nghiên cứu quy trình sản xuất phô mai sữa dừa

LỜI CẢM ƠN
Trước tiên, em xin tỏ lòng biết ơn sâu sắc đến tất cả các
thầy cô đã dạy em trong 4 năm qua, các thầy cô đã truyền đạt cho
em tất cả những kiến thức quý báu về ngành công nghệ thực phẩm.
Em xin chân thành cảm ơn các thầy cô đã tạo điều kiện
thuận lợi cho em trong quá trình thực hiện đồ án tại Phòng thí
nghiệm Công nghệ Thực phẩm và đặc biệt là cô Trần Thị Ngọc
Mai, đã tận tình hướng dẫn em trong thời gian thực hiện luận văn
tốt nghiệp vừa qua.
Em xin cảm ơn thầy Chu Văn Thái, nhân viên phòng thí
nghiệm của trường đại học Kỹ Thuật Công Nghệ đã tạo điều kiện
cho em thực hiện đồ án tại Phòng thí nghiệm của trung tâm.
Sau cùng, em xin cảm ơn gia đình và bạn bè đã động viên,
giúp đỡ em hoàn thành tốt đồ án này.

 GVHD: ThS. 
 
 Tuyt Mai Trang
1
: GII THIU
1:
P                  nc

. 
 P
   

 
 



 Vit Nam,  n phm ci mt Nam ch mi quen
thuc vi nhng sn phm   c sn xut   Vi
ph bin lm. ic kt hp sa vi mt loi hoa qu to ra sn ph
cho vic s d ci Vit d ng th kinh t c
c ta.
Trong khi t loi quen thuc trng nhiu  min Nam
c ta. T  dmt s sn php, sa d da
s S ng v sn phn th  thiu 
n s gin phm. V i sao  mc dn
n d n sn phm m Nu sn
xumai t sa dat ra nhu b n phm ch bin t 
dn nh n phm ch bi kinh t c
da   tnh Bm kinh t hi nhp hin nay.


 GVHD: ThS. 
 
 Tuyt Mai Trang
2

1:
Tiu ch bii tri quy 
ng sn ph u 
v 
Khu
.
.
Khng ca nhi 
ng t l .

Khng nhi .
n phm d m quan






 GVHD: ThS. 
 
 Tuyt Mai Trang
3

: T LIU

2.1 TNG QUAN V U:
2.1.1 Tng quan v sa: [1], [2].
 sn xut phmai t sc sa ci dng sa
t phc sa gu kin sn xut ca em
c gii thiu ch y sn xut phs
St cht lc tit ra t tuyng vn th
ng vt non. T t s dng sa t ng v ch bin
u loi thc ph i d n phm ch bimaia
 ng ca st nhiu, sn phm si cho con
i s sc bi n v ching, s
ng sng .
Hip ch bin s gii tp trung sn xun
c sa cu.  i s n ca khoa h
thu bin sa chng loi sn phn
khnh st thc phm trng yu, gi v ng trong n kinh t qui

sng ha m

2.1.1.1 c:
St cht l c ca st s cht
a tc ca sa ph thuc ch yng - 
trong cha sa. S trt. Sa g
t.


 GVHD: ThS. 
 
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Bng 2.1 : Mt s ch ng ca s

ng
 

ng
 

Ph
-

Th 
V

 chua
0

D

S mt 
20
0
C
Dynes/cm
50
T trng
g/cm
3


 dn
1/ohm.cm
005
 c
0
C
--0,59
Nhi
Cal/g.
0
C


2.1.1.2 c:
St hn h
a mt s hp chng nh p cht ch
protein, vitamin

2.1.1.2.1. c:
c chim khong 90% khng sa
 (chim khong 97% tng c)i
c gi, polysacaride t trong sn phm sa rt
a gy 2,13 2,59%; s
 nhi nh 
o
ng.  kt tinh vi
lactose.




 GVHD: ThS. 
 
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2.1.1.2.2 p cha nit:


p cht ch

Protein (95%) p cht ch

Casein (75- 85%) -25%)

s
-casein -lactoglobulin
-casein -lactalbulin
-casein Proteose-pepton

-casein Serum-albumin
Immunoglobulin

n protein trong 
  pH=4,6) (k  pH=4,6)
a

2.1.1.2.2.1 Protein:

 


 GVHD: ThS. 
 
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 2.2
.

(g/kg)

protein (%)
Casein

s1
-casein
(1)


s2

-casein
(1)

-casein
(2)

-casein



10,0
2,6
10,1
3,3
26,0

30,6
8,0
30,8
10,1
79,5
Whey protein
-lactalbumin
-lactoglobulin
Serum albumin
Immunoglobulin
-pepton)


1,2

3,2
0,4
0,7
0,8

6,3

3,7
9,8
1,2
2,1
2,4

19,3

0,4
1,2

32,7
100
(1)

s2
-casein
(2)
-casein


 GVHD: ThS. 
 

