keine panik vor thermodynamik 4th ed. - d. labuhn, o. romberg [german] (vieweg, 2009) ww

Dirk Labuhn | Oliver Romberg
Keine Panik vor Thermodynamik!
Dirk Labuhn | Oliver Romberg
Keine Panik
vor Thermodynamik!
Erfolg und Spaß im klassischen „Dickbrettbohrerfach“
des Ingenieurstudiums
4., aktualisierte Auflage
STUDIUM
Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der
Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über
<> abrufbar.
Dr. Dirk Labuhn

www.keine-panik-vor-thermodynamik.de
Dr. Oliver Romberg

www.dont-panic-with-mechanics.com
1. Auflage 2005
2. Auflage 2006
3. Auflage 2007
4., aktualisierte Auflage 2009
Alle Rechte vorbehalten
© Vieweg+Teubner |GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden 2009
Lektorat: Ulrich Sandten | Kerstin Hoffmann
Vieweg+Teubner ist Teil der Fachverlagsgruppe Springer Science+Business Media.
www.viewegteubner.de
Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede
Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne

Zustimmung des Verlags unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für
Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung
und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen.
Die Wiedergabe von Gebrauchsnamen, Handelsnamen, Warenbezeichnungen usw. in diesem Werk
berechtigt auch ohne besondere Kennzeichnung nicht zu der Annahme, dass solche Namen im
Sinne der Warenzeichen- und Markenschutz-Gesetzgebung als frei zu betrachten wären und daher
von jedermann benutzt werden dürften.
Umschlaggestaltung: KünkelLopka Medienentwicklung, Heidelberg
© Cartoons: Oliver Romberg, Bremen
Druck und buchbinderische Verarbeitung: MercedesDruck, Berlin
Gedruckt auf säurefreiem und chlorfrei gebleichtem Papier.
Printed in Germany
ISBN 978-3-8348-0645-1
9
9RUZRUW ]XU  $XIODJH
+XUUD +LHU LVW HV QXQ GDV PLOOLRQVWH %XFK ]XU Ä7KHUPRG\QDPLN³ $EHU UHL
FKHQ GHQQ GLH DQGHUHQ  QLFKW" 8QV MHGHQIDOOV KDEHQ VLH QLFKW JHUHLFKW
GHQQ ZLU NHQQHQ GLH 3UREOHPH GLH EHLP $XIHLQDQGHUWUHIIHQ YRQ 6WXGHQWHQ XQG
7KHUPRG\QDPLN DXI 6HLWHQ GHU 6WXGHQWHQ HQWVWHKHQ VRZRKO DXV HLJHQHU (UIDK
UXQJ DOV /HLG 7UDJHQGH LP GULWWHQ XQG YLHUWHQ 6HPHVWHU DOV DXFK YRQ GHU DQGH
UHQ 6HLWH DXV JHVHKHQ
:LU KDEHQ GDV YRUOLHJHQGH %XFK JHVFKULHEHQ ZHLO HV EHL GHU KHUN|PPOL
FKHQ %HVFKlIWLJXQJ PLW 7KHUPR XQQ|WLJHUZHLVH RIW ]X )UXVW XQWHU GHQ 6WXGHQ
WHQ NRPPW

 'HU +DXSWJUXQG IU GHQ 6WXGHQWHQ)UXVW LVW GHU *OHLFKH ZLH EHL
IDVW DOOHQ )lFKHUQ 'HU 6WRII ZLUG PLW /ofVWDXEWURFNHQ GDUJHERWHQ ZREHL /
HLQHQ )DNWRU DXI GHU QDFK REHQ RIIHQHQ /DQJHZHLOH6NDOD GDUVWHOOW $XFK ZHQQ
(LQLJH PLW GHP 6WRII LQ GHU GDUJHUHLFKWHQ )RUP HUVWDXQOLFKHUZHLVH RKQH 3URE
OHPH ]XUHFKWNRPPHQ


 LVW HV IU GLH PHLVWHQ HLQH JURH +LOIH ZHQQ GLH 0DWH
ULH HWZDV DXIEHUHLWHW ZLUG /o 
8QG JHQDX GD VHW]W GLHVHV %XFK DQ 8QVHU =LHO LVW HV XQWHU EHZXVVWHP
9HU]LFKW DXI GLH ZLVVHQVFKDIWOLFKH 6WUHQJH JlKQ GHQ 6WRII HWZDV EHN|PPOL
FKHU GDU]XVWHOOHQ 'DEHL VLQG HLQLJH 'LQJH YRU DOOHP ODQJH +HUOHLWXQJHQ XQG
PDWKHPDWLVFKH %HZHLVH VFKQDUUUUUFK XQWHU GHQ 7LVFK JHIDOOHQ 6WDWWGHVVHQ
VLQG YLHOH DQVFKDXOLFKH %HLVSLHOH KLQHLQJHNRPPHQ GLH MHGHU DXV GHP HLJHQHQ
/HEHQ NHQQW 2GHU ]XPLQGHVW NHQQHQ VROOWH QLFKW ZDKU"
:LU N|QQHQ XQG ZROOHQ GLH DQGHUHQ %FKHU EHU 7KHUPR GLH VFKRQ DXI
GHP 0DUNW VLQG QLFKW HUVHW]HQ XQG ZLU KDEHQ IU GLHVHV %XFK GDV 5DG JDQ]
VLFKHU QLFKW QHX HUIXQGHQ .HLQ =XVDPPHQKDQJ GHU KLHU GULQ VWHKW LVW YRQ XQV
KHUJHOHLWHW RGHU JDU HQWGHFNW ZRUGHQ =XU (UVWHOOXQJ GHV %XFKHV GLHQWHQ GLH
9RUOHVXQJVXQWHUODJHQ YRQ +HUUQ 3URI 'U,QJ 3 6WHSKDQ 78 'DUPVWDGW >@
XQG XQVHUH HLJHQHQ 0LWVFKULIWHQ DOV 6WXGHQWHQ DEHU DXFK ]DKOUHLFKH DQGHUH

+HUU 'U 5RPEHUJ P|FKWH EHWRQHQ GDVV HU LQ HUVWHU /LQLH GHVZHJHQ EHL GHP %XFK PLWJH
ZLUNW KDW XP VHLQH NDWDVWURSKDOH ILQDQ]
9LOOHQ DXI +DZDLL YHUZDOWHQ ]X ODVVHQ

+HUU 'U /DEXKQ P|FKWH KLQJHJHQ EHWRQHQ GDVV HV LKP DXVVFKOLHOLFK GDUXP JHKW 1RW OHL
GHQGHQ 6WXGHQWHQ XQG 6WXGHQWLQQHQ PRUDOLVFK XQWHU GLH $UPH ]X JUHLIHQ 6FKOLHOLFK KDEHQ
VLFK GLHVH DUPHQ 6HHOHQ IUHLZLOOLJ IU GLHVHV ZXQGHUVFK|QH )DFK HQWVFKLHGHQ RIW VRJDU JHJHQ
GHQ HOWHUOLFKHQ 5DW Ä0DFK ZDV 2UGHQWOLFKHV PLW 0DUNHWLQJ RGHU -XUD³

2GHU DXFK QXU VR WXQ
9,
%FKHU >@ >@ >@ 0DQXVNULSWH $XIJDEHQVDPPOXQJHQ 9RUOHVXQJVPLWVFKULI
WHQ >@ >@ >@ >@ XQG 2QOLQH4XHOOHQ >@ >@ 'HU 9ROOVWlQGLJNHLW KDO
EHU HUZlKQHQ ZLU DXFK QRFK GDVV GLH KLHU YHUZHQGHWHQ *UXQGUHFKHQDUWHQ

HUVWPDOV GXUFK GHQ &KXUIUVWOLFK 6lFKVLVFKHQ +RIDULWKPHWLFXV +HUUQ $GDP
5LHVH >@ GDUJHVWHOOW ZXUGHQ
'DV YRUOLHJHQGH %XFK LVW HLQ (LQVWLHJ LQ GLH *UXQGODJHQ GHU 7KHUPRG\
QDPLN XQG VROO HLQH %UFNH ]ZLVFKHQ GHP $QIlQJHU XQG GHQ Ä([SHUWHQ³ VHLQ
XQG NDQQ DXFK GD]X GLHQHQ VLFK DXI GLH ÄULFKWLJHQ³ /HKUEFKHU YRU]XEHUHLWHQ
1HX LVW LQ GLHVHP %XFK GLH 'DUVWHOOXQJVZHLVH GLH 7KHUPRG\QDPLN XQG $OOWDJ
HQGOLFK XQWHU HLQHQ +XW EULQJW 'DV :HUN VROO (UIROJ XQG 6SD LP NODVVLVFKHQ
Ä'LFNEUHWWERKUHUIDFK GHV ,QJHQLHXUVWXGLXPV EULQJHQ XQG DXHUGHP KHOIHQ
DXI OXVWYROOH $UW XQG :HLVH GLH *OWLJNHLW GHU DOWKHUJHEUDFKWHQ )RUPHO Ä7KHU
PR LVW ZHQQ QDFK GHU .ODXVXU  GXUFKJHIDOOHQ VLQG³ LQ )UDJH ]X VWHOOHQ
'LHVH 5HJHO KDW YHUPXWOLFK ]X HLQLJHQ VR QLFKW JHSODQWHQ .DUULHUHQ LQ &RS\
6KRSV 6WXGHQWHQNQHLSHQ RGHU DOV 1HW]ZHUN$GPLQLVWUDWRU

