Những giải pháp chủ yếu thúc đẩy xuất khẩu hàng may mặc việt nam sang thị trường khu vực châu á thái bình dương (apec)

DHKTQD

LV . ThS

1656


BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO

TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN
AAAAA

X

___

/C'

NGUYEN THU HUYEN

nhGng giai phap chu yeu thuc day xuat khau
hang may mac viet nam sang thi truing khu vnc
■

■

■

CHAU A - THAI BINH DUONG (APEC)

LUAN VAN THAC SY KINH TE

•

Chuyen nganh

•

:

Ngu’d’i hudng d£n khoa hoc :

KINH TE HOI NGOAI
PGS.TS. NGUYEN NHU BINH

DAI HOC KTQD

TRUNGpTAM

THONGTInGhWIE

Ha noi - 10/2005

■


MUC LUC

Loi noi dau............................................................................................................ 1
CHLJONG 1: NHUNG VAN DE CHUNG VE XUAT KHAU HANG MAY MAC

1.1 Cac ly thuyet. dac tru’ng va vai tro cua hoat dong xuat khau........................ 4

1.1.1 Cac ly thuyet ve xuat khau........................................................................... 4
1.1.2 Vai tro cua hoat dong xuat khau................................................................... 7

1.1.3 Cac yeu to anh hudng den hoat dong xuat khau........................................ 10
1.1.4 Mot vai net ve hiep dinh det may ATC....................................................... 13
1.2 Mot vai net dac diem cua xuat khau hang may mac..................................... 16

1.2.1 Dac tru’ng cua san xuat hang may mac ngay nay...................................... 16

1.2.1.1 Dac trirng ve san pham:............................................................................ 16
1.2.1.2 Dac tru’ng ve san xuat:.............................................................................. 17

1.2.1.3Dac tru’ng ve thi trudng:............................................................................ 17
1.2.2 Dong gop cua hang may mac trong tang trirong kinh te tai cac nude dang

phat trien.................................................................................................................18

1.2.3 Tong quan ve san xuat va buon ban hang may mac tren the gidi.............19
1.3 Kinh nghiem thuc day xuat khau hang may mac cua mot so

nude....................................................................................................................... 24
1.3.1 Trung Quoc.................................................................................................. 24

1.3.2 An Do.......................................................................................................... 27

CHU0NG 2: THUC TRANG XUAT KHAU HANG MAY MAC CUA
VIET NAM SANG THI TRUdNG APEC

2.1 Mot so dac diem noi bat ve cac nu’dc trong khoi APEC..............................30
2.1.1 Khai quat ve APEC...................................................................................... 30

2.1.2 Tinh hinh hop tac kinh te Viet Nam - APEC............................................31


2.2 Thu’c trang xuUt khau hang may mac cca Viet nam sang cac niruc trong

kOoi APEC............................................................................................................. 34
2.2.1 hoag quna tiah high uuat khUu hnag may mCc can Viet Nnm................ 34

2.2.2 hOcc trngg uuat khUu hngg may mCc can Viet gym sngg cCc guCc
APEC..................................................................................................................... 38
2.2.2.1

high high chugg.................................................................................... 38

2.2.2.2

Mot so guCc ghap khUu cha yeu can hngg may Viet Nnm trngg

APEC.................................................................................................... 41
2.3 Mot so dacg gia vV hont ddog xuat kkOu hOng mmy c ca Viet ggmsang ccc
gu’Cc APEC........................................................................................................... 51

2.4.1 Nhugg tCc dogg tich ccc............................................................................. 53

2.4.2 Mot so Ong cOu............................................................................................ 54
2.4.3 Nguyeg gOng................................................................................................ 56
~.

.

Z

9

Z

9

z/

CHUONG 3: NHUNG GIAI PHAP CHU YEU hHUC DAY XUAh
•>
/<

V

—

A.

____

____

. v

KHAU HANG MAY MAC VIEh NAM SANG hHI hRUONG APEC
hRONG DIEU KIEN HOI NHAP
3.1 DigO hucgg chieg luoc phCt trieg ggngh det may Viet Nnm trngg giai dnng

2001-2010............................................................................................................ 60
3.2 Nhdgg co hoi, tOCcO thu’c vn tiem gagg can hngg may mCc Viet Nnm trngg

tieg trigO hoi ghap................................................................................................64
3.2.1 Co hoi...........................................................................................................64

3.2.2 hOCcO thuc................................................................................................... 66
3.3 Ccc ghii pPOp c cO yeu t hOc cCdu xuct kkOu hong nma gmc Vi& nurn sang c cc

gucc APEC............................................................................................................68
3.3.1 CaC gmi pPOp chong................................................................................... 68


3.3.1.1 Nhom bien phap do'i vdi Chinh phu va cac bo, nganh lien quan......... 68

3.3.1.2 Nhom bien phap doi vdi cac doanh nghiep............................................77
3.3.2 Cac giai ppap c hh nhung thi t ruUnn tronn diem..................................... 84

3.3.2.1 Tht trudng My........................................................................................... 84
3.3.2.2 Tht trudng Nhat Bin...............................................................................89

3.3.2.3 Mot so tht trudng tiem nang:................................................................... 92

Ket luan............................................................................................................. 93


DANH MUC CAC BANG

Bang 1: Kim ngach xuat khau hang may mac the gidi (1995-2004)................. 19

Bang 2: 10 nudc xuat nhap khau hang dau the gidi hang may mac nam 2003.21

Bang 3: Ty trong xuat khau hang may nam 2003 cua the gidi.......................... 22
Bang 4: Kim ngach nhap khau hang may mile cua thi trrrdng BBc My.............. 23
Bang 5: Kim ngach nhap khau thing may mac cua Nhat Ban.............................24

Bang 6: Ty trong xuat nhap khau mot so met hang chU yeu giua Viet Nam va
APEC giai doan 2000-2004..................................................................................33
Bang 7: Gia tri xuat khau hang may mec Viet Naim........................................... 35

