Luận văn thạc sĩ plankton community structure diversity indices, and similarity relationship with reference to industrial wastewater pollution by using correspondence analysis

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY
THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
ADVANCED EDUCATION PROGRAM

TRAN THI MINH HA

PLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE,
DIVERSITY INDICES, AND SIMILARITY RELATIONSHIP
WITH REFERENCE TO INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
POLLUTION BY USING CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS

BACHELOR THESIS

JANUARY – 2015

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THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY
THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
ADVANCED EDUCATION PROGRAM

BACHELOR THESIS
PLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE,
DIVERSITY INDICES, AND SIMILARITY RELATIONSHIP
WITH REFERENCE TO INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
POLLUTION BY USING CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS

Student Name:
Student ID:
Year:

Tran Thi Minh Ha
DTN1053110064
2010 – 2015

Supervisors:

Dr.-Phil. Arinafril

Dr. Ho Ngoc Son

JANUARY - 2015

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Rationale of the study ...................................................................................... 1
1.2. Aims of the study ............................................................................................. 2
1.3 Research questions ........................................................................................... 2
II. Literature review ................................................................................................ 3
2.1. Introduction to water ........................................................................................ 3
2.1.1. The importance of water ........................................................................... 3
2.1.2 Water quality .............................................................................................. 3
2.2. Plankton community ........................................................................................ 4
2.3 Impact of wastewater in plankton community.................................................. 7
III. Methodology ................................................................................................... 12
3.1 Collection and sample ..................................................................................... 14

3.1.1 Place and time .......................................................................................... 14
3.1.2 Materials and Equipments ........................................................................ 14
3.1.3 Plankton samplings .................................................................................. 15
3.1.4 Water samplings ....................................................................................... 15
3.2 Tools and Identification process ..................................................................... 15
3.2.1 Tools ......................................................................................................... 15
3.2.2 Identification plankton process ................................................................ 16
3.2.3 Water analysis .......................................................................................... 16
3.3. Data analysis .................................................................................................. 19
IV. Results and Discussion ................................................................................... 20
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4.1 Results of water analysis in 6 stations ............................................................ 20
4.2. Biodiversity Indices Measurement ................................................................ 25
4.3 Similarity relationship with reference to industrial wastewater pollution by
using Correspondence Analysis ............................................................................ 32
4.4 Diversity indices ............................................................................................. 35
V. Conclusions and recommendations ................................................................. 40
5.1 Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 40
5.2 Further research .............................................................................................. 40

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ABBREVIATIONS

BOD

: Biochemical Oxygen Demand

COD

: Chemical Oxygen Demand

DO

: Dissolved Oxygen

TSS

: Total Suspended Solids

SNI

: Indonesia national standard

PDAM : Drinking Water Company Installation

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Musi River ........................................................................................................... 12

Graph 1: The distribution of planktons on 6 stations in the first observation. ......... 34
Graph 2: The distribution of planktons on 6 stations in the second observation. .... 35

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Water analysis in soy sauce industry ........................................................ 20
Table 2: Water analysis in Crumb rubber................................................................. 21
Table 3: Water analysis in Ship dock ...................................................................... 22
Table 4: Water analysis in Drinking Water Company Installation ......................... 23
Table 5: Water analysis in Cement Company. ........................................................ 24
Table 6: Water analysis in Stock pile. ...................................................................... 25
Table 7: Planktons in Soy Sauce ............................................................................. 26
Table 8: Planktons in Crumb Rubber ....................................................................... 26
Table 9 : Planktons in Ship Dock ............................................................................. 27
Table10: Planktons in PDAM .................................................................................. 28
Table 11: Planktons in Cement Company. ............................................................... 29
Table 12: Planktons in Stockpile .............................................................................. 29
Table 13: Observation 1 ........................................................................................... 30
Table 14: Observation 2 ........................................................................................... 31
Table 15: Diversity Indices ...................................................................................... 37
Table 13: The first observation................................................................................... 1
Table 14: the second observation ............................................................................... 2