JHIKUW XQG GDV
PXVV QXQ ZLUNOLFK QLFKW VHLQ
%UHPHQ LP $XJXVW  'LUN /DEXKQ XQG 2OLYHU 5RPEHUJ
9RUZRUW ]XU  $XIODJH
'DVV GLH HUVWH $XIODJH VR VFKQHOO YHUNDXIW ZDU KDW XQV QDWUOLFK VHKU JHIUHXW
$OV 'DQN GDIU KDEHQ ZLU GDV %XFK EHUDUEHLWHW XQG QRFK HLQ SDDU ILHVH $E
VFKQLWWH EHU *HPLVFKH XQG EHU GLH )XQGDPHQWDOJOHLFKXQJHQ KLQ]XJHIJW
$XHUGHP LVW GHU $XIJDEHQWHLO HUZHLWHUW ZRUGHQ 'DQN JHEKUW DXFK DOO GHQHQ
GLH GXUFK +LQZHLVH DXI 8QNODUKHLWHQ RGHU )HKOHU JHKROIHQ KDEHQ GLHVHV :HUN
QRFK EHVVHU ]X PDFKHQ
:LU KRIIHQ GDVV DXFK GLH ]ZHLWH $XIODJH GLHVHV %XFKHV P|JOLFKVW YLHOHQ
0HQVFKHQ KLOIW GLH 3DQLN YRU GHU 7KHUPRG\QDPLN ]X YHUOLHUHQ
%UHPHQ LP 0lU]  'LUN /DEXKQ XQG 2OLYHU 5RPEHUJ

DEHU DXFK GHU EUDXFKW 7KHUPR =XPLQGHVW GDQQ ZHQQ HU YHUVWHKHQ ZLOO ZLH HU VHLQH *H
PlFKHU ]X *XQVWHQ GHU 5HFKQHUOHEHQVGDXHU NRQVWDQW NKO KDOWHQ NDQQ
9,,

9RUZRUW ]XU  $XIODJH
,P 9HUJOHLFK ]XU ]ZHLWHQ $XIODJH KDW GLHVHV %XFK ZLHGHU HLQ SDDU 6HLWHQ DQ
8PIDQJ JHZRQQHQ 'DV OLHJW DQ 5HDNWLRQHQ YRQ /HVHUQ GLH GDV (LQH RGHU $Q
GHUH EHLP ,QKDOW YHUPLVVW KDEHQ 'HVZHJHQ ZHUGHQ DE MHW]W DXFK GHU -RXOH
7KRPVRQ (IIHNW XQG GLH /XIWYHUIOVVLJXQJ QDFK /LQGH LQ GLHVHP %XFK EHKDQ
GHOW $XV GHP JOHLFKHQ *UXQG VLQG DXHUGHP GLH .DSLWHO EHU GLH )XQGDPHQ
WDOJOHLFKXQJHQ XQG EHU :LUNXQJVJUDGH XQG /HLVWXQJV]DKOHQ EHUDUEHLWHW XQG
HUZHLWHUW ZRUGHQ
:LU GHQNHQ GDVV MHW]W GLH ZLFKWLJVWHQ DEHU QDWUOLFK OlQJVW QLFKW DOOH
*UXQGODJHQ LQ GLHVHP %XFK HUNOlUW ZHUGHQ =XPLQGHVW GDQQ ZHQQ GDV REHUVWH
=LHO GDV %HVWHKHQ HLQHU 7KHUPR.ODXVXU LVW 1DWUOLFK JLEW HV DXI GHU :HOW
QRFK ZHLWHUH WKHUPRG\QDPLVFKH 'HWDLOV XQG 3UR]HVVH GLH NDQQ PDQ DEHU PLW
GHQ .HQQWQLVVHQ DXV GLHVHP %XFK GDQQ ]LHPOLFK ORFNHU YHUVWHKHQ 8QG DQGH
UHUVHLWV NDQQ PDQ HLQ]HOQH .DSLWHO GLHVHV %XFKHV ]XP ÄVSlWHU /HVHQ³ HUVWPDO
]XUFNVWHOOHQ ZHQQ GLH HLQH RGHU DQGHUH 6DFKH YRP HLJHQHQ 'R]HQWHQ QLFKW
EHKDQGHOW ZXUGH
9LHO (UIROJ XQG 6SD EHL 7KHUPR
%UHPHQ LP $XJXVW  'LUN /DEXKQ XQG 2OLYHU 5RPEHUJ
9RUZ|UWHU ]XU  $XIODJH
9LHO LVW LP 9HUJOHLFK ]XU  $XIODJH QLFKW SDVVLHUW 'D LQ GHQ $XIODJHQ ]XYRU
VFKRQ YLHOH %XJV GXUFK ]DKOUHLFKH +LQZHLVH DXV GHU /HVHUVFKDIW HQWIHUQW ZXU
GHQ YLHOHQ 'DQN GDIU PXVVWHQ QXU QRFK HLQ SDDU .OHLQLJNHLWHQ YHUEHVVHUW
ZHUGHQ
%UHPHQ LP 'H]HPEHU  'LUN /DEXKQ XQG 2OLYHU 5RPEHUJ
,;
,QKDOWVYHU]HLFKQLV
 *UXQGODJHQ 
 0DWKH IU 7KHUPRG\QDPLNHU XQG LQQHQ 
 'HXWVFK IU 7KHUPRG\QDPLNHU PZ 
 +LHU JHKW QL[ YHUORUHQ  GLH 6DFKH PLW GHU (QHUJLH 

 (UVWPDO %LODQ] ]LHKHQ 
 =XVWDQGVJU|HQ XQG 3UR]HVVJU|HQ 
 0DVVH XQG 6WRIIPHQJH 
 6SH]LILVFKH LQWHQVLYH XQG H[WHQVLYH *U|HQ 
 =ZHL DOWH %HNDQQWH 
 'UXFN 
 7HPSHUDWXU 
 .XU]H 3UR]HVVH 
 7KHUPLVFKH =XVWDQGVJOHLFKXQJHQ 
 ,GHDO HLQIDFK  'DV LGHDOH *DVJHVHW] 
 1RFK HLQIDFKHU  'DV LQNRPSUHVVLEOH )OXLG 
 0DOHQ QDFK =DKOHQ  =XVWDQGVGLDJUDPPH 
 'DV SY'LDJUDPP 
 'DV 7Y'LDJUDPP 
 'DV S7'LDJUDPP XQG GLH $QWRLQH*OHLFKXQJ 
 'DV 1DVVGDPSIJHELHW DXV GHU 1lKH EHWUDFKWHW 
 :HQLJHU HLQIDFK ± .XELVFKH =XVWDQGVJOHLFKXQJHQ 
 'LH OLQHDUH ,QWHUSRODWLRQ 
 8QVHUH HUVWH %LODQ] GLH 0DVVHQELODQ] 
 +DXSWVDFKH +DXSWVlW]H  'HU  +DXSWVDW] 
 5HLQ RGHU UDXV" 
 :LH YHUHLQIDFKH LFK PHLQHQ +DXSWVDW]" 
 hEHU :lUPH XQG $UEHLW 
 'HU  +DXSWVDW] IU JHVFKORVVHQH 6\VWHPH 
 'HU  +DXSWVDW] IU RIIHQH 6\VWHPH 
 %HLVSLHOH IU (QHUJLHELODQ]HQ 
;
 (LQ TXDVLVWDWLRQlUHU )OLHSUR]HVV 
 (LQ NODVVLVFKHU VWDWLRQlUHU )OLHSUR]HVV 
 (LQ LQVWDWLRQlUHU )OLHSUR]HVV 

