Biện pháp quản lý về hợp tác đào tạo nghề giữa các trường Cao đẳng và doanh nghiệp ở tỉnh Vĩnh Phúc Cơ sở cho việc cải thiện mối quan hệ giữa đào tạo nghề và ngành công nghiệp

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY


Socialist Republic of Vietnam

Republic of the Philippines









MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF VOCATIONAL TRAINING PARTNERSHIPS BETWEEN
SELECTED COLLEGES AND ENTERPRISES IN VINHPHUC PROVINCE: BASES FOR
IMPROVING THE VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND INDUSTRY RELATIONSHIPS

A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School
Southern Luzon State University, Lucban, Quezon, Philippines in Collaboration
with Thai Nguyen University, Socialist Republic of Vietnam








In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Management

NGUYEN TIEN TUNG (TRUDY)

Thai Nguyen, 2014

II
APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in
Education al Management program, this research study entitled Management
practices on vocational training partnerships between selected Colleges and
Enterprises in Vinhphuc province: Bases for improving the vocational training
and industry relationships has been submitted by Nguyen Tien Tung (Trudy) and is
hereby recommended for oral examination.

PROF. Dr. WALBERTO A. MACARAAN
Research Adviser




Approved by the Oral Examination Committee, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Management offered
by Southern Luzon State University, Republic of the Philippines in collaboration with
Thai Nguyen University, Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

(NAME OF PROFESSOR)

(NAME OF PROFESSOR)

Member

Member





(NAME OF PROFESSOR)

Chairman

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of
Philosophy in Educational Management offered by Southern Luzon State University,
Republic of the Philippines in collaboration with Thai Nguyen University, Socialist
Republic of Vietnam.

APOLONIA AESPINOSA, Ph.D.

WALBERTO A. MACARAAN,

Dean, Graduate School

Ed.D.

Vice President, Academic
Affairs

Date___________________

III
ACKNOWLEDGMENT



In grateful recognition and sincerest thanks for the encouragement, guidance
and unselfish sharing of their knowledge, time, effort and skills, and for the untiring
motivation that leads to the completion of this study, the Researcher acknowledges the
following:
DR. CECILIA N. GASCON, Ph.D., President of the Southern Luzon State
University in the Republic of the Philippines, for her untiring effort and belief that this
collaboration is possible thus enabling us to pursue the Ed.D degree;
DR. DANG XUAN BINH, Ph.D., Director of the International Training Center,
Thai Nguyen University of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, for his enormous
pursuit to provide the Vietnamese people an opportunity to grow through education;
DR. WALBERTO A. MACARAAN, Ed.D., his adviser, for guidance and
endless support for the improvement of this study.
ITC STAFF, for providing the necessary research materials;
ADMINISTRATIVE CHIEF AND STAFF, PRINCIPAL OF COLLEGES IN
VINHPHUC PROVINCE, ENTERPRISES MANAGMENTS my Respondents, for
their patience and cooperation in answering the questionnaire and for other data given;
MY FAMILY and FRIENDS, for the love and support in one way or the other;
and TO ALL who have contributed to make this study a success.

Nguyen Tien Tung (Trudy)

IV

DEDICATION




This research is healthfully dedicated to my family
and to all my relatives, my colleagues, friends, classmates, administrators, staffs
and employees for Colleges in Vinhphuc province.

Nguyen Tien Tung (Trudy)

V
TABLE OF CONTENTS


Title page
Page
Approval Sheet
II
Acknowledgment
III
Dedication
IV
Table of Contents
V
List of Figures
VIII
List of Table
Ĩ
Abstracts
XI
Chapter I. Introduction
1
Introduction
1
Background of the study
2

Objectives of the study
4
Null Hypothesis
5
Significance of the study
6
Scope and limitations
6
Definition of terms
7
Chapter II. Review of literatures and studies
9
Related literature and studies
9
Types of partnership between Enterprises and Colleges
17
Influences of partnership between Colleges and
Enterprises on improving quality of Vocational training
22
Factors influence on partnership between Colleges and
Enterprises
25
Management activities to strengthen partnership with
Enterprises in vt of Colleges
26
Research paradigm
27
Chapter III. Methodology
29
Locale of the study