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Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry
Degree Program : Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management
Student name: Tran Thi Minh Ha
Student ID: DTN 1053110064
Thesis Title: PLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE, DIVERSITY
INDICES, AND SIMILARITY RELATIONSHIP WITH REFERENCE TO
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER POLLUTION BY USING
CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS
Supervisors : Dr.-Phil. Arinafril
Dr. Ho Ngoc Son.
ABSTRACT
Pollution of surface water in any parts of the world becomes one of the most
important environmental problems we are facing nowadays. Many studies showed
that polluted water can deteriorate and degrade water quality and then become
limiting factor for the use of water for many purposes.
Planktons are the main the primary producers which can be easily found in all kinds
of water bodies. Plankton community is firstly influenced and involved in water
pollution. As planktons are very sensitive to the chemicals in water, the functions of
planktons as the food source for many aquatic animals restrict.
The present study focused on phytoplankton species composition in Musi River,
Palembang, Indonesia, where alongside the river many industries were hosted. Two
water and plankton samplings were carried out to collect planktons from six
selected sites or stations, i.e. soy sauce industry, crumb rubber industry, ship dock,
regional drinking water company, cement industry and coal stockpile from
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November 7, 2014 to November 16, 2014.The physicochemical parameters were
Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), pH and Total
Suspended Solids (TSS). The study also included Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD5).
The result showed that at every station the population community of planktons
varied. Several planktons were found at one station, and were not found at the other
stations. For the first observation the number of plankton species found was 22, but
for the second observation was 39 species. The most abundant planktons found
were Ankistrodesmus acicularis (Monoraphidium aciculare) and Ankistrodesmus
angustus with 150 individuals and 83 individuals, respectively, for first observation,
and Ankistrodesmus acicularis, Striatella interrupta, Koliella Longiseta with 300,
217 and 166 individuals, respectively, for second observation.
The study concluded that discharged wastewater from industries contributed
significant effect on the plankton community.

Keywords: Planktons; Water Quality, Wastewater, Physicochemical parameters,
Biological parameter
Number of pages: 50 pages
Date of submission: January 15 , 2015

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PLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE, DIVERSITY INDICES, AND

SIMILARITY RELATIONSHIP WITH REFERENCE TO INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER POLLUTION BY USING CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS
I. Introduction
1.1. Rationale of the study
Planktons are composed of phytoplankton and zooplankton which are
typically found near the surface in aquatic environments. Planktons form the most
sensitive components of the ecosystems. Phytoplankton plays a vital role in primary
production. They also play an important role as food for herbivorous animals
(Reddy, et al., 2013). Zooplankton plays an essential role in water ecosystems
including river. The planktonic animals take part in the transformation and
circulation of organic matter (Ejsmont-Karabin et al., 2004), regulate the biomass of
phytoplankton (Lair, 2005; Kentzer et al., 2010) and provide food for fish,
especially for their larval stages and for fish fry (Pourriot et al., 1997).
Furthermore, the phytoplankton serves as a producer in the food chain. Their
productivity depends upon the quality of water. Many species of zooplankton are
primary consumers and feed on phytoplankton, thus playing an important role in
energy and transfer. In a water ecosystem, the diversity of phytoplankton can
influence the diversity of zooplankton, or vice versa and both can be affected by the
environment factors. (Chou et al., 2011). Companies which produce goods and
directly discharge wastewater to the river are responsible for disturbance and
diversity of plankton. In fact, water quality is a strong determinate of phytoplankton
and zooplankton dynamics, as well as diversity in aquatic system (Nasrollahzadeh
et al., 2008; Ramdani et al., 2009).

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1.2. Aims of the study
1. To identify and measurement the diversity of planktons in Musi River,
Palembang, Indonesia.

2. To determine the relationship among planktons by using Correspondence
Analysis
1.3 Research questions
1. Could activities of several industries alongside Musi River influence the
diversity of planktons
2. Could those activities cause the different diversity indices of planktons in
Musi River.
3. Is there similarity relationship among planktons?
1.4 Hypothesis
1. The activities of industries can influence the diversity species of planktons.
2. Pollutants discharged by industries can influence the value of diversity
indices of planktons.
3. The types of industries which discharge wastewater will have different
closeness relationship with plankton species.

