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ANSWER KEY for EPONYMS: WORD FROM NAMES
additional information from Wikipedia
1. bloomer
Amelia Jenks Bloomer (May 27, 1818 – December 30, 1894) was an American women's
rights and temperance advocate. Even though she did not create the women's clothing
reform style known as bloomers, her name became associated with it because of her
early and strong advocacy. Bloomer promoted a change in dress standards for women
that would be less restrictive in regular activities.
“The costume of women should be suited to her wants and necessities. It should conduce at once to
her health, comfort, and usefulness; and, while it should not fail also to conduce to her personal
adornment, it should make that end of secondary importance. “
In 1851, New England temperance activist Elizabeth Smith Miller adopted what she considered a more
rational costume: loose trousers gathered at the ankles, like women's trousers worn in the Middle East
and Central Asia, topped by a short dress or skirt and vest. The costume was worn publicly by actress
Fanny Kemble. Miller displayed her new clothing to Stanton, her cousin, who found it sensible and
becoming, and adopted it immediately. In this garb Stanton visited Bloomer, who began to wear the
costume and promote it enthusiastically in her magazine. Articles on the clothing trend were picked up
in The New York Tribune. More women wore the fashion which was promptly dubbed The Bloomer
Costume or "Bloomers". However, the Bloomers were subjected to ceaseless ridicule in the press and
harassment on the street. Bloomer herself dropped the fashion in 1859, saying that a new invention,
the crinoline, was a sufficient reform that she could return to conventional dress.
2. sandwich
John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich (3 November 1718 – 30 April 1792) succeeded his
grandfather, the 3rd Earl, in 1729, at the age of ten. During his life he held various
military and political offices but is perhaps most well-known for being claimed to have
originated the modern concept of the sandwich. The modern sandwich is possibly named
after Lord Sandwich but not invented by him. It is said that he ordered his valet to bring
him meat tucked between two pieces of bread. Others began to order "the same as Sandwich!" A
rumor in a contemporary travel book (although not confirmed) formed the popular myth that bread
and meat sustained Lord Sandwich at the gambling table. The sober alternative is provided by
Sandwich's biographer, N. A. M. Rodger, who suggests Sandwich's commitments to the navy, to politics

and the arts mean the first sandwich was more likely to have been consumed at his desk.
3. graham cracker
The Reverend Sylvester Graham (July 5, 1794 – September 11, 1851) was an American dietary
reformer. He was born in Suffield, Connecticut, and was ordained in 1826 as a Presbyterian
minister. He was an early advocate of dietary reform in the United States and was most notable for his
emphasis on vegetarianism and the temperance movement, as well as dietary habits. In 1829 he
invented Graham bread, and the recipe first appeared in The New Hydropathic Cookbook. It showed
that Graham bread was made from unsifted flour and free from chemical additives such as alum and
chlorine. Graham argued that chemical additives in bread made it unwholesome. The use of additives
by bakeries was a common practice during the Industrial Revolution to make bread whiter in color, and
more commercially appealing. Darker wheat bread was considered the fare of country rubes. Refined
bread was a status symbol of the middle class because of its "purity and refinement" in its color and
was purchased, rather than home-made. Graham believed that a firm bread made of coarsely ground
whole-wheat flour was more nutritious and healthy. Though called a cracker, it is sweet rather than
salty and so bears some resemblance to a cookie. The true graham cracker is made with graham flour, a
combination of fine-ground white flour and coarse-ground wheat bran and germ.
4. pasteurized
Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French chemist and microbiologist. He
is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of disease.
His discoveries reduced mortality from puerperal fever, and he created the first vaccine for
rabies. His experiments supported the germ theory of disease. He was best known to the
general public for inventing a method to stop milk and wine from causing sickness, a process that came
to be called pasteurization. Pasteurization is a process which slows microbial growth in food. The
pasteurization process was originally conceived as a way of preventing wine and beer from souring.
5. Bunsen burner
Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen (31 March 1811 – 16 August 1899) was a German chemist. He
developed several gas-analytical methods, was a pioneer in photochemistry, and he did early
work in the field of organoarsenic chemistry. Bunsen investigated emission spectra of heated
elements, a research area called spectrum analysis. For this work, Bunsen and his laboratory assistant,
Peter Desaga, had perfected a special gas burner by 1855 which provided a very hot and clean flame.

