Api rp 1604 1996 (2001) scan (american petroleum institute)

Closureof Underground
Petroleum StorageTanks

1604
PRACTICE
APIRECOMMENDED
MARCH1996
THIRDE,DITION,
2OO1
NOVEMBER
REAFFIII,MED,

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American
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-1,'-/

Strategiesfor Todayl
EnaironrnentaI Par t nersh iP

HEALTHAND SAFETYMISSION
API ENVIRONMENTAL,
AND GUIDINGPRINCIPLES
The mermbersof the American PetroleumInstitute are dedicatedto continuousefforts to
improve the compatibility of our operationswith the environment while economically
developinrgenergyresourcesand supplyinghigh quality productsand servicesto consumers.We recognizeogr responsibilityto work with the public, the government,and othersto
developand to usenatural resourcesin an environmentallysoundmannerwhile protecting
the health and safety of our employeesand the public. To meet theseresponsibilities,API
memberspledge to manageour businessesaccording to the following principles using
soundsci.enceto prioritize risks and to implementcost-effectivemanagementpractices:
o To recognize andto respondto community concernsabout our ra\ / materials,products and operations.
. To pperateour plants and facilities, and to handleour raw materialsand productsin a
manner that protects the environment,and the safety and health of our employees
and the public.
o To make safety,health and environmentalconsiderationsa priority in our planning,

andour developmentof new productsandprocesses'
To advise promptly, appropriateofficials, employees,customersand the public of
infrrrmation on significant industry-relatedsafety,health and environmentalhazards,
anclto recommendprotectivemeasures.
o To counselcustomers,transportersand othersin the safeuse,transportationand disposialof our raw materials,productsand wastematerials.

.

o To economically develop and produce natural resourcesand to conserve those
resourcesby using onergyefficiently'
o To extendknowledgeby conductingor supportingresearchon the safety,health and
environmentaleffectsof our raw materials,products,processesand wastematerials.
o To commit to reduceoverall emissionsand wastegeneration.
o To work with othersto resolveproblemscreatedby handling and disposalof hazardous substancesfrom our operations.
o To participatewith governmentand others in creating responsiblelaws, regulations
anrilstandardsto safeguardthe community,workplaceand environment.
o To promotetheseprinciplesand practicesby sharingexperiencesand offering assistanceto otherswho produce,handle,use,transportor disposeof similar raw materialsl,petroleumproductsand wastes.

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SPECIAL NOTES
OFA GENERAL
PROBLEMS
ADDRESS
NECESSARILY
1. API PTIBLICATIONS

LOCAL, STAIE,
NATUREI.WITH RESPECTTO PARNCULARCIRCI.JMSTANCES,
REVIEWED.
BE
SHOULD
REGULATIONS

AND FE]DERALLAWS AND

2. API II; NOT UNDERTAKINGTO MEET THE DUTMS OF EMPLOYERS,MANU.
OR SUPPLIERSTO WARN AND PROPERLYTRAIN AND EQLIP
FACTUFTERS,
THEIR IIMPLOYEES,AND OTHERSEXPOSED,CONCERMNGHEALTH AND
NORU}.IDERTAKINGTIIEIR OBLIGATIONS
SAFETYRISKSA}.IDPRECAUTIONS,
UNDERLOCAL, STHTE,ORFEDERALLAWS.
3. INFORMIfTION CONCERNINGSAFETYAND HEAUTHRISKS AND PROPER
WITH RESPECTTO PARTICULARMATERIALS AND CONDI.
PRECA{-ITIONS
TIONSSIHOULDBE OBTAIMD FROMTHE EMPLOYER,THE MANI.JFACTIJRER
OR SUPPLIEROF THAT MATERIAL, OR TTIEMATERIAL ${Pg1Y DATA SHEET.
AS
4. NOTIIING COMAINED IN AI.IY API PUBLICATIONIS TO BE CONSTRTTED
GRANTTNGA}.IY RIGHT,BY IMPLICATIONOR OTIIERWISE,FOR TIIE MANU'
FACTUITE,SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD,APPARATUS,OR PRODUCTCOV.
EREDBIYLETTERSPATENT.NEITHERSHOULDANYTHING CONTAINEDIN
TTM,PUBLICAIIONBE CONSTRUEDAS INSURINGANYONEAGAINSTLIABILITY FOITINFRINGEMENTOF LETTERSPATENT.
5. GENERALLY,API STANDARDSARE REVIEWED AND REVISED, REAFFIRMED,ORWITT{DRAWNAT LEASTEVERYFTVEYEARS.SOMETIMESA ONETIME EXTENSIONOF UP TO TWO YEARSWILL BE ADDED TO THIS REVTEW
CYCLE,THIS PUBLICATIONWILL NO LONGERBE IN EPPECTFTVEYEARSAFTER ITS PI.]BLICATIONDATE AS AN OPERATIVEAPI STANDARDOR, WHERE
STAruS OF TI{E
AI{ EX]ENSION HASBEENGRANTED,I]PON REPTJBLICATION.
DEPARTAPI
AUTHORING
PUBLTCATIONCAN BE ASCERTAINEDFROMTHE
A CATALOGOF API PUBLICATTONSAND
MENT I'TELEPHONEQ02)682-80001.
IVIATERIALSIS PUBLISHEDAI"INUALLYAND UPDATEDQUARTERLYBY API,

D.C.2OOO5.
N.W.,WASHINGTON,
I22OL IJTREET,

All rights reserved.No part of this work may be reproduced,stored in a rehieval system,
or fianrsmittedby any means,electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording, or othervyiss,,without prior written permissionfrom the publisher.ContactAPI Publications
Manager,1,220LStreet,N.W., Washington,DC 20005.
Copyngl* @1996AmericanPetroleumlnstitute