Bring 8: Kim ngach xuat khau hang may cua Viet nam sang cac nude APEC..40
Bring 9: Kim ngach xua't khdu h^ng mmy cua Vi^t Naim sang My..................... 44
Bang 10: Nhung met hang may xuat khau chfnh cua Viet Nam vao My.......... 47
Bang 11: Kim ngach xuat khau hang may cua Viet Nam sang Nhat Brin......... 50

Bang 12: Co cau xuat khau hang may mec cUa Viet nam sang Nhat Ban......... 51
Bang 13: Hien trcng tinh hinh su dung va cua cac cong ty may nam 2003...... 57
Bang 14: Ke hocch dau tu trong bong................................................................. 61

Bang 15: Dau tu vao linh vuc san xuat phu lieu may mec.................................. 62
Bang 16: Von du tinh dau tu toan nganh may mec............................................. 63

Bang 17: Cac chi tieu phat trien nganh det may Viet Nam den nam 2010....... 64
Bang 18: He so lpi the so sanh giua cac nudc ASEAN....................................... 65

Bieu do 1: Kim ngach xuat khau hang may Viet nam sang APEC so vdi Tong
kim ngach xuat khau hang may........................................................................... 41
Bieu do 2: Ty trong xuat khau hang may mec VN sang cac nudc APEC......... 42
Bieu do 3: Kim ngach xuat khau hang may cua Viet Nam sang My................. 44

So do 1: So do kenh phan phoi hang may cua Viet Nam sang thi trudng My...48


DANH MUC CAC CHU VIET TAT

APEC

AFTA

The Asia - Pacific Economic

Dien dan hop tac kinh te

Cooperation

Chau A - Thai Binh Duong

ASEAN Free Trade Agreement

Hiep dinh Thuong mai tu do

ASEAN
ATC

Agreement on Textiles and

Hiep dinh det may

Clothing
BTA

Bilateral Trade Agreement

Hiep dinh thuong mai song

phuong
Cat

Category

Chung loai hang

GATT

General Agreement on Tariff and

Hiep dinh chung ve Thue

Trade

quan va Thuong mai

Generalized System of

He thong uu dai thue quan

Preferences

pho cap

Organisation for International

To chuc tieu chuan hoa

Standardistion

quoc te

International Trading Center

Trung tam Thuong mai the

GSP

ISO

ITC

gidi
MFA

Multi - Fiber Arragements

Thoa thuan hang det may da

phuong
SA

Social Assurance

Tieu chuan trach nhiem xa

hoi
WTO

World Trade Organisation

To chu'c Thuong mai the

gidi


LOI NOI DAU

Viet Nam nSm trong mot khu vuc phat trien nang dong nhat cua nen kinh te
the gidi, co thoi co thuan loi de hoi nhap va giao luu kinh te khu vuc ASEAN

cung nhu tham gia cac to chuc quan trong nhu APEC va trong tuong lai gan se
la WTO. Xu hudng tu do hoa thuong mai trong nen kinh te the gidi gia tang tao

thuan loi cho mot nudc dang phat trien nhu Viet Nam xam nhap manh me hon
vao cac giao luu kinh te quoc te nhSm thuc day tang trudng kinh te. Cac hang

hoa xuat khau cua Viet Nam dan chuyen hudng tu cac thi truong truyen thong cac nudc XNCN cu sang cac nudc ldn, co thi truong h£p dan dac biet la thi

truong cac nudc Chau A - Thai Binh Duong.

APEC - Dien dan hop tac kinh te Chau A - Thai Binh Duong la mot to chuc
gom 21 thanh vien ndm phan ldn GDP va kim ngach thuong mai toan cau (nam

2004 GDP la 21.000 ty USD chiem 68% GDP toan cau; kim ngach thuong mai

la 6.500 ty USD chiem 51% thuong mai toan cau)1. Phan ldn thanh vien cua
APEC la doi tac quan trong trong quan he thuong mai cung nhu dau tu cua Viet

Nam nhu My, Nhat Ban, cac nudc ASEAN, Trung Quoc, Canada... chiem 70%

tong kim ngach xuat khau cua Viet Nam va 75% tong von dau tu nudc ngoai
vao Viet Nam.

Hang may mac la mot mat hang ma Viet Nam dang co loi the so sanh,
nganh may chiem hon 17% tOng kim ngach xuat khau va dang giai quyet viec

lam cho gan 2 trieu lao dong cung vdi hang chuc van lao dong san xuat cac
nganh phu tro. Kim ngach xuat khau hang may sang cac nudc APEC chiem gan
70% kim ngach xuat khau hang may cua Viet Nam du noi len cac nudc Chau A

- Thai Binh Duong la mot khu vuc thi truong quan trong. Mdi nudc trong khu
vuc Chau A - Thai Binh Duong lai co mot dac diem rieng biet ve van hoa, loi

1


song, moi trirong kinh te, chfnh tri, luat phap doi hoi cac nha lam chinh sach

cung nhir doanh nghiep Viet Nam muon tham nhap va phat trien thi trudng nhat
la thi trudng nhieu bien dong nhir hang det may can phai ndm vung va biet each
van dung mot each linh hoat. Thuong mai det may da qua thdi diem 1/1/2005,

cot moc quan trong danh dau su cham dut che do han ngach va bat dau thdi ky

moi - tu do hoa thuong mai det may. Cuoc canh tranh trong linh vuc nay sau

nam 2004 rat khoc liet hon va toan dien hon, chinh vi vay tham nhap vao cac
thi trudng, dac biet vao thi trudng day tiem nang lit cac nude khu vuc Chau AThai Binh Duong cang tro nen cap thiet hon bao gid het. De tai “Nhitng gidi

phap chii yen thuc day xuat khau hang may mac Viet Nam sang thi trudng
khu vuc Chau A - Thai Binh Duong (APEC)" dupe chon de nghien cuu va tim
ra giai phap huu hieu nhat thuc day xuat khau hang may mac Viet Nam sang thi
s