This burner known today as simply the "Bunsen burner" was an improvement on the laboratory
burners then in use.
6. Fahrenheit
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (14 May 1686 – 16 September 1736) was a Prussian physicist and engineer
who determined a temperature scale now named after him. Fahrenheit determined his scale by
reference to three fixed points of temperature. The lowest temperature was achieved by preparing a
frigorific mixture of ice, water, and ammonium chloride (a salt), and waiting for it to reach equilibrium.
The thermometer then was placed into the mixture and the liquid in the thermometer allowed to
descend to its lowest point. The thermometer's reading there was taken as 0 °F. The second reference
point was selected as the reading of the thermometer when it was placed in still water when ice was
just forming on the surface. This was assigned as 32 °F. The third calibration point was selected as the
thermometer's reading when the instrument was placed under the arm or in the mouth. This 98.6
degrees is the determined normal body temperature today. Until the switch to the Celsius scale, the
Fahrenheit one was widely used in Europe. It is still used for everyday temperature measurements by
the general population in the United States and Belize and, less so, in the UK and Canada.
from Celsius to Celsius
Fahrenheit [°F] = [°C] × 9⁄5 + 32 [°C] = ([°F] − 32) × 5⁄9
7. Celsius
Anders Celsius (27 November 1701 – 25 April 1744) was a Swedish astronomer. He was professor of
astronomy at Uppsala University from 1730 to 1744, but traveled from 1732 to 1735
visiting notable observatories in Germany, Italy and France. Celsius was the first to
perform and publish careful experiments aiming at the definition of an international
temperature scale on scientific grounds. In his Swedish paper "Observations of two
persistent degrees on a thermometer" he reports on experiments to check that the
freezing point is independent of latitude (and of atmospheric pressure). He determined the
dependence of the boiling of water with atmospheric pressure which was accurate even by modern day
standards. He further gave a rule for the determination of the boiling point if the barometric pressure
deviates from a certain standard pressure. In 1742 he proposed the Celsius temperature scale in a
paper to the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala, the oldest Swedish scientific society, founded in
1710. His thermometer had 100 for the freezing point of water and 0 for the boiling point. In 1745, a

year after his death, the scale was reversed by Carolus Linnaeus to facilitate practical measurement.
Celsius originally called his scale centigrade derived from the Latin for "hundred steps". For years it was
simply referred to as the Swedish thermometer.
8. Braille
Louis Braille (January 4, 1809 – January 6, 1852) was the inventor of Braille, a worldwide system used
by blind and visually impaired people for reading and writing. Braille is read by passing the fingers over
characters made up of an arrangement of one to six embossed points. In 1821, Charles Barbier, a
Captain in the French Army, visited the school. Barbier shared his invention called "night writing" a
code of 12 raised dots and a number of dashes that let soldiers share top-secret information on the
battlefield without having to speak. The code was too difficult for Louis to understand and he later
changed the number of raised dots to 6 each corresponding to letters. The six-dot system allowed the
recognition of letters with a single fingertip apprehending all the dots at once, requiring no movement
or repositioning which slowed recognition in systems requiring more dots. These dots consisted of
patterns in order to keep the system easy to learn. Louis Braille invented his raised-dot system
using his father's stitching awl, the same implement with which he had blinded himself. He
finished the system at age 15, in 1824 and has since been adapted to almost every known
language.
9. Geiger counter
Johannes (Hans) Wilhelm Geiger (September 30, 1882 – September 24, 1945) was a
German physicist. He is perhaps best known as the co-inventor of the Geiger counter
and for the Geiger-Marsden experiment which discovered the atomic nucleus. In
1907 he began work with Ernest Rutherford at the University of Manchester and in 1909 along with
Ernest Marsden conducted the famous Geiger-Marsden experiment called the gold foil experiment.
Together they created the Geiger counter. He was a member of the Uranium Club, which was working
on an atomic bomb for Nazi Germany.
10. Franklin
Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 – April 17, 1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United
States of America. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author and printer, satirist, political
theorist, politician, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, soldier, and diplomat. Franklin was
a prodigious inventor. Among his many creations were the lightning rod, the glass armonica, the