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FOREWORD
UnderS;roundstoragotank systemsthat have hetd flammable or combustible liquids
should be handled with extreme care during ilosure in place, rernoval, storage,or disposal
off site. llhis is particularly true of undergroundstoragetanks at motor vehicle refueling
facilities which are most frequently used for storageof motor fuel or other petroleum
products.
The purposeof this recommendedpractice is to provide proceduresfor the closure in
place, iernoval, storage,and the off-site disposalor sale of used undergroundtanks that
have corrtainedflammable or combustible liquids. Although this guide specifically
addressesunderground storagetank systernsat service station facilities, the principles outlined may be applied to similar systemsusedat other petroleumfacilities.
On Septembir 23,1988, the United StatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency (EPA)
issuedi!,s TechnicalStandardsand CorrectiveAction Requirementsfor Owners and
Operators of UndergroundStorageTanl

Volume zl0of the Cod.eof Federal Regulatiorn Furthermore,legislation and regulationson
al1aspectsof UST managementhave been developedat stateand local levels of government. Thoselevels may have requirementsother than thosespecified in the EPATechnicaI
Standardls,and the appropriategovemmeut agenciesshould be consulted about regulations
that apply in the geographic arcaof interestbefore any action suggestedby this recommendlO.practiceis taken.'Whenusedin this document,the term "implementing agency"
meansEIPAor the designatedstateor local agencyresponsiblefor carrying out an approved
UST program.
This recommendedpracticeis basEdupon the experienceof knowledgeablemembersof
the petrgleum industry. In some respectsit may be more stringent than the requirements
imposedby the TechnicalStandards.However, the recommendedpractice doesnot attempt
to cover all of the subjects covered by the EPLTechnical Standards.Furthermore, while
substantiialeffort hasbeenmadeto ensurethat none of the recommendationscontavene the
requirementsof the TechnicalStandards,APl is not undertakingto interpretthe Standards
.od ran,ootguaranteethat its recommendationsare completely in accord. Nor is any
conform with any requirementsimposed
representationmadethat theserecomrnendations
Practice 1"604supersedes
API
Recommended
by stateand local agencies.This edition of
Standards provide that
Technical
EPA
The
the 1987 second edition in its entirety.
with EPlfs requireguide
to
compliance
a
as
1604

be
used
can
RecommendedPractice
ments gpverning closure of USTs. According to EPA, an owner or operator conforms with
this pro'i'ision of the Standards if. it usesthe 1987 edition, which was in force when the
becamefinal. However, an owner or operatorwho usesthis amendedversion
Standands
will also,bemeetingthe requirementof the 1987edition,and EPA encouragesthe useof the
most recentversion.
API publicationsmay be usedby anyonedesiringto do so. Every effort hasbeenmade
by the hrstitute to assurethe accuracyand reliability of the datacontainedin them; howevet,
the Institute makes no representation,warranty, or guaranteein connection with this
publication and hereby expresslydisclaims any liability ot responsibility for loss or damage
iesulting from its use or for the violation of any fedetal,state,or municipal regulationwith
which flnispublication may conflict.
Suggestedrevisions are invited and shouldbe submittedto the director of the Manufacturing, .Distribution and Marketing Department,American Petroleum Iqstitute, L22AL
Sheet,hl.W.,Washington,D.C. 20005.

ill

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CONTENTS
Page

SECTIONI_GENERAL

1
1
L
t
2
2

1.1 Innoduction ...
1.2 Scopeand Purpose
L.3 SpecialPrecautions
1.3.1 Toxicity Considerationsfor PetroleumSubstances
1.3.2 Ftammability and Combustibility Considerations
L.4 ReferencedPublications

OUTOFSERVICB
z_TEMPORARTLY
SECTION

2.1 Applicability
2.2 Securing Tank SYstems

FOR
SECTION3_ GENERALREQUIREMENTS
CHANGE
AI.{D
CLOSURE
PERIvIANENT
OF SERVTCE
3.1 ApplicabilitY
3.2 Notification
Evaluation
3.3 Pre-Closure
Assessment
Closure
3.4
3.5 CorrectiveAction
3.6 RecordkeePing

SECTION4-PERI\{ANENT CLOSUREAI'{D
CHANGEOF SERVICE

3
3

3
3
3
4

4
4

4
4
5
6
7
7
8

4.1 Applicability ..
4.2 Preparation
4.3 PurgingandInerting
4.4
4.5 Closure in Place
4.6 Removal
4.7 Changein Service

SECTIONs_STORAGE OFUSEDTANKS
5.1 StorageConsiderations .

5.2 StorageProcedures

6_SALE FORREUSE
SECTION
for Reuse
6.1 Considerations
of Sale ... . ..
6.2 Conditions

r

.

.

.

a

J

a

t

"

"

SECTION 7-DISPOSAL
Criteria
7.1 Disposal
7.2 DisposalProcedures
Figures

l-Eductor-Type Air Mover
2-Diffused Air Blower

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9
9


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StorageTanks
Petroleum
Closureof Underground
SECTION
I-GENERAL
1.1 lntroduction
Undergroundpefroleumstoragesystemsthat me no longer
neededor suitablefor product storage,or are not in compliance with applicable regulations and are not brought into

compliance by upgrading or replacing, must be properly
closedin place or removedto avoid future safety or environmental hazards.Becauseof the nature of the flammable or
combustibleliquids that are stored in thesetanks, hazardous
conditionsmay arisein the work areaduring disposalin place
handlingof tanks.For this reason,
or removalandsubsequent
all personnelinvolved in the proceduresouflined in this recommendedpracticeshouldbe familiar with the potential hazards, and be knowledgeablein the appropriate health and
safetymeasuresneededto ensurea safeworking environment.