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II. Literature review
2.1. Introduction to water
2.1.1. The importance of water
Water has always been a vital material of Man’s existence. It is used for drinking
, cooking, agriculture, transport, industry, and recreation show immediately the extent
to which it is an integral part of our life (Hunt, et al.,1974). However, the abundance
and quality of the world’s freshwater resources are declining rapidly. Changes in land
use degrade natural freshwaters and reduce biodiversity by eliminating valuable
habitats and adding excess nutrients (Patrick, et al., 2012).
2.1.2 Water quality

Water quality is a term which is used to describe the condition of the water,
including its chemical, physical and biological characteristics, usually with respect
to its suitability for a particular purpose (i.e., drinking, swimming or fishing). Water
quality is also affected by substances like pesticides or fertilizers that can negatively
affect marine life when present in certain concentrations (Diersing, 2009).
A lot of wastewater sources are caused of water pollution. One of the
important pollution sources in the pollution of the water environment is industrial
wastewater. There are many types of industrial wastewater based on different
industries and contaminants, each sector produces its own particular combination of
pollutants (Hanchang, 2009). With the rapid development of various industries, a
huge amount of fresh water is used as a raw material. So in fact the wastewater is an
“essential by-product” of modern industry, and it plays a majors role as a pollution
sources in the pollution of water environment (Hanchang, 2009). As a consequence,
the plankton populations of the river has been affected in terms of abundance and

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diversity. The water quality criteria with reference to freshwater bodies was
polluted by various industries ( Mathivanan, et al 2007).
Water pollution is the biggest menace of urbanization, industrialization and
agricultural practices. It leads to alteration in physical, chemical and biological
properties of water bodies as well as that of the environment. Chemical toxicants
directly and indirectly affects the life processes of flora and fauna of the water body
(Kumari et al., 2006; Krishnan et al., 2007)
2.2. Plankton community
The study of plankton as an index of water quality with respect to industrial,
municipal and domestic pollution has been reported earlier (Acharjee et al., 1995,

Jha et al., 1997). Planktons are microscopic organisms that float freely with oceanic
currents and in other bodies of water. Plankton is made up of tiny plants (called
phytoplankton) and tiny animals (called zooplankton). The word plankton comes
from the Greek word "planktos" which means "drifting." Phytoplanktons are the
autotrophic components of the plankton community and a key factor of oceans, seas
and freshwater basins ecosystems. The name comes from the Greek words φυτόν
(phyton), meaning "plant", and πλαγκτός (planktos), meaning "wanderer" or
"drifter". Most phytoplankton are too small to be individually seen with the unaided
eye. However, when present in high enough numbers, they may appear as a green
discoloration of the water due to the presence of chlorophyll within their cells
(although the actual color may vary with the species of phytoplankton present due
to varying levels of chlorophyll or the presence of accessory pigments such as
phycobiliproteins, xanthophylls, etc (Thurman, 2007).
“Phytoplankton are primary producers (also called autotrophs). As the base of
the oceanic food web, phytoplankton use chlorophyll to convert energy (from
sunlight), inorganic chemicals (like nitrogen), and dissolved carbon dioxide gas into
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carbohydrates”. Phytoplankters need a supply of inorganic nutrients from the water.
These they absorb from the water layer, a few micrometres thick, immediately in
contact with the cell wall or membrane. Molecules forces tend to preserve this layer
intact and it soon becomes depleted of nutrients which are not rapidly replaces by
diffusion alone. Continuous movement of the cell through the water, as it sinks and
is retrieved by upwardly directed eddy currents, sloughs away the depleted nutrient
shell and maintains a continual supply of undepleted water at the cell surface.
(Moss, 1979).
Plankton also contains zooplankton, “zooplankton are microscopic animals that