Franklin stove, bifocal glasses, and the flexible urinary catheter. Franklin never patented his inventions;
in his autobiography he wrote, " as we enjoy great advantages from the inventions of others, we
should be glad of an opportunity to serve others by any invention of ours; and this we should do freely
and generously." Franklin's fascination with innovation could be viewed as altruistic; he wrote that his
scientific works were to be used for increasing efficiency and human improvement. The Franklin stove
is a metal-lined fireplace made in 1742. It has baffles in the rear to improve the airflow, providing more
heat and less smoke than an ordinary open fireplace. It is also known as a circulating stove. Although in
current usage the term "stove" implies a closed firebox, the front of a Franklin stove is open to the
room.
ANSWER KEY for CLUES AND CUES TO FRENCH IN ENGLISH
Part 1
1. buffet
2. crochet
3. bouquet
4. beret
5. ballet
Other French words in English that end in –et
include: banquet, bayonet, blanket, bracelet,
bullet, cadet, cabaret, chalet, closet, comet,
corset, jacket, musket, tablet, target, diet
Part 2
1. attaché
2. café
3. matinée
4. fiancé
5. entrée
Also: canapé, cliché, sauté, soirée, toupée
Part 3
1. brunette
2. cassette

3. barrette
4. marionette
5. dinette
Also: etiquette, cigarette
Part 4
1. encore
2. envelope
3. en guard
4. ensemble
5. en route
Also: entrepreneur, envoy
ADDITIONAL FRENCH WORDS, PHRSES, and INFORMATION FOR YOUR INTEREST
FOODS: éclair, hors d'oeuvre, crêpe, cuisine, croissant, dessert (no wonder the word “diet” is also French!
 )
PLACES: Chicago (from Fort Chécagou), Detroit (“strait”), Des Moines (“of the monks”), Louisiana (“land of
Louis XIV”), Maine (name of former French province), Vermont (“green mountains”), Baton Rouge (“red
stick” -so named because there was a red painted pole placed by the native Americans), and Dixie (from
“dix” meaning “ten”)
BALLET TERMS: pique, pirouette, plié, sachet, etc.
MISCELLANEOUS: annoy, argue, camouflage, cul-de-sac, décor, depot, déjà vu, debt, donate, doubt, felon,
foyer, journey, mannequin, maneuver, mansion, mascot, massacre, massage, mustard, moustache, mousse,
naïve, orange, phlegm, rendezvous, résumé, RSVP, routine, sabotage, savoir faire, savage, sober, soufflé,
signify, villain, vogue, voilà
WHY IS THERE SO MUCH FRENCH INFLUNCE IN ENGLISH?
There are 30,000 words in the English language that have come from French. Most of the French
vocabulary now appearing in English was imported over the centuries following the invasion of William the
Conqueror of Normandy, France in 1066, when England came under the administration of Norman-
speaking peoples.
Normandy is a region in northern France which in the years prior to 1066 experienced extensive Viking
resettlement. In 911, French Carolingian ruler Charles the Simple allowed a group of Vikings under their

