science and scientists, vol.1, abstract algebra - global warming

Science
and
Scientists

Science
and
Scientists
Volume 1
Abstract Algebra – Global Warming
from
The Editors of Salem Press
Salem Press Inc.
Pasadena, California Hackensack, New Jersey
MAGILL’S
CHOICE
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Copyright © 2006, by Salem Press, Inc.
All rights in this book are reserved. No part of this work may be used
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lem Press, Inc., P.O. Box 50062, Pasadena, California 91115.
Some essays originally appeared in Great Events from History: Science
and Technology Series (1991), The Twentieth Century: Great Events: 1900-2001
(2002), Great Events from History II: Science & Technology (1991), Great Events
from History: The Ancient World, Prehistory-476 c.e. (2004), Great Events from
History: The Middle Ages, 477-1453 (2005), Great Events from History: The Re

-
naissance & Early Modern Era, 1454-1600 (2005), Great Events from History:
The Seventeenth Century, 1601-1700 (2006). New material has been added.
∞ The paper used in these volumes conforms to the American Na-
tional Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials,
Z39.48-1992 (R1997).
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Science and Scientists.
p. cm. (Magill's choice)
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
ISBN-10: 1-58765-302-8 (set : alk. paper)
ISBN-13: 978-1-58765-302-5 (set : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 1-58765-303-6 (v. 1 : alk. paper)
ISBN-13: 978-1-58765-303-2 (v. 1 : alk. paper)
[etc.]
1. Discoveries in science. 2. Scientists Biography. I. Salem Press. II.
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2005030915
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Contents
Publisher’s Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Alphabetical List of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Abstract Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Alpha Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Amino Acids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Anesthesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Antisepsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Artificial Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Aspirin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Atmospheric Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Atomic Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Atomic Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Atomic Theory of Matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Australopithecus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Axiom of Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Ballistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Bell Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Big Bang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Binomial Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Black Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Blood Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Blood Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Blue Baby Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Boolean Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Bourbaki Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Boyle’s Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Brahe’s Supernova. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Buckminsterfullerene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Calculus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Cassini-Huygens Mission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Cell Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

v
Celsius Temperature Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Cepheid Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Chandrasekhar Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Chaotic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Chlorofluorocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Chromosomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Citric Acid Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Cloning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Compton Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Contagion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Continental Drift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Copernican Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Cosmic Rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Cro-Magnon Man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
D’Alembert’s Axioms of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Dead Sea Scrolls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Decimals and Negative Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Definite Proportions Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Diphtheria Vaccine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
DNA Fingerprinting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
DNA Sequencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Double-Helix Model of DNA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Earth Orbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Earth’s Core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Earth’s Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Electric Charge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

Electrodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Electromagnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Electron Tunneling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Electrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Electroweak Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Euclidean Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Exclusion Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Expanding Universe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Extrasolar Planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
vi
Science and Scientists
Fahrenheit Temperature Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Falling Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Fermat’s Last Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Fossils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Fractals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Galactic Superclusters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Galaxies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Galen’s Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Galileo Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Game Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Gamma-Ray Bursts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Gene-Chromosome Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Genetic Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Geologic Change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Geomagnetic Reversals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Germ Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Global Warming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
vii

Contents

Publisher’s Note
Lucan’s famous dictum that those standing on the shoulders of giants
see farther than the giants themselves applies to no human endeavor more
thoroughly than to the “pure” sciences: astronomy, chemistry, biology, ge
-
ology, mathematics, physics, and the many subdisciplines they have
spawned. The three volumes of Science and Scientists documents 245 of the
most important breakthroughs in the history of science, cross-referenced to
link those that built on others, from ancient times to the present day. These
essays are accompanied by biographical sidebars on many of the giants be
-
hind the discoveries, as well as charts and schematics illustrating many of
the basic concepts.
The disciplines covered here are broad, including Anthropology, Ar
-
chaeology, Astronomy and Cosmology, Biology, Chemistry, Computer Sci
-
ence, Earth Science, Environmental Science, Evolution, Genetics, Mathe
-
matics, Medicine, Meteorology, Methods, Paleontology, Physics,
Psychology, and Space Science. Arranged alphabetically, these essays ad-
dress the most important breakthroughs in these fields, ranging from Ab-
stract Algebra to Quantum Mechanics, from the Big Bang to X-Ray Astron-
omy, from Antisepsis to Viruses.
Accompanying the essays are 125 sidebars highlighting the scientists
and their accomplishments. An additional 62 charts, diagrams, and draw-
ings illustrate the scientific concepts presented. It is important to note that
technological advances and inventions—such as the telephone, the light

