

266
15.4.4 Target Safety Level

267
15.4.5 Calibration
267

15.5 Design Examples
267
15.5.1 Case Description

267
15.5.2 Parameter Measurements

268
15.5.3 Reliability Assessments

268
15.5.4 Sensitivity Study
272
15.5.5 Calibration
of
Safety Factor

273
15.6 Conclusions
274
1 5.7 References
274
Chapter
16
Risk Analysis applied to Subsea Pipeline Engineering 277
16.1 Introduction

277
16.1.1 General

277
15.3
15.4
Contents
XVlI
16.1.2 Risk Analysis Objectives

277
16.1.3 Risk Analysis Concepts

278
16.2 Acceptance Criteria

279
16.2.1 General

16.2.2 Individual Risk

280
16.2.3 Societal Risk

280
16.2.4 Environmental Risk

281
16.2.5 Financial Risks

282
16.3

16.4 Cause Analysis

283
Fault Tree Analysis

284
Event Tree Analysis

284
Events

284

284

285
Causes
of
Risks

287
16.6.1 General

287
16.6.2
16.6.3
Identification
of
Initiating Events

283
16.4.1 General

16.4.2
16.4.3
16.6
1"
Party Individual Risk

287
Societal, Environmental and Material
Loss
Risk

288
16.7 Consequence Analysis

288
16.7.1 Consequence Modeling

288
16.7.2
1
*'
Party
Individual and Societal Risk

291
16.7.3 Environmental Risks

291
16.7.4 Material
Loss
Risk

291
Example
1:
Risk analysis for a Subsea
Gas
Pipeline

292
I
6.8.1 General

292
16.8.2 Gas Releases

292
16.8.3 Individual Risk

294
16.8.4 Societal Risk

295
16.8.5 Environmental Risk

297
16.8.6 Risk

of
Material
Loss

297
16.8.7 Risk Estimation

298
Example 2: Dropped Object Risk Analysis

298
16.9.1 General

298
16.9.3 Quantitative Cause Analysis

16.8
16.9
16.9.2 Acceptable
Risk
Levels

16.9.4 Results


301
16.9.5 Consequence Analysis


302

References


303
Chapter
17
Route Optimization, Tie-in
and
Protection
305
17.1
Introduction

305
17.2 Pipeline Routing


305
17.2.1 General Principle


305
17.2.2
17.2.3 Route Optimization

17.3 Pipeline Tie-ins


307
17.3.1 Spoolpieces

307
17.3.2 Lateral Pull

309
17.3.3 J-Tube Pull-In

310
17.3.4 Connect and Lay Away

17.3.5 Stalk-on

315
17.4 Flowline TrenchinglBurying
.

315
17.4.1 Jet
Sled

315
17.4.2 Ploughing


317
16.10
Fabrication. Installation and Operational Cost Considerations

XVIII
Contents

17.4.3 Mechanical Cutters

319
17.5 Flowline Rockdumping

319
1
7.5.1
17.5.2 Fall Pipe

322
Side Dumping

322
17.5.3 Bottom Dropping

322
17.6 Equipment Dayrates

323
17.7 References
323
Chapter
IS
Pipeline Inspection, Maintenance and Repair 325
18.1 Operations

325
18.1
.