leader Rollo to settle in northern France. Charles hoped that by doing so he would end the Viking attacks
that were plaguing France at the time. In exchange, they were expected to provide protection along the
coast against future Viking invaders. Their settlement proved successful, and the Vikings in the region
became known as the Northmen from which Normandy is derived. The Normans quickly adapted to the
indigenous culture, renouncing paganism and converting to Christianity. They adopted the language of their
new home and added features from their own Norse language, transforming it into the Norman language.
They further blended into the culture by intermarrying with the local population.
The Norman conquest of England began in 1066 with the invasion of the Kingdom of England by the troops
of William, Duke of Normandy, and his victory at the Battle of Hastings. This resulted in Norman control of
England, which was firmly established during the next few years. The Norman Conquest was a pivotal event
in English history for several reasons. It largely removed the native ruling class, replacing it with a foreign,
French-speaking monarchy, aristocracy, and clerical hierarchy. This, in turn, brought about a transformation
of the English language and the culture of England. By subjecting the country to rulers originating in France
it linked England more closely with continental Europe, while lessening Scandinavian influence, and set the
stage for a rivalry with France that would continue intermittently for many centuries. It also had important
consequences for the rest of the British Isles, paving the way for further Norman conquests in Wales and
Ireland, and the extensive penetration of the aristocracy of Scotland by Norman and other French-speaking
families, with the accompanying spread of continental institutions and cultural influences.
ANSWER KEY for COWBOY SPANISH
1. bronco
2. rodeo
3. plaza
4. lariat
5. burro
6. siesta
7. sombrero
8. canyon
9. poncho
10. taco
11. loco

12. vigilante
13.
14. And then you cannot forget “buckaroo” which is a slaughtered pronunciation of the word vaquero
which means cowboy (vaca = “cow”). Also: desperado, chaps (from chaparreras), lasso (from lazo),
burro (“donkey”), corral, mustang (from mestengo, "stray"), quirt (type of riding whip, comes from
Spanish cuarta), ranch (rancho meaning “a settlement, camp or meal rations”), stampede (from
estampida) and Wrangler (from caballerango - one who grooms horses)
15. ANSWER KEY for SPANISH IN THE U.S.A.
1. San Francisco
2. Las Vegas
3. Río Grande
4. Florida
5. Amarillo
6. Sierra Nevada
7. El Paso
8. Pueblo
9. San Agustin
10. Santa Fe
11.
12. Also: San Jose (“Saint Joseph”), Los Angeles (“the angels”), Colorado (“colored red”), Nevada
(“snowfall”), Reno (“reindeer”), Montana (montaña = “mountain”), Puerto Rico (“rich port”),
Fresno (“ash tree”), Boca Raton (Boca Ratón= boca “mouth” used to describe an
inlet/mouth of a river + ratón “mouse” used by Spanish sailors to describe rocks
that gnawed at a ship's cable), El Dorado (“the golden one”), Lake Buena Vista
(“good view”), Sierra Vista (“mountain view”), Manteca (“lard”), Palo Alto (“tall
tree”), Los Gatos (“the cats”), Sacramento (“sacrament”), San Diego (“Saint
Didacus”), Alcatraz ("gannet"- large black and white birds, with long pointed
wings and long bills) 
13.
14. ADDITIONAL SPANISH WORDS and INFORMATION FOR YOUR INTEREST