bulb, and the airplane—are not addressed here but are covered in the com
-
panion Magill’s Choice set Inventions and Inventors (2 vols., 2002). How
-
ever, a few “crossover” achievements—such as the Personal Computer, the
Internet, and Vaccination—are included in these pages for having had as
great an impact on the “pure” sciences as on everyday life. The core
achievements in space science also appear here, from the Apollo Moon
landing to the International Space Station.
Each essay opens with a brief definition of the topic and a summary of
its significance, followed by a list of the central scientific figures. The text of
each essay is broken into sections with concise subheads. “See also” cross-
references to other essays in these volumes follow, and each essay ends
with a listing of core resources for “Further Reading.” All essays were writ
-
ten by scholars of history or the sciences.
At the end of the third volume students and general readers will find a
list of the Nobel Prize winners in science (Chemistry, Medicine, and Phys
-
ics) and a list of useful Web Sites. Indexes arrange the essays by Category,
list Personages discussed, and end with a comprehensive Subject Index.
ix

Contributors
Amy Ackerberg-Hastings
University of Maryland University
College
Carl G. Adler
East Carolina University
Richard Adler

University of Michigan—Dearborn
Margaret I. Aguwa
Michigan State University
Michele Arduengo
Independent Scholar
James A. Arieti
Hampden-Sydney College
Richard W. Arnseth
Paladin International, Inc.
Anita Baker-Blocker
Independent Scholar
Renzo Baldasso
Columbia University
John W. Barker
University of Wisconsin—Madison
Alvin K. Benson
Utah Valley State College
Michael S. Bisesi
Medical College of Ohio
Paul R. Boehlke
Wisconsin Lutheran College
Nathaniel Boggs
Independent Scholar
Lucy Jayne Botscharow
Northeastern Illinois University
Michael L. Broyles
Collin County Community College
Michael A. Buratovich
Spring Arbor University
John T. Burns

Bethany College
Susan Butterworth
Salem State College
Paul R. Cabe
Washington and Lee University
Byron D. Cannon
University of Utah
Kathleen Carroll
John A. Logan College
Jack Carter
University of New Orleans
Dennis Chamberland
Independent Scholar
Paul J. Chara, Jr.
Northwestern College
Monish R. Chatterjee
Binghamton Univ., SUNY
Victor W. Chen
Chabot College
Albert B. Costa
Duquesne University
David A. Crain
South Dakota State University
xi
Norma Crews
Independent Scholar
Robert L. Cullers
Kansas State University
Jeff Cupp
Independent Scholar

Scott A. Davis
Mansfield University
Dennis R. Dean
Independent Scholar
Thomas E. DeWolfe
Hampden-Sydney College
Thomas Drucker
University of Wisconsin—Whitewater
John Duffy
Independent Scholar
Steven I. Dutch
University of Wisconsin—Green Bay
Samuel K. Eddy
Independent Scholar
George R. Ehrhardt
Elon University
H. J. Eisenman
University of Missouri—Rolla
Robert P. Ellis
Independent Scholar
Robert F. Erickson
Independent Scholar
K. Thomas Finley
SUNY-College at Brockport
David G. Fisher
Lycoming College
George J. Flynn
SUNY—Plattsburgh
Robert G. Font
Independent Scholar

Michael J. Fontenot
Southern University at Baton Rouge
John M. Foran
Independent Scholar
Donald R. Franceschetti
University of Memphis
Roberto Garza
San Antonio College
Judith R. Gibber
Independent Scholar
Karl W. Giberson
Eastern Nazarene College
Daniel G. Graetzer
Independent Scholar
Hans G. Graetzer
South Dakota State University
Harold J. Grau
University of the Virgin Islands
Noreen A. Grice
You Can Do Astronomy LLC
Gershon B. Grunfeld
Southern Illinois University
Ronald B. Guenther
Oregon State University
Nicole E. Gugliucci
Independent Scholar
Lonnie J. Guralnick
Western Oregon University
xii
Science and Scientists