 1RFK HLQ VWDWLRQlUHU 3UR]HVV 
 (QHUJLH ZLUNW LPPHU 
 :HQQ GDV 1XGHOZDVVHU EHUNRFKW XQG lKQOLFKH 'UDPHQ 
 ,P 1DPHQ GHV 6WRIIJHVHW]HV  .DORULVFKH =XVWDQGVJOHLFKXQJHQ 
 .DORULVFKH =XVWDQGVJOHLFKXQJ LGHDOHU *DVH 
 =XVWDQGVlQGHUXQJHQ EHLP LGHDOHQ *DV 
 ,VRWKHUPH =XVWDQGVlQGHUXQJ 
 ,VRFKRUH =XVWDQGVlQGHUXQJ 
 ,VREDUH =XVWDQGVlQGHUXQJ 
 ,VHQWURSH =XVWDQGVlQGHUXQJ 
 .DORULVFKH =XVWDQGVJOHLFKXQJ LQNRPSUHVVLEOHU )OXLGH 
 'HU -RXOH7KRPVRQ (IIHNW 
 +DXSWVlW]H XQG 1HEHQVlW]H  'HU  +DXSWVDW] 
 (QWURSLH  'LH 6DFKH PLW GHU 8QRUGQXQJ 
 'LH (QWURSLHELODQ] 
 'LH %HUHFKQXQJ YRQ (QWURSLHVWU|PHQ 
 'LH )XQGDPHQWDOJOHLFKXQJ 
 'LH (QWURSLH GHU 0DWHULH 
 (QWURSLH]XVWDQGVJOHLFKXQJ IU GDV LGHDOH *DV 
 (QWURSLH]XVWDQGVJOHLFKXQJ IU GDV LQNRPSUHVVLEOH )OXLG 
 'LH (QWURSLH GHU :lUPH 
 (QWURSLHHU]HXJXQJ GXUFK 'LVVLSDWLRQ 
 'HU  +DXSWVDW] JDQ] DOOJHPHLQ 
 'DV 7V'LDJUDPP 
 (QHUJLH XQG (QWURSLH LP 1DVVGDPSIJHELHW 
 'DV KV'LDJUDPP 
 7XUELQHQ 9HUGLFKWHU LVHQWURSH :LUNXQJVJUDGH 
 ([HUJLH XQG $QDUFKLH 
 ([HUJLH5HFKQHUHLHQ 
;,

 ([HUJLH XQG $QHUJLH HLQHV JHVFKORVVHQHQ 6\VWHPV 
 ([HUJLH XQG $QHUJLH GHU :lUPH 
 ([HUJLH XQG $QHUJLH HLQHV 0DVVHQVWURPV 
 ([ XQG KRSS  ([HUJLHYHUOXVWH 
 'HU H[HUJHWLVFKH :LUNXQJVJUDG 
 :lUPHEHUWUDJXQJ 
 :lUPHOHLWXQJ 
 .RQYHNWLRQ 
 :lUPHVWUDKOXQJ 
 .UHLVSUR]HVVH 
 /LQNVKHUXP XQG UHFKWVKHUXP LP .UHLV 
 :lUPHNUDIWPDVFKLQHQ 
 :LUNXQJVJUDGH YRQ :lUPHNUDIWPDVFKLQHQ 
 .lOWHPDVFKLQHQ XQG :lUPHSXPSHQ 
 /HLVWXQJV]DKOHQ YRQ .lOWHPDVFKLQHQ:lUPHSXPSHQ 
 5HDOLVLHUXQJHQ UHFKWV ODXIHQGHU .UHLVSUR]HVVH 
 'HU 6WUHEHU  &DUQRW 
 .UHLVSUR]HVVH GLH *DV JHEHQ 
 (ULFVVRQ3UR]HVV 
 -RXOH3UR]HVVH RIIHQ RGHU JHVFKORVVHQ 
 6WLUOLQJ3UR]HVV 
 2Q WKH URDG  9HUEUHQQXQJVPRWRUHQ 
 2WWR3UR]HVV 
 'LHVHO3UR]HVV 
 .UHLVSUR]HVVH LQ ;;/  'DPSINUDIWDQODJHQ 
 (LQIDFKHU 'DPSINUDIW XQG &ODXVLXV5DQNLQH3UR]HVV 
 'DPSINUDIW3UR]HVV PLW =ZLVFKHQEHUKLW]XQJ 
 'DPSINUDIW3UR]HVV PLW 6SHLVHZDVVHUYRUZlUPXQJ 
 'HU *HVDPWZLUNXQJVJUDG YRQ 'DPSINUDIWDQODJHQ 
 5HDOLVLHUXQJHQ OLQNV ODXIHQGHU .UHLVSUR]HVVH 

 'HU .RPSUHVVRUNKOVFKUDQN 
 /XIWYHUIOVVLJXQJ QDFK /LQGH 
 *HPLVFKWH *HIKOH RGHU JHIKOWH *HPLVFKH 
;,,
 'LH %HVFKUHLEXQJ YRQ *HPLVFKHQ 
 'LH %lFNHUPHWKRGH 
 'LH (UEVHQ]lKOHUPHWKRGH 
 %DFNHUEVHQ  ZLHJHQ RGHU ]lKOHQ" 
 ,GHDOH *HPLVFKH YRQ *DVHQ XQG YRQ )OVVLJNHLWHQ 
 'DV LGHDOH *DVJHPLVFK 
 'LH LGHDOH /|VXQJ 
 'DV 3KDVHQJOHLFKJHZLFKW 
 6LHGHGLDJUDPPH IU ELQlUH *HPLVFKH 
 'DV S[\'LDJUDPP 
 'DV 7[\'LDJUDPP 
 1LFKW QXU LQ GHQ 7URSHQ HLQ 3UREOHP  )HXFKWH /XIW 
 'LH =XVDPPHQVHW]XQJ YRQ IHXFKWHU /XIW 
 6WRIIZHUWH YRQ IHXFKWHU /XIW 
 =XVWDQGVlQGHUXQJHQ IHXFKWHU /XIW 
 ,VREDUHV $ENKOHQ IHXFKWHU /XIW 
 $GLDEDWHV 0LVFKHQ IHXFKWHU /XIW 
 9HUEUHQQXQJHQ GULWWHQ *UDGHV 
 'DV 6DXHUVWRIIDQJHERW 
 'HU 6DXHUVWRIIEHGDUI 
 .RKOH .RNV XQG .RQVRUWHQ 
 *DV *UDSSD XQG *HQRVVHQ 
 (UVWPDO WLHI /XIW KROHQ 
 %LODQ]HQ EHL GHU WHFKQLVFKHQ 9HUEUHQQXQJ 
 XQG VRQVW" 
 $XIJDEHQ PLW /|VXQJVZHJ 

 $XIJDEHQ ]XP LGHDOHQ *DVJHVHW] 
 $XIJDEHQ ]XP HUVWHQ +DXSWVDW] 
 $XIJDEHQ ]XP 1DVVGDPSIJHELHW 
 $XIJDEHQ ]XP ]ZHLWHQ +DXSWVDW] 
 $XIJDEHQ ]XU ([HUJLH 
 $XIJDEHQ ]X .UHLVSUR]HVVHQ 
;,,,
 $XIJDEHQ ]X *HPLVFKHQ 
 $XIJDEHQ ]X IHXFKWHU /XIW 
 $XIJDEHQ ]XU 9HUEUHQQXQJ 
/LWHUDWXUYHU]HLFKQLV 
6DFKUHJLVWHU 

 *UXQGODJHQ
$DDDDOVR HUVWPDO KHU]OLFKHQ *OFNZXQVFK ]XP (UZHUE GLHVHV %XFKHV -HW]W
GLH )H KRFK OHJHQ XQG ODQJVDP JDQ] ODQJVDP LQ GDV JHIUFKWHWH +DPPHU
IDFK Ä7KHUPR³ HLQVWHLJHQ 9RUKHU YLHOOHLFKW QRFK PDO DXIV .OR" 1HLQ" *XW HV
JHKW DOVR ORV LKU ZHUGHW VHKHQ HV LVW JDU QLFKW VR VFKOLPP
(LQ *URWHLO GHU PLW GHP )DFK 7KHUPRG\QDPLN YHUEXQGHQHQ 9HUZLUUXQJ
ZLUG GXUFK GLH 9LHO]DKO YRQ %HJULIIHQ

JHVWLIWHW GLH LP $OOWDJ HQWZHGHU JDU
QLFKW RGHU JDQ] DQGHUV DOV LQ GHQ 9HUDQVWDOWXQJHQ XQG :HUNHQ GHU HKUZUGL
JHQ :LVVHQVFKDIWOHU YHUZHQGHW ZHUGHQ %HYRU HV ULFKWLJ ORV JHKW PXVV GD
QRFK HLQ ELVVFKHQ ZDV NODUJHVWHOOW ZHUGHQ
 0DWKH IU 7KHUPRG\QDPLNHU XQG LQQHQ
9RUDE VFKRQ PDO GLH JXWH 1DFKULFKW $XFK GHU /RVHU GHU VHLQH HUVWH 0DWKH
3UIXQJ QLFKW YRQ HLQHP .U\SWRORJLH.XUV IU )RUWJHVFKULWWHQH XQWHUVFKHLGHQ