15. English is a collection of borrowings from other languages. Latin is the main one, but there’s
also a good bit of French and a healthy serving of Spanish (around 10,000). English, like most
languages, has expanded over the years through assimilation of words from other tongues. As
people of different languages intermingle, inevitably some of the words of one language
become words of the other.
16. Many Spanish words have come from Mexican/Spanish cowboy language, Caribbean words by
way of trade and foods, animals and plants whose names have no English equivalent.
Additionally many English words beginning with "al" came from Spanish through their Arabic
origins. Spain was ruled by Arabic speaking Moors for almost 800 years (from 711 AD to 1492).
17. Some of the words below were adopted into the Spanish from elsewhere before they were
passed on to English including indigenous languages like Nahuatl from Mexico, Taino from
Cuba, Quechua from Andes, Guarani from Paraguay, Arawak from the West Indies and African
languages vía the slave trade.
18. Foods:
19. avocado (from Nahuatl ahuacatl)
20. banana (from W. African word)
21. burrito ("little donkey")
22. chili (from Nahuatl chilli)
23. chili con carne ("chili with
meat")
24. chocolate (from Nahuatl xocolatl
“bitter
25. water”]
26. cilantro (from culatro, from Latin
coriandrum
27. "coriander")
28. enchilada ("seasoned with chili")
29. fajita (diminutive of faja, “a
belt or sash’,
30. so named due to strips of meat)

31. garbanzo (type of bean)
32. guacamole (from Nahuatl ahuacam
"avocado"
33. and molli "sauce")
34. habanero (type of pepper, “from
Havana”)
35. jalapeño (from Jalapa, a place in
Mexico)
36. jerky (from Quechua ch'arki)
37. maize (from Arawak mahíz)
38. margarita (woman's name "daisy")
39. nacho (nickname for Ignacio,
dish named
40. for restaurant cook
Ignacio Anaya
41. who invented it in 1943)
42. oregano (from orégano)
43. papaya (from Arawak papaya)
44. pimento (from Spanish pimiento)
45. piña colada`(“strained pineapple")
46. plantain (from plátano)
47. potato (from Caribbean batata)
48. quesadilla
49. salsa (“sauce”)
50. sarsaparilla (from zarza "bramble"
and parilla
51. "small vine")
52. taco (“a stopper, plug or
wad”,
53. originally meant “a wad of food”)

54. tamale (from Nahuatl tamal,
tamalli)
55. tomato (from Nahuatl tomatl)
56. tortilla (Spanish omlet)
57. tuna (from atún)
58. vanilla (from vainilla)
59. yam (from W. African
language, Fulani
60. nyami "to eat")
61. yucca (from Caribbean yuca)
62.
63. Animals:
64. armadillo (“little armed one”)
65. barracuda
66. cockroach (from cucaracha)
67. condor (from Quechua)
68. iguana (from Arawak and
Caribbean iwana)
69. coyote (from Nahuatl coyotl)
70. jaguar (from Guarani yaguar)
71. llama (from Quechua)
72. manatee (from Caribbean manatí)
73. mosquito (“small fly”)
74. ocelot (from Nahuatl oceletl)
75. palomino (“white dove”)
76. Cayman Is. (from caiman “alligator”)
77. puma (from Quechua)
78.
79. Plants:
80. alfalfa (from Arabic al-fasfasah)

81. cocaine (from Quechua kúka)
82. coco (from Arawak ikaku)
83. jicama (from Nahuatl)
84. mesquite (from Nahuatl mizquitl,
type of tree)
85. nopal (from Nahuatl nohpalli, a
cactus)
86. peyote (from Nahuatl peyotl, a
small spineless cactus)
87. piñon (type of pine tree)
88. tamarillo (type of tree, derived
from tomatillo,
89. a small tomato)
90. sassafras (from sasafrás)
91. savanna (from Taino zabana,
"grassland")
92. tobacco (from Caribbean tabaco)
93. Here are some other words that have come into English by way of Spanish:
94. adobe (from Coptic tobe
"brick")
95. aficionado
96. albino
97. alcohol (from Arabic)
98. alcove (from Arabic al-qubba)
99. algebra (from Arabic)
100. armada
101. barbecue (from Caribbean
barbacoa)
102. bonanza ("calm seas" or
"fair weather")