1.2 Scopeand PurPose
1.2.1 This publication recommendsproceduresfor the
closure in place, removal, storage,and off-site disposal of
undergroundstorage tank systems that have contained
flammableor combustiblefluids. In general,it outlines requirements,procedures,and operatingconditions to be followed by contractors,engineers,and other individuals *ho
may be involvedin thesepractices.While this recommended
practicespecificallyaddressesundergroundpenoleum storage tank systemsat service station facilities, the principles
outlined may be applied to similar systemsused at other
petroleumstoragefacilities. All such work must be accomplishedin accordancewith federal, state,and local requirementsas well as acceptedsafety standards.
Before initiating work, the appropriategovernmentagencies shouldbe notified and consultedconcerningapplicable
regulatoryand permit requirements.
1-2.2 All applicablepermits must be obtainedprior to
beginningany work. Certified orlicensedcontractorsmay be
required in some states.Consult the implementing agency
for co[tractor requirements.Contractors,subconfractors,and
their employeesresponsiblefor tank closure in place or
removalshouldbe familiar with:
a. All applicablesafety rules and regulations,including
OSHA s Occupational Safety and Health Standards
(29 Codeof FederalRegulationsPart 1910).
b. The use of equipmentand proceduresfor tqsting and

vapor-freeingtanks.
c. The handling and disposalof the types of wasteslikely
to be encountered
d. The applicablesectionsof the publicationsreferenced
in 1. 4.

CopyrightAm€ricanPettoleumInslituts

rrorn
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ricense
iaf"*?J:: strlHil il*ffI wilhour

1.2.3 Under applicabiefederal regulations,including
40 Code of Federal Regulations Part 280, an underground
storagetank system (UST) consists of the underground
storage tank and the connected underground piping,
undergtoundancillary equipment and containmentsystem,if
any.The proceduresoutlined in this recommendedpractice
can be applied to all portions of an undergroundstoragetank
system.
1.2.4 The proceduresoutlined in this recommended
practicecan be carriedout without enteringthe tank. Should
tank entry be desired, the procedures outlined in API
Publications2015,2015A, and22t7 andAPI Recommended
Practice 1631 should be followed. See also 29 Code of "
Federal Regulations Part 1910.147 rcgarding "Permit
requiredconfined space."

1.3 SpecialPrecautions

During undergroundstoragetank removal or in-place
disposal,workersmay be exposedto petroleumhydrocarbon
liquids,vapors,or wastes.The precautionsin 1.3.1and 1.3.2
should be observedby all individuals engagedin the proceduresdiscussedin this recommendedpractice.
1.3.1 TOXICITY CONSIDERATIONS FOR

PETROLEUMSUBSTANCES
All personnelshouldbe awareof appropriatehealth
precautions.When high concentrationsof petroleum
vaporsareinhaled,symptomsof intoxication
hydrocarbon
may result.Thesesymptoms,rangingfrom dizzinessto
aresimilarto thoseproduced
or unconsciousness,
excitement
by alcohol or anestheticgases.If such effects occur, the
individual should be removedto fresh air. For minor effects
of exposure,breathing fresh air or oxygen results in rapid
recovery. If breathing has stopped, artificial respiration
should be applied promptly. Medical attention should be
1.3.1.1and 1.3.1.2
obtainedassoonaspossible.Paragraphs
contain special toxicity considerationsfor benzeneand
tetraethyllead, which may be presentin petroleumproducts
or wastesfound in or around undergroundstoragetanks.
Care should be exercisedto minimize exposureto these
whenthey arepresentduring the handlingof used
substances
undergroundpetroleum storagetanks.
WARNING.'Testshave shown that prolonged or repeated

exposureto some petroleum substances,in liquid or vapor
form, may cause serious illness, including cancer, in
laboratory animals. Although the significance of thesetest
resultsto human health is not fully understood,exposureto

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petroleumsubstancesshould be minimized. The following
healthprecautionsare suggested:
ir. Avoid skin contactand inhaling vapors'
b. Keep petroleum liquids away from eyes' skin, and
tnouth; they can be harmful or fatal if inhaled, absorbed
throughthe skin, or ingested.
rt. use soapandwater or waterlesshand cleanerto remove
rlny petroleum product that contacts skin. Do not use
gasolineor similar solventsto remove oil and greasefrom
skin.
d. Promptly wash petroleum-soakedclothes and avoid
usingsoakedleathergoods.Properly disposeof rags'
e. Keepwork areasclean and well ventilated'
f. CleanuP sPillsPromPt$.
1.3.1.1 Benzene
High occupational exposuresto benzene have been
associatedwith varioushumanblood disorders,including an

increasedrisk of leukemia. very high levels have also been
known to affect the central nervous system. Benzene
administeredby mouth has induced cancerin laboratory
animals in long-term tests.Benzene is rapidly absorbed
through the skin. The occupational safety and Health
Administration (osHA) imposes limits on occupational
exposureand requirementsconcerningthe communication
of hazardsto workers.see 29 Code of Federal Regulations
(Iable A'2),1910.1028,and 1910'1200'
Parts1919.1000
1.3.1.2 TetraethYl Lead
This organicform of lead can causediseasesof the central
and peripheralnervoussystem,the kidney and the blood.
skin absorptionof this compoundis a major route of entry
into the body.The ACGIH time-weightedaverageis 0.1 miltigrams per cubic meter for general room air. The TLV in
osHA s Occupationalsafety and Health standards (29
code of FederalRegulatiomPart 1910.1000,TableZ-1) is
0.0?5 milligrams Percubic meter.
1.9.2 FLAMMABILITY AND COMBUSTIBILITY
CONSIDERATIONS
1.9.2.1 Flammableor combustiblevaporsare likely to be
presentin the work area.The concentrationof vaporsin the
tank, the excavation,or the work areamay reachthe flammable or explosiverangebeforeventing is completeand a safe
atmosphereis reached.Therefore,the following precautions
must be taken:
a. Eliminate all potential sourcesof ignition from the area
(for example,smokingmaterials,and nonexplosion-proof
electricaland internalcombustionequipment)'
b. Preventthe dischargeof static electricity during venting
of flammablevaPors.