.

s

z

trudng day tiem nang - thi trudng cac nude Chau A - Thai Binh Duong.
Muc dich nghien cuu
Luan van nhdm danh gia thuc trang xuat khau hang may mac cua Viet Nam
sang thi trudng cac nude APEC, lam ro vi tri quan trong cua thi trudng nay doi

vdi viec xuat khau hang may Viet Nam va de xuat nhung giai phap chu yeu
thuc day xuat khau hang may mac sang thi trudng nay.
Doi tuong va pham vi nghien cuu

Luan van nghien cuu tinh hinh xuat khau hang may mac sang cac nude

APEC trong moi quan he vdi viec xuat khau hang hoa noi chung cung nhu
trong viec xuat khau hang may noi rieng, dong thdi phan tfch tinh hinh do qua

cac giai doan phat trien va xu the phat trien, khoang thdi gian nghien cuu la
khoiing thdi gian 10 nam tro lai day. Luan van cung nghien cuu dac diem cua

tirng thi trudng rieng biet trong khoi APEC, xem xet cac lqi the so sanh, cac

1 Nguon: Vu da bien - Bo Thucrng mai

2


ngubn lire phat trien, danh gia co hoi va thach thuc, de xuat giai phap him hieu
de thuc day xuat khaiu hang may mac sang cac nude APEC.
Phuong phap nghien cuu

Phuong phap nghien cuu chu dao cua de tai la phuong phap cua chu
nghla duy vat bien chung va chu nghia duy vat lich sir Mac - Lenin. Cac
phuong phap phan tich, tong hop, thong ke, so sanh... cung dupe su dung trong
qua trinh nghien cuu.

Ket cau luan van

Ngoai phan mb dau, ket luan, tai lieu tham khao, luan van dupe trinh bay

gom 3 chuong:

Chuong 1: Nhung van de ly thuvet chung ve xuat khau hang may mac

Chuong 2: Thirc trang xuat khau hang may mac cua Viet Nam sang thi
trirong APEC

Chuong 3: Nhfrng giai phap chu yeu thuc day xuat khau hang may mac
Viet Nam sang cac nirbc APEC

Toi xin chan thanh cam on PGS.TS Nguybn Nhu Binh cung toan the cac
thay co giao trong khoa Kinh te & Kinh doanh quoc te, khoa Sau dai hoc da tan
tinh giup do toi trong qua trinh nghien cuu de tai nay. Toi cung chan thanh cam

on tap the can bo Bo Thuong mai, Tong cong ty Det may Viet nam da tan tinh

giup do toi trong viec cung cap so lieu thuc te ve tinh hinh hoal dong xuat khau
cua hang may mac.

3


CHUONG 1: NHUNG VAN DE LY THUYET CHUNG VE XUAT KHAU

HANG MAY MAC
Trong qua trinh hoi nhap vao nen kinh te the gidi, Viet Nam tham gia ngay

cang nhieu vao cac mdi quan he kinh te quoc te trong do quan he thuong mai

noi chung va hoat dong xuat khau noi rieng duqc chu trong dac diet. Viec
nghien cuu nhfrng van de ly luan chung ve xuat khau la rat can thiet de di sau
vao nghien cuu xuat khau mot hay mot so mat hang nao do.
1.1 CAC LY THUYET, DAC TRUNG VA VAI TRO CUA HOAT DONG XUAT
KHAU

1.1.1 Cac ly thuyet ve xuat khau

Con ngudi da nhan thu’c duqc loi ich cua hoat dong buon ban trao doi
giua cac quoc gia tu rat lau. Ngay tir the ky 18 de' giai thfch cho viec buon ban
giua cac quoc gia ly thuyet ve thuong mai quoc te cua truong phai trong thuong

gia doi. Ke tir do tdi nay cd rat nhieu ly thuyet duqc dua ra nhflm giai thfch ve
thuong mai quoc te cung nhu ve xuat khau. Nhfrng ly thuyet ve xuat khau duqc

ap dung nhieu nhat vao hoat dong xuat khau ngay nay do la:
• Ly thuyet ve loi the tuyet doi cua Adam Smith:

Ly thuyet nay ra doi vao the ky 18. Theo Adam Smith, neu mdi node tap

trung vao san xuat mat hang ma minh cd loi the tuyet doi, va xuat khaiu mat
hang nay sang nudc kia de dbi lay mat hang ma minh cd muc bat loi tuyet doi,

thi san luqng cua ca hai mat hang se tang len, va ca hai quoc gia deu tro nen

sung tuc hon.
Ly thuyet nay mdi chi giai thfch mot phan nho cua thuong mai quoc te.

luy nhien ly thuyet nay khong giai thfch duqc truong hop tai sao thuong mai
van cd the didn ra khi mot quoc gia cd muc bat loi tuyet doi (hoac loi the tuyet
doi) ve tat ca cac mat hang. Vao dau the ky 19, Davi Ricardo da chi ra ring

4


thuong mai co loi cho tat cac ben chi co the xay ra tren co sb loi the so sanh cua
cac quoc gia.

• Ly thuyet ve loi the so sanh:
Mo hinh cua Davi Ricardo dua tren cac gia thiet:
-

The gidi chi co hai quoc gia va chi san xuat hai mat hang,

-

Lao dong la yeu to san xuat duy nhat co the di chuyen trong mdi nudc
nhung khong di chuyen giua cac nudc.

-

Cong nghe san xuat b hai nudc la khac biet

-

Chi phi san xuat co hoi khong doi, khong co chi phi van tai.

-

Thuong mai hoan toan tu do giua hai nudc.