29

VI
Title page
Page
Research design
36
Population and sampling
36
Sampling design and techniques
36
Research instrument
37
Validation of the instrument
38
Data gathering procedure
38
Data processing method
39
Statistical treatment
40
Chapter IV. Results and discussions
41
Profile of respondents
41
Cooperation between Colleges and Enterprises in
vocational training in Vinhphuc
50
Assessment about quality of graduate students in Colleges
53

Positive effectiveness and what advantages that Colleges
and students got from the cooperation between Colleges
and Enterprises in training
54
Factors influence on partnership between Colleges and
Enterprises
58
Assess about management activities of the Colleges in
Vinhphuc to enhance cooperation between Colleges and
Enterprises in training
61
Testing a significance differences in the perceived by the 2
groups of respondents (Colleges and Enterprises) about
management activities of the cooperation between
Colleges and Enterprises
67
Proposed formation measures to strengthen the
cooperation between Colleges in Vinhphuc and
Enterprises in vocational training
72
Chapter 5. Summary, Findings, Conclusions and
Recommendations
76
Summary
76
Findings
78

VII
Title page

Page
Conclusions
82
Recommendations
85
Bibliography
87
Vietnamese documents
87
English documents
90
Appendix A: Questionaire Checklist
91
Curriculum Vitae
109

VIII

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures

Title
Page
2.1
Factors of training process

13
2.2
Colleges and Enterprises are independent units
model
17
2.3
College is a part of Enterprises model
18
2.4
Enterprises is a part of College model
20
2.5
Training Cooperation in parallel method
21
2.6
Training Cooperation in turn method
21
2.7
Training cooperation in succession method
21
2.8
The Schematic Presentation of independent
variables and dependent variables and the result of
research
27
3.1
Location of respondent Colleges in Vinhphuc
province
32
3.2

Location of respondent Enterprises in Vinhphuc
Province
33
3.3
Location of respondent Enterprises in Hanoi city
34
3.4
Location of respondent Enterprises in Bacninh
province
35


















IX
LIST OF TABLES

Tables

Title
Page
3.1
List of the Colleges in Vinhphuc
29
3.2
List of the respondent Enterprises
30
3.3
Ratting scale for respondent's perception
37
3.4
Type of data and methods of gatherning and
processing
40
4.1
Frequency Distribution Profile of Principal
and Management Staff as Indicated by Age,
Gender, and Education Attainment and Position
41
4.2
Frequency Distribution Profile of College as
Indicated by Year of Foundation, Number of
training course, Number of teacher, The number
of graduate student, The number of current student
43
4.3

Frequency Distribution Profile of Enterprice
management's Respondent as Indicated by Age,
Gender, and Education attainment and Position
45
4.4
Frequency Distribution Profile of College as
Indicated by Year of foundation, Mode of
Enterprises, Fields of manufacture, Labor resource
47
4.5
Frequency Distribution Profile ofAdministrative
Chief
and Staff on Training Manager's Respondent as
Indicated by Age, Gender, and Education
attainment and Position
49
4.6
Frequency Distribution of Enterprises and Colleges
as Indicated by model, method and level
cooperate between Enterprises and College
50
4.7
Mean Distribution of Responses on the level of
quality on graduated students of Vinh Phuc
Colleges
53
4.8
Mean Distribution of Responses on the level of
the Following elements have positive effectiveness
to the technical training in this market and

integration mechanisms
55
4.9
Mean Distribution of Responses on the what
advantages that Colleges and students got from
56

X
Tables

Title
Page
the cooperation between Colleges and Enterprises
4.10
Mean Distribution of Responses on the existing
level of the which of the following factors
effected on the current cooperation between
Collegess and Enterprises
59
4.11
Mean Distribution of Responses on the level of
following management activities are
cooperated between Colleges and Enterprises
61
4.12.1
Significance differences in the perceived by the 2
groups of respondents (Colleges and Enterprises)
on the level of management activities of the
cooperation between Vinhphuc's Colleges and
Enterprises

67
4.12.2
68
4.12.3
69
4.12.4
70
4.12.5
71
4.13
Content of Formation specific measures to
strengthen the cooperation between Colleges in
Vinhphuc and Enterprises in vocational raining
72