HWZD GHU $UW ÄPDVVHQVSH]LILVFKLVHQWKDOSH (QWURSLHSURGXNWLRQVUDWHQlQGHUXQJ³


NRQQWH HUKlOW LQ GHU 7KHUPR.ODXVXU HLQH IDLUH &KDQFH 'LH PDWKHPDWLVFKHQ
$QIRUGHUXQJHQ VLQG HLJHQWOLFK QLFKW DOO]X KRFK 'HU JHPHLQH 0DWKHPDWLNHU
VLHKW GDV ]ZDU YROONRPPHQ DQGHUV IU 7KHUPR DEHU JLOW
x Ä3XQNWUHFKXQJ JHKW YRU 6WULFKUHFKQXQJ³
x Ä:HU ,QWHJUDOH PDOW LVW HLQ $QJHEHU³
:HU GDQQ WURW]GHP SDQLVFK ZLUG DQJHVLFKWV HLQLJHU )RUPHOQ GLH LQ GHU 9RUOH
VXQJ JHOHJHQWOLFK DXIWDXFKHQ NDQQ VLFK ZLHGHU EHUXKLJHQ (LQLJH 3URIHVVRUHQ
KDEHQ VFKOLFKW XQG HLQIDFK 6SD DQ VROFKHQ 6DFKHQ

 'LH )lKLJNHLW NRPSOH[H
*OHLFKXQJHQ PLW PHKUHUHQ $EOHLWXQJHQ XQG ,QWHJUDOHQ DXI]XVWHOOHQ XQG ]X
O|VHQ LVW ]XP %HVWHKHQ HLQHU 7KHUPR.ODXVXU YLHOOHLFKW KLOIUHLFK DEHU QLFKW
]ZLQJHQG HUIRUGHUOLFK
'LH DOOHUPHLVWHQ $XIJDEHQ N|QQHQ PLW +LOIH GHU *UXQGUHFKHQDUWHQ HUOH
GLJW ZHUGHQ 0DQFKPDO LVW HV ]ZDU JDQ] QW]OLFK HLQH $EOHLWXQJ RGHU HLQ ,Q
WHJUDO EHUHFKQHQ ]X N|QQHQ HUIRUGHUOLFK LVW HV DEHU QXU GDQQ ZHQQ PDQ DOV
DQHUNDQQWHU 6WUHEHU XQEHGLQJW LQ GHQ YRUGHUHQ 5lQJHQ DXI GHU 1RWHQVNDOD ODQ
GHQ P|FKWH
 'HXWVFK IU 7KHUPRG\QDPLNHU PZ
1LFKW DOV HLQ]LJHV )DFK QHLJW GLH 7KHUPRG\QDPLN GD]X VLFK VHOEVW YROONRP
PHQ ]X EHUVFKlW]HQ XQG IU GHQ 1DEHO GHU :HOW ]X KDOWHQ GHQQ JDQ] lKQOLFK
WUHLEHQ HV GLH 0HFKDQLN XQG GLH :HUNVWRIINXQGH XQG DOOHQ YRUDQ QDWUOLFK GLH
3K\VLN XQG GLH 0DWKHPDWLN 'DUEHU KLQDXV KDOWHQ VLFK GLH EHLGHQ /HW]WJH
QDQQWHQ DXFK QRFK IU GLH *UXQGODJH DOOHU DQGHUHQ 'LV]LSOLQHQ
9ROONRPPHQ 5HFKW KDEHQ VLH  MHGHU IU VLFK LQ VHLQHU (FNH ZR VLFK VRQVW
QLHPDQG GDUDQ VW|UW 'LH 3UREOHPH IDQJHQ LPPHU HUVW GDQQ DQ ZHQQ ]XP %HL
VSLHO 3K\VLNHU 0DWKHPDWLNHU XQG ,QJHQLHXUH DEHQGV ]XVDPPHQ VLW]HQ XQG
EHU HLQHP


%LHU RGHU PHKUHUHQ LQV 3ODXGHUQ NRPPHQ 'DV 0DWKH$VV EH

GHQ PDQ LKQHQ DQJHVLFKWV DQGHUHU P|JOLFKHUZHLVH DOWHUVEHGLQJWHU 'HIL]LWH DXFK QLFKW QHK
PHQ VROOWH

%HL ,QJHQLHXUHQ OLHJW GLH %HWRQXQJ QDWUOLFK DXI ÄHLQHP³

KDXSWHW GLH WKHRUHWLVFKH *UXQGODJH IU EHUKDXSW DOOHV ]X YHUWUHWHQ

XQG GHU
3K\VLNHU LVW VLFK JDQ] VLFKHU DOOHV ]XPLQGHVW EHVFKUHLEHQ ]X N|QQHQ

 7KHRUH
WLVFK VWLPPW GDV IU EHLGH DXFK ZHQQ LKQHQ GD QLFKW LQ GHU 3UD[LV GDV 'HWDLO
ZLVVHQ GHU Ä6SH]LDOLVWHQ³ IHKOHQ ZUGH +LHU NRPPHQ GDQQ GLH ,QJHQLHXUH DXI
GHQ 3ODQ 'HU 0HFKDQLNHU XQG GHU 7KHUPRG\QDPLNHU KDEHQ VLFK LQ DQJUHQ]HQ
GH *HELHWH

EHJHEHQ XQG MHGHU KDW LQ VHLQHU HLJHQHQ (FNH VHLQH HLJHQHQ 9RND
EHOQ HLQJHIKUW
'LH 9RNDEHOQ DXV GHP 5HLFK GHU 7KHUPRG\QDPLN PXVV PDQ HLQIDFK PDO
JHK|UW KDEHQ ZHQQ PDQ DXV GHU .ODXVXU PLW GHXWOLFK PHKU DOV  3XQNWHQ UDXV
NRPPHQ ZLOO 'HVZHJHQ ZHUGHQ LQ GHQ QlFKVWHQ $EVFKQLWWHQ GLH JUXQGOH
JHQGVWHQ %HJULIIH HUOlXWHUW XQG ZHLWHUH IROJHQ GDQQ ]ZHFNV EHVVHUHU 9HUGDX
OLFKNHLW ZRKOGRVLHUW DQ SDVVHQGHU 6WHOOH LQ GLHVHP %XFK

$XVJHQRPPHQ 1DFKPLWWDJV7DONVKRZV GHUHQ ([LVWHQ] DXFK HU VLFK QLFKW HUNOlUHQ NDQQ

$XFK 1DFKPLWWDJV7DONVKRZV


'HU 3K\VLNHU ZUGH KLHU HLQZHUIHQ Ä6LQG HK¶ EHLGHV QXU 7HLOJHELHWH GHU 3K\VLN³ EHYRU HU
HUVWPDO %LHU KROHQ JHVFKLFNW ZLUG 'HU 0DWKHPDWLNHU QLPPW MHW]W HLQIDFK DQ HU KlWWH ZDV ]X
WULQNHQ

 +LHU JHKW QL[ YHUORUHQ  GLH 6DFKH PLW GHU (QHUJLH
9RUZHJ VFKRQ PDO HLQ +LQZHLV 'HU %HJULII GHU (QHUJLH LVW GHU DOOHUZLFKWLJVWH
EHUKDXSW

 'LH 7KHUPRG\QDPLN ZLUG GDKHU JHUQH DXFK PDO DOV GLH ÄDOOJH
PHLQH (QHUJLHOHKUH³ EH]HLFKQHW
'LH %H]HLFKQXQJ Ä(QHUJLH³ HLJQHW VLFK EULJHQV KHUYRUUDJHQG ]XP 5XP
SKLORVRSKLHUHQ 0LW )UDJHQ ZLH Ä:DV LVW EHUKDXSW (QHUJLH XQG ZDUXP QLFKW"³
RGHU Ä:R NRPPW GLH (QHUJLH KHU XQG ZR JHKW VLH PDQFKPDO KLQ"³ NDQQ PDQ
LQ GHU .QHLSH Ä/HXWH³ EHHLQGUXFNHQ ZDV DOOHUGLQJV QXU GDQQ (UIROJ YHUVSULFKW
ZHQQ GDV *HJHQEHU LUJHQGZDV PLW ,QJHQLHXUZHVHQ VWXGLHUW  RGHU YLHOOHLFKW
DOV 3KLORVRSK 7D[L IlKUW