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c. Preventthe accumulationof vaporsat groundlevel.
Refer to API Publication 2015 and API Recommended
Practice2003 for generalprecautionarymeasuresto follow
during the vapor-freeingprocedure.
1.3.2.2 A combustiblegasindicator (CGI) shouldbe used
to check for hazardousvapor concentrationsin and around
the work area(see4.4). For tanks that have been vapor-freed
with an inert gas,combustiblegasindicatorreadingsmay be
misleading(see4.4.3).All openflame and spark-producing
equipment within the vapor hazard area should be shut
down. Electrical equipment (for example, pumps and
portablehandtools) usedin the areamust be explosion-proof
in accordancewith NFPA 708 ClassI, Division I, Group D
or otherwise approved for use in potentially explosive
afrnospheres.

Publications
1.4 Referenced
Portionsof the following documentscontain information
regarding various engineering and safety proceduresthat
may be applicableto undergroundstoragetank removal or
disposal.
API
Publ 1628 A Guide to the Assessmentand Remediation of lJnd'ergroundPetroleumReleases
Publ 1629 A Guide for Assessingand Remediating

PetroleurnHYdrocarbonsin Soils
Std 2015 Safe Entry and Cleaning of Petroleum
Storage Tanks, Planning and Managing
Tank Entry from Decommissioning
Through Recommissioning
Publ 2217A Guidelines for Work in Inert Confined
Spacesin the PetroleumIndustry
PubI22L9 Safe Operating Guidelinesfor Vacuum
Trucksin PetroleumSewice
RP 1631 lnterior Lining of UndergroundStorage
Tiznks
RP 2003 Protection AgainstIgnitions Arising Out of
Static,Lightning, and Stray Currents
NFPAI
70B
326
327

ElectricalEquipmentMaintenance
SafeEntry of UndergroundStorageTanlu
StandardProcedurefor Cleaning or Safeguarding StnallThnksand Containers

OSHA2
29 Codeof FederalRegulationsPart 1910
(OccupationalSafetyand Health Standards)
rNational Fire Protection Agency, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O' Box 9l0l'
Quincy, Massachusetts02269-9tOl.
,OccupationalSafety andHeatth Administration,U.S. Departmentgf_I{bor,
Washington,D.C.AW2.Th\. Codeof FederalRegulatiors is availablofrom
the U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, Washington,D.C'20402'

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PerRoleulaSronaeeTaHrs
Closune or Uuoencnouruo

Waste)
(Regulations
forIdentiffingHazardous
Waste
Generators)
(Regulations
for Hazardous
(Underground
StorageTanksRegulations)

EPN
4OCodeof FederatRegulationsParts260,261,262,280
(GeneralRegulationsfor HazardousWaste
Management)

OUTOF SERVICE
2_TEMPORARILY
SECTION
residueor lessthan 0.3 percentof the capacityof the system
remainin the tank.If the tank is not empty,releasedetection
or protection measuresmust be continued.One of the

following methodsmay be usedto removeproductfrom the

2.1 Applicability
A UST is consideredtemporarily out of serviceif it is idle
but (a) will be returnedto service,(b) is awaiting closurein
place,(c) is awaitingremoval.

tank:

A UST that meetsthe EPA s standardsfor new tanks or
that has been upgraded in accord with EPA requirements
can remain in the statusof "temporarily out of service" indefinitely. A UST that does not meet EPA standardsmust
be permanentlyremoved from service after 12 months unless the implementingagencygrants an extension.A site
must be completedbefore an extensioncan be
assessment
for.
State and local codes may be more stringent.
applied

1. Drain all product lines into the tank, then removeall
liquids from the tank.
2. Remove all flammable or combustible liquids with
the exceptionof a sufficient quantity (approximatelyfour
inches)to assurea saturatedvapor space.
3. When high water table or flooding conditionsexist,
removeall storedliquid andballastthe tank by filling with
water.
c. Cap and secure all openings against tampering,
including the fill pipe, gaugepipe, tank truck vapor recovery
fitting, and vapor return.

d. Cap and securethe product lines at the service stationisland, or elsewhereif the pumps are removed, or leave the
pumps connectedand locked. Disconnector lock-out the
electric power to the PumPs.
e. Leavethe vent line oPen.
f. Consult appropriate local, state, or federal agencies
concerningregulatory notification requirements.

2.2 SecuringTankSYstems
i Tankstemporarily out of service must be properly secured
for the periodthey will be out of service.Tanksmay be consideredproperly securedif processedas follows:
'a
Observeall specialprecautionsdescribedin 1.3.
b. Removestoredproduct from the tank and lines. A tank is
consideredempty if less than 2.5 centimeters(1 inch) of

CLOSURE
FORPERMANENT
3-GENERALREQUIREMENTS
SECTION
OFSERVICE
ANDCHANGE
3.1 Applicability

3.2 Notification

Permanentclosure of a UST can take place through
closurein place or removal from the ground in accordance
with local regulations.A changeof service(that is, conversion of the UST to storageof a non-regulatedsubstance)
shouldalso be subjectto many of the safeguardsthat apply
to pennanentclosure.

The implementing agency must be notified at least
30 days before permanentclosure or changeof serviceis
begun.

Evaluation
3.3 Pre-Glosure
3.3,1 Prior to pennanentclosureor changeof service,an
evaluationof the site should be conductedto:

3U.S.
Washington,
S.W.,
M Street,
Agency,40l
Pmtection
Environmental
fromtheU.S.
is available
TheCodeof FederalRegulations
D.C.20460.
GovemmentPrinting Offi ce, Washington,D'C' 20M2'

Colryright Am€rican Pstroleum Institut€
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a. Determinethe potential for encounteringcontaminated
backfill, soil or water that may require specialhandling.