1
Operating Philosophy


325
18.1.2 Pipeline Security

325
18.1.3 Operational Pigging

327
18.1.4 Pipeline Shutdown

329
18.1.5 Pipeline Depressurization

330
Inspection
by
Intelligent Pigging 330
18.2.1 General

330
18.2.2 Metal
Loss
Inspection Techniques

331
18.2.3 Intelligent Pigs for Purposes other than Metal
Loss

Detection

338
18.3.1 General

340
Pipeline Location Markers

341
Pipeline Repair Methods
342
Conventional Repair Methods

342
18.2
18.3 Maintenance

340
18.3.2 Pipeline Valves

341
18.3.3 Pig Traps

341
18.3.4
18.4.1
18.4.2 General Maintenance Repair

343
Deepwater Pipeline Repair

350
18.5.1 General

350
18.5.2
18.5.3
18.4
18.5
Diverless Repair- Research and Development

350
Deepwater Pipeline Repair Philosophy

351
Chapter
19
Use
of
High Strength Steel 353
Review of Usage of High Strength Steel Linepipes

353
Usage ofX7O Linepipe

353
Usage
ofX80
Linepipe

357
18.6 References

352
19.1
19.1.1
19.1.2
19.1.3
19.2.1
19.2.2
19.3.1
19.3.2
Grades Above X80

362
Potential Benefits and Disadvantages of High Strength Steel

367
Potential Benefits of High Strength Steels

367
Potential Disadvantages of High Strength Steels

369
Welding
of
High Strength Linepipe 371
Applicability
of
Standard Welding Techniques 371

Field Welding Project Experience

373
19.4 Cathodic Protection

374
19.5 Fatigue and Fracture of High Strength Steel

375
19.6 Material Property Requirements

376
19.6.1 General

376
19.6.2 Material Property Requirement in Circumferential Direction

376
19.6.3
Material Property Requirement in Longitudinal Direction 377
19.6.4 Comparisons of Material Properly Requirements
377
19.7 References
379
19.2
19.3
Contents
XIX
Chapter
20

Design of Deepwater Risers 38
1
20.1 General

381
20.2 Descriptions
of
Riser System

381
20.2.1 General

381
20.2.2 System Descriptions

384
20.2.3 Component Descriptions

384
20.2.4 Catenary and
Top
Tensioned Risers

385
Metallic Catenary Riser
for
Deepwater Environments

386
20.3.1 General

386
20.3.2 Design Codes

387
20.3.3 Analysis Parameters

387
20.3.4 Installation Studies


388
20.3.5 Soil-Riser Interaction


388
20.3.6 TDP Response Prediction

389
20.3.7 Pipe Buckling Collapse under Extreme Conditions

20.3.8 Vortex Induced Vibration Analysis

20.4 Stresses and Service Life of Flexible Pipes

20.5 Drilling and Workover Risers

391
20.6 Riser Projects in Norway

391
20.7 References

392
20.3
Chapter
21
Design Codes
and
Criteria for Risers 393
2 1.1
21.2
Design Guidelines
for
Marine Riser Design

Design Criteria
for
Deepwater Metallic Risers

395
21.2.1 Design Philosophy and Considerations


395
21.2.2 Currently Used Design Criteria

396
21.2.3 Ultimate Limit State Design Checks

397
Limit State Design Criteria

397
21.3.1 General

397
21.3.2 Failure Modes and Limit States

397
21.3.4 Design Procedure

39Y
2
I
.
3.5
Acceptance Criteria

399
21.3.6 LRFD Design Formats

399
21.3.7 Local Strength Design through Analysis

399
Design Conditions and Loads

399
21.4.1 General

399
21.4.2 Design Conditions

399
21.4.3 Loads and Load Effects

401
21.4.4 Definition
of
Iaad Cases

402
21.4.5 Load Factors

lmproving Design Codes and Guidelines

21.5.1 General

21.5.2 Flexible Pipes


404
21.5.3 Metallic Riser


406
Comparison

of
IS0
and API Codes with Hauch and Bai (1999)

406
21.6.1 Riser Capacity under Combined Axial Force, Bending and Pressure

406
21.6.2 Design Approaches

407
2
1.7
References

411
21.3
21.3.3 Safety Classes

398
2
I
.
4
21.5
21.6
21.6.3 Application
of
codes

407
Chapter
22
Fatigue
of
Risers 413
22.1 General

413
22.2 Fatigue Causes

413
xx
Contents
22.2.1
22.2.2
22.2.3
22.2.4
1*
Order Wave Loading and Floater Motion Induced Fatigue
413
znd
Order Floater Motion Induced Fatigue