eat other plankton. Some zooplankton are larval or very immature stages of larger
animals, including mollusks (like snails and squid), crustaceans (like crabs and
lobsters), fish, jellyfish, sea cucumbers, and seastars (these are called meroplankton).
Some zooplankton are single-celled animals, like foraminifera and radiolarians. Other
zooplankton are tiny crustaceans, like Daphnia.
In food web, “plankton is the first link in the marine food chain; it is eaten by
many organisms, including mussels, fish, birds, and mammals (for example, baleen
whales). The plankton encompasses an incredibly diverse group of organisms,
ranging in size from viruses to large jellyfish, united only by the fact they are all
weak swimmers and so are largely transported by the movement of the water,
drifting about in the sea (John, 2012).
On details, fresh water phytoplankton includes single cells, colonies of cells
and filaments (linear strings of cells) that are usually converts solar radiant energy
into biological energy through photosynthesis as primary production. (Reddy, et al,.
2013). The plankton community is a very dynamic one. Not only are the relative
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positions of all of its particles, live or dead, changing from second to second, but
also dozens of chemical changes are going on simultaneously. Phytoplankton is one
of the most rapid detectors of environmental changes due to their quick response to
toxins and other chemical. Pollution stress reduces the number of algal species but
increases the number of individuals. A marked change in the algal community
severely affects the species diversity (Biligrami, 1988).
Phytoplanktons are the foundation of the aquatic food web, the primary
producers, feeding everything from microscopic, animal-like zooplankton to multiton whales. Small fish and invertebrates also graze on the plant-like organisms, and
then those smaller animals are eaten by bigger ones. Phytoplankton can also be the
harbingers of death or disease. Certain species of phytoplankton produce powerful

biotoxins, making them responsible for so-called “red tides,” or harmful algal
blooms. These toxic blooms can kill marine life and people who eat contaminated
seafood (Lindsey and Scott, 2010).
Through photosynthesis, phytoplankton consume carbon dioxide on a scale
equivalent to forests and other land plants. Some of this carbon is carried to the
deep ocean when phytoplankton die, and some is transferred to different layers of
the ocean as phytoplankton are eaten by other creatures, which themselves
reproduce, generate waste, and die (Lindsey and Scott, 2010).
With zooplankton, the protozoa, rotifers and crustaceans are the major groups
of freshwater zooplankton (Moss, 1979). Zooplankton diversity is one of the most
important ecological parameters in water quality assessment. The distribution of
zooplanktons depends on a complex factors such as, change of climatic condition,
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physical and chemical parameters and vegeration cover (Salve et al., 2013). The
importance of zooplankton as food resource of fish is not limited to pelagic
planktivorous species. The survival of the young herbivorous fishes such as tilapia
may depend on the availability of abundant littoral zooplankton and benthos aided
by omnivorous and high ecological efficiencies. Planktonic fish larvae prey on
zooplankton and occasionally phytoplankton. Several families of fish consume
zooplankton wholly or partly in various stage of their life histories (Lazzaro, 1987).
Zooplankton are thus crucial to achieving high fish yields in the tropics even if their
role seems to be mainly through the young stages of fish (Fernando, 1994).
Zooplankton is one of the fascinating groups of microorganism found in the aquatic
environment. They include a varied assemblage of taxonomically unrelated
organism, their common ecological characteristic being their habit, are found freely
drifting in epilimnion (Salve et al., 2013). Zooplanktons are also sensitive to various

substances that enrich or pollute water. They have been used as indicators to
monitor and assess the condition and change of the fresh water environment. Partic
Zooplankton have been frequently used as ecotoxicological test organisms to assess
the acute chronic effect of various toxic substances that are found in the freshwater
environment.
2.3 Impact of wastewater in plankton community
The impacts of wastewater in plankton are physico-chemical (such as pH,
temperature, salinity, and various inorganic nutrients) and biological factors which
are often identified as the major factors influencing the dynamics of plankton
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(Ramdani et al. 2009). Plankton are very sensitive to the environment they live in
and any alteration in the environment leads to the change in the plankton
communities in terms of tolerance, abundance, diversity and dominance in the
habitat. Therefore, plankton population observation may be used as reliable tool for
biomonitoring studies to assess the pollutionstatus, of aquatic bodies (Mathivanan
and Jayakumar, 1995).
However, impact of wastewater in plankton is very clear. The River and
marine receive pollution from different sources in all countries along the River, but
especially from industrialized areas. Industrial wastewater contributes most
pollutants to the River. However, oil pollution, municipal wastewater and
agriculture pollution also contribute heavy metals, pesticides, herbicides, and
microbes to the water. (El-Sheekh, 2009). Poisons are frequently present in
freshwater at concentrations too low to cause rapid death directly but they may
impair the functioning of organisms. These sublethal effects may be observed at the
biochemical, physiological, behavioral or life cycle level. Many small changes in
these parameters have been related to pollution but it is essential to show that they