-

Cau cua hai nudc la dong nhat va thuan nhat

-

on dinh tuong doi theo quy mo b cac nganh

Theo ly thuyet loi the so sanh, neu mot quoc gia co hieu qua thap hon so vdi
cac quoc gia khac trong san xuat tat ca cac loai san pham, thi quoc gia do van

co the tham gia vao thuong mai quoc te de tao ra loi ich cho minh. Khi tham
gia vao thuong mai quoc te, quoc gia co hieu qua thap trong san xuat tat ca cac

loai hang hoa se chuyen mon hoa san xuat va xuat khau cac loai hang ma viec
san xuat chung ft bat loi nhat va nhap khau cac loai hang ma viec san xuat
chung bat loi ldn nhat.

Mac du ly thuyet nay mang y nghia to ldn trong viec nghien cuu nguyen

nhan dan den thuong mai quoc te, nhung no khong nhan duoc su tan thanh
hoan toan cua cac nha kinh te hoc. Sb di nhu vay la do khi nghien cuu quy luat

ve loi the tuong doi, Ricardo da dua tren hang loat cac gia thiet don gian cua ly
thuyet gia tri lao dong de chUng minh quy luat tren. Song trong thuc te, lao
dong khong phai la dong nhat, ngoai ra hang hoa lam ra khong chi bbi lao dong

ma gom cac yeu to san xuat khac nhu dat dai, von, khoa hoc - ky thuat... Vao

5


dau the ky 20, hai nha kinh te hoc ngudi Thuy Dien la Eli Heckscher va Bertil
Ohlin da dua ra ly thuyet giai thich ve thuong mai the gidi.
• Ly thuyet Heckscher - Ohlin (Ly thuyet H-O):

Ly thuyet H-0 dua tren cac gia thiet sau:
-

The gidi bao gom 2 quoc gia, 2 yeu to san xuat (lao dong va von) va 2
mat hang, muc do trang bi cac yeu to san xuat o moi quoc gia la co dinh.;

-

Cong nghe san xuat la giong nhau giua hai quoc gia;

-

Mat hang khac nhau se co ham luqng cac yeu to san xuat khac nhau va

khong co su hoan vi ve ham luqng cac yeu to san xuat tai bat ky muc gia

ca yeu to tuong quan nao;
-

Canh tranh hoan hao ton tai tren ca thi trudng hang hoa lftn thi tru'dng

yeu to san xuat;
-

Chuyen mon hoa la khong hoan toan;

-

Cac yeu to' san xuat co the di chuyen tu do trong mdi quoc gia nhung
khong the di chuyen giua cac quoc gia;

-

So thich la giong nhau giua hai quoc gia;

-

Thuong mai duqc thuc hien tu do, chi phi van chuyen bang 0.

Ly thuyet H-O duqc xay dung dua tren hai khai niem co ban la ham luqng

cac yeu to va muc do doi dao cua cac yeu to.
Vi du nhu co hai nudc My va Viet Nam. My duqc coi la doi dao tuong doi

ve von va Viet Nam duqc coi la doi dao tuong doi ve lao dong neu

>
VL

)vN

Trong do Lm va LVN la luqng lao dong con KM va KVN la luqng von d cac

nudc My va Viet Nam

Det may (DM) la hang hoa co ham luqng lao dong ldn, May bay (MB)

la hang hoa co ham luqng von ldn vi

6

(K_

1

>

JMB

\

L ) DM

Chinh vi vay Viet Nam se san xuat va xuat khau mat hang co ham luong

lao dong ldn la hang det may con My se san xuat va xuat khau mat hang co
ham luong von ldn la may bay.

Vdi cac gia thiet tren thi dinh ly H-0 duoc phat bieu nhu sau: mot quoc

doi dao tuong doi ve mot yeu to nao do se thuc hien san xuat va xuat khau
nhung mat hang su dung nhieu cac yeu to doi dao do.
Theo ly thuyet nay, Viet nam se san xuat va xuat khau nhung mat hang

san xuat can nhieu lao dong, chinh vi vay mot trong nhung mat hang mui nhon

xuat khau cua Viet nam la hang may mac.

1.1.2 Vai tro cua hoat dong xuat khau

Xuat khau la hinh thuc co ban cua hoat dong thuong mai quoc te, ngay
nay xuat khau duoc phat trien ca ve chieu rong va chieu sau, kim ngach ngay

cang tang va hoat dong xuat khau trong moi linh vuc tu xuat khau hang hoa huu
hinh den xuat khau hang hoa vo hinh. Xuat khau hang hoa vo hinh chiem ty

trong ngay cang ldn trong mau dich quoc te.
Xuat khau la viec ban hang hoa va dich vu cho mot quoc gia khac tren co

so dung tien te lam phuong tien thanh toan. Dong tien duoc dung lam phuong
tien thanh toan co the la dong tien cua mot trong hai quoc gia, co the la dong

tien cua mot quoc gia thu ba. Muc dich cua hoat dong xuat khau la khai thac
duoc loi the so sanh cua tung quoc gia trong phan cong lao dong quoc te.

Hoat dong xuat khau khong chi co vai tro quan trong trong su phat trien
>

. V

•

X •

• /V

cua tung quoc gia noi rieng ma no con co vai tro thuc day su phat trien cua kinh

te the gidi.
Vai tro cua hoat dong xuat khau doi vdi nen kinh te the gidi:

7


Theo ly thuyet ve loi the so sanh hoat dong xuat khau khong nhat thiet
phai didn ra giua cac nudc co lpi the tuyet doi ve mot linh vuc nao do ma nd

v&n cd the didn ra khi mot quoc gia cd hieu qua thap hon so vdi cac quoc gia
khac trong san xuat hau het cac loai san pham. Khi tham gia vao thuong mai
quoc te, quoc gia cd hieu qua thap trong san xuat tat ca cac loai hang hoa se

chuyen mon hoa san xuat va xuat khau cac loai hang hoa ma viec san xuat
chung ft bat loi nhat va nhap khau cac loai hang hoa ma viec san xuat chung bat

loi nhat. Chfnh vi vay, mot quoc gia du trong tinh huong bat loi van cd the tim

ra diem cd loi de khai thac. Sir chuyen mon hoa trong san xuat de xuat khau
nay lam cho ngudn luc cua mdi quoc gia khai thac triet de va hieu qua nhat, san
pham toan cau duqc tang len, nen kinh te the gidi duqc tang truong.