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Pnncrrce1604
API RecouuENDED

b. Determinethe needto dewaterthe excavationc. Identify an areafor stockpiling excavatedbackfill and
soils.
d. Identify an areafor temporary storage of the tanks and
lines that havebeenremoved.
3.3.2 When the existing undergroundstoragetank and
lines are partially or totally removed, the backfill and soil
encounteredmay contain concentrationsof petroleum that
areaboveallowableconcentrationsunder applicableregulations (that is, pefroleumcontaminatedsoil). Petroleumcontaminatedsoil can be the result of minor spills and drips or
other releasesthat occurred during the previous operationof
the facility or by minor spilts and drips during removal of
equipment,despite efforts to drain and pump product from
the equipmentbefore removal. Excavatedbackfill and soil
should be properly evaluatedand stockpiled in accordance
with applicableregulationsfor petroleumcontaminatedsoils
(seeAPI Publications 1628 and 1629). The implementing
agencyshouldbe consultedconcerning any requirementsfor
or corrective action.
notification,site assessment,

3.4 ClosureAssessment
Following notification, but before closureor changeof
must measurefOr the

serviceis complete,a site assessment

presenceof a releaseat thoseplaceswherecontaminationis
most likely to be found. If the UST has been subjectto
releasedetection in the form of vapor monitoring, ground
wator monitoring, interstitial monitoring (in the form of
monitoring betweenthe walls of double wall tanksor observation wells), and if no releaseis indicated,then further site
maYnot be necessarY.
assessment

3.5 CorrectiveAction
If the site assessmentindicatesthat a releasehas occurred, then appropriate further evaluation and corrective
action must be undertaken(see API Publications tr628
and 1629).

3.6 RecordkeePing
Recordsdemonstratingcompliancewith closurerequirementsmust be maintained.The resultsof any site assessment of the excavationmust be maintainedfor at leastthree
years.Theserecords can be kept by the owners and operators who took the tank out of service,by the currentowners
of the site, or by mailing the records to the implementing
agency.

ANDCHANGEOF SERVICE
4-PERMANENTCLOSURE
SECTION
4.1 APP|icability
The processesdescribedin 4.2 through 4.4 shouldbe followed prior to the removalor closure in place of a UST'

4.2 PreParation
4.2.1

Observethe specialprecautionsdescribedin 1'3'

4.2.2 Drain productpiping into the tank, being careful to
avoid any spillage to the excavationarea.Small quantitiesof
watermaybe usedto flush the piping. when wateris usedto
flush the piping, the amountof water should be minimized.
No more than 1 gallon of water per ten feet of l Vzinch
diameterpiping or 2 gallons of water per 10 feet of 2 inch
diameterpiping should be used.Disconnectproduct piping
from the tank, and removethe piping where accessible'
4.2,3 Removeliquids andresiduesfrom the tank by using
explosion-proofor air-driven pumps. Small quantitiesof
water may be used to rinse the tank and enhance the
removal of residuesfrom the tank. The amount of water
usedshouldbe minimized to less than 1 inch of water in the
bottom of the tank. During removal of Iiquids or residues
from a tank, it is likely that air will enter the tank and may
bring the tank atmosphereinto the flammable range.Extra

Copyright Arft rricanPetroleumInslitute
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care should be taken during removal operations. For a
complete description of safety precautions,refer to API
Publication2015. Pump motors and suctionhosesmust be
bonded to the tank or otherwise grounded to prevent
electrostaticignition hazards.It may be necessaryto use a
handpump to removethe last few inchesof liquid from the
bottom of the tank. If a vacuumtruck is usedfor removalof

liquids or residues,the area of operation for the vacuum
truck must be vapor-free. The truck should be located
upwind from the tank and outside the path of probable
vapor travel. The vacuum pump exhaustgasesshould be
dischargedthrough a hose of adequatesize and length
downwind of the truck and tank area.SeeAPI Publication
2219 for vacuum truck operating and safetypractices.
4.2.4 Excavateto the top of the tank. It is recommended
that asphalt,concreteand piping be removedand separated
from the excavatedbackfill and soil to minimize the amount
of materialthat may need specialhandling.
4.2.5 Removethe frll pipe, gaugepipe, vapor recovery
truck connection, submersiblepumps, and other tank
fixtures. Removethe drop tube, exceptwhen it will be used
to vapor-freethe tank with an eductoras specifiedin 4.3.5.
Remove all non-product lines, such as vapor recovery
lines, exceptfor the vent line. The vent line should remain

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connecteduntil the tank is purged(see4.3.1through4.3.7)'
Temporarily plug all other tank openings so that all vapors
will exit through the vent line during the vapor-freeing
process.

and may surround the area. Therefore, where practical,
plug all tank openingsexceptthe vent after inffoducing the
solid CO2and continue to observeall normal safety precautions regarding flammable or combustible vaPors.
Make sure that all of the dry ice hasevaporatedbeforepro-

4.3 Purgingand Inerting

ceeding.

4.3.1 Purging is the removal of flammable vaporsfrom a
tank to deprivea potential fire of any sourceof fuel. Inerting
is the displacementof oxygenfrom a tank (andthe incidental
removal of some vapors) to deprive a potential fire of a
sourceof oxygen. A tank may be inerted by one of the
methodsdescribedin 4.3.3 ot 4.3.4.A tank may be purged
by one of the methodsdescribedin 4.3.5,4.3-6,or 4.3.7.
A tank may continueto be a sourceof flammable vapors
even after following one of theseprocedures.Therefore,
cautionmustalwaysbe exercisedwhen handlingor working
aroundtanks that have stored flammable or combustible
liquids. Immediatelybefore initiating work in the tank area
or on the tank, a combustiblegasindicator shouldbe usedto
assessvaporconcenEationsin the tank and work area-