XI
ABSTRACT

This dissertation with the title "MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF
VOCATIONAL TRAINING PARTNERSHIPS BETWEEN SELECTED COLLEGES
AND ENTERPRISES IN VINHPHUC PROVINCE: BASES FOR IMPROVING THE
VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND INDUSTRY RELATIONSHIPS". The study's

objective is to indicate models, methods, management activities of partnership
between Colleges and Enterprises, factors that influence on partnership between
Colleges and Enterprises; make evaluation of the present vocational training quality of
Colleges in Vinhphuc and take a census of the actual situation of partnership between
Colleges and Enterprises and how it influences the vocational training quality.
This study reviews operational status of relationships between Colleges and
Enterprises in Vinhphuc province through groups such as the basic criterion to
determine the real situation and management activities for cooperation between
Colleges and Enterprises in Vinhphuc province. This study used methods of
descriptive statistics, the method of comparison statistics and analysis of variance
through the selection of three respondents, they are Enterprises, Colleges in Vinhphuc
province and State management. Research has shown that the typies of
cooperation between Enterprises with Colleges in Vinhphuc. The researcher tries to
study theories and facts, propose management practices in order to strengthen
cooperation between Enterprises and Colleges in Vinhphuc province to improve VT
quality.
Null Hypothesis test results also show that there is no significance differences
in the perceived by the 2 groups of respondents (Colleges and Enterprises) about
management activities of the cooperation between Colleges and Enterprises.





1
Chapter I. INTRODUCTION
Vietnam is in the initial process of socio - economic development strategy of
2011-2020 stage to become an industrialization country. In order to attain sustainable
economic growth, Vietnam’s considerable attention is being paid to 3 main factors:
applying new technology, developing infrastructure, enhancing human resource

quality, of which through vocational training (VT). Hence, developing and raising VT
quality is an indispensable request, demand of the country for enhancing human
resource quality and raising competition capacity of the economy in general.
Throughout the times, as VT in Vietnam has been considered by both the
society and the Government in terms of financial investment and other resources, it
has accomplished encouraging achievements, step by step met the demand of labor
through VT for different economic sectors. As shown in followings:
Vietnam Government has built comprehensive and united law system on
vocational education (consisting of VT law and related legal documents), established
the practice-driven VT system at 3 official levels: primary level, secondary level and
College level.
Vocational education network is relatively properly expanded and allocated
among industries, localities, regions and areas. In 2011, nationwide there were 136 VT
Colleges, 308 secondary VT Colleges; 849 VT centers. and over 1.000 others
institutions (workshops, Enterprises etc.) taking part in VT.
The total number of enrolment in VT increases from 887.3 thousands in 2001 to
1.860 millions in 2011.
Significant investment has been made into developing favorable conditions for
VT, such as VT teachers (in 2010, there were about 35.000 VT teachers - increase 4
times compared with 2001); developing VT curricula, infrastructure, equipments for
VT institutions (VTI). Since 2008, VT accreditation and worker’s occupational skill
assessment has been implemented. The system of criteria, standards and procedure for
accreditation has been issued. About 70% graduates are employed or self-employ right
after graduation, this rate obtains over 90% in some occupations and in some VTIs


2
Resources for VT is diversified, where the national budget holds key role
(accounting for about 60%). National budget for VT increases yearly (4,9% and 9% of
total national budget for education and training respectively in 2001 and in 2010).

However, there remains some limits in Vietnam VT:
Although VT quality has been improved, it fails to meet the demand of labor
market, in terms of occupational skills and soft skills such as industrial style, team-
working. There remains a big gap between Vietnamese workers and those in
developed countries in the world and in the region in terms of occupational skills and
capability.
Level-based and occupation-based training structure is not very suitable,
irrelevant to the demand of human resource of each industry, each locality; hasn’t met
the demand of high quality technical human resource for production and labor market.
Favorable condition for ensuring quality in VT is still insufficient; vocation teachers
are insufficient in quantity and quality.
Strong partnership between Enterprises and VTIs has not been established.
Participation of Enterprises in VT is still passive, Enterprises have not been considered
one of the entities in VT activity by written documents. However, a strong and
institutionalized partnership between Enterprises and VTIs has not been established.
Participation of Enterprises in VT is very passive, there lacks of important legal
documents and regulation speculating business community and its role as one related
partner in VT.
Depending upon above-mentioned fact and the researcher’s ability, the study’s
main purpose is to study and clarify the managing practices contributing to strengthen
the partnership between Colleges and Enterprises in VT in Vinhphuc province.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Vinhphuc is a province located in the Northern Key Economic Region of
Vietnam, next to Thai Nguyen province and Tuyen Quang to the North, and to Phu
Tho province to the West, and to Hanoi capital to the East and the South. The province
has natural area of 1.230,98 km2, average population of 2008 is 1.014,5 thousands.
The growth rate is always at high level among the provinces of Red River Delta and