1DWUOLFKGHQQ HLQHU GHU $XWRUHQ LVW 7KHUPRG\QDPLNHU

6R ]LHPOLFK DOOHV XP HLQHQ UXP LVW HQWZHGHU RGHU HQWKlOW (QHUJLH

6FKZHU
JHPDFKW ZLUG HLQHP GDV (UNHQQHQ GHU (QHUJLH GDGXUFK GDVV VLH HUVWHQV LQ YHU
VFKLHGHQHQ )RUPHQ YRUNRPPW XQG VLH ]ZHLWHQV GLH $QJHZRKQKHLW KDW VLFK
LUJHQGZR LQ GHU 8PJHEXQJ ]X YHUVWHFNHQ
=X GHQ )RUPHQ GHU (QHUJLH NRPPHQ MHW]W HLQ SDDU %HLVSLHOH 6WHOOW HXFK
YRU HV LVW 6DPVWDJ GHU QlFKVWH 3UIXQJV]HLWUDXP LVW ZHLW ZHJ XQG LKU ZROOW
GDV YRUOHVXQJVIUHLH :RFKHQHQGH JHEKUHQG QXW]HQ ,P /DXIH GHU 1DFKW IDOOHQ
GHP DXIPHUNVDPHQ %HWUDFKWHU GLH YHUVFKLHGHQVWHQ (QHUJLHIRUPHQ DXI
8P GRUWKLQ ]X JHODQJHQ ZR ZDV ORV LVW EHZHJHQ ZLU XQV PLW GHP $XWR

SHU )DKUUDG RGHU ]X )X ,Q GHP $XJHQEOLFN ZR ZLU XQV LQ %HZHJXQJ JHVHW]W
KDEHQ VLQG XQVHUH $VWUDO.|USHU YROOHU %HZHJXQJVHQHUJLH

 :HU VFKRQ PDO
LQ GHU 9RUOHVXQJVPLWVFKULIW 0HFKDQLN JHEOlWWHUW KDW ZHL GDVV GLH %HZHJXQJV
OHKUH GRUW DXFK .LQHPDWLN

JHQDQQW ZLUG 'DKHU NRPPW DXFK GHU 1DPH ÄNLQH
WLVFKH (QHUJLH³
:HQQ ZLU GDEHL EHU HLQHQ %HUJ IDKUHQ PVVHQ GDQQ N|QQHQ ZLU REHQ
NXU] DQKDOWHQ XQG XQV EHU GLH SRWHQWLHOOH (QHUJLH IUHXHQ GLH QXQ LQ XQV
ZRKQW 9RQ GLHVHU (QHUJLH PHUNHQ ZLU ZHQQ ZLU PLW GHP $XWR GHQ %HUJ KRFK
JHIDKUHQ VLQG HUVWPDO QLFKWV 'HU .ROOHJH DXI GHP )DKUUDG ZLUG GHQ :HJ QDFK
REHQ GHXWOLFK EHPHUNW KDEHQ ZHLO (QHUJLH XQG .RQGLWLRQ ]XP (UUHLFKHQ GHU
%HUJNXSSH HUIRUGHUOLFK ZDU 'LHVH (QHUJLH KDW VLFK GHU 5DGIDKUHU DXV VHLQHQ
)HWWUHVHUYHQ HQWOLHKHQ 1DFK GHP %HVXFK GHU *LSIHOKWWH XQG HLQHP GHIWLJHQ
0DKO LVW GLHVHU (QHUJLHVSHLFKHU ZLHGHU YROO XQG HU VHW]W GLH SRWHQWLHOOH (QHUJLH
GHV $XIVWLHJV EHLP +HUDEUROOHQ LQV 7DO DOV %HZHJXQJVHQHUJLH ZLHGHU IUHL 'HU
(QHUJLHVSHLFKHU DXI GHQ +IWHQ EOHLEW GDEHL XQDQJHWDVWHW 0DQ VLHKW DOVRGLH
6DFKH PLW GHU (QHUJLH OlXIW LUJHQGZLH LPPHU DXI HLQHQ 7DXVFKKDQGHO KLQDXV
'LH EHNDQQWHUHQ )RUPHQ GHU (QHUJLH EHJHJQHQ XQV GDQQ QDFKGHP ZLU
HQGOLFK DQ XQVHUHP =LHO ]XP %HLVSLHO HLQHP UDXVFKHQGHQ )HVW DQJHNRPPHQ
VLQG :lUPH HLQH (QHUJLHIRUP VFKOlJW XQV DXV GHU 7U LQ )RUP YRQ IHXFKW

%LV DXI 0LWDUEHLWHU JHZLVVHU %HK|UGHQ

'LHVH %HZHJXQJVHQHUJLH NRPPW ]XP $XVGUXFN ZHQQ GHU 2SHO PLW  6DFKHQ DQ GLH
:DQG JHVWHXHUW ZLUG GDQQ ZLUG GLH %HZHJXQJVHQHUJLH QlPOLFK LQ 'HIRUPDWLRQVHQHUJLH XP
JHZDQGHOW 'DV (UJHEQLV LVW HLQ +DXIHQ 6FKURWW


'DV )UHPGZRUW NDQQ PDQ VLFK JXW PLW +LOIH VHLQHV QDKHQ HQJOLVFKHQ 9HUZDQGWHQ ÄFLQHPD³
]X GHXWVFK Ä.LQR³ PHUNHQ  GHQQ GRUW JLEW HV EHZHJWH %LOGHU ]X VHKHQ

ZDUPHU /XIW HQWJHJHQ (LQH VFKZLW]HQGH 0HQVFKHQPHQJH GLH %HOHXFKWXQJ
XQG 0XVLN EHLGHV HUP|JOLFKW GXUFK HOHNWULVFKH (QHUJLH DOVR HLQHU ZHLWHUHQ
(QHUJLHIRUP WXQ LKU EULJHV $OVR VFKQHOO DE DQ GLH 7KHNH XQG HLQHQ 'ULQN
FKHPLVFKH (QHUJLH JHRUGHUW :HQQ GLH 1DFKW GDQQ JHODXIHQ LVW XQG PDQ DOOHV
5HYXH SDVVLHUHQ OlVVW NDQQ PDQ LQ %H]XJ DXI GLH (QHUJLH )ROJHQGHV IHVWKDO
WHQ
x (QHUJLH LVW EHUDOO XP XQV UXP ZLU HUNHQQHQ VLH QXU RIW QLFKW ZHLO VLH VLFK
JHUQH LQ GHU 8PJHEXQJ YHUVWHFNW
x 'LH &DLSLULQKD YRP JHVWULJHQ $EHQG EHLVSLHOVZHLVH O|VW VLFK PLWQLFKWHQ LQ
QLFKWV DXI VLH ZLUG OHGLJOLFK YRP 6WDQGSXQNW GHU (QHUJLHEHWUDFKWXQJ DXV
JHVHKHQ LQ HNVWDWLVFKHV =DSSHOQ DXI GHU 7DQ]IOlFKH NLQHWLVFKH (QHUJLH
XQG OHW]WOLFK :lUPH ZDUPHV :DVVHU KRIIHQWOLFK DXI GHU 7RLOHWWH XQG
6SHFNU|OOFKHQ XP GLH +IWHQ QHQQHQ ZLU HV VFKRQ PDO ÄLQQHUH (QHUJLH³
NRPPW DEHU VSlWHU QRFK XPJHZDQGHOW (QWVFKHLGHQG LVW GDVV (QHUJLH
QLFKW HU]HXJW RGHU YHUQLFKWHW ZHUGHQ NDQQ VLH NDQQ QXU XPJHZDQGHOW
ZHUGHQ YRQ HLQHU (UVFKHLQXQJVIRUP LQ HLQH $QGHUH

 (UVWPDO %LODQ] ]LHKHQ
8P LQ GHU 7KHUPRG\QDPLN LUJHQGHLQH $XIJDEH UHFKQHQ ]X N|QQHQ PXVV PDQ
VLFK DOV (UVWHV YRQ GHP Ä:XQVFK³ YHUDEVFKLHGHQ JOHLFK GLH JDQ]H :HOWIRUPHO
]X HQWGHFNHQ 0DQ NDQQ PLW HUWUlJOLFKHP $XIZDQG LPPHU QXU HLQHQ 7HLO EH
WUDFKWHQ 'HVZHJHQ ZLUG WLHI LQ GLH 7ULFN.LVWH JHJULIIHQ XQG LQ *HGDQNHQ
HLQH *UHQ]OLQLH JH]RJHQ XQG ]ZDU ]ZLVFKHQ GHP ZDV PDQ EHWUDFKWHQ P|FKWH
HLQHUVHLWV XQG GHP JDQ]HQ 5HVW DQGHUHUVHLWV
'D]X ZHUGHQ ]ZHL QHXH %HJULIIH YHUZHQGHW 'DV 2EMHNW XQVHUHU %HJLHUGH
QHQQHQ ZLU DE MHW]W 6\VWHP XQG GHU JDQ]H 5HVW LVW GHVVHQ 8PJHEXQJ 8QG GLH
6FKQLWWVWHOOH ]ZLVFKHQ GHQ EHLGHQ KHLW ZRKO ZLH" /RJLVFK 6\VWHPJUHQ]H