• Vai tro cua hoat dong xuat khau doi nen kinh te quoc gia:
Vai trd nay dac biet quan trong doi vdi cac nudc dang phat trien, khi ma cac

nudc nay dang thieu ngudn luc de phat trien, co cau kinh te lac hau, co so ha
tang kem phat trien...

-

Xuat khau tao ngudn von chit yeu cho nhap khau

Hau het cac nudc dang phat trien deu dang trong tinh trang thieu von, cong
nghe - ky thuat. De khac phuc tinh trang nay ho buoc phai nhap khau tir ben

ngoai nhtrng yeu to ma trong nudc chu’a cd kha nang cung ung. Thue te cho
thay, de cd ngudn von nhap khau cac nudc dang phat trien cd the huy dong tir
cac hinh thu’c chu yeu sau:
+ Tir dau tu nudc ngoai, vay no, cac ngudn vien tro
+ Tir hoat dong du lich quoc te

+ Tir hoat dong xuat khau
Tam quan trong cua ngudn von dau tu nudc ngoai, vay no va vien tro thi

khong ai cd the phii nhan song viec huy dong ngudn von nay va str dung chung
mot each hieu qua khong phai la dieu dd dang. Ben canh do sir dung ngudn von

8


nay thi cac nudc di vay thuong phai phu thuoc vao nudc cho vay va chap nhan

nhung thiet thoi nhat dinh. Con noi den nguon thu tu du lich quoc te thi khong
phai nudc nao cung co duqc lqi the, cung duqc thien nhien uu dai. Do do nguon

thu quan trong nhat ma mdi nudc co the trong cho la nguOn thu tu hoat dong
xuat khau. Xuat khau la hoat dong chinh tao tien de cho nhap khau, quyet dinh
quy mo va toe do tang trudng cua nhap khau.

-

Xuat khau thuc day qua trinh chuyen dich co cau kinh te va phat trien

san xuat

Xuat khau lam chuyen dich co cau kinh te cua mdi quoc gia, tu nong nghiep
sang cong nghiep va dich vu sao cho phu hqp vdi xu the tieu dung cua the gidi.
Hien nay, xu hudng lua chon mat hang xuat khau la coi thi trudng the gidi la

hudng quan trong de to chuc san xuat. Dieu nay tac dong tich cuc den chuyen
dich co cau kinh te, thuc day san xuat phat trien cu the la:
+ Xuat khau tao dieu kien md rong thi trudng san pham, gop phan on dinh

san xuat, md rong kha nang tieu dung.
+ Xuat khau tao dieu kien cho cac nganh cung co co hoi phat trien. Vi du
nhu khi phat trien nganh may mac thi dong thdi cung phat trien theo nganh

det, nganh trong dau nuoi tSm...

+ Xuat khau con co vai tro thuc day chuyen mon hoa, giup cac quoc gia
khai thac duqc triet de lqi the so sanh cua minh, tao dieu kien cho cac quoc

gia tien hanh chuyen mon hoa sau, nang cao hieu qua san xuat.
+ Xuat khau gop phan tang du tru ngoai te quoc gia.
-

Xuat khau co tac dong tich cuc tdi vdi giai quyet cdng an viec lam, cai
thien ddi song nhan dan

-

Xuat khau la co sd de md rong va thuc day su phat trien cac moi quan he

kinh te doi ngoai

9


Giua xuat khau va cac moi quan he kinh te doi ngoai khac co moi quan he
qua lai, phu thuoc lan nhau. Hoat dong xuat khau la hoat dong chu yeu, co ban
va la hinh thuc ban dau cua hoat dong kinh te doi ngoai. Th do no thuc day cac

moi quan he khac phat trien theo nhu bao hiem quoc te, van tai quoc te... nguoc
lai su phat trien cua cac nganh nay lai tao tien de cho hoat dong xuat khau phat
trien.
• Vai tro cua xuat khau doi vdi su phat trien cua doanh nghiep

Dua san pham ra thi trudng quoc te la xu hudng phat trien pho bien cua cac
doanh nghiep, thong qua hoat dong xuat khau da dem lai cho doanh nghiep

nhung loi fch sau:

-

Thong qua hoat dong xuat khau doanh nghiep co co hoi tham gia vao
cuoc canh tranh khoc liet tren thi trudng quoc te de tu do ho tu dieu

chinh minh san xuat san pham sao cho phu hop vdi thi trudng quoc te.
-

Ngoai te thu duoc tu hoat dong xuat khau tao dieu kien cho doanh nghiep
co ngoai te de tai dau tu cho qua trinh san xuat.

-

Khi tien hanh hoat dong xuat khau doanh nghiep co co hoi md rong quan

he buon ban kinh doanh vdi nhieu doi tac tren the gidi, quang ba san
pham tren thi trudng quoc te.

1.1.3 Cac yeu to anh hudng den hoat dong xuat khau

Xuat khau la hoat dong ban hang qua bien gidi vi vay no tuong doi phuc
tap, cac ben tham gia thudng co quoc tich khac nhau, thi trudng tieu thu rong

ldn, kho kiem soat. Vi vay hoat dong xuat khau su tac dong cua rat nhieu yeu

to nhu kinh te, chinh tri, luat phap, van hoa, dieu kien tu nhien...Sau day la mot
so yeu to tac dong chinh tdi hoat dong xuat khau.