3
The Northern Key Economic Region, much higher than national growth rate. The

province’s education and training has been strengthened to meet the demand for
educated labor for socio-economic development and people’s educational demand.
Now, there are 4 universities and 7 Colleges in the Vinhphuc province.
Vinhphuc’s VT has developed recently both in the number of training places and the
number of trained people in Vinhphuc. However, almost VTI in Vinhphuc have rather
low training quality. A lot of graduated people don’t satisfy the job’s requirement.
Vinhphuc’s VT systems have helped to train workers for socio-economic
development, to enhance people’s living standard. Nevertheless, there are some
shortcomings of VT beside achievements, as follow: it is lack of infrastructure of
Colleges, classrooms, equipments for teaching and learning; teachers’ qualification is
at medium; VT system hasn’t met the demand of labor market of training levels and
training scale. VT is not really relevant to labor market.
Generally, according to employers’ evaluation after employing the students:
most of graduated students can’t start professional work at once; they themselves can’t
make studying plans to fulfill themselves in working; they have insufficient or even
they have not soft necessary skills for the assigned job. They have insufficient
knowledge of career standards, professional working requirements and easily
discouraged when facing difficulties, insufficient sense of learning.
Above fact shows that the VT in Colleges haven’t met the requirement of the
employers; Colleges haven’t related to society, training hasn’t attached with usage.
There are many reasons are different but I think one of the most important reasons is
insufficient relation between Colleges and Enterprises in training career. Proposed
Training Formation program mostly based on their ability but they don’t care
correlative demand curve of the Enterprises. This leads to unbalance supply-demand in
scale, structure and especially quality causing big waste and ineffective training. It can
be said that, attachment between training and usage, Colleges and society tend to
increase with transformation into market mechanism. Nevertheless, it is still
insufficient that training outputs haven’t met the socio-economic development, the
demand of employers. The reasons are varied, of which there the reasons rising from
the trainers, employers and society.

4
Based on theory, the researcher tries to study theories and facts, propose
management practices in order to strengthen cooperation between Enterprises and
Colleges in Vinhphuc province to improve VT quality.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The study's objective is to indicate models, methods, management activities of
partnership between Colleges and Enterprises, factors that influence on partnership
between Colleges and Enterprises; make evaluation of the present vocational training
quality of Colleges in Vinhphuc and take a census of the actual situation of partnership
between Colleges and Enterprises and how it influences the vocational training
quality. Base on the discovery of the study, the research have suggested management
measures to strengthen partnership between Colleges and Enterprises.
Specifically, it have sought to find out the following:
1. Identify the profile of the respondents in term of:
1.1. Principal and management staff of Colleges:
1.1.1. Age
1.1.2. Gender
1.1.3. Educational Attainment
1.2. Colleges:
1.2.1. Years of foundation
1.2.2. Number of training course
1.2.3. Number of teachers
1.2.4. The number of students (present)
1.2.5. The number of graduate students
1.3. Enterprises:
1.3.1. Years of foundation
1.3.2. Mode of Enterprises
1.3.3. Fields of manufacture

5
1.3.4. Number of labor resource
2. Find out the models, methods and levels of cooperation between Colleges
and Enterprises in vocational training in Vinhphuc:
2.1. Model of cooperation
2.2. Method of cooperation
2.3. Level of cooperation
3. Assess about quality of graduate students from Colleges and positive
effectiveness and what advantages that Colleges and students got from the cooperation
between Colleges and Enterprises in training.
4. Evaluate the factors that affect the cooperation between Colleges and
Enterprises, in which factors may have done well and which factors need to be
improved.
5. Assess about management activities of the Colleges in Vinhphuc to enhance
cooperation between Colleges and Enterprises in training.
6. There is significance differences in the perceived about management
activities of the cooperation between Colleges and Enterprises.
7. Proposed formation measures to strengthen the cooperation between
Colleges in Vinhphuc and Enterprises in vocational training.
NULL HYPOTHESIS
There is no significance differences in the perceived by the 2 groups of
respondents (Colleges and Enterprises) about management activities of the cooperation
between Colleges and Enterprises.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study attempting to know the influence of management activities to
strengthen cooperation between Enterprises and selected Colleges in Vinhphuc which
would be beneficial to the following:
Colleges’ Administrators. It is hoped that the study may contribute in giving
some new management activities for Colleges’ administrators in strengthening