Margaret Hawthorne
Independent Scholar
Robert M. Hawthorne, Jr.
Independent Scholar
Judith E. Heady
The University of Michigan-Dearborn
Paul A. Heckert
Western Carolina University
Jane F. Hill
Independent Scholar
Virginia L. Hodges
Northeast State Community College
David Wason Hollar, Jr.
Rockingham Community College
Earl G. Hoover
Independent Scholar
Howard L. Hosick
Washington State University
Ruth H. Howes
Independent Scholar
John L. Howland
Bowdoin College
Mary Hrovat
Independent Scholar
Rebecca B. Jervey
Independent Scholar
Peter D. Johnson, Jr.
Auburn University
Richard C. Jones
Texas Woman’s University

Pamela R. Justice
Collin County Community College
Karen E. Kalumuck
The Exploratorium
David Kasserman
Independent Scholar
Jeffrey A. Knight
Mount Holyoke College
Kevin B. Korb
Indiana University
William J. Kosmann
Independent Scholar
Ludwik Kowalski
Montclair State University
Harvey S. Leff
California State Polytechnic University,
Pomona
Denyse Lemaire
Rowan University
M. A. K. Lodhi
Texas Tech University
Robert Lovely
University of Wisconsin—Madison
Eric v.d. Luft
SUNY, Upstate Medical University
V. L. Madhyastha
Fairleigh Dickinson University
David W. Maguire
C.S. Mott Community College
Paul T. Mason

Independent Scholar
Grace Dominic Matzen
Molloy College
Randall L. Milstein
Oregon State University
xiii
Contributors
Christina J. Moose
Independent Scholar
Rodney C. Mowbray
University of Wisconsin—La Crosse
Turhon A. Murad
California State University—Chico
J. Paul Myers, Jr.
Trinity University
John Panos Najarian
William Paterson College
Peter Neushul
California Institute of Technology
Anthony J. Nicastro
West Chester University
Edward B. Nuhfer
Independent Scholar
Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie
Oklahoma Baptist University
Robert J. Paradowski
Rochester Institute of Technology
Joseph G. Pelliccia
Bates College
Robert T. Pennock

University of Pittsburgh
George R. Plitnik
Frostburg State University
Bernard Possidente, Jr.
Skidmore College
Wen-yuan Qian
Blackburn College
Charles W. Rogers
Southwestern Oklahoma State University
Joseph J. Romano
Independent Scholar
René R. Roth
University of Western Ontario
Helen Salmon
University of Guelph
Virginia L. Salmon
Northeast State Community College
Lisa M. Sardinia
Pacific University
Daniel C. Scavone
University of Southern Indiana
Elizabeth Schafer
Independent Scholar
William J. Scheick
University of Texas at Austin
Roger Sensenbaugh
Indiana University
John M. Shaw
Educational Systems Inc.
Martha Sherwood-Pike

University of Oregon
Stephen J. Shulik
Clarion University
R. Baird Shuman
University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign
Sanford S. Singer
University of Dayton
Peter D. Skiff
Bard College
Jane A. Slezak
Fulton Montgomery Community College
xiv
Science and Scientists
Genevieve Slomski
Independent Scholar
Roger Smith
Independent Scholar
Katherine R. Sopka
Four Corners Analytic Sciences
(FOCAS)
Sonia Sorrell
Pepperdine University
Karen R. Sorsby
California State University, Chico
Joseph L. Spradley
Wheaton College
Grace Marmor Spruch
Rutgers University
Michael A. Steele

Wilkes University
Joan C. Stevenson
Western Washington University
Glenn Ellen Starr Stilling
Appalachian State University
Anthony N. Stranges
Texas A & M University
Charles R. Sullivan
University of Dallas
Andrius Tamulis
Cardinal Stritch University
Gerardo G. Tango
Independent Scholar
Eric R. Taylor
University of Southern Louisiana
Cassandra Lee Tellier
Capital University
David R. Teske
Independent Scholar
Wilfred Theisen
St. John’s Abbey
Russell R. Tobias
Independent Scholar
Robin S. Treichel
Oberlin College
Kevin B. Vichcales
Western Michigan University
Joseph M. Victor
Independent Scholar
Shawncey Webb