103. cafeteria (from cafetería)
104. canasta ("basket")
105. cannibal (from Caribbean)
106. canoe (from Caribbean)
107. cargo (from cargar "to load")
108. comrade (from camarada
"roommate")
109. conquistador
110. creole (from criollo)
111. El Niño (weather pattern, means
"The Child"
112. due to its appearance
around
113. Christmas)
114. embargo (from embargar
“to bar”)
115. fiesta (“party or celebration”)
116. galleon (from galeón)
117. guerrilla (from guerra
“war”, refers to a small
118. fighting force)
119. guitar (from guitarra)
120. hammock (from jamaca)
121. hacienda
122. hurricane (from Caribbean
huracán)
123. incomunicado
124. key (from Caribbean cayo
“small island”)
125. machete

126. machismo
127. macho ("male")
128. mano a mano ("hand to hand")
129. matador ("killer")
130. mesa ("table", also a flat top
mountain )
131. mariachi
132. mestizo
133. mulatto(from mulato)
134. negro (“black”)
135. patio (“courtyard”)
136. pinto ("spotted" or "painted")
137. piñata
138. plaza
139. pronto ("quickly")
140. pueblo ("people")
141. renegade (from renegado)
142. savvy (from verb saber "to
know")
143. shack (from Nahuatl xcalli
"adobe hut")
144. silo
145. sombrero (from sombra
"shade”)
146. spaniel (from hispania, the same
root that
147. gave us the words Spain
and español)
148. tornado(from tronada
“thunderstorm”)

149. vamoose (from vamos
"let’s go")
150.
151.
152. RESOURCES:
153. =3
154.
155.
156. />157. ANSWER KEY for MUSICAL ITALIAN
158.
1. D alto means “high” – it is the
159. second-highest vocal line
2. I finale means “final ”
3. B opera means “work”
4. F duet comes from due meaning
160. “two”
5. H octave comes from ottava
161. which comes from otto
162. meaning “eight”
6. J solo means “alone”
7. C tempo means “time”
8. A sextet comes from sestetto
163. which comes from sei
meaning
164. “six”
9. E vivace means “lively, vivacious”
10. G soprano means “upper” it is
165. the highest vocal line
166.
167.

168. ADDITIONAL ITALIAN MUSIC WORDS SOME OF WHICH YOUR STUDENTS MAY BE
FAMILIAR:
169.
170.
Italian
ter
m
171. literal
translation
172. musical definition
173.
a
cap
pell
a
174. in chapel style 175. Sung with no instrumental
accompaniment
176.
acceler
an
do
177. accelerating 178. accelerating
179.
adagio,
ad
agi
o
180. at ease 181. Slow, but not as slow as largo
182.
agitato

183. agitated 184. Excited and fast
185.
allarga
nd
o
186. to slow and
broaden
187. slowing down and broadening,
becoming more stately and majestic,
possibly louder
188.
allegret
to
189. a little bit joyful 190. Slightly slower than allegro
191.
allegro
192. joyful; lively
and fast
193. Moderately fast
194.
andant
e
195. walking 196. Moderately slow, flowing along
197.
animat
o
198. animated 199. Animated
200.
aria
201. air 202. A song, especially one from an

opera
203.
bass
204. low 205. the lowest vocal line
206.
brillant
e
207. brilliant 208. Brilliant, bright
209.
cadenz
a
210. falling 211. A florid solo at the end of a
performance
212.
cantabi
le
213. singable 214. In a singing style
215.
cantata
216. sung 217. A piece for orchestra and singers
218.
con
am
ore
219. with love 220. with love
221.
con
mo
to
222. with

movement
223. With movement
224.
concert
o
225. concert 226. A work for one or more solo
instruments accompanied by an
orchestra
227.
crescen
do
228. growing 229. Becoming louder
230.
decresc
en
do
231. shrinking 232. Becoming softer
233.
diminu
en
do
234. dwindling 235. Becoming softer
236.
dolce
237. sweetly 238. Sweet
239.
falsett
o
240. false 241. High male voice
242.