• Anh hudng cua che do chinh sach va luat phap:

Doi vdi cac doanh nghiep tham gia hoat dong tren thi trudng quoc te',
phai xem xet tdi cac chinh sach va cac cong cu chu yeu cua nha nudc minh su

10


dung de quan ly hoat dong xuat khau. ngoai ra cung phai tuan thu che do chinh

sach va luat phap quoc te, chinh sach ngoai thuong cua nude nhap khau.
• Cac yeu to ve dieu kien tu nhien:
Tai nguyen thien nhien phong phu la mot trong nhung tien de de nudc do

tien hanh san xuat va xuat khau dat hieu qua cao. Ben canh do vi tn di a ly cung
anh hudng ldn den cong tac xuat khau. Viet Nam duqc thien nhien uu dai, dua

vao do chung ta dang xuat khau manh nhung mat hang nhu nong thuy hai san,
khoang san, hon nua Viet nam lai nam tren dudng hang hai va dudng hang

khong quoc te quan trong. Chinh dieu do tao kha nang va dieu kien cho Viet

Nam phat trien cac hoat dong trung chuyen, xuat khau, tai xuat khau va chuyen
khau hang hoa qua khu vuc lan can.
• Cac yeu to ve van hoa xa hoi:

Cac yeu to ve van hoa xa hoi hinh thanh nen cac hinh thuc khac nhau cua
nhu cau thi trudng, la nen tang cho su xuat hien cua thi hieu tieu dung, su yeu

thich trong tieu dung san pham cung nhu str tang tru’dng cua cac cong doan thi

trudng mdi. Dong thdi cac xu hudng van dong cua yeu to van hoa - xa hoi cung
thuong xuyen phan anh nhung tac dong do cac dieu kien ve kinh te va khoa hoc

cong nghe mang lai. Vi vay, muon day manh xuat khau phai cd nhung hieu diet
nhat dinh ve mdi trudng van hoa - xa hoi cua cac quoc gia, khu vuc thi trudng

ma minh dinh xuat khau.

• Cac yeu to ve khoa hoc cong nghe:
Vdi su phat trien nhu vu bao cua khoa hoc ky thuat, thdi gian qua cd
nhi£u cong nghe tien tien ra doi tao co hoi cung nhu nguy co doi vdi tat ca cac

nganh san xuat noi chung va cac doanh nghiep kinh doanh xuat nhap khau noi

rieng. Nhin chung, de dung vung tren thi trudng cac doanh nghiep phai dau tu
nhieu vao cong viec nghien cuu, tim toi cac giai phap ky thuat hay cong nghe

mdi tren thi trudng. Nhd ap dung nhung cong nghe mdi, cac thanh tiru mdi cua

11


khoa hoc ky thuat se giup cac don vi san xuat tao ra dirge nhfrng san pham co
chat lirpng cao, phu hop vdi thi hieu ngirdi tieu dung va gia thanh co the thap

hon. Ngoai ra sir phat trien cua khoa hoc cong nghe cung cd tac dong gian liep

den hoat dong xuat khau vi du nhu: nhd sir phat trien cua he thong bu’u chfnh
vidn thong ma cac doanh nghiep xuat khau cd the dam phan vdi khach hang
qua dien thoai...do do giam hot chi phi di lai, nSm rd thong tin ve thi truong
xuat khau. Khoa hoc cong nghe tac dong vao hoat dong xuat khau thong qua

viec tac dong vao cac linh virc nhu’ san xuat, van tai, vien thong, ngan hang.

• Cac yeu to ve chfnh tri:
Mdi truong chfnh tri dang va se tiep luc dong vai tro quan trong trong
kinh doanh. dac diet doi vdi hoat dong kinh doanh quoc te. Cac yeu to ve chfnh
tri cd mdi quan he mat thiet vdi cac yeu to kinh te vi mo. Cac yeu to nay la

nhan to kfch thfch hoac han che qua trinh quoc te hoa hoat dong kinh doanh.
Tuong tir nhu vay, sir khong on dinh ve chfnh tri se dSn den khong cd dieu kien
de on dinh va phat trien kinh te, lanh manh hoa xa hoi va tao tarn ly khong tot

cho cac nha kinh doanh.
• Cac yeu to canh tranh:

Trong nen kinh te thi tru’dng md hien nay, cac doanh nghiep phai luon

luon chu y tdi van de canh tranh. Canh tranh mot mat thuc day cac doanh
nghiep dau tu may moc, thiet bi. cong nghe tien tien... de nang cao chat lupng

ha gia thanh san pham, giam bdt cac rui ro trong hoat dong kinh doanh quoc te
nham chiem linh thi truong. Mat khac, nd se loai cac doanh nghiep khong cd

kha nang dap ung nhung thay doi cua mdi tru’dng kinh doanh.
• Cac quan he kinh te quoc te giua cac quoc gia:
Trong hoat dong kinh doanh quoc te, cac mdi quan he kinh te quoc te

giua cac quoc gia cd tac dong manh me den hoat dong kinh doanh noi chung va
hoat dong xuat khau noi rieng. Khi xuat khau hang hoa sang mot nudc nao do

12


tac la dira hang hoa tham nhap vao thi trudng mot quoc gia khac, ngudi xuat

khau thuong phai doi mat vdi nhung rao can thue quan hay hang rao phi thue

quan. Cac rao can nay chat che hay ndi long phu thuoc chu yeu vao quan he
kinh te song phuong va da phuong giua nudc xuat khau va nudc nhap khau.
Hien nay, vdi xu hudng toan cau hoa nen kinh te the gidi. nhieu lien
minh kinh te dupe hinh thanh, nhieu hiep dinh thuong mai song va da phuong

giua cac nudc cac khoi kinh te cung dupe ky ket lam giam bdt thue quan, giam

gia ca, thuc day xuat khau trong khu vuc va tren toan the gidi. Tom lai khi mot

quoc gia cd dupe moi quan he kinh te quoc te md rong, ben vung va tot dep se
tao ra nhung tien de thuan loi cho viec day manh xuat khau cua quoc gia do.