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Casein:
n protein phc tp, trong sa casein  di
kt hp vi calcium phosphate tc hp calcium phosphate caseinate (micelle).
S t chc ca micelle:
Mi micelle cha khoc, phm calci,

Mi micelle do khong 400 500 tiu micelle (submicelle)hi ti
 ng 10 
15nm bao gm kho casein kt hp li v
s

trong ti i theo nhng t l  
s
- casein 
u k c) c b i t - casein c) c b
u micelle.
Do s b c c- 
- c. a nhi-
n.

 t chc ca submicelle
 GVHD: ThS. 
 
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b. Whey protein:
-si dng dung dng t 0,5  c
lo a nhit -S-S. Trong sa,
 e  sa
   ng ca nhit s kt tc albumin.
-   ng kho   u trong sa non. Globumin tn ti
trong si d   ng ca
chimosin.
Imunoglobulin)  rt thp
.

2.1.1.2.2.2 :
Bao gm do, polypeptide 
quan trng nhn cung cn trong sa.

 t chc ca micelle

Submicelle
Chui l ra
Calcium phosphate
-casein

4


 GVHD: ThS. 
 
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2.1.1.2.3 Lipid:

,, glycolipid, sterol.

Lipid


 (A, D, 
-
-, sterol, carotenoid, vitamin (A, D, 
.




Lipid phc tp:
Ch
n:
Phosphatide, Glycolipide,
sterol
Di- 
vitamine (A,D,E,K) (chim 1-2%).
Triglyceride
( 98-98%)

Glycerol



 GVHD: ThS. 
 
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 2.3


)

:
-Glyceride: Triglyceride
Diglyceride
Monoglyceride
-Cholesteride
-Ceride
98,5


0,1
0,03
0,02




.
      
.


1,0

    


-Cholesterol
-
-Hydrocacbon
-Vitamin A,D,E,K
-: Phytol, Palmitic,
Stearic, Oleic
0,5

0,3
0,1
0,1





2.1.2.4 Lactose :
ng ch y     se.     se, glucose, manose,
fructose.
Trong sng lactose tn ti  hai dng:
 GVHD: ThS. 
 
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11
- Dng -lactose monohydrate C
12
H
22
O

11
.H
2
   -lactose ngm m  
c).
- Dng -lactose anhydrous C
12
H
22
O
11
 -lactose khan).
T l ng gia --lactose anhydrous trong sa ph thuc
  ca sa.







Dng bn vng nh  -lactose monohidrat C
12
H
22
O
11
.H
2
 ng lactose  i

ng rt d      se d b thu    ng ca acid, nhit,
enzyme lactase.
C
12
H
22
O
11
.H
2
O C
6
H
12
O
6
+

C
6
H
12
O
6
Lactose ngc glucose galactose

Lactose  trong si v tr  
    i ch ng thi cung cp nhi      c bit do
lactose tht ch trong ru b 
n ch i ra  trong rut.

2.1.2.5 Ch
      t c  
ng ca sa.

-lactose anhydrous
-lactose monohydrate
u to c-lactose
 GVHD: ThS. 
 
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Bng 2.4: n mt s  ng trong s

ng
(%)

ng
(%)
Zn

Mo

Si

F

Al


Se

Fe

Cr

Cu

Co
0,5.10
-3

-3

I

Pb

Mn

As


2.1.2.6 Enzyme:

. S t c
sc ca so qun, t 
gim ch ng h   ng s   t s     
c nh chng
so quc khi ch bin.

Hai . 
25-50
0

50-120
0
C.

.
 e         e   se,
photphatase, galactasee se, catalase ).
 GVHD: ThS. 
 
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2.1.2.7 Vitamin:
Sa cha tt c i s 
 bin,  c gi li nh kem, trong
i trong sc trong dng sa.
2.5: ng vitamin ca s
Vitamin
ng (mg/l)
Vitamin
ng
(mg/l)
A (Retinol)
D (Canxiferol)
E (Tocopherol)
B

1
(Tiamin)
B
2
(Riboflavin)
B
6
(Piridoxin)
0,3
0,001
1,4
0,4
1,7
0,5
B
12
(Xianocobalamin)
Nicotinamit
Axitpantohenic
C
Biotin
Axit folic
0,05
1
3
20
0,04
0,05

2.1.2.8 hp ch:

:
Trong sa tn ti 
2
chim 50  70%, O
2
chim 5  10%, NO
2
chim
20  o qu bii. S 
mt ct, la d t khi kh  
                  
.
b.:
c

 0,3-0,6 mg/kg0,05-0,2mg/kg.
 GVHD: ThS. 
 