:LOO PDQ QRFK PHKU 9HUZLUUXQJ VWLIWHQ GDQQ QHQQW PDQ GDV 6\VWHP KLQ
XQG ZLHGHU DXFK %LODQ]UDXP 'LH 6\VWHPJUHQ]H NDQQ DOWHUQDWLY DXFK DOV %L
ODQ]UDXPJUHQ]H EH]HLFKQHW ZHUGHQ 'D EHLGHV OHW]WOLFK GDV *OHLFKH PHLQW
VROOWH PDQ VLFK GXUFK GLH YHUVFKLHGHQHQ 1DPHQ QLFKW YHUZLUUHQ ODVVHQ

XQG GDV NRVWHW *HOG

:LH GHU 1DPH %LODQ]UDXP VFKRQ VDJW KDQGHOW HV VLFK GDEHL XP HLQ *HELHW
PDWKHPDWLVFK NRUUHNW XP HLQ 9ROXPHQ IU GDV EHVWLPPWH 'LQJH ELODQ]LHUW
ZHUGHQ N|QQHQ 'DV 3ULQ]LS LVW VRZRKO DXI GLH 0HQJH DQ :DVVHU LQ HLQHU .DU
WRIIHO

DQZHQGEDU DOV DXFK DXI GLH $Q]DKO GHU *lVWH LQ HLQHU .QHLSH
(LQ %LRORJH ]ZHL 3K\VLNHU HLQPDO WKHRUHWLVFKH HLQPDO DQJHZDQGWH
3K\VLN HLQ 7KHRORJH XQG HLQ 0DWKHPDWLNHU VWHKHQ YRU HLQHU .QHLSH
XQG VHKHQ GHQ /HXWHQ DQ GHU (LQJDQJVWU ]X =XHUVW JHKHQ ]HKQ /HX
WH LQ GLH .QHLSH UHLQ NXU] GDQDFK NRPPHQ HOI /HXWH GXUFK GLH 7U
UDXV
'HU %LRORJH Ä'DV OLHJW DQ GHU QDWUOLFKHQ 9HUPHKUXQJ GHU 0HQ
VFKHQ 'HVZHJHQ NRPPW (LQHU PHKU UDXV³
'HU WKHRUHWLVFKH 3K\VLNHU Ä'D LVW ZRKO (LQHU UHLQJHWXQQHOW³
'HU DQJHZDQGWH 3K\VLNHU Ä'DV *DQ]H OLHJW LQQHUKDOE GHU 0HVVJH
QDXLJNHLW YRQ ]HKQ 3UR]HQW DOVR NHLQ *UXQG ]XU %HXQUXKLJXQJ³
'HU 7KHRORJH MXEHOW Ä(LQ :XQGHU (LQ :XQGHU³
'HU 0DWKHPDWLNHU Ä:HQQ MHW]W QRFK (LQHU UHLQ JHKW GDQQ LVW GLH
.QHLSH OHHU³

'DEHL VWHOOHQ VLFK GDQQ DXFK )UDJHQ GHU $UW Ä:DUXP LVW GHU (UIROJ GHU 'LPHQVLRQVPD[L
PLHUXQJ GLHVHU VXEWHUUDOHQ .QROOHQIUXFKW LPPHU XPJHNHKUW SURSRUWLRQDO ]XP ,QWHOOLJHQ]TXR
WLHQWHQ GHV $JUDU|NRQRPV"


%HL HLQHU %LODQ] VWHOOW PDQ VLFK GLH IROJHQGHQ GUHL )UDJHQ Ä:DV JHKW LQ GDV
6\VWHP KLQHLQ ZDV JHKW KLQDXV XQG ZDV lQGHUW VLFK LP 6\VWHP"³ :HQQ PDQ
GLHVH )UDJHQ EHDQWZRUWHQ NDQQ GDQQ LVW GLH %LODQ] LP 3ULQ]LS VFKRQ DXIJHVWHOOW
XQG PDQ PXVV GDV *DQ]H QXU QRFK LQ GLH )RUP HLQHU PDWKHPDWLVFKHQ *OHL
FKXQJ EULQJHQ 'DV LVW DEHU QXU KDOE VR ZLOG XQG NRPPW LQ GHQ VSlWHUHQ .DSL
WHOQ QDFK XQG QDFK GUDQ
,Q GLHVHP %XFK ZHUGHQ QDWUOLFK YRU DOOHP GLH 'LQJH ELODQ]LHUW GLH IU
GLH 7KHUPRG\QDPLN LQWHUHVVDQW VLQG DOVR (QHUJLH (QWURSLH XQG 0DWHULH 0DQ
NDQQ ]XP %HLVSLHO GLH (QHUJLH XQG GLH 0DWHULH EHLP .DIIHHNRFKHQ PLW HLQHU
.DIIHHPDVFKLQH ELODQ]LHUHQ :LFKWLJ LVW GDVV PDQ VLFK EHU GHQ 9HUODXI GHU
%LODQ]UDXPJUHQ]H VFKQHOO NODU ZHUGHQ PXVV XQG GDVV PDQ GLHVH VRIRUW LQ HLQH
JHJHEHQH $XIJDEHQVNL]]H HLQ]HLFKQHW DP EHVWHQ QRFK EHYRU PDQ LUJHQGHWZDV
DQGHUHV ]X 3DSLHU EULQJW 0HLVWHQV ZHUGHQ GDV GDQQ GLH YRQ GHQ ([SHUWHQ DOV
Ä7KHUPR.DUWRIIHOQ³ EH]HLFKQHWHQ *HELOGH GLH GHQ PLW IUHLHU +DQG
JH]HLFKQH
WHQ 9HUODXI HLQHU %LODQ]UDXPJUHQ]H GDUVWHOOHQ .RPLVFKHUZHLVH ZHUGHQ PHLV
WHQV JHVWULFKHOWH /LQLHQ JH]RJHQ ZLH KLHU IU GDV %HLVSLHO GHU .DIIHHPDVFKLQH
]X VHKHQ LVW
8QVHU HUVWHU HLJHQHU %LODQ]UDXP

'LH 7KHUPRG\QDPLN KDW PLW VR HLQHP 6\VWHP ]ZHL 'LQJH YRU $OV (UVWHV PXVV
GHU =XVWDQG LP ,QQHUHQ GHV 6\VWHPV EHVFKULHEHQ ZHUGHQ 'D]X KDEHQ ZLU
6WRIIJHVHW]H LQ GHU )RUP YRQ =XVWDQGVJOHLFKXQJHQ DOVR *OHLFKXQJHQ GLH HL
QHQ =XVWDQG PDWKHPDWLVFK EHVFKUHLEHQ VLHKH $EVFKQLWW 
=ZHLWHQV VROO GHU (QHUJLHDXVWDXVFK ]ZLVFKHQ GHP 6\VWHP XQG VHLQHU
8PJHEXQJ EHVFKULHEHQ ZHUGHQ 'D]X ZHUGHQ DOOH UHDOHQ *U|HQ GXUFK 3IHLOH
HUVHW]W GLH GXUFK GLH %LODQ]UDXPJUHQ]H ZHJ JHVFKQLWWHQ ZHUGHQ ,Q GHP %HL
VSLHO PLW GHU .DIIHHPDVFKLQH VLQG GDV GLH HOHNWULVFKH /HLVWXQJ GHU DEJHKHQGH
:DVVHUGDPSI XQG GLH DXIVWHLJHQGH :lUPH 'DV (LQ]HLFKQHQ GHU 3IHLOH OlXIW