have ecological meaning, that they reduce the fitness of an organism in its
environment and are not merely within its range of adaptation. The biochemical
effects of pollution are basic, and these can then be related to the efficiency of
tissues and organs, which can in turn be examined in relation to the performance of
the organism and whether this has any adverse effect on the natural population
(Sprague, 1971).
At the ecosystem level, natural water bodies may be described by the
properties (Gross Primary Production, Autotrophic Respiration, Net Primary
Production, Heterotrophic Respiration, Net Ecosystem Production, Ecosystem
Respiration, Production Efficiency, Effective Production, Maintenance Efficiency,
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Respiration Allocation, Ecosystem Productivity). These properties are associated
with rates of energy utilization, nutrient cycling, predator-prey relationships, and
size of the energy reservoir within the system. A pollutant that affects anyone of
them can affect the others in relation to the resiliency of the system.
Many studies on algal species and specific pollutants have been published.
Most have described effects upon population growth or photosynthesis and indicate
that, generally, algae are as sensitive to pollutants as animals. Growth and
photosynthesis are closely related, each being a function of the utilization of light
and nutrients (Dugdale, 1975) described the growth of an algal population as being
proportional to the effect of light on photosynthesis (Yentsch, 1974), the
concentration of nutrients, and the maximum specific growth rate.
Population pressure, urbanization, industrialization and increased agricultural
practices have significantly contributed to the pollution and toxicity of aquatic
ecosystems. Pollutants bring about a change not only in physic and chemical
quality of water but also modify the biotic components, resulting in the

elimination of some, probably valuable, and species (Desai, et al., 2008).
Pollutants may also affect species composition of the plankton community.
Adult zooplanktons are affected by pollutants and accumulate relatively large
amounts. Uptake occur either through ingestion of contaminated food or directly
from water. Varying sensitivities to pollutants among zooplankton species could
cause changes in community structure by affecting variables such as rate of
increase, rate of predation, mortality, and population density (Walsh, 1978).
The quantitative and qualitative abundance of the phytoplankton and
zooplankton were significantly correlated by existing water quality conditions.
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Phytoplankton and zooplankton are good indicators for changes in nutrient pollution
over time because they respond quickly to changes in nutrient input to aquatic
ecosystem. The biological analysis of coastal waters, especially the phytoplankton
analysis will describe clearly about the pollutant materials impact on the aquatic life
and a decrease in biological diversity. Furthermore, the phytoplankton will reflect
the condition of the waters, not only at the time of sampling, but also the condition
at a previous time point. Moreover, planktons are sensitive to many environmental
conditions such as salinity, rainfall, temperature, dissolved oxygen levels, turbidity,
and other factors (Harris and Vinobaba , 2012). On the other hand, zooplankton is
the most important components of the aquatic ecosystem, playing a major role in
energy transfer between the phytoplankton and the economically important fish
populations. The abundance of zooplankton depends on a great variety of abiotic
and biotic factors, which collectively affect individual species of the zooplankton
community. Generally zooplankton populations were

poor

compared to

phytoplankton. Many environmental factors can affect zooplankton assemblages,
including water temperature, nutrient concentrations, and salinity (Harris and
Vinobaba, 2012).
With water analysis, samples needed to be collected. Plankton samples were
collected by standard methods (APHA, 1989) from predetermined sampling sites
from the point of effluent outfall along with the downstream water stretch. The
collected samples were fixed in 3-4% Lugol’s solution

and brought to the

laboratory for plankton analysis. Counting and identification were done as per
APHA (1989). Species diversity index was obtained by following Shannon Weaver
methodology (Nath, 1997).
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Planktons play an important role in water ecosystem which are very sensitive
with changing environment. However, the environmental conditions are different
among areas, rivers and wastewater sources. So, the adaption level of plankton
communities is also different. The study will emphasize the effluence of industrial
wastewater into plankton communities.

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