415
VIV Induced Fatigue

416
Other Fatigue Causes

417
Riser VIV Analysis Program

418
22.3
22.4
22.5
Flexible Riser Analysis Program

419
Vortex-induced Vibration Prediction
421
22.6
Fatigue Life

422
Estimate
Of
Fatigue Life
422
Effect
of
Inspection
on
Fatigue Analysis

422
Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression Devices

423

Fatigue of Deepwater Metallic Risers

423
22.8.2
Riser Fatigue
424
22.6.1
22.6.2
22.7
22.8
22.8.1
General

423
22.8.3
Conclusions

430
22.9
References


430
Chapter
23
Piping Systems
433
23.1
Introduction

433
23.2
Design Criteria

433
23.2.1
General

433
23.2.2
23.3
Load Cases

436
23.4
Finite Element Models

437
23.5
References

439
Allowable Stress/Strain Levels

435
Chapter
24
Pipe-in-Pipe and Bundle Systems
441
24.1

General

441
24.2
Pipe-in-Pipe System

441
24.2.1
Introduction


441
24.2.2
Why Pipe-in-Pipe Systems


442
24.2.3
Configuration

443
24.2.4
Structural Design and Analysis

444
24.2.5
Wall-thickness Design and Material Selection

446
24.2.6

Failure Modes
447
24.2.7
Design Criteria
447
24.2.8
Insulation Considerations
449
24.2.9
Fabrication and Field Joints

449
24.2.10
Installation

450
24.3
Bundle System

451
24.3.1
General

451
24.3.2
Bundle Configurations

452
24.3.3
Design Requirements

for
Bundle System


453
24.3.4
Bundle Safety Class Definition


453
24.3.5
Functional Requirement

454
24.3.6
Insulation and Heat-Up System

454
24.3.7
Umbilicals in Bundle

455
24.3.8
Design Loads


456
24.3.9
Installation by CDTM

463
24.4
References

465
Chapter
25
LCC Modeling as a Decision Making
Tool
in Pipeline Design
467
25.1
Introduction

467
General

467
25.1
.
1
Contents
XXI
25.1.2 Probabilistic
vs.
Deterministic LCC models

468
25.1.3 Economic Value Analysis

468
25.2 Initial
Cost
469
25.2.1 General
469
25.2.2 Management

470
25.2.3 DesignRngineering Services

471
25.2.4 Materials and Fabrication

25.2.5 Marine Operations.


472
25.2.6 Operation

472
25.3 Financial Risk

472
25.3.1 General


472
25.3.2 Probability

of
Failure


,473
25.3.3 Consequence

473
25.4 Time value of Money


475
25.5 Fabrication Tolerance Example Using
the
Life-Cycl

476
25.5.1
General


,476
25.5.2 Background


476
25.5.3 Step
1-
Definition
of

Structure

476
25.5.4 Step 2- Quality Aspect Considered

476
25.5.5 Step
3-
Failure Modes Considered

476
25.5.6 Step 4- Limit State Equations

476
25.5.7
25.5.8 Step 6- Reliability Analysis
25.5.9 Step 7- Cost of Consequenc
25.5.10 Step 8- Calculation
of
Expected Co
25.5.1
1
Step 9- Initial Cost

25.5.12 Step
IO-
Comparison
of
Life-Cycle
25.6.1 Introduction

25.6.2
25.6.3 Step 2- Quality Aspects Considered
25.6.4 Step 3- Failure Modes

25.6.5
25.6.6
25.6.7
25.6.8
25.6.9
25.6.10
25.6.1 1
Step 5- Definition of Parameters and Variables

25.6 On-Bottom Stability Example
Step
1-
Definition
of
System

Step 4- Limit State Equations

Step
5-
Definition
of
Variables and Parameters

486

Step 7- Cost of Consequence

486
Step
10-
Comparison of Life-Cycle Cost 487
Step 6- Reliability Analysis

Step
8-
Expected Cost

486
Step
9- Initial Cost

487
25.7 References


487
Chapter
26 Design
Examples
489
26.1 General.

489

Subject
Index 497