 Tuyt Mai Trang
14

(vitamin B
2
) .
.
c. p chc: Thnh thon ra trong sp cht
t ty rc javen,
kii nc t vi sinh vng hp chi ta tr
th b sinh chung tr
si vt sa, dng c cha si s d

trong s  dng vt ho tu ng hp.
d. t min dch: Trong su cht min dt min d
ng bo v sa khi b t min d
i v. Cht min dch rt d b y  nhi 65

70
o
C.
 t min dch trong sa bao gm antioxin, opsonin, bacterilyzin, precipitin, aglutimin.
a mng nh bch cu.

2.1.1.3 H vi sinh vt trong su:
H vi sinh vt trong sa rng,. Mt s 
vi sinh vt c sn xut phmai:
2.1.1.:
a.Vi khun lactic ng Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus) :
Mc t ra enzyme protease trong s
i casein trong phmaing tcid
n phm ph  u ki
Dn phc tng hp t ng, vi khun lactic

- Vi khun phng cm t
l t tru so vn phm ph t s vi khu
 GVHD: ThS. 
 
 Tuyt Mai Trang
15
L.pasteurianus, L.brevis, l.lycopessici, S.cumoris, S.lactic, S.falcalis.
- Vi khun lactic d u so v
sn phi. Mt s vi khu L.acidophillus, L.bulgaricus, L.casei,

L.delbriieckii.
Bng 2.6 : Mt s vi khun lactic quan trng s dp sa
Str: Streptoccocus; Lb: Lactobacillus

t
opt
(
o
C)


acid citric
Acid lactic (%)
Nhng ch
Str. Themorphilus


-
-
Lb. acidophilus
37

-
-
Lb. casei
30

-
-
Lb.lastic



-
-
Lb.helveticus


-
-
Lb.bulgaricus


-
-
Bifidobacterium
37

Acid acetic
-

b. Vi khun Coliform
Vi khun Coliform thun Gram (+), k t buc. Nhi sinh
ng t
o
C.
 i protein trong sn ph
chu. Vi khu b t  75
o
C trong khong 
 GVHD: ThS. 

 
 Tuyt Mai Trang
16
c. Vi khun sinh acid butiric
c v nhi
sn Gram (+), thu t bu . Nhi
ng t 37
o
C.
Vi khun Clostridium chuyng trong su sn ph

2
, H
2

cm quan ca so qun.
d. Vi khun propionic:
Vi khuu, xi, Gram (+), thu 
bt buc. Nhi ng t 30
o
C. Hu hn propionic b t khi
a  75
o
C trong thVi khun propionic chuy

2
ng chng sa.
e. Vi khui:
 ng vi khu   ng gp trong s  Pseudomonas, Brevibacterium,
u ho  y, thuc 

hin k 
 ng hp protease ngong
sa. Protease s n ph
acid amin. Mt s acid amin tip tc b y to NH
3
, H
2
u.

2.1.1.3.2 Nm men:
Nn tt   
o
 ng
n  nhi i 0
o
C ho
o

h   O
2
 c.         Saccharomyces,
Mycorderma Torula.

 GVHD: ThS. 
 
 Tuyt Mai Trang
17
2.1.1:
Nm mc c   n
phm sa. Tt c nm mng hic bi

c vi khun trong sn mnh trong
sa chua. Nm mng acid, nhi t
o
C.
Nm mc s b t bi ch  a  
o

Nm mt trong sMucor Rhizopus vi s ng l
Penicilium, Aspergilus, Oide Monilia.

2.1.1.4 n xu s gi Vit Nam :
Theo C  sc 
Vit Nam hin nay khong 400 trin s  
c 28% nhu ci pha bc nhp t 
C min B t na s a vi khng khong
90 tng 10% trong s c ch bi  t
Vng sy, ch  cung cn xut vt nh
hong. V min Bi 10 doanh nghip sn xut vi tng sng cung cp
ra th ng khong 330 ty, s ng s   a min Bc ch
chim khong s thc t  ng.
Trong m phn cho Vi
nh th ng sa Vit trong nhng
 ng bi chu k kinh t. Vi
c. Th ng s tip t
c t ng cao trong nhi, do m si ca
Vit Nam hin ti v mc thp. a th ng sa vt
ln phm sa ca Vit Nam vt thp. M
ca Vit Nam ch t kho thu so v
 GVHD: ThS. 
 