1.1.4 Hiep dinh det inay (ATC)

Muc dich co ban cua Hiep dinh det may (ATC) nham xoa bo nhung han
che hien dang dupe mot so nudc phat trien ap dung de nhap khau hang det may.
ATC cd hieu lire 10 nam: bat dau tir nam 1995 den nam 2004; la giai doan qua

do tien tdi tu do hoa buon ban hang det may theo nhung nguyen tac co ban cua
WTO va la “hau sach” cua Hiep dinh da spi da keo dai tren 20 nam.
Theo ATC, sau 10 nam cac nudc nhap khau hang det may bai bo ap dung

han ngach nhap khau doi vdi cac nudc dang phat trien. Han ngach se dupe cat
bo theo 3 giai doan. nam 2002-2004 la giai doan cuoi cung cua ATC. Bat dau
tu nam 2005 tro di. han ngach nhap khau hang det may se khong ap dung doi

vdi nhung nudc thanh vien cua WTO.
Thuong mai det may da qua thdi diem 1/1/2005, cot mdc quan trong

danh dau sir cham du’t che do han ngach keo dai suot 30 nam qua vdi Hiep dinh
da spi (MFA) va bat dau thdi ky moi - tu do hoa thuong mai det may. Cuoc

canh tranh trong linh vuc nay sau nam 2004 khoc liet lion va toan dien lion.
Xuat khau san pham det may cua nhieu nudc bi suy giam, va khong it doanh
nghiep nganh det may pha san. Trong khi do con loc hang det may Trung Quoc

13


dien ra ngay mot manh me keo theo mot loat nhung bat dong thuong mai giua
Trung Quoc vdi cac nudc nhap khau ldn nhu My va EU. Ke tu dau nam 2005,

sau khi che do han ngach dupe bai bo, hang det may xuat khau cua Trung Quoc
da chiem linh thi phan ldn d thi trudng My va EU. Theo udc tinh cua Phong

Thuong mai va Cong nghiep Trung Quoc nam 2005 kim ngach xuat khau hang
may udc dat tren 100 ty USD so vdi 85 ty USD nam 2004. My va EU da tien

hanh mot loat cac hanh dong tra dua viec xuat khau 6 at hang det may Trung

Quoc nhu viec My ap dat muc thue 7,5% hay EU ap muc thue 7.5 den 12,5%
cho 10 cat hang may. Va ke tir ngay 1/1/2006 Trung Quoc se khong dupe
hudng muc thue trong he thong u’u dai thue quan pho cap (GSP) ma EU da danh

cho. Theo quy dinh cua To chuc Thuong mai The gidi (WTO), My va EU cd
quyen dupe tai ap dung han ngach doi vdi hang det may Trung Quoc tdi tan

nam 2008 - thdi diem ma Trung Quoc chinh thuc tro thanh thanh vien cua
WTO.1

Mot loat nhung van de dupe dat ra khi che do han ngach dupe bai bo:

-

Doi vdi cac nudc phat trien: hang rao phi thue quan dupe cac nudc phat

trien tang cudng ap dung nhdm doi pho vdi hang del may cac nudc nhap
khau sau khi xoa bo che do quan ly han ngach nhu tang cudng ap dung
thue chong ban pha gia; xoa bo he thong thue quan uu dai pho cap; quy

dinh chat che hon ve tieu chuan xuat xu hang hoa; tieu chuan lao dong;
ve sinh moi trudng, nhan mac hang hoa...va mac du che do han ngach

dupe da dupe bai bo doi vdi cac nudc thanh vien WTO thi vfin cd nhung

ngoai le dupe dat ra khi hang del may cua Trung Quoc da 6 at nhap khau
vao My va EU buoc cac nudc nay phai danh thue nhap khau.

-

Doi vdi cac nudc dang phat trien: rat lo ngai ve sue canh tranh cua hang
Trung Quoc qua manh sau khi Trung Quoc tro thanh thanh vien cua

1 Nguon: Tao chi Kinh te Chau a - Thai Binh Duong thang 3 nam 2005

14


WTO; viec quy dinh khac khe ve cac hang rao phi thue quan nhu tieu
chudn ve lao dong, ve sinh moi truong cua cac nudc nhap khau... da can

tro viec xuat khau hoac tang chi phi gia thanh san pham cua cac nudc
ngheo xuat khau hang det may. Chfnh vi vay cac nudc dang phat trien da

len tieng yeu cau:

•

Giam thue nhap khau doi vdi hang det may.

•

Gianh GSP cho hang det may (doi vdi cac nudc chua gianh uu dai nay);

cac nudc da gianh uu dai nay (GSP) thi tiep tuc duy tri.

•

Dau tu nganh det vao cac nudc dang phat trien de cung huong loi.

•

Han che ap dung va khong dua ra nhung bien phap phi thue quan mdi.

•

Tro giup ky thuat de nang cao kha nang canh tranh cua nganh det may

trong hoan canh mdi.
Trudc kia hang det may duoc buon ban tren co so co san cua han ngach thi

sau nam 2004 ly do cua viec mua hang, yeu to quyet dinh chfnh la toe do, gia
ca va su nang dong cua nha san xuat. Vdi xu the canh tranh nay buoc cac nha

san xuat phai chuyen mon hoa cao, tap trung vao mot so hang thuc su co the
manh song con. Cac nha nhap khau, thay vi phai nhap hang th nhieu nudc se

chi tap trung vao mot so quoc gia nhat dinh. Vi vay, nguon cung cap hang det
may bi thu hep, tap trung vao mot so nudc co loi the ve nguon nhien lieu, lao
dong, chi phi, dac biet la vao cac quoc gia da la thanh vien cua WTO va khong
z

xz

bi khong che boi han ngach nhu Trung Quoc, An Do, Pakistan.... Su canh tranh

tren, khong don gian chi la cac nudc dang phat trien canh tranh vdi nhau tren

thi truong cac nudc phat trien ma la su canh tranh cua moi cudng quoc det may

tren thi truong quoc te. Va phan thing chac chan se thuoc ve nhung quoc gia,
doanh nghiep co tiem luc ve cong nghe, nguyen phu lieu, nhan cong va giao

15


thong van tai thuan loi cho viec chuyen cho hang det may von co khoi luong

lo’n va cong kenh.
1.2 MOT VAI NET DAO DIEM CUA XUAT KHAU HANG MAY MAC

1.2.1 Dac trung cua san xuat hang may mac ngay nay

1.2.1.1

Dac trung ve san pham:

la vai voc va hang may mac hinh thanh nen “con du’dng to lua” ndi tieng. San
pham may mac dap ting dupe nhung nhu cau co ban cua moi tang ldn dan cu.