6
partnership with Enterprises to improve quality of Colleges’ training. The study
would provide administrators with a clear idea on how beneficial is in cooperation
with Enterprises. In the same manner, school’s trade name could develop; its
position and prestige could be improved in society.
Enterprises. The study could make the Enterprises know more about their
benefit and responsibility when cooperating with Colleges. They also understand that
partnership with Colleges is an important solution to make sure stable development of
Enterprises.
Teachers. The result of the study is of great help to teachers because it is
necessary to be good at theory but also have steady skill to teach practice. Good
partnership between Enterprises and Colleges provide good conditions for teachers to
approach new technology, update science and technology development. The researcher
hopes to contribute to a new avenue in fostering teachers by taking them to study
technology in factories yearly. Through this, improving teacher quality would lead to
better quality training because of having teachers who are good at both theory and
practice.
Students. They was benefited by this study since they are the main concerns of
educators. Good partnership between Enterprises and Colleges make educators
understand more about society’s demand and educators train what the society need but
don’t train what they have. In this way, learners would have knowledge, skills,
attitudes and other soft skills to be able to find a stable job in companies, ensuring
their own life future.
Future researchers. This study could provide references for future proponents
who wish to venture a study similar to the nature of this ongoing research. Thus, study
on partnership between Colleges and Enterprises to improve training quality could
serve as resources for other studies.
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
The primary purpose of this study was to further investigate management
activities to strengthen partnership between Enterprises and 7 Colleges in Vinhphuc

province to improve quality of VT quality. There were 168 people as invited
respondents in this study: 2 Deputy Director of Department of Labor - Invalids and

7
Social Affairs of Vinhphuc , 5 VT Management officials of Department of Labor -
Invalids and Social Affairs of Vinhphuc; 2 Deputy Director Department of Education
and Training of Vinhphuc, 5 Professional Training officials of Department of
Education and Training of Vinhphuc; 7 rectors of Colleges in Vinhphuc province, 7
Head of Training Departments of Colleges, 42 Head of Faculty in the Colleges; 20
Directors of Enterprises, 20 Head of Human Resource Departments of Enterprises.
The time frame of this study covered the period from February 2012 to August
2013.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
For the clarity and better understanding of the study, the following
terminologies are defined both operationally and conceptually.
Cooperation is together join, help each other in a certain work and field to gain
common goal.
Human resource indicates people who are and was supply of diversified social
labor force including the youth studying in general education bases, vocational
education bases and College-university. Only potential is mentioned when taking
about human resource; then in the training process, it is the use and improvement of
human resource really influence on socio-economic development.
Management activities are all implemented through its function, as making
plan, organizing, directing, testing and evaluating.
Management is conscious activity of managing subjects to control impact on
the objects, subject to gain management goal.
Method bears narrower meaning than solution; it is system of using ways to
implement any activity. It reflects the way of implementing content, which includes
deploying goal, argument content and technical structure to perform content;
Partnership is both a specific legal entity and an intellectual approach as to

how a business is going to be run.
Profession is a type of work which requires us to get specialized training
process to have certain knowledge, professional high skill. Thank to profession

8
activity process, one can make products to satisfy individuals and society.
Solution is method to solve a problem, which include both content and
method.
Strengthening is “to make stronger, much more ".
Training Cooperation in parallel method is method that theory and on-the-
job training are parallel at both Colleges and Enterprises during the training time
Training Cooperation in succession method is method that theory and basic
practice are done at Colleges in classroom and Colleges’ workshop. Then students go
for their on-the-job training at Enterprises.
Training Cooperation in turn method is method that theory is trained at
Colleges, basic practice and on-the-job training are done in turn at Colleges and at
Enterprises.
Vocational training is a process of transmitting and perceiving certain
knowledge system, skill, vocational attitude generalized in trained career; a process of
practicing skills, high technique, attitude and career capacity of learners to form
vocational qualification. This is implemented through teaching according to standard
of trained careers.
Vocational training quality is a level that learners achieve in accordance with
planed training goal, at the same time accord with and meet the demand and
requirement of production, labor market.