JHQDXVR ZLH EHLP )UHLVFKQHLGHQ LQ GHU 0HFKDQLN ZR UHDOH .UlIWH GXUFK 3IHLOH
HUVHW]W ZHUGHQ RKQH GDVV HV GDV 6\VWHP ÄPHUNW³ :HOFKH 5LFKWXQJ GLH 3IHLOH
GDEHL KDEHQ RE VLH DOVR LQ GDV 6\VWHP KLQHLQ ]HLJHQ RGHU DXV LKP KHUDXV LVW
GDEHL ]LHPOLFK HJDO GHQQ GDV ULFKWHW GLH 0DWKHPDWLN 0HKU ]XP 7KHPD Ä9RU
]HLFKHQ³ XQG ZDUXP GDV DOOHV HLJHQWOLFK EHUKDXSW NHLQ 3UREOHP LVW NRPPW LQ
$EVFKQLWW 
 =XVWDQGVJU|HQ XQG 3UR]HVVJU|HQ
(LQHP ]XNQIWLJHQ 7KHUPR([SHUWHQ VROOWH VLFK DQ GLHVHU 6WHOOH HLJHQWOLFK GLH
)UDJH VWHOOHQ ZLH PDQ GDV ,QQHUH GHV 6\VWHPV XQG GHVVHQ bQGHUXQJHQ EH
VFKUHLEHQ NDQQ :LH HV LP ,QQHUHQ HLQHV 6\VWHPV DXVVLHKW ZLUG GXUFK GHVVHQ
PRPHQWDQHQ =XVWDQG EHVFKULHEHQ XQG GHVVHQ bQGHUXQJHQ GXUFK VR JHQDQQWH
3UR]HVVH GLH DP 6\VWHP RGHU LP 6\VWHP DEODXIHQ
=XVWDQG  o
o
3UR]HVV  o
o
=XVWDQG  o
o
3UR]HVV  o
o
=XVWDQG 

:DV LVW EHUKDXSW ÄGHU =XVWDQG³ HLQHV 6\VWHPV" 'D]X HLQ %HLVSLHO :DVVHU LQ
HLQHU 5HJHQWRQQH (JDO ZDV PDQ PLW GHP :DVVHU LQ GHU 7RQQH PDFKW ZlK
UHQGGHVVHQ XQG DXFK ZHQQ PDQ GDPLW IHUWLJ LVW EHILQGHW HV VLFK LQ HLQHP WKHU
PRG\QDPLVFKHQ =XVWDQG 'LHVHU ZLUG GXUFK HLQH 5HLKH YRQ *U|HQ 'UXFN
7HPSHUDWXU 9ROXPHQ 0DVVH $Q]DKO GHU 0FNHQODUYHQ LP :DVVHU EH
VFKULHEHQ GLH PDQ ORJLVFKHUZHLVH =XVWDQGVJU|HQ QHQQW
/lVVW PDQ GHQ PRRVLJHQ :DVVHUHLPHU HLQH :HLOH LQ 5XKH EHREDFKWHW LKQ
DOVR QXU XQG HV WXW VLFK UHLQ JDU QLFKWV PHKU GHU :DVVHUVWDQG EOHLEW NRQVWDQW

GLH 7HPSHUDWXU GHV :DVVHUV lQGHUW VLFK QLFKW XVZ GDQQ EHILQGHW VLFK GDV
6\VWHP LQ HLQHP JDQ] EHVRQGHUHQ =XVWDQG GHP *OHLFKJHZLFKWV]XVWDQG :LOO
PDQ ]XP %HLVSLHO LQ GHU PQGOLFKHQ 1DFKSUIXQJ EHHLQGUXFNHQ GDQQ VDJW
PDQ GD]X Ä'DV 6\VWHP EHILQGHW VLFK LP WKHUPRG\QDPLVFKHQ *OHLFKJHZLFKWV
]XVWDQG³ mGHQ 6DW] DP EHVWHQ VFKRQ PDO DXVZHQGLJ OHUQHQ PDQ NDQQ MD QLH
ZLVVHQ
8P HV NXU] ]X PDFKHQ (LQ =XVWDQG LVW HLQH 0RPHQWDXIQDKPH HLQHV 6\V
WHPV (U EHVFKUHLEW DOVR ZLH HLQ 6\VWHP MHW]W JHUDGH DXVVLHKW 8QG HLQ *OHLFK
JHZLFKW LVW HLQH EHVRQGHUH $UW YRQ =XVWDQG XQWHU DOOHQ P|JOLFKHQ =XVWlQGHQ
*OHLFKJHZLFKW KHUUVFKW LP 6\VWHP LPPHU GDQQ ZHQQ PLW GHP 6\VWHP XQG LQ
GHP 6\VWHP QLFKWV SDVVLHUW


:HQQ LUJHQGZDV SDVVLHUW ]XP %HLVSLHO ZHQQ :DVVHU LQ GLH 5HJHQWRQQH
KLQHLQ OlXIW GDQQ QHQQW PDQ GDV HLQHQ 3UR]HVV (LQH 3UR]HVVJU|H LVW ]XP
%HLVSLHO GLH LQ GLH 5HJHQWRQQH ZlKUHQG HLQHV 5HJHQVFKDXHUV 3UR]HVV  HLQ
JHOHLWHWH 0HQJH :DVVHU RGHU GLH DQVFKOLHHQG GXUFK 6RQQHQHLQVWUDKOXQJ DXI
JHQRPPHQH :lUPH 3UR]HVV  -HW]W NRPPHQ QRFK ]ZHL NOXJH 0HUNVlW]H ]X
GHP 7KHPD
 Ä6R ZLH HLQ =XVWDQG GXUFK =XVWDQGVJU|HQ EHVFKULHEHQ ZLUG VR ZLUG HLQ
3UR]HVV GXUFK 3UR]HVVJU|HQ EHVFKULHEHQ³
 Ä6R ZLH ]ZLVFKHQ ]ZHL 3XQNWHQ HLQ 6DW] VWHKW VR VWHKW HLQ WKHUPRG\QDPL
VFKHU 3UR]HVV ]ZLVFKHQ ]ZHL =XVWlQGHQ³ (LQIDFK QLFKW ZDKU"

'DV WKHUPRG\QDPLVFKH *OHLFKJHZLFKW NDQQ PDQ VLFK =HQDUWLJ YRUVWHOOHQ (LQ 6\VWHP LP
*OHLFKJHZLFKW KDW VHLQHQ LQQHUHQ )ULHGHQ JHIXQGHQ XQG EHILQGHW VLFK PLW GHP 8QLYHUVXP
RGHU ]XPLQGHVW PLW VHLQHU XQPLWWHOEDUHQ 8PJHEXQJ LP (LQNODQJ (V KDW EHUKDXSW NHLQHQ
$QODVV VLFK RKQH (LQIOXVV YRQ DXHQ ]X lQGHUQ 2PPPPPPPPP

,Q GHQ IROJHQGHQ $EVFKQLWWHQ JHKW HV MHW]W HUVWPDO XP =XVWDQGVJU|HQ 'LHVH

VROOHQ QRFK HWZDV JHQDXHU EHOHXFKWHW ZHUGHQ DOV LQ GLHVHP $EVFKQLWW GDPLW
PDQ GDPLW DXFK ZDV DQIDQJHQ NDQQ $QJHIDQJHQ ZLUG PLW HLQIDFKHQ =XVWDQGV
JU|HQ ZLH 0DVVH XQG 6WRIIPHQJH GLH IDVW MHGHU NHQQW GDQDFK NRPPHQ
WKHUPLVFKH =XVWDQGVJU|HQ GUDQ ZLH 9ROXPHQ 'UXFN XQG 7HPSHUDWXU
 0DVVH XQG 6WRIIPHQJH
(V JHKW JDQ] HLQIDFK ORV 'LH 0DVVH P HLQHV 6\VWHPV ZLUG LQ .LORJUDPP NJ
JHPHVVHQ (LQ 6\VWHP NDQQ DOVR ]XP %HLVSLHO HLQH 0DVVH YRQ  NJ :DVVHU
HQWKDOWHQ RGHU YRQ  NJ /XIW 'LH 0DVVH LVW LQ EHLGHQ )lOOHQ GLH *OHLFKH QXU
GLH $UW GHU 7HLOFKHQ LVW YHUVFKLHGHQ
'LH 6WRIIPHQJH Q JLEW GLH $Q]DKO

GHU 0ROHNOH LQ HLQHP 6\VWHP LQ GHU
(LQKHLW 0RO DQ 'LH (LQKHLW 0RO ZLUG GHVZHJHQ YHUZHQGHW GD GLH $Q]DKO GHU
7HLOFKHQ LP 6\VWHP LP $OOJHPHLQHQ HEHQ VHKU JUR XQG GDV VWlQGLJH +DQWLH
UHQ PLW =DKOHQ GHU *U|HQRUGQXQJ 