CAUTION: Skin contactwith dry ice may produceburns-

4.3,2 Both purging and inerting causethe displacementof
vaporsfrom the tank. All vaporsshould be ventedfrom the
tank at a minimum height of 12 feet abovegradeand 3 feet

aboveany adjacentroof lines. The work areashould be free
from sourcesof ignition (see1.3.2).Appropriatelocal, state,
or federal agencies should be consulted concerning
regulatoryrequirementsfor air discharges.
4.3.3 A tank may be inertedwith an inert gas such as
carbondioxide (COJ or nitrogen(Nr). This methodshould
not be usedif the tank is to be enteredfor any reason,since
the tank atmospherewill be oxygen deficient. The inert gas
shouldbe introducedthrough a single tank openingat a point
nearthe bottom of the tank at the end of the tank oppositethe
vent. When inert gasesare used,they should be inroduced
underlow pressureto avoid the generationof static elechicity. When using CO, or Nr, pressuresin the tank shouldnot
exceed5 poundsper squareinch gauge.
CALITION:Introducingcompressedgasesinto the tank may
create a potential ignition hazard as the result of the
developmentof static electrical charges.The discharging
deviceandthe tank must,therefore,be grounded.Explosions
haveresultedfrom the dischargingof CO, fire extinguishers
into tankscontaininga flammablevapor-airmixture.COt
extinguishersshould not be used for inerting flammable
atmosPheres.
4.3.4 If the methoddescribedin 4.3.3 is not practical,a
tank canbe inertedby addingsolid carbondioxide (that is,
dry ice) to the tank in the amount of at least 1'5 poundsper
100 gailonsof tank capacity,The dry ice shouldbe shaved
or crushedand distributedevenly over the greatestpossible
area in the tank to promote rapid evaporation. As the dry
ice vaporizes,flammablevaporswill flow out of the tank

Cc pyright Atn rrican Petroleum Institulo

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ftom IHS

4.3.5 Flammablevaporsmay be purgedfrom the tank by
one of two methodsof tank ventilation listed below:
a. Ventilation using an eductor-type air mover usually
drivenby compressedair (seeFigure 1). The eductor-typeair
mover must be properly bondedto preventthe generation
and dischargeof static electriciry-When using this method,
the filI (drop) tubesthat are not removableshouldbe purged.
An eductorextensionshall be used to dischargevaporsa
minimum of 12 feet above grade and 3 feet above any I
::
adjacentroof lines.
b. Ventilation with a diffused air blower (seeFigure 2)' '
When using this method, the air-diffusing pipe must be ,
properly bondedto prevent the dischargeof a spark. Fill :
tOtopl tubes must be removed to allow proper diffrrsion of :
the air in the tank. Air supply should be provided from a
"
compressorthat has been checked to ensure a clean air
supply and that is free ftom volatile vapors. Air presswe in
the tank must not exceed5 poundsper squ,uoinch gauge.
4.3.6 One of the safestand simplest methodsfor vaporfreeing a tank is to fill the tank with water However,
thousandsof gallonsof water may be usedin the vaporfreeing processand the water may be subjectto regulatory
requirementsrequiring special storage,handling, freahnent

anddisposal,making this methodcost-prohibitive.All water
usedin this methodshouldbe testedprior to disposal.Before
employingthe methoddescribedin 4.3.6.1tluough 4.3.6.3,
consuit applicablefederal, stateand local regulations.
4.3.6.1 Fill the tank with water until the floating product
nearsthe fill opening.Removethe floating productandplace
it in a suitable container for proper disposal.Ensurethat
neitherproduct nor water is spilled into the tank excavation.
Hose should not be attacheddirectly to the tank, sincecity
main pressuremay produce a hydraulic shock that could
rupture the tank.
4.3.6.2 While filling the tank with water, flammable
vapors will be expelled through both the vent and fill
opening, but primarily at the filI opening. Normal safety
precautionsshould be observed.To minimize the escapeof
vapor through the fill opening, the opening may be
temporarily capped.Do not overfill the tank.
4.3.6.3 When the tank is free of vapor,pump out the water
and disposeof it in accordancewith applicablefederal,state,
and local reguiations.

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Compressedair

Groundlevel

EDUCTOH
Detail A

Figure1-EductorTypeAirMover

SeeDetallA

a

,/t

Quickcouple

Hoseto air
compressor

\

\l

t l
lt'

Pressure-reducing
valvewithgauge

Groundcable

diameter
Brasspipe11/2"
withfourrowsof 35-1i" holes
(140holestotat)

4'to first hole

DIFFUSEDAIR BLOWER

Tubemusttouch
tankbottomfor ground

DetailA

groundwire fromfill
Note:GroundcableWazndtopipemustbe clampedto fill (drop)tube'Use12gauge
(drop)tubeto waterpipeor groundrod.

Figure2-Diffused Air Blower

4.3.7 Steamcan be used to clean and vapor-free a tank'
However, a large static chargecan build up in the nozzle of
the steamjet. Insulatedobjectson which the steamimpinges
can also becomecharged.If steam is to be used for either
purgrngor cleaninga tank or other equipment,the steamdislhrrg" nozzleandall conductiveinsulatedobjectssubjectto
impingementor condensationshould be bondedto the tank
or be grounded.Steampurging of tanks should be avoided
when suitablealternativesare available.For additional information on steamcleaningof tanks,refer to NFPA 327.

Copyright Ann rricanPetrcleum Instftute

P()vided by tf S und€r license with API
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4.4 Testing
4.4.1 The tank ahnosphercand the excavationareashould
be regularly tested for flammable or combustible vapor
concentrations until the tank is removed from both the
excavation and the site. Such tests are to be made with a
combustible gas indicator which is properly calibrated
according to the manufacturer's instructions (typically on
pentaneor hexanein air), and which is thoroughly checked
and maintained in accordancewith the manufacturer's

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instructions. Personnelresponsible for testing must be
completely familiar with the use of the instrument's
readings.Always test the environment for oxygen content
first to insureaccuracyof subsequenttesting'

'