9
Chapter II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the relevant readings and related literature which
bear significance and similarities in this study. This also includes the paradigm and
the definition of terms that could help the readers to fully understand the context
of this study.
RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Vietnam is in the renovative process of VT system to gradually meet the
demand of labor market and society in the context of national development and region
integration. This is a remarkable point in Vietnam 2011-2020 strategy of socio-
economic development which is considered a national breakthrough strategy to
become industrialized countries. Hence, the strategy goal of the country is to achieve
breakthrough VT quality in the context of ASIAN integration. Then, VT strategy in
Vietnam’s 2011-2020 stage directing to the goal “raising quality and expanding VT
scale meet the demand of every field, needing well skilled workers at homeland and
for export”. By 2020, VT meet the demand of labor market in both quality and
quantity, career structure and training qualification, at the same time contribute to
improving income, alleviating poverty and ensuring social security. Training quality of
some fields obtain the similar level with developed countries in ASEAN and in the
world.
Vietnam managers of VT desire to have breakthrough VT quality with many
different solution groups, for example: setting up national career skill standards
corresponding with society requirement; forming career formation program meets the
defined norms; training, improving and developing vocational teachers; cooperating
with Enterprises in training career; renovating financial mechanism for career training
until 2020; strengthening international cooperation, especially with developed

countries in VT.
Challenges related to achieving ambitious target of vocational development and
renovation can not be successfully solved by only government. So, active participation
of related sides in VT especially business community is very important and getting
more and more attention. It is considered in various fields and positive impacts when
cooperating with business community-individuals, private and state-owned

10
Enterprises. As VT plays an important role of output standards (quality) for career
trainers from worker users, vocational standard setup is an important filed in which
businesses’ participation with the guide role is very essential. Other cooperation is to
train career based on organization cooperation activities. Following this, vocational
education components especially practice skills are implemented at Enterprises. It is
the most ideal to organize that program in the shape of learning at working places,
combining learning with working. Its benefit is to increase demand direction, raise
cost effect (because investment in practice workshops at career places and related
transport costs are reduced) which help learners adapt with working situations and
connect them with potential labor users. Other cooperation field is the participation of
different economies in vocation teacher building. How Enterprises community actively
takes part in VT is a key problem for achievement direction cooperation. Proved
successfully activities are equal cooperation as well as convince basing on benefits
obtained by both of two sides. It also includes appropriate participation of Enterprises
in strategy setup and career training policies.
Management
Management is a special activity, closely attached to development process.
Especially, management plays a very important role at present world. Assigning,
cooperation in work contribute to achieving high output, which comprises managing,
cooperating, managing, testing,…
According to Peter F. Drucker (1999), the final goal of science of management
is how to limit risk, get over abroad risk, avoid risk for organization.

Aunapu F.F (1994) said that: "management is science and art affecting society
system, mainly managing people to peruse given goals. That system is either moved or
quiet including interacted components” [1, p.75]
In Vietnam, there are many different definitions of management. According to
Vietnamese dictionary: "management is organizing and coordinating activities due to
given requirements” [34, p.789].
PhD. Mai Huu Khue (2003) said: "management is to impact on workers to
achieve given results and objectives” [12, p.19-20]

11
It is clear that the mentioned definitions even though emphasize this side or
other, approach any aspect, any field; at macro-micro; all bear the common united
point is to consider management is original activities containing management subjects,
management objects and management goal that are related to each other through
managing impacts.
Management activities are all implemented through its function, as making
plan, organizing, directing, testing and evaluating. If management function is not
defined, management subject couldn’t control management system.
Profession /occupation
Profession is an activity bearing its own typical feature of humankind; it is
formed and developed along with development of humankind society. It is a type of
work bearing society nature and personal nature in which humankind in capacity of
activity’s subject require to satisfy certain society’s and individual’s demand .
According to Latin "Professio" – profession means professional job formed
orthodox, a type of work requiring any qualification level, is basic activity for the
existence of people.
According to Vietnamese Dictionary, “career is professional work assigned by
society” [34, p.676].
With the development of science and technology now, to work well, one have
to take part in a training process’s given program providing knowledge, skill and

necessary attitude according to labor market’s demand to be able to work.
VT
Development of human resource: development strategy of Vietnam education
in the 2011 - 2020 stage determined the goal of VT and university education as
follows: accomplishing structure of vocational education and university education
system; adjusting career structure and qualification of training, improving quality of
training, satisfying demand of human resource for socio-economic development;
training workers with creativity, independent mentality, professional morality and
skill, ability of foreign language, working principles, industrial style, job self-making
and adaptability with changes of labor market and ability to compete in the region and