QHUYLJ LVW $XHUGHP LVW HV HLQIDFKHU
XQG NU]HU ]X VDJHQ PDQ KDEH PDO HEHQ  0RO %LHU JHWUXQNHQ DOV PLW

'DV VROOWH PDQ QXU GDQQ QDFK]lKOHQ ZHQQ PDQ GLH QlFKVWHQ 

-DKUH ZLUNOLFK QLFKWV EHV
VHUHV ]X WXQ KDW



%LHU$WRPHQ

DQ]XJHEHQ  0RO HQWVSULFKW 


7HLOFKHQ
'LHVH =DKO LVW EULJHQV DXFK EHNDQQW DOV /RVFKPLGW=DKO 1
/

'LH 8PUHFKQXQJ ]ZLVFKHQ GHU 0DVVH P XQG GHU 7HLOFKHQPHQJH Q HUIROJW
PLW +LOIH GHU 0ROPDVVH RGHU PRODUHQ 0DVVH 0 'LH PRODUH 0DVVH 0 PHLV
WHQV LQ NJNPRO JHJHEHQ LVW GLH 0DVVH P LQ NJ HLQHU 6WRIIPHQJH Q JOHLFK 
NPRO =XU 8PUHFKQXQJ GHU 6WRIIPHQJH Q LQ GLH 0DVVH P ZLUG GLH *OHLFKXQJ
Q0P 
YHUZHQGHW
:HQQ PDQ GLH PRODUH 0DVVH 0 EUDXFKW LVW VLH LP 7H[W HLQHU 3UIXQJV
DXIJDEH KRIIHQWOLFK PLW DQJHJHEHQ :HQQ QLFKW GDQQ D GHQ 7H[W QRFK PDO
XQG JUQGOLFK GXUFKOHVHQ XQG ZHQQ GDV QLFKW ZHLWHU IKUW E VFKDXHQ RE VLFK
IU GHQ EHWUDFKWHWHQ 6WRII HLQH FKHPLVFKH )RUPHO ]XP %HLVSLHO +

2 IU :DV
VHU XQG GLH PRODUHQ 0DVVHQ GHU FKHPLVFKHQ (OHPHQWH KLHU + XQG 2 ILQGHW
'DQQ NDQQ PDQ VLFK GLH PRODUH 0DVVH QlPOLFK PLW JXWHU *HQDXLJNHLW VHOEHU
]XVDPPHQDGGLHUHQ )U GDV %HLVSLHO :DVVHU
0
+2
0
+
 0
2

NJNPRO   NJNPRO  NJNPRO 8QG DXFK KLHU JLOW ,PPHU DXI GLH (LQ
KHLWHQ DFKWHQ



'DPLW KDEHQ ZLU GLH ]ZHL 0DHLQKHLWHQ P XQG Q PLW GHQHQ ZLU GLH 0DV
VH RGHU GLH 0HQJH DQ 6WRII LQ HLQHP 6\VWHP EHVFKUHLEHQ N|QQHQ :DV DXFK
QRFK ZLFKWLJ LVW GDV VLQG GLH 0DHLQKHLWHQ GDIU ZHQQ GHU 6WRII EHU GLH 6\V
WHPJUHQ]H JHKW GHQQ GDQQ NRPPW GLH *HVFKZLQGLJNHLW LQV 6SLHO 8P GLHVH
*HVFKZLQGLJNHLW EHVFKUHLEHQ ]X N|QQHQ ZHUGHQ GHU 0DVVHQVWURP
P

XQG GHU
0ROVWURP
Q

HLQJHIKUW 'DEHL ZLUG GLH MHZHLOLJH *U|H PDWKHPDWLVFK JH
VSURFKHQ QDFK GHU =HLW DEJHOHLWHW .HLQH 3DQLN GLH $EOHLWXQJ LVW JDQ] OHLFKW
]X HUNOlUHQ (V JHKW MHW]W QLFKW PHKU XP GLH 0DVVH LQ HLQHP 6\VWHP VRQGHUQ

'LHVHU $XVGUXFN KDW QDWUOLFK VRIRUW HLQHQ HQWVHW]WHQ $XIVFKUHL HLQHV MHGHQ &KHPLNHUV ]XU
)ROJH GHQQ GDV LVW MD VFKOLHOLFK HLQ *HPLVFK DXV +D=ZHL2K (WKDQRO XQG HLQ SDDU DQGHUHQ
'LQJHQ XQWHU %HDFKWXQJ GHV 5HLQKHLWVJHERWHV YRQ  'HP 7KHUPRG\QDPLNHU NDQQ GDV
DEHU HUVWPDO HJDO VHLQ HU UHGHW JDQ] DOOJHPHLQ YRQ 7HLOFKHQ XQG DOOHV ZLUG JXW

(LQ EHOLHEWHV 9HUZLUUVSLHO LQ 7KHUPR.ODXVXUHQ XQG hEXQJVDXIJDEHQ EHVWHKW GDULQ GLH
0DVVH QLFKW LQ .LORJUDPP VRQGHUQ LQ *UDPP RGHU GLH 6WRIIPHQJH QLFKW LQ .LORPRO VRQGHUQ LQ
0RO DQ]XJHEHQ +LHU PXVV PDQ K|OOLVFK DXISDVVHQ XP DP (QGH PLW VHLQHP (UJHEQLV QLFKW XP
 ELV  =HKQHUSRWHQ]HQ GDQHEHQ ]X OLHJHQ

GDUXP ZLH YLHO SUR 6HNXQGH GD]XNRPPW RGHU ZHJJHKW DOVR GLH bQGHUXQJ GHU
0DVVH LP 6\VWHP 8QG JHQDX GLHVH bQGHUXQJ ZLUG GXUFK HLQH $EOHLWXQJ QDFK
GHU =HLW

W

G
GP
P

RGHU
W
G
GQ
Q

DXVJHGUFNW 'LH (LQKHLW GHV 0DVVHQVWURPV LVW GDQQ Ä.LORJUDPP SUR 6HNXQGH³
XQG GLH HLQHV 0ROVWURPV LVW QDWUOLFK Ä0RO SUR 6HNXQGH³
 6SH]LILVFKH LQWHQVLYH XQG H[WHQVLYH *U|HQ
7KHUPR3URILV VSUHFKHQ VWlQGLJ YRQ LQWHQVLYHQ H[WHQVLYHQ RGHU VSH]LILVFKHQ
=XVWDQGVJU|HQ XQG YHUZLUUHQ GHQ $QIlQJHU GDPLW H[]HVVLY 'HU %HJULII GHU
VSH]LILVFKHQ *U|H LVW GDEHL YHUKlOWQLVPlLJ OHLFKW ]X HUNOlUHQ 6HKU YLHOH
*U|HQ GLH LQ GHU 7KHUPRG\QDPLN YRUNRPPHQ 9ROXPHQ $UEHLW /HLVWXQJ
:lUPHVWU|PH (QHUJLH (QWURSLH

 N|QQHQ HQWZHGHU DOV DEVROXWH *U|HQ
DQJHJHEHQ ZHUGHQ RGHU VLH ZHUGHQ ]X VSH]LILVFKHQ *U|HQ JHPDFKW LQGHP
PDQ VLH GXUFK GLH 0DVVH RGHU GXUFK GLH 6WRIIPHQJH WHLOW :HQQ GHU MHZHLOLJH
%XFKVWDEH LP $OSKDEHW QRFK QLFKW DQGHUZHLWLJ EHOHJW LVW GDQQ ZLUG GLH DEVROX
WH *U|H PLW GHP HQWVSUHFKHQGHQ *UREXFKVWDEHQ EH]HLFKQHW XQG GLH VSH]LIL
VFKH *U|H PLW GHP .OHLQEXFKVWDEHQ :LUG GLH VSH]LILVFKH *U|H DXI GLH
6WRIIPHQJH EH]RJHQ GDQQ EHNRPPW GHU .OHLQEXFKVWDEH QRFK HLQHQ 4XHUVWULFK
GUEHU )U GDV 9ROXPHQ QLPPW PDQ DOVR GDV
9 IU GDV VSH]LILVFKH 9ROXPHQ
DOVR DOOHV SUR .LORJUDPP ZLUG GDV
Y YHUZHQGHW XQG IU GDV PRODUH 9ROXPHQ


'D LQ GHU 7KHUPRG\QDPLN GLH 7HPSHUDWXUHQ VlPWOLFKH 7V EHOHJHQ ZLUG GLH =HLW PLW W
VSULFK WDX EH]HLFKQHW

:HQQ HLQH *U|H QDFK GHU =HLW DEJHOHLWHW ZLUG GDQQ ZLUG GDV GXUFK HLQHQ NOHLQHQ 3XQNW
REHQ GUDXI JHNHQQ]HLFKQHW

*DDDDQ] UXKLJ EOHLEHQ GD ZHUGHW LKU JDQ] YRUVLFKWLJ UDQJHIKUW