forte
243. strong 244. Loud
245.
fortissi
mo
246. very strong 247. Very loud
248.
largo
249. broad 250. slow and dignified
251.
lento
252. slow 253. Slow
254.
mezzo
for
te
255. half-strong 256. Moderately loud
257.
mezzo
pia
no
258. half-gentle 259. Moderately soft
260.
mezzo-
sop
ran
o
261. middle-upper 262. Between soprano and alto
263.
moder

ato
264. moderately 265. At a moderate speed
266.
molto
267. very 268. Used with other terms, such as
molto allegro
269.
pianissi
mo
270. very gentle 271. Very soft
272.
piano
273. gentle 274. Soft
275.
piano(f
ort
e)
276. soft-loud 277. A keyboard instrument
278.
piccolo
279. little 280. A tiny woodwind instrument
281.
più
282. more 283. Used with other terms, such as più
mosso
284.
poco
285. little, "a little" 286. Used with other terms, such as
poco diminuendo
287.

poco a
poc
o
288. little by little
"little by little",
"slowly but
steadily”
289. Used with other terms, such as
poco a poco crescendo
290.
presto
291. ready 292. Very fast
293.
rallent
an
do
294. becoming
progressively
slower
295. decelerating
296.
ritarda
nd
o
297. to slow 298. decelerating
299.
rubato
300. robbed 301. free flowing and exempt from
steady rhythm
302.

sonata
303. sounded 304. A composition for one or two
instruments in sonata form
305.
tuba
306. tube 307. A large brass instrument
308.
309.
310.
311. ANSWER KEY for IN A GERMAN SUPERMARKET
312.
313. Tom
ate
314. Fisc
h
315. Butt
er
316. Ban
ane
317. Kaff
ee
318. Salz
319. Karo
tte
320. Tee
321. Pfef
fer
322. Apf
el
323. Brot

324. Milc
h
325.
326.
327. Also try these for fun: Glas (glass), Eis (ice), Honig (honey), Reis (rice), Salat (salad), Suppe
(soup), Zuker (sugar), Orange (orange), Aprikose (apricot), Olive (olive), Rettich (raddish),
Lammfleisch (lamb), Schweinefleisch (pork)
328.
329. Notice that all nouns in German are capitalized. So in the following sentence, the German
capitalization would look like this: The Boy goes to the Store to buy Milk for his Mother.
330.
331. Since English is a Germanic language we continue part of this tradition when we capitalize our days
of the week and months of the year whereas the Romance languages (Spanish, French, Italian, Latin and
Romanian) do not capitalize these nouns.
332.
333. ADDITIONAL GERMAN WORDS and INFORMATION FOR YOUR INTEREST
334.
335. English and German both descended from the common ancestor language West Germanic, though
their relationship has been obscured by the great influx of Norman French words to English as a
consequence of the Norman Conquest in 1066, and the second Germanic sound shift. In recent years,
however, many English words have been borrowed directly from German.
336.
337. Because English and German descend from West Germanic some English words are
identical to their German lexical counterparts in the spelling: Hand, Sand, Finger, Arm, Ring,
Hunger, beige, Oval, warm, in, Bank, Wolf, Hotel, Restaurant, Theater, Museum, Garage, Bus,
Sofa, gold, Vase, Winter, Pilot, August, September , April, November, Auto, etc.
338.
339. Other words may not be identical in spelling but are identical in the pronunciation:
340. Haus = house
341. Maus = house

342. hier = here
343. braun = brown
344. Schuh = shoe
345. Boot = boat
346. dumm = dumb
347. perfekt = perfect
348.
349. And still others have pronunciation that is awfully close to English making recognition
simple:
350. alle = all
351. oft = often
352. sechs [zecks] = six
353. sieben [zee-bun] = seven
354. acht [ahkht] = eight
355. neun [noyn] = nine
356. silber = silver
357. grün = green
358. sonnig = sonny
359. windig = windy
360. Mutter = mother
361. Sohn = son
362. für = for
363. unter = under
364. über = over
365. Vater = father
366. Bruder = brother
367. Lampe = lamp
368. Toilette = Toilet
369. Stuhl = chair (stool)
370. Zylinder = cylinder