12
the world.
Human resource development is basically to raise people’s value in different
aspects: mental, physical and aesthetic; to make people become workers having
capacity, new and higher. Human resource development is affected by 5 factors:
education-training, health and nutrition, environment, job and mankind liberation. Of
which, education is a key factor, a foundation for other factors and in the same
manner; it is the most important basis for stable socio-economic development.
La Duy Tuan (2009) indicated that, VT is actually to develop human resource.
Now, VT institutes train 2 main fields: technical workers and professional personnel.
Training product is qualification or workers’ qualification and ability at a defined
standard of trained occupation. Trained careers are ones that workers need training
according to a defined program with knowledge, skills and attitudes in accordance
with the demand of labor market to be able to work well [9, p.16].
VT quality
Quality: there are various definitions of quality standing in different field and
aspect:
J.Juran (1951) stated that quality is potential satisfying the demand of market
with the lowest cost.

W. Edwards Deming (2000) stated that quality is satisfy the customers’
requirement.
According to the ISO9000:2000 Standard gave out definition of quality:
“quality is the level of a gather consisting of given particularities which meet the
requirements”.
According to concept of European quality testing organization: quality of
products is the level that products could meet the demand of users.
In Vietnamese dictionary (2000), "quality is what creating qualification, value
for each individual, thing and fact.” [34, p.144]
All above definitions show that achieving quality is in the same manner with
satisfying requirements. These requirements certainly come from customers which are

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the original factors of quality and the focus when defining quality.
La Duy Tuan (2009) indicated that: Quality is expressed in firstly, the
satisfaction of users’ demand, the secondly effectiveness which is the lowest cost but it
still could satisfy market demand. Quality is described through qualitative and
quantitative results. Qualitative result is product’s value which can not be measured
and counted but can be remarked. Quantities result is value expressing in numbers, in
quantity and it can be weighted, measured, counted. Quality creates quantity, but only
quantity is not enough to reflect quality, so it is to analyze both qualitative and
quantities when acknowledging quality [9, p.18].
Quality of VT: The condition for Vietnam to get success in the world in the
context of integrating with WTO is to have human resource bearing ability to face up
with competition and cooperation. It is emergency task to create high-qualified human
resource with creativeness and adaptability. Human resource’s qualification accord
with labor market demand is the measure of education quality. Strengthening
partnership between VTI and Enterprises is really optimal solution in order to improve
vocational quality in mechanism and integration now. Education quality of each
branch and occupation is different, but however different it is, the most important

norm is to fit with labor market demand, requirement.
PhD. Dang Quoc Bao (2011) indicated that the training quality is the last result
actively affected by components of training process. This is generalized in the
following figure:







Figure 2.1. Factors of training process
G
L
M, ME
M, F
C
T
Q

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Of which:
G: training goal.
M, ME: measure, medium for training.
T: teacher and training management
officials.
L: learners.
C: content.
M, F: materials, finance.
Q: quality

Due to concept of the product output, vocational quality depends on the
following norms:
+ Social profession qualification (virtue, awareness, responsibility;
+ Health;
+ Knowledge;
+ Working capacity;
+ Adapting with labor market;
+ Research ability and career improvement ability of workers after graduate.
Vocational qualification, concept according to working ability defined by
different aspects: knowledge, skill, awareness and habit in work. According to modern
concept, VT quality has got two parts: "hardware” is knowledge, skill, attitude learners
perceives from training process (accounted for 1/3); "software” is creativeness and
adaptation (accounted for 2/3).
Thus, when evaluating training quality of VTIs, don’t mention at only
“hardware”, that is knowledge, skill, awareness and habit in work of the graduates
whether accord with training goal or not, at what level accordance but it is more
important is to focus on software value- creativeness and adaptability, basing on this to
organize training process in order to encourage activity of students. It is in need to
enhance cooperation with Enterprises so as students have chance to approach or
quickly adapt with new production technology, creativeness in the market mechanism
shift, in which there is workforce market. In market mechanism and integration
context, VT is always ruled by supply and demand law. Trained products’ quality is
decision-making for the Colleges’ existence and development in competition. Trained
product is graduates. The focus in VT is to consider market’s demand in order to