Cung vdi sir phap trien cua doi song ngudi dan, nhu cau ve hang may mac cung

thay ddi theo hudng nang cao ve tham my, vua mang tinh thu cong truyen
thong vira mang tinh khoa hoc cong nghe. Ngay nay, san pham may cd nhung

net dac trung co ban sau:
-

San pham may mac cd yeu cau rat phong phu va da dang tuy thuoc vao

ngudi tieu dung nd. Nhung ngudi lieu dung khac nhau ve van hoa, phong
tuc, tap quan, ton giao, gidi tinh, luoi tac... cd nhung nhu cau khac nhau

ve san pham may mac.
-

San pham may mac cd tinh thdi trang cao. San pham may mac phai dap
ting dupe thi hieu cua ngudi tieu dung ve mSu ma, kieu dang, mau sftc,
chat lieu ngoai ra phai dap ting dupe nhung tarn ly doi mdi, doc dao va
gay an tuong cho ngudi tieu dung. Chinh vi the ca mot “nganh thdi

trang” dupe ra ddi nhlm dap ung nhu cau do. Thdi trang la mot yeu to

khong the thieu trong san pham may mac.
-

San pham may mac cd tinh thdi vu tuy thuoc vao cac mita. VI vay khi san
xuat va xuat khau hang may mac phai can ctr vao chu ky thay doi cua
thdi tiet de cd ke hoach san xuat dung thdi han, kip thdi vu.

-

San pham may mac gan lien vdi nhan hieu, thuong hieu hang hoa. Ngay

nay, khi san pham may dupe gSn vao do mot thuong hieu dac biel la

16


thuong hieu noi tieng thi gia tri cua nd se duqc tang len nhieu lan. Khi

xuat khau hang may mac sang cac nudc phat trien nhu My. Chau Au thi
nhan hieu la mot yeu to khong the thieu.
1.2.1.2

Dac trung ve san xuat:

Cd rat nhieu van de can ban den khi noi ve san xuat san pham may mac luy
thuoc vao tfnh chat cua san pham. Nhung cd hai dac trung cor ban nhat lien

quan den van de san xuat hang may mac do la:
-

San xuat hang may mac thudng sir dung nhieu lao dong. De hoan thanh

mot san pham may can phai qua rat nhieu cong doan, trong do cd rat

nhieu cong doan phai dung cong nghe thu cong. Ngay nay, mac du da cd
rat nhieu may moc va cong nghe tien lien tro giup nhung yeu to con

ngudi vSn la nhan to quan trong dac biet la nhung hang mang tinh thdi
trang cao cap. Vi vay gia cua hang may phu thuoc rat ldn vao gia nhan

cong, hau nhu d nori nao cd gia nhan cong re thi nganh may d do phat

trien.
-

San xuat hang may thudng khong doi hoi mot khoi luqng von dau tu ldn.

May moc thiet bi str dung trong nganh thudng khong phai la cong nghe

phuc tap, nguyen lieu dau vao gia tri khong qua ldn nen luqng von dau tu
vao nganh may thudng khong ldn.

Vdi hai dac trung thong thudng tren nen cac nudc dang phat trien vdi ngudn

nhan luc doi dao, von va cong nghe khong cao thudng tap trung phap trien
nganh det may va coi do la mat hang mui nhon xuat khau de thue day phat

trien.

1.2.1.3

Dac trirng ve thi tru’dng:

Thi trudng hang may mac thudng dac trung sau:

17


-

Thi trudng hang may mac phu thuoc vao so lupng, trinh do van hoa, muc
song, dieu kien khi hau cua dan cu. Vi vay nghien cuu thi trudng Chau

Au khac rat xa vdi thi trudng Nhat Ban.

-

Thi trudng hang may mac chiu su chi phoi va bao ho chat che cua quy

dinh trong nudc cung nhu quoc te. Mdi nudc co mot quy dinh rieng ve
xuat va nhap khau hang det may ngoai ra hang det may cung chiu su dieu

chinh cua cac quy udc quoc te ma hien nay la hiep dinh hang det may.
1.2.2 Dong gop cua hang may mac trong tang trirong kinh te tai cac nude

dang phat trien
Nganh may mac thudng dupc gdn vdi giai doan phat trien ban dau cua

nen kinh te va dong vai tro chu dao trong qua trinh cong nghiep hoa hien dai
hoa d nhieu nudc. Nganh cong nghiep det may co kha nang tao nhieu viec lam

cho ngudi lao dong, tang nguon thu de tich luy phap trien cac nganh cong

nghiep khac, gop phan nang cao muc song va on dinh chinh tri xa hoi.
Hau nhu cac nen kinh te phat trien nhu Anh, Nhat Ban, cac nudc NICs
deu xuat phat diem thuc hien cong nghiep hoa vdi viec phat trien nganh det
may. Xuat khau hang det may dem lai nguon thu ngoai te ldn de mua may moc
thiet bi, hien dai hoa san xuat, phat trien cac nganh cong nghiep khac, lam co
sd cho nen kinh te cat canh.
Cong nghiep det may cung gop phan chuyen dich co cau kinh te tu nong

nghiep sang cong nghiep bang cach sit dung nhung nguyen phu lieu tu nganh

nong nghiep nhu bong, day, to tam dong thdi gop phan chuyen dich co cau cay
trong nang cao chat lupng su dung dat.

Khong doi hoi von ldn va cong nghe cao nhung mang lai ty le lai kha

cao, va ngoai te cho dat nudc phat trien nganh may mac. la mot hudng di dung,
co hieu qua d cac nudc dang phat trien va dang d giai doan dau cua qua trinh
cong nghiep hoa.

18