371. Bett = bed
372. frisch = fresh
373. lang = long
374. laut = loud
375. gut = good
376. fantastisch = fantastic
377. Architekt = architect
378. Automechaniker = mechanic
379. Literatur = literature
380. Physik = Physics
381. Musik = Music
382. interessant = interesting
383. falsch = wrong (false)
384. nervös = nervous
385. Gras = grass
386. Blume = flower
387. Ozean = ocean
388. Land = country
389. Januar = January
390. Februar = February
391. März = March
392. Mai = May
393. Juni = June
394. Juli = July
395. Oktober = October
396. Dezember = December
397. Jahr [yaar] = year
398. Sommer = summer
399.
400. Try guessing the meaning of the following German verbs:

401. kommen = to come
402. kann = can
403. must = must
404. sitzen = to sit
405. lernen = to learn
406. finden = to find
407. trinken = to drink
408. singen = to sing
409. geben = to give
410. sehen = to see
411. einpacken = to pack up
412. beginnen = to begin
413. scheinen = to shine
414. spinnen = to spin
415. sinken = to sink
416. fallen = to fall
417.
418. How about these places:
419. Drogerie = drugstore
420. Kirche = church
421. Schule = school
422. Stadion = stadium
423. Bäckerei = bakery
424. Garten = garden
425.
426. And these animals:
427. Bär = bear
428. Katze = cat
429. Ratte = rat
430. Wurm = worm

431. Henne = hen
432. Motte = moth
433.
434. And how about these body parts and articles of clothing:
435. Lippe = lip
436. Knie = knee
437. Haar = hair
438. Jacke = jacket
439. Socke = sock
440. Sandale = sandal
441. Armband = bracelet
442. Hut = hat
443.
444. German words have been incorporated into English usage for many reasons. Common cultural
artifacts, especially foods, have spread to English-speaking nations and often are identified either by their
original German names or by German-sounding English names. Some of these words have become a
natural part of everyday English vocabulary. Here is a list of German expressions used in English:
445.
446. Angst feeling of anxiety,
apprehension,
447. or insecurity
448. Bratwurst sausage
449. Dachshund “badger dog”, a
dog breed
450. Delikatessen speciality food
retailer, fine foods
451. Doberman Pinscher a dog breed
452. Frankfurter pork sausage
453. Gesundheit “health”
454. Glockenspiel musical

instrument with tuned
455. metal bars struck with a
mallot
456. Hamburger a round slab of
meat placed
457. between two buns
458. kaput “destroyed or broken”
459. Kindergarten “children’s
garden”
460. Kraut “cabbage”
461. Meister “master”
462. Poltergeist a noisy usually
mischievous ghost
463. held to be responsible for
464. unexplained noises
465. Pretzel from Brezel, a German
pastry
466. Pumpernickel type of sourdough
rye bread
467.
468.
469.
470.
471.
472.
473. null “zero” as in “null and void”
474. Rottweiler a dog breed
475. Sauerkraut fermented
cabbage
476. Schmooze from schmusen -

the gentle
477. kissing, touching of a couple; the
478. intimate contact between mother
479. and young child
480. Schnapps an alcoholic drink
481. Schnauzer a dog breed
482. Schnitzel veal cutlet without bones
483. Spritzer from spritzen “to spray”, a
chilled
484. drink from white wine and soda
485. water
486. Strudel a filled pastry
487. Volkswagen brand of car “folks
wagon”
488. Wiener hot dog; a spineless, weak
person
489. Wiener schnitzel crumbed veal
cutlet
490. wunderbar wonderful
491. Wurst sausage, cold cuts
492. Zwieback a "twice baked" bread;
German
493. hard biscuits