4.4,2 Testthe tank vapor spaceby placing the combustible
gasindicator probe into the fill opening with the drop tube

removed.At a minimum, readingsshould be taken at the bottom, middle, and upperportions of the tank through an easily
accessibleopening,and the instrumentshouldbe clearedafter eachreading.If the tank is equippedwith a non-removable fill tube, readingsshould be taken through another
opening.Liquid productmust not enterthe probe.Readings
of 10percentor lessof the lower explosivelimit must be obtained before the tank is consideredsafe for removal from
the ground.For additionalinformation,refer to NFPA 325M,
Sections1 through3.5.
4.4.g Combustiblegasindicatorreadingsmay be misleading where the tank atmospherecontainsless than 5 percent
by volume oxygen, asin a tank vapor-freedwith CO2,N2, ot
anotherinert gas.In general,readingsin oxygen-deficientatmosphereswill be on the high, or safe,side.It is desirableto
use an oxygen indicator tO assessthe oxygen concentration
when an inert gashas beenusedto vapor-freea tank'

4.5 Glosurein Place
4.5.1 This sectiondescribesa safemethodfor the in-place
closureof undergroundtanks,but removalof the tank is prefened (see4.6). Closureof the tank in place should be consideredin the following circumstances:
a. Becauseof the tank location, adjacentequipment or
structuresmay be damaged or weakened if the tank is
removed.
b. Removalmay be physically impossible'
c. Removalmay incur excessivecosts'
A determinationof whetherto close a tank in placeor to
removeit will dePendupon:
a. Ircal regulationswhich may prohibit or restrict closure
in place.
b. The location of the facility and tank.
c. The availabilitY of equiPment.
d. Cost.
4.5,2 The federal ResourceConservationand Recovery
Act (40 Codeof FederalRegulationsParts260-265) places
restrictionson disposalof certain residuesthat may be present in some undergroundstorage tanks. Residuesfrom

tanks that have hetd gasoline or other petroleum products
shouldbe fi.eatedwith extremecaution.Residuesin the tank
may be classified as hazardouswastes.All liquids and
residuesremovedfrom the tank shouldbe testedandhandled
in accordancewith appropriate federal, state, and local

Coryrighf Arft rican Pelrolaum Inslilute
Prcvkled by ll- S under license with API
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regulations.Product removedfrom the tank can usually be
reusedor recycled.
4.5.3 One or more holes may be cut in the tank top using
explosion-proofnon-sparkingtools if existingtank openings
are not adequatefor introduction of the inert material to be
usedto fill the tank.
4.5.4 Introduce a suitable solid inert material through
openingsin ttretop of the tank. It is importantto fiIl the tank
as full as possiblewith the sandor other inert material.The
proceduresin 4.5.4.1 through 4.5.4-3 are intended to
minimize any surfacesettling subsequentto'the disposalof
the tank in place.
4.5.4.1 Sandwill flow readily and is generallyavailable.
Any kind of sandis suitableif it is free of rocks, which might
limit leveling-out in the tank. The sand may be introduced
dry as long as it flows in freely. When the sandcone nears
the top of the tank, the sandcan be washedinto the tank with
a nominal amountof water and puddledto causeit to flow to
the ends. The use of larger amounts of water should be
avoidedsincethe tank might be filled with waterbeforeit is

filled with sand.
4.5.4.2 Almost complete filling of the tank can be
achievedby using a combination of sandand earth.Fill the
tank with sand to approximately 80 percent of calculated
capacity.Mix soil and waterto make a free-flowing mud and
pour the mixture into the tank opening.Puddle the mixture
until the tank is full and overflows the fill opening'
4.5.4,3 Other typesof inert materials,slurries,or expandable materials such as polyurethane foams may be used
when approvedby regulatory officials.
4.5.5 After the tank is filled with inert material, all tank
openingsshould be covered,plugged, or capped,and the
excavationshould be backfilled.
4.5.6 Disconnectandremovethe ventline, if accessible.If
the vent line is not accessible,removethe portion abovethe
surfaceand cap both ends.

4.6 Rernoval
4.6.1 After the tank hasbeenfreed of vaporsandbeforeit
is removed from the excavation,plug or cap all accessible
holes. One plug should have a Yt-inch vent hole to prevent
the tank from being subjectedto excessivedifferentialpressurecausedby temperaturechanges.The tank shouldalways
be positioned with this vent plug on top of the tank during
subsequenttransportand storage.
4.6.2 Excavatearoundthe tank to uncoverit for removal.
Removethe tank from the excavationand place it on a level
surface.Applicable regulationsmay require removal of all
backfill materialprior to conductingthe closureassessment.

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Consult ttreimplementing agencyprior to removal activities.
Use wood blocks to prevent movement of the tank after
removalandprior to movementof the tank after removal and
prior to loading on a fruck for ftansportation.Ensurethat any
residuesthat may remain in the tank are contained and
preventedfrom reaching the soil. Use screwed (that is,
boiler) plugs to plug any colrosion holes in the tank shell.
4.6.3 Excavate around the piping to uncover it for
removal.Removethepiping from the excavationand place it
on a flat surface.Applicable regulationsmay require removal
of all baclcfill material prior to conducting the closure assessment.Consultthe implementingagencyprior to removalactivities. Ensurethat any residuesthat may remain in the
piping are containedand preventedfrom reachingthe soil4.6,4 If tanks are not cut up or crushedon-site, tanks
shouldbe labeledafter removalfrom the groundbut prior to
removalfrom the site. Regardlessof'the condition of the
tank,the label shouldcontaina waming againstcertaintypes
of reuse.The former contentsand presentvapor stateof each
tank, including vapor-freeingteafrnent and date shouldalso
be indicated.The label should be similar to the following in
legible lettersat least2 incheshigh:
Note: The exactwording of the labcl is not as important as the information
contained on the label.

TANK HAS CONTAINEDLEADED GASOLINE*
NOT VAPOR-FREE
NOT SIIITABLEFORSTORAGEOF FOODOR

LIQIIIDS INTENDEDFORHUMAN OR AMMAL
CONSUMMON
DATEOF REMOVAL:MONTTI/DAY/YEAR
*Or otherflammableor combustibleliquid. Usetheapplicabledesignation
(forexample,
DIESEL).