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2.1.2 Tng quan v : [17], [18], [19], [20].
2.1.2:
Ngun gc cthc v   t s hc gi cho
rn ngc  khu v   trong khi nh
ngun ngc  mic Nam M.
Dn t ng chu mn t
 nhiu nng (750 2000mm n
 m cao ( 70 n mt. Da rn trong
n.
c trng d
-       : Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Philippines,

-       : Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu, Samoa,

- 
- 
2.1.2:

. MThanh


Mt s dng gp  Vit Nam
Da cao:
- Da La, da B (da Bung).
D
- D), da o, da Tam Quan (np), d
Da lai:
 GVHD: ThS. 

 
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- D), d
2.1.2:
 gii d nhiu  o Trung M
c Trung M 

2.1.2.2:
      Cocos nucifera    Plantae 
MagnoliophytaLiliopsidaArecalesArecaceae, chi CocosC. nucifera .
 


D phhoa mun, chm ra qu n 9
), s ng qu  
ng du cao (65a chng t ng chu tt,
 sn 80 hay 90 tui. D ly du.










: Ging da cao West Coast Tall

 GVHD: ThS. 
 
 Tuyt Mai Trang
20
Du hing gim thinh, cao t
nhi rt sm (khou bung u
qu, qu nh c chng ch b i, s
bng da cao. D uc.








i dng lai gia da cao (lai t 
tng mang nhim t
sut cao, cha tng dng chu ti vu ki
ng khc nghit.
Gn nay mi xut hin mt ging da mi gt s t an. V 
thc dc bia r
ht phn rut.

2.1.2.3 :
Dng rt kinh t, t u s dc.
Dn t ng chu mn t
u nnng (750 
  bin nhii mi d a cn
 m cao (7080%)   n mi t

: Ging da 
 GVHD: ThS. 
 
 Tuyt Mai Trang
21
 m th khu va Trung Hi), th khi
  cao.

2.1.2 s dng ca:


                

  
 




2.1.2.5:
Bng 2.7n ca theo nhi




 m
(%)
Ch
(%)
Protein

(%)
Cacbonhydrat
(%)
Cht

(%)
Tro
(%)
Nathanael
46
37,5
4
11,5

1,0
Dendy
44
38,1
4,6
9,9
3,1
1,3
Polikoff
48
35,5
4,3
9,0
2,1
1,1
 GVHD: ThS. 

 
 Tuyt Mai Trang
22
8 













G
46,99
Tro
g
0,97

Kcal
354,00
Gluxit
g
15,23

Kj

1481,00

g
9,00
Protein
G
3,33

g
6,23

G
33,49









Calcium, Ca
Mg
14,00
Sodium, Na
mg
20,00
Iron, Fe
Mg

2,43
Zinc, Zn
mg
1,10
Magnesium,
Mg
Mg
32,00
Copper, Cu
mg
0,435
Phosphorus,P
Mg
113,00
Manganese, Mn
mg
1,50
Potassium, K
Mg
256,00
Selenium, Se
mcg
10,10
VITAMIN





Vitamin C

Mg
3,30
Folate, DFE
mcg
26,00
Thiamin
Mg
0,066
Vitamin B12
mcg
0,00
Riboflavin
Mg
0,020
Vitamin A, IU
IU
0
Niacin
Mg
0,540
Retinol
mcg
0
Pantothenic
Acid
Mg
0,300
Vitamin E
(alpha-
mg

0,24
 GVHD: ThS. 
 
 Tuyt Mai Trang
23
tocopherol
Viatmin B-6
Mg
0,054
Tocorpherol,
beta
mg
0,00
Folate, total
Mcg
26
Tocorpherol,
gamma
mg
0,53
Folic acid
Mcg
0
Tocorpherol,
delta
mg
0,00
Folate, food
Mcg
26

Vitamin K
(phylloquinone)
mcg
0,2

9 
Lipid




Lipid




acid

G
29,698



g
1,425
4:0
G
0,000
16:1
g

0,000
6:0
G
0,191
18:1
g
1,425
8:0
g
2,346
20:1
g
0,000
10:0
g
1,864
22:1
g
0,000
12:0
g
14,858



g
0,366
 GVHD: ThS. 
 
 Tuyt Mai Trang

24
14:0
g
5,866
18:2
g
0,000
16:0
g
2,839
phytosterols
mg
47,000
18:0
g
1,734
Cholesterols
mg
0

10 
Amino acid




Amino acid





Tryptophan
G
0,039
Valine
g
0,202
Threonine
G
0,121
Arginine
g
0,546
Isoleucine
G
0,131
Histidine
g
0,077
Leucine
G
0,247
Alanine
g
0,170
Lysine
G
0,147
Aspartic acid
g

0,325
Methionine
G
0,062
Glutamic
acid
g
0,761
Cystine
G
0,066
Glycine
g
0,158
Phenylalanine
G
0,169
Proline
g
0,138
Tyrosine
G
0,103
Seine
g
0,172