Independent Scholar
Thomas Willard
University of Arizona
David Wu
Independent Scholar
Jay R. Yett
Orange Coast College
Ivan L. Zabilka
Independent Scholar
Kristen L. Zacharias
Albright College
xv
Contributors

Alphabetical List of Contents
Volume 1
Contents, v
Publisher’s Note, ix
Contributors, xi
Alphabetical List of Contents, xvii
Abstract Algebra, 1
AIDS, 5
Alpha Decay, 9
Amino Acids, 14
Anesthesia, 18
Antisepsis, 23
Artificial Intelligence, 27
Aspirin, 31
Atmospheric Circulation, 35
Atmospheric Pressure, 39

Atomic Nucleus, 42
Atomic Structure, 47
Atomic Theory of Matter, 50
Australopithecus, 55
Axiom of Choice, 59
Ballistics, 64
Bell Curve, 69
Big Bang, 74
Binomial Classification, 80
Black Holes, 84
Blood Circulation, 89
Blood Groups, 95
Blue Baby Surgery, 99
Boolean Logic, 103
Bourbaki Project, 108
Boyle’s Law, 112
Brahe’s Supernova, 118
Buckminsterfullerene, 122
Calculus, 126
Carbon Dioxide, 131
Cassini-Huygens Mission, 136
Cell Theory, 141
Celsius Temperature Scale, 146
Cepheid Variables, 151
Chandrasekhar Limit, 155
Chaotic Systems, 160
Chlorofluorocarbons, 163
Chromosomes, 167
Citric Acid Cycle, 171
Cloning, 175

Compton Effect, 179
Conductivity, 183
Contagion, 187
Continental Drift, 192
Copernican Revolution, 196
Cosmic Microwave Background
Radiation, 201
Cosmic Rays, 206
Cro-Magnon Man, 209
D’Alembert’s Axioms of Motion, 213
Dead Sea Scrolls, 217
Decimals and Negative Numbers,
223
Definite Proportions Law, 227
Diffraction, 232
Diphtheria Vaccine, 236
DNA Fingerprinting, 241
DNA Sequencing, 248
Double-Helix Model of DNA, 251
Earth Orbit, 256
Earth’s Core, 261
Earth’s Structure, 265
Electric Charge, 268
Electrodynamics, 273
Electromagnetism, 277
Electron Tunneling, 283
Electrons, 286
Electroweak Theory, 292
Euclidean Geometry, 296
Evolution, 300

Exclusion Principle, 306
Expanding Universe, 310
Extrasolar Planets, 315
Fahrenheit Temperature Scale, 318
Falling Bodies, 322
Fermat’s Last Theorem, 327
Fossils, 329
Fractals, 333
xvii
Galactic Superclusters, 336
Galaxies, 340
Galen’s Medicine, 345
Galileo Probe, 350
Game Theory, 355
Gamma-Ray Bursts, 359
Gene-Chromosome Theory, 363
Genetic Code, 368
Geologic Change, 373
Geomagnetic Reversals, 379
Germ Theory, 382
Global Warming, 387
Volume 2
Contents, xxvii
Alphabetical List of Contents, xxxi
Gran Dolina Boy, 393
Grand Unified Theory, 397
Gravitation: Einstein, 401
Gravitation: Newton, 404
Greek Astronomy, 409
Greek Medicine, 414

Halley’s Comet, 420
Hand Transplantation, 425
Heart Transplantation, 429
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle,
433
Heliocentric Universe, 437
Herschel’s Telescope, 443
Hilbert’s Twenty-Three Problems,
447
Hormones, 451
Hubble Space Telescope, 455
Human Anatomy, 462
Human Evolution, 465
Human Genome, 470
Human Immunodeficiency Virus, 474
Hybridomas, 477
Hydrostatics, 481
Hydrothermal Vents, 485
Immunology, 490
In Vitro Fertilization, 496
Incompleteness of Formal Systems,
499
Independence of Continuum
Hypothesis, 503
Inflationary Model of the Universe,
506
Insect Communication, 509
Insulin, 512
Integral Calculus, 516
Integration Theory, 520

International Space Station, 525
Internet, 530
Ionosphere, 534
Isotopes, 538
Jupiter’s Great Red Spot, 542
Kelvin Temperature Scale, 547
Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion,
550
Kinetic Theory of Gases, 555
Lamarckian Evolution, 560
Langebaan Footprints, 566
Lascaux Cave Paintings, 568
Lasers, 572
Lightning, 576
Linked Probabilities, 581
Liquid Helium, 586
Longitude, 590
Lucy, 595
Magnetism, 600
Manic Depression, 604
Mars Exploration Rovers, 607
Mass Extinctions, 612
Mathematical Logic, 616
Mayan Astronomy, 620
Medieval Physics, 624
Mendelian Genetics, 628
Microfossils, 633
Microscopic Life, 637
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 641
Mitosis, 645

Moon Landing, 649
Mössbauer Effect, 654
Neanderthals, 658
Nebular Hypothesis, 662
Neurons, 664
Neutron Stars, 671
xviii
Science and Scientists
Neutrons, 675
Nuclear Fission, 679
Oil-Drop Experiment, 683
Oncogenes, 687
Oort Cloud, 691
Optics, 696
Osmosis, 700
Ova Transfer, 704
Oxygen, 707
Ozone Hole, 711
Pavlovian Reinforcement, 716
Peking Man, 720
Pendulum, 724
Penicillin, 729
Periodic Table of Elements, 733
Personal Computers, 738
Pesticide Toxicity, 742
Photoelectric Effect, 747
Photosynthesis, 751
Planetary Formation, 756
Plate Tectonics, 761
Pluto, 765

Plutonium, 769
Polio Vaccine: Sabin, 773
Polio Vaccine: Salk, 777
Polynomials, 781
Pompeii, 784
Population Genetics, 789
Volume 3
Contents, xli
Alphabetical List of Contents, xlv
Probability Theory, 793
Psychoanalysis, 796
Pulmonary Circulation, 801
Pulsars, 805
Qafzeh Hominids, 809
Quantized Hall Effect, 813
Quantum Chromodynamics, 818
Quantum Mechanics, 821
Quarks, 827
Quasars, 832
Radio Astronomy, 836
Radio Galaxies, 839
Radio Maps of the Universe, 843
Radioactive Elements, 846
Radiometric Dating, 850
Recombinant DNA Technology, 854
Relativity, 859
REM Sleep, 863
Ribozymes, 866
Rosetta Stone, 872
Russell’s Paradox, 878

Saturn’s Rings, 881
Schick Test, 887
Schrödinger’s Wave Equation, 890
Scientific Method: Aristotle, 894
Scientific Method: Bacon, 899
Scientific Method: Early Empiricism,
905
Seafloor Spreading, 910
Smallpox Vaccination, 914
Solar Wind, 918
Space Shuttle, 922
Spectroscopy, 927
Speed of Light, 932
Split-Brain Experiments, 936
Spontaneous Generation, 940
Stellar Evolution, 944
Stem Cells, 950
Stonehenge, 955
Stratosphere and Troposphere, 960
Streptomycin, 965
String Theory, 969
Superconductivity, 972
Superconductivity at High
Temperatures, 975
Thermodynamics: First and Second
Laws, 979
Thermodynamics: Third Law, 983
Troy, 986
Uniformitarianism, 991
Van Allen Radiation Belts, 995

Very Long Baseline Interferometry,
998
Viruses, 1002
Vitamin C, 1005
xix
Alphabetical List of Contents
Vitamin D, 1009
Voyager Missions, 1015
Water, 1019
Wave-Particle Duality of Light, 1024
Weather Fronts, 1027
Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
Probe, 1031
X Radiation, 1035
X-Ray Astronomy, 1039
X-Ray Crystallography, 1043
X-Ray Fluorescence, 1047
Yellow Fever Vaccine, 1052
Zinjanthropus, 1055
Nobel Prize Science Laureates,
1060
Time Line, 1068
Web Sites, 1108
Category Index, 1133
Personages Index, 1139
Subject Index, 1153
xx
Science and Scientists
Science
and

Scientists