4.6.5 Tanks that have held leadedmotor fuels (or whose
servicehistory is unknown) should also be clearly labeled
with the following information (seeAPI Publication2015A
for additional guidelines):
TANK HAS CONTAINED LEADED GASOLINE
LEAD VAPORS MAY BE RELEASED IF HEAT IS
APPLIED TO THE TANK STIELL
4.6.5 Tank should be cut up, crushed,or removedfrom the
site as promptly as possible after vapor-freeingprocedures
have been completed,preferably on the day of tank removal
from the excavation.If a tank remains at the site overnight or
longer, additional vapor may be releasedfrom any liquid
absorbedin the tank walls or residuesremainingin the tank.
4.6.6.1 Immediately before the tank is removedfrom the
site, the tank atmosphereshould be checkedwith a combustiblegasindicator asspecifiedin 4.4 to ensurethat it does
not exceed10 percentof the lower explosivelimit.
4.6.6.2 The tank should be secured on a truck for
tansportation to the storageor disposalsite with the %-inch
vent hole located at the uppermostpoint on the tank. Tanks
shouldbe fiansportedin accordancewith all applicablelocal,
state,and federal regulations.

4.7 Ghangeof Service

4.7.1 Before a changeof service,an UST mustbe emptied
and cleaned.Proceduresoutlined in 4.2.1 through 4.2.3
should be followed. Additional preparationmay be necessary basedon the new material to be storedin the UST.
4,7.2 Any new serviceshould be compatiblewith the former service.The precautionsdescribedin 4.6.4 and 4.6.5
should be observed.

:

s_STORAGEOF USEDTANKS
SECTION
5.1 StorageConsiderations
Although usedtanks that have containedflammable or
combustibleliquids havebeenvapor-freedat one time, they
cannot be guaranteedto remain vapor-free. Hydrocarbons
may be retainedin crevices and under scale and may be
releasedwhen disturbed or over a period of time. It is
important, therefore, that appropriate safety precautions be
observedat all times.

5.2 StorageProcedures
5.2.1 Tanksshould be vapor-freedbefore being placed
in storage(see4.3). Tanks should also be free of all liquids

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and residues.All tank openings should be tightly plugged
or capped,with one plug having a r/s-inchvent hole to
prevent the tank from being subjectedto excessivedifferential pressurocaused by temperaturechanges.Tanks

should be storedwith the ventedplug at the highestpoint
on the tank. All tanks should be labeledas describedin
4.6.4and4.6.5
5.2.2 Used tanks should be stored in secureareason the
premisesof personsfamiliar with any attendanthazardsand
where the generalpublic will not haveaccess.A fencedyard,
apartfrom other facilities, is desirable.

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6-SALE FORREUSE
SECTION
for Reuse
6.1 Considerations
Careful considerationshould be given to the reuse of
tanks that have been in petroleum storage service. If a tank
:issold for reuse,the purchasershould be given a very clear
,understandingof the former use and present condition of
the tank. The seller of a tank to be returnedto servicein an
undergroundpetroleum storage system must inform the
purchaserof the tank of the owner's notification requirementsunderapplicablefederal regulations(see4O Codeof
Federal RegulationsPart 280.22). Similar state or local

regulationsmay also apply. Buyers of such tanks should
check with the original manufacturer of the tank to determine its suitability for reuse.It is advisableto test the
tanks for flammable vapors before they are transported
(see4.4).
6.1.1 Tanksthat areto be reusedmust be recertifiedby the
original manufacturerprior to teuse. Consult applicable
regulationsprior to reuse
6,1.2 After the tank hasbeenvapor-freed,tanks that are to
be reusedshouldbe storedin a secureareawith all openings

cappedor plugged.One of the plugs shoutdhave a Ye-inch
vent hole.
CAUTION; Tanks that previously contained gasoline must
not be usedfor drainageculverts or the subsequentstorageof
food or liquids intendedfor animal or human consumption-

6.2 Conditionsof Sale
A bill of sale should be used to transfer tank ownership.
The bill of saleshouldinclude the purchaser'sacknowledgement that the purchaserassumesall liability related to the
tank. Bills of saleshould indicate the former useof the tank
and carry the following warning regardlessof the former
contentsof the tank:
TANK HAS CO]I{TAINED LEADED GASOLINE*
NOT VAPOR-FREE
NOT SIIITABLE FOR STORAGE OF FOOD OR
LIQUIDS INTENDED FOR HUMAN OR ANIMAL
CONSUMPTION
*or other flammable or combustible liquid. Use the appLicabledesignuion
(for example,DIESEL).

SECTION7_DISPOSAL

7.1 DisposalCriteria

7.2 DisposalProcedures

7.1.1 Tanks should be disposedof when they are no
longer fit for the storage of flammable or combustible
liquids or any other appropriateuse.Whether sold to a scrap
dealer or disposedof at an acceptablefacility, sufficient
holes should be made in the tanks to render them unfit for
further use.

7.2.1 After a tank has been vapor-freed, tanks that are to
be sold as scrapor disposedof should be perforatedby puncturing, cutting, or drilling numerousholes in all sectionsof
the tank, or cut up or crushedon-site to ensurethat the tank
cannotbe reused.Use explosion-proofnon-sparkingtools.

7 .1.2 Tanks that have been lined internally or coated
externallywith epoxy-basedor similar materialsmay not be
acceptedby scrapprocessors.Prior inquiries should be made
to ascertainthe requirementsof the processoracceptingthe
tank for scrap.

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7.2.2 Tanks that are not cut up or crushedon-site should
be labeledas describedin 4.6.4 and 4.6.5.

7,2.9 A bill of saleshould be usedto transfertank ownership (see6.2).
7.2.4 Prior to disposalof usedtanks,cwrent federal,state,
and local regulationsshould be checkedto determineif
specialproceduresor preparationsare required.

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682{075
eboufiePl Pr.bffcdions.Progrannsand Servies

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Northwest
American nm LStrest,
D.C.20005-4070
Petroleum Washington,
e{2-682-8000
Inetitute
coP/lgrht

ttlovihd bV D€
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F.e*umffi|b

